Livestock in East Asia Project

Kurt RoosWorld Bank Team Member

for

Weiguo Zhou – Team LeadRural Development & Natural Resources Sector Unit

East Asia and Pacific Region The World Bank

Project Background

• Purpose: Reduce negative environmental and health impacts caused by confined livestock in region

– Discharge to surface waters main issue

• Three country areas involved:– China, Guangdong Province– Thailand, Racthuburi and Chonburi

province– Vietnam, Ho Chi Minh City and Hanoi

• Project implemented over a 5 year period

• Japan PHRD Grant Fund for Climate Change includes a Greenhouse Gas project component

Large Range in Farm Scale

• Thailand– Very large corporate type farms

>20,000 and very small family farms 10-50 pigs

• Vietnam– Very small family farms 10 – 200

pigs

• China– Moderate scale farm 100 – 2,000

Waste Handling and Collection

All countries solids collection and hose flush

Waste Management

Fish Ponds

Lagoons

Direct Discharge

Fish Ponds

Storage/Direct Discharge

Digesters/Direct Discharge

1) Land application of nutrients limited to solids fraction only

2) Have discharge standards

3) Pollution load is catastrophic

Project Design

Technical TrainingTrian-the-trainor

Demonstration Component

Appropriate Technologies

MonitoringProcess Characterization

Methodology

Implementation Framework

Tools DevelopmentWorksheetsDVD/VideoHandbooks

Software

CAPACITY BUILDING OVER TIME

National StandardsAccepted Technologies

Policy Development: Energy; Regulatory; Voluntary/Market Mechanisms (Code of Practice)

Replication

Other/ExtensionTraining

Certified Technology Providers

(option)

Demonstration Overview

• Purpose is to demonstrate an array of systems that prevent water pollution– Greenhouse gas and air quality are not primary project objectives– Systems must be affordable – gas recovery component does this

• All countries desire systems with gas recovery

• Many system types– Cost implications– Gas use options vary

• Projects are on-farm and communal• Other processes also in technology mix

– Two cell open lagoons

• Land application and nutrient management planning approaches are being introduced.– Long term implications for project– Some countries limited opportunity i.e., fish pond feed resource

On-Farm Demonstrations

Fixed Dome

Covered Lagoon

Polyethylene Bag

Two Phase Digestion

Polyprp Bags Two cell open Lagoon

Communal Digester N. Vietnam

• Social structure allows for communal development, operation, and management of covered lagoon• 200 families• @1,500 pigs

• Village waste canal to be constructed • Designed for rainfall exclusion

• Gas purchased and used as cook fuel for families• Distributed and measured in

refillable bags

Lagoon site integrated into fish pond

Village Waste Canal System

Bank-to-bank covered lagoon type

Gas Use OptionsHeat lamps and light

Shaft Power

Cooking Wood and Coal

Pumps Flares

Electric/Cogen

Cooking Propane

Nutrient Management – TropicalClimate Options• Land application relative to crop

need (N and P)– Most common approach includes

temperate climate approaches – US, Europe

• Wetland– Aquatic crops remove nutrients

• Fish ponds– Waste used as fish feed resource

– China, Vietnam, Thailand

• Treat and discharge - sewage– Livestock waste comparatively

high strength very expensive

Irrigated Rice

Tank hauling of liquid effluent

Fish Pond

Macrophytes

Affordability

• Demonstration has wide range in installed cost– $7-15 per pig (covered lagoons)

– China two phase system

– $55-100 per pig

• Cost will effect replication potential and are of concern

• Policy component– Energy financial incentives may

not be enough to offset extreme costs

Monitoring

• Characterizing performance of water pollution mitigation options, with high levels of data confidence requires a credible basis and approach to measurement

• Requires:– Appropriate methods and protocol to characterize

• Baseline System– Direct discharge– Lagoons– Storage– Fishponds

– In comparison to• Demonstration processes

– Pre-treatment– Primary Treatment– Secondary/Tertiary Treatment

– And costs

Monitoring Component

• Measuring pollution mitigation needs credible basis– Baseline WMS

• Direct discharge

• Storage

• Fishponds

– Methods and Protocol

• Monitoring supports policy, technical, and tools elements

Where : L = I -(R+A) (I and R are measured and

L and A are estimated)

Feed Animals

ConfinementFacility

AnimalProducts

Waste Management Unit Process(Biological or

Physical/Chemical)

Wastes (I)

Products of Biological or Physical/Chemical Transformations

Accumulation within the Unit Process

Ultimate Disposal (Cropland and/or

Alternate Use)

Losses (L)

Accumulation (A)

Residuals (R)

Performance Parameters Oxygen demand Nutrients - Nitrogen & Phosphorus Indicator Organisms Metals

System Boundary

Monitoring Plan and Protocol

• Plan includes:– Monitoring Pre-requisites

1) Evaluations of full-scale systems serving commercial livestock operations,2) At least 12-months in duration, and 3) Conducted after start-up phase of operation has been completed and at steady state

– Sampling protocol for influent and effluent to ensure representative samples• Composite samples – best for flush systems

– At least 6 grab samples taken over a period of no less than 1 hour and combined into single composite sample (>20 L)

– Sampling protocol for solids collection– Plan needs to specify flow measurement

• Pump (gpm)• Collection basin• Rainfall and evaporation need to be accounted for

– Sample preservation• Iced or refrigerated and delivered within 24 hours of collection

Status

– Project launched July 2006– Regional Coordination meeting Oct. 2006

– Key elements– Demonstration construction

– Scheduled dry season 2007– M&E– What and how

– Standardization across countries