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what is a liver?
largest gland in the body
weighs about 1500 gm in adult
functions both exocrine gland and
endocrine gland
exocrine: secreting bile ducts into the duodenum
endocrine: synthesizing a variety of substances
that are released directly into the
bloodstream
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review on histology ofliver
sheets of connective tissue divide the liverinto thousands of small units (lobules)
lobule roughly hexagonal in shape
with portal triads at the vertices and a centralvein in the middle
structural unit of the liver
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hepatic acinus difficult to visualize
represents a unit that is of more relevance to
hepatic function oriented around the afferent vascular system
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hepatocytes parenchymal cells of the liver
polygonal cells
joined to one another in anastomosing plates,with borders that face either the sinusoids oradjacent hepatocytes
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sinusoids where hepatocytes make contact with blood
distensible vascular channels lined with highlyfenestrated endothelial cells and populated with
phagocytic Kupffer cells Space of Disse
space between endothelium and hepatocytes
which collects lymph for delivery to lymphaticcapillaries
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bile originates as secretions from the basalsurface of hepatocytes, which collect inchannels called canaliculi
these secretions flow toward the peripheryof lobules and into bile ductulesandinterlobular bile ducts, ultimatelycollecting in the hepatic duct outside theliver
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the hepatic duct is continuous with thecommon bile duct, which delivers bile intothe duodenum
portal triad
groups of three tubes
a branch of the portal vein, a branch of the
hepatic artery and a branch of the bile duct
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histochemistry
H t t t i d t d d h t li i t i
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Hepatocytes stained standard hematoxylin-eosin stain.
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Liver lobulein a
rabbit that's beeninjected withIndia
ink
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tissue treated withdiastase enzyme beforethe stain was applied. Thestaining reaction has been
abolished. The use ofenzymes of knownspecificities to establishcontrolled reactions is abasic technique in
histochemistry.
PAS reaction
PAS reaction
section of liver, stained toshow glycogen. The deep
magenta coloration of thecells is evident
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Oil Red O stained liver section. This dye stains fat droplets in bright red.
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Resident Macrophages "Kupffer Cellsstained with hematoxylin-eosin.
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Liver section with infiltrate stained forchloroacetate esterase activity (Leder
stain, in red). This enzyme is a marker for granulocytes such as neutrophils
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Histochemical detection ofOTC (ornithine carbamyltransferase) activity in liver.
Mice deficient in functional OTC received AAV vectors expressing this enzyme.
OTC activity was visualized by a histochemical procedure leading to the
deposition of lead sulfide within transduced hepatocytes.
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diseases of the liver
jaundice caused by increased levels of bilirubin in the
system
bilirubin results from the breakup of thehemoglobin of dead red blood cells
normally, the liver removes bilirubin from theblood and excretes it through bile
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hepatitis inflammation of the liver, caused mainly by
various viruses but also by some poisons,
autoimmunity or hereditary conditions.
cirrhosis formation of fibrous tissue in the liver, replacing
dead liver cells. The death of the liver cells can forexample be caused by viral hepatitis, alcoholismor contact with other liver-toxic chemicals.
haemochromatosis hereditary disease causing the accumulation of
iron in the body, eventually leading to liverdamage.
A l t i h f li i h i h i di i hi h
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An electron micrograph scan of liver cirrhosis, a chronic disease in which
cells of the liver are damaged and then replaced by scar tissue.
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cancer of the liver (primary hepatocellular carcinoma or
cholangiocarcinoma and metastatic cancers,
usually from other parts of the gastrointestinaltract).
Wilson's disease
a hereditary disease which causes the body toretain copper
primary sclerosing cholangitis
an inflammatory disease of the bile duct,autoimmune in nature
primary biliary cirrhosis autoimmune disease of small bile ducts
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Budd-Chiari syndrome obstruction of the hepatic vein
Gilbert's syndrome a genetic disorder of bilirubin metabolism, found
in about 5% of the population
glycogen storage disease type II build-up of glycogen causes progressive muscle
weakness (myopathy) throughout the body andaffects various body tissues, particularly in theheart, skeletal muscles, liver and nervous system
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other pediatric diseases associated withliver:
biliary atresia alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency
alagille syndrome
progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis
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