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SKRIPSI
NORFADILLAH
STUDI PENGGUNAAN ASAM TRANEKSAMAT
PADA PASIEN BENIGN PROSTATIC
HYPERPLASIA (BPH)
(Penelitian di Rumah Sakit Umum Daerah Sidoarjo)
PROGRAM STUDI FARMASI
FAKULTAS ILMU KESEHATAN
UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG
2017
ii
iii
iv
KATA PENGANTAR
Bismillahirrohmanirrohim
Assalamu’alaikum warohmatullahi wabarokatuh
Puji syukur tercurahkan kepada Allah SWT, Sang Semesta Alam berkat
rahmat dan ridho-Nya sehingga penulis dapat menyelesaikan skripsi yang
berjudul “STUDI PENGGUNAAN ASAM TRANEKSAMAT PADA PASIEN
BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA (BPH) (Penelitian di Rumah Sakit
Umum Daerah Sidoarjo)” untuk memenuhi salah satu persyaratan akademik
dalam menyelesaikan Program Sarjana Farmasi Fakultas Ilmu Kesehatan
Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang.
Dalam proses penyusunan skripsi ini, penulis tidak terlepas dari berbagai
pihak yang memberikan bantuan, bimbingan serta doa sehingga penulis dapat
menyelesaikan skripsi ini dengan baik. Untuk itu penulis menyampaikan rasa
terimakasih yang sebesar-besarnya kepada :
1. Kedua orang tua saya Saukani dan Dahliana yang telah memberikan
semangat, nasehat, dukungan serta doanya sehingga saya dapat
menjalani studi farmasi dengan baik.
2. Bapak Yoyok Bekti Prasetyo, M.Kep., Sp. Kom selaku Dekan Fakultas
Ilmu Kesehatan Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang.
3. Bapak Ahmad Shobrun Jamil, S.Si., MP selaku Dosen Wali. Terima
kasih banyak atas arahan, nasehat dan bimbingannya selama ini.
4. Ibu Hidajah Rachmawati, S.Si. Apt., Sp.FRS selaku Dosen
Pembimbing I yang dengan sabar dan tiada hentinya memberikan
arahan, nasehat serta motivasi penulis saat bimbingan hingga skripsi ini
dapat terselesaikan.
5. Bapak Drs. Didik Hasmono, M.S., Apt selaku Dosen Pembimbing II,
yang telah banyak meluangkan waktu untuk membimbing dan memberi
pengarahan serta dorongan moril hingga skripsi ini dapat terselesaikan.
6. Ibu Dra. Lilik Yusetyani, Apt., Sp.FRS dan ibu Nailis Syifa’, S.Farm.,
M.Sc., Apt selaku Dosen Penguji I dan II yang telah banyak
memberikan saran dan masukan demi kesempurnaan skripsi ini.
v
x
DAFTAR ISI
Halaman
JUDUL .................................................................................................................... i
LEMBAR PENGESAHAN .................................................................................. ii
LEMBAR PENGUJIAN ...................................................................................... iii
KATA PENGANTAR .......................................................................................... iv
RINGKASAN ....................................................................................................... vi
ABSTRAK .......................................................................................................... viii
ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................... ix
DAFTAR ISI ...........................................................................................................x
DAFTAR TABEL .............................................................................................. xiv
DAFTAR GAMBAR ............................................................................................xv
DAFTAR LAMPIRAN ...................................................................................... xvi
DAFTAR SINGKATAN ................................................................................... xvii
BAB I PENDAHULUAN .......................................................................................1
1.1 LATAR BELAKANG ................................................................................... 1
1.2 RUMUSAN MASALAH .............................................................................. 4
1.3 TUJUAN PENELITIAN ............................................................................... 4
1.3.1 Tujuan Umum ......................................................................................... 4
1.3.2 Tujuan Khusus ........................................................................................ 4
1.4 MANFAAT PENELITIAN ........................................................................... 4
BAB II TINJAUAN PUSTAKA ...........................................................................5
2.1 Prostat ............................................................................................................ 5
2.1.1 Struktur Anatomi Prostat ........................................................................ 5
2.1.2 Fisiologi Normal Kelenjar Prostat .......................................................... 6
2.2 Definisi Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia ......................................................... 6
2.3 Epidemiologi Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia ................................................ 7
2.4 Etiologi Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia ......................................................... 7
2.4.1 Teori Dihidrotestosteron (DHT) ............................................................. 8
2.4.2 Teori Ketidakseimbangan Estrogen dan Testosteron ............................. 8
xi
2.4.3 Teori Interaksi Stroma dan Epitel ........................................................... 9
2.4.4 Berkurangnya Kematian Sel Prostat ....................................................... 9
2.4.5 Teori Sel Stem ...................................................................................... 10
2.5 Patofisiologi Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia ................................................ 10
2.6 Faktor Penyebab Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia ......................................... 11
2.6.1 Kadar Hormon DHT ............................................................................. 12
2.6.2 Usia ....................................................................................................... 12
2.6.3 Genetik .................................................................................................. 12
2.7 Manifestasi Klinis BPH ............................................................................... 12
2.8 Pemeriksaan dan Diagnosis BPH ................................................................ 13
2.8.1 Anamnesis ............................................................................................. 12
2.8.2 Pemeriksaan Fisik ................................................................................. 14
2.8.3 Urinalisis ............................................................................................... 15
2.8.4 Pemeriksaan Laboratorium ................................................................... 15
2.8.5 Pemeriksaan Fungsi Ginjal ................................................................... 16
2.9 Penatalaksanaan BPH .................................................................................. 16
2.8.1 Watchful Waiting (Follow Up) ............................................................. 17
2.8.2 Medikamentosa (Terapi Farmakologi) ................................................. 18
2.9.2.1 Antagonis reseptor adrenergik-α ................................................... 18
2.9.2.2 Inhibitor 5 α-reduktase .................................................................. 18
2.9.3 Terapi Intervensi ................................................................................... 19
2.9.3.1 Minimally Invansive Therapies..................................................... 19
2.9.3.2 Terapi Bedah (Surgical Therapies) ............................................... 20
2.10 Resiko Pembedahan Pasca Operasi BPH .................................................. 23
2.10.1 Resiko Infeksi ..................................................................................... 23
2.10.1.1 Infeksi Luka Operasi ................................................................... 23
2.10.1.2 Infeksi Nosokomial ..................................................................... 24
2.10.1.3 Infeksi Saluran Kemih................................................................. 24
2.10.2 Gangguan Perdarahan ......................................................................... 24
2.11 Terapi Perdarahan ...................................................................................... 25
2.11.1 Asam Traneksamat ............................................................................. 25
2.11.2 Vit K ................................................................................................... 25
xii
2.12 Tinjauan Pustaka Obat ............................................................................... 26
2.12.1 Asam Traneksamat ............................................................................. 26
2.12.2 Indikasi................................................................................................ 26
2.12.3 Mekanisme Kerja ................................................................................ 27
2.12.4 Farmakodinamik ................................................................................. 28
2.12.5 Farmakokinetik ................................................................................... 28
2.12.6 Dosis dan Rute Pemberian .................................................................. 28
2.12.7 Efek Samping ...................................................................................... 29
2.12.8 Nama Dagang Indonesia ..................................................................... 30
BAB III KERANGKA KONSEPTIONAL .......................................................32
3.1 Bagan Kerangka Konseptional .................................................................... 32
3.2 Bagan Kerangka Operasional ...................................................................... 33
BAB IV METODE PENELITIAN .....................................................................34
4.1 Rancangan Penelitian .................................................................................. 34
4.2 Populasi dan Sampel ................................................................................... 34
4.2.1 Populasi ................................................................................................. 34
4.2.2 Sampel .................................................................................................. 34
4.2.3 Kriteria Data Eksklusi ........................................................................... 34
4.2.3 Kriteria Data Inklusi ............................................................................. 35
4.3 Bahan Penelitian .......................................................................................... 35
4.4 Instrumen Penelitian .................................................................................... 35
4.5 Tempat dan Waktu Penelitian ..................................................................... 35
4.6 Definisi Operasional .................................................................................... 35
4.7 Metode Pengumpulan Data ......................................................................... 36
4.8 Analisis Data ............................................................................................... 37
BAB V HASIL PENELITIAN ............................................................................38
5.1 Jumlah Sampel Penelitian ........................................................................... 38
5.2 Data Demografi Pasien ................................................................................ 38
5.2.1 Distribusi Berdasarkan Usia ................................................................. 39
5.2.2 Status Pasien ......................................................................................... 39
5.3 Jenis Tindakan Operasi ............................................................................... 39
5.4 Profil Terapi Hemostatik pada Pasien BPH ................................................ 40
xiii
5.4.1 Pola Penggunaan Terapi Tunggal dan Kombinasi Asam Traneksamat
pada Pasien BPH .................................................................................. 40
5.4.2 Pola Penggunaan Terapi Tunggal Asam Traneksamat pada Pasien BPH
.............................................................................................................. 40
5.4.3 Pola Penggunaan Terapi Kombinasi Asam Traneksamat pada Pasien
BPH ...................................................................................................... 40
5.4.4 Pola Penggunaan Terapi Asam Traneksamat dengan Switching Rute,
Dosis, Jenis Hemostatik pada Pasien BPH ........................................... 41
5.4.5 Lama Penggunaan Terapi Asam Traneksamat pada Pasien BPH......... 41
5.5 Pola Terapi Selain Asam Traneksamat pada Pasien BPH ........................... 41
5.6 Diagnosa Penyakit Penyerta pada Pasien BPH ........................................... 42
5.7 Lama Rawat Inap pada Pasien BPH ............................................................ 43
5.8 Kondisi Klinik Keluar Rumah Sakit (KRS) pada Pasien BPH ................... 43
BAB VI PEMBAHASAN.....................................................................................44
BAB VII KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN ............................................................50
7.1 Kesimpulan .................................................................................................. 50
7.2 Saran ............................................................................................................ 50
DAFTAR PUSTAKA ...........................................................................................51
LAMPIRAN ..........................................................................................................56
xiv
DAFTAR TABEL
Tabel Halaman
II.1 LUTS pada BPH ............................................................................................. 12
II.2 Nilai IPSS yang menunjukkan derajat BPH ................................................... 13
II.3 Pengobatan untuk pasien dengan gejala rngan sampai berat pada BPH ........ 16
II.4 Sediaan asam traneksamat di Indonesia ......................................................... 29
V.1 Distribusi Usia pada Pasien BPH di Instalasi Rawat Inap RSUD Sidoarjo
periode 1 Juli - 31 Desember 2016 ................................................................39
V.2 Status Pasien pada Pasien BPH di Instalasi Rawat Inap RSUD Sidoarjo
periode 1 Juli - 31 Desember 2016 ................................................................39
V.3 Jenis Tindakan Operasi pada Pasien BPH di Instalasi Rawat Inap RSUD
Sidoarjo periode 1 Juli - 31 Desember 2016 ................................................39
V.4 Pola Penggunaan Terapi Tunggal dan Kombinasi Asam Traneksamat pada
Pasien BPH di Instalasi Rawat Inap RSUD Sidoarjo periode 1 Juli - 31
Desember 2016...............................................................................................39
V.5 Pola Penggunaan Terapi Tunggal Asam Traneksamat pada Pasien BPH di
Instalasi Rawat Inap RSUD Sidoarjo periode 1 Juli – 31 Desember
2016.................................................................................................................40
V.6 Pola Penggunaan Terapi Kombinasi Asam Traneksamat pada Pasien BPH di
Instalasi Rawat Inap RSUD Sidoarjo periode 1 Juli – 31 Desember
2016.................................................................................................................40
V.7 Pola Penggunaan Terapi Asam Traneksamat dengan Switching Rute, Dosis
dan Jenis Hemostatik pada Pasien BPH di Instalasi Rawat Inap RSUD
Sidoarjo periode 1 Juli - 31 Desember 2016...................................................40
V.8 Lama Penggunaan Terapi Asam Traneksamat pada Pasien BPH di Instalasi
Rawat Inap RSUD Sidoarjo periode 1 Juli – 31 Desember
2016.................................................................................................................41
V.9 Pola Terapi Selain Asam Traneksamat pada Pasien BPH di Instalasi Rawat
Inap RSUD Sidoarjo periode 1 Juli - 31 Desember 2016...............................41
V.10 Diagnosa Penyakit Penyerta pada Pasien BPH di Instalasi Rawat Inap RSUD
Sidoarjo periode 1 Juli – 31 Desember 2016..................................................42
V.11 Lama Rawat Inap pada Pasien BPH di Instalasi Rawat Inap RSUD Sidoarjo
periode 1 Juli – 31 Desember 2016.................................................................43
V.12 Kondisi Klinik Keluar Rumah Sakit (KRS) pada Pasien BPH di Instalasi
Rawat Inap RSUD Sidoarjo periode 1 Juli – 31 Desember
2016.................................................................................................................43
xv
DAFTAR GAMBAR
Gambar Halaman
2.1 Zona pada prostat (Eipstein et al., 2011) .......................................................... 5
2.2 Perbedaan Prostat Normal dengan BPH (Lernard, 2013) ................................. 6
2.3 Perubahan testosteron menjadi dihidrotestosteron oleh enzim 5α-reduktase
(Purnomo, 2011) .............................................................................................. 8
2.4 Keseimbangan Proliferasi Sel dan Apoptosis pada Prostat .............................. 9
2.5 Patofisiologi Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (Dhingra and Bhagwat.,2011).....10
2.6 Struktur asam traneksamat (Cormack, 2012)..................................................26
2.7 Mekanisme agen antifibrinolitik asam traneksamat (Cormack, 2012)............27
5.1 Skema Kriteria Inklusi dan Eksklusi Penelitian pada Pasien BPH..................38
xvi
DAFTAR LAMPIRAN
Lampiran Halaman
1 Daftar Riwayat Hidup ........................................................................................ 56
2 Surat Pernyataan................................................................................................. 57
3 Ethical Clearence ............................................................................................... 58
4 Surat Jawaban Permohonan Ijin Penelitian ....................................................... 59
5 Nota Dinas .......................................................................................................... 60
6 Lembar Pengumpulan Data Pasien BPH........................................................... 61
7 Tabel Induk ..................................................................................................... 105
xvii
DAFTAR SINGKATAN
5-ARIs : 5-Alpha Reductase Inhibitors
AUA : American Urological Association
BUN : Blood Urea Nitrogen
BPE : Benign Prostatic Enlargement
BPO : Benign Prostate Obstruction
BPOM : Badan Pengawasan Obat dan Makanan
BPH : Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
BUN : Blood Urea Nitrogen
DHT : Dihidrotestosteron
EACA : epsilon aminocaproic acid
GCS : Glasgow Coma Scale
Hb : Hemoglobin
HoLAP : Transurethral holmium laser ablation of the prostate
HoLEP : Transurethral holmium laser enucleation of the prostate
HoLRP : Holmium laser resection of the prostate
IPSS : International Prostatic Symptom Score
ISK : Infeksi Saluran Kemih
LED : Laju Endap Darah
m-RNA : messenger Ribonucleic Acid
NADPH : Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate-oxidase
PPJ : Pembesaran Prostat Jinak
PSA : Prostate-Specific Antigen
PVP : Photoselective Vaporization of the Prostate
PVR : Post-Void Residual
QoL : Quality of Life
RBC : Red Blood Cell
RR : Respiratory Rate
xviii
RSUD : Rumah Sakit Umum Daerah
SGOT : Serum Glutamic Oxaloacetic Transaminase
SGPT : Serum Glutamic Pyruvic Transaminase
TD : Tekanan Darah
TRUS : Transrectal Ultrasonography
TUIP : Transurethral Incision of the Prostate
TUMT : Transurethral Microwave heat Treatment
TUNA : Transurethral Needle Ablation
TURP : Transurethral Resection of the Prostate
TUVP : Transurethral Vaporization of the Prostate
WBC : White Blood Cell
WHO : Who Health Organization
51
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