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主講者 : 黃馨瑩指導者 : 李偉政
96-09-27
Introduction Tumor lysis syndrome (TLS) is the metabolic
complication of either rapid tumor cell turnover or chemotherapy-induced tumor necrosis.
It is characterized by hyperuricemia, hyperkalemia, hyperphosphatemia with secondary hypocalcemia and acute renal failure.
Key points: Identification of high-risk patients Initiation of preventive therapyEarly recognition and intervention of TLS.
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OutlineDefinitionFrequency Etiology and risk factorsPathophysiology PreventionDiagnostic evaluation and ManagementConclusion
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DefinitionA potentially fatal metabolic abnormalities
resulting from spontaneous or treatment-related tumor necrosis or apoptosis.
Characteristic: 4 “H”Hyperuricemia - deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) breakdownHyperkalemia - cytosol breakdownHyperphosphatemia - protein breakdownHypocalcemia - secondary to hyperphosphatemia.
These derangements can result in acute renal failure, cardiac dysrhythmias, muscle cramps and sudden death.
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OutlineDefinitionFrequency Etiology and risk factorsPathophysiology PreventionDiagnostic evaluation and ManagementConclusion
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Frequency Incidence: unknown.
Prevalence: varies, but Lab > Clinical TLS bulky, aggressive, and treatment-sensitive tumors intermediate-grade or high-grade non-Hodgkin lymphomas:
Laboratory TLS: 42% Clinical TLS: 6%
Acute leukemia: Laboratory TLS:70% Clinical TLS: 3%
Future: incidence of TLS Advance / aggressive regimen broader spectrum of
malignancies.
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OutlineDefinitionFrequency Etiology and risk factorsPathophysiology PreventionDiagnostic evaluation and ManagementConclusion
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EtiologyMostly associated with: 2 “L”
High grade lymphomas, eg. Burkitt lymphomaLeukemias, eg.acute lymphoblastic leukemia
(ALL)
Other malignancies: eg. Multiple myeloma, Breast cancer, ovarian cancer, Small cell lung cancer, etc.
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Spontaneous vs. Chemotherapy-induced TLS
Spontaneous:Prior to
chemotherapyRapid cell turnover
rateLack of
hyperphosphatemia (reutilize released phosphorus for resynthesis of new tumor cells)
Chemotherapy-induced: Post chemotherapy: < 3 daysTumors that have a
high growth fraction and high sensitivity to chemotherapy.
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Risk FactorsTumor
high proliferative ratehigh sensitivity to cytotoxic therapyLarge tumor masses
Pre-existing renal insufficiencyHyperuricemiaHypovolemiaHigh serum LDH: highest risk for TLS
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OutlineDefinitionFrequency Etiology and risk factorsPathophysiology PreventionDiagnostic evaluation and ManagementConclusion
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Pathophysiology
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Pathophysiology ARF: Renal tubule precipitation of uric acid, calcium phosphate, or hypoxanthine
obstructive nephropathy. Oliguric (<400 ml/d) volume overload hypertension, pulmonary
edema. High BUN levels (increased protein catabolism) pericarditis, platelet
dysfunction, defective cellular immunity. Severe enough to require dialysis, but with prompt supportive measures it
usually is reversible.
Two forms of ARF: Prior to chemotherapy: Uric acid nephropathy
Intratubular precipitation of UA obstructive nephropathy Direct toxicity to epithelial and endothelial cells activate immune system
Post chemotherapy: Hyperphosphatemia-associated Intrarenal Calcium phosphate precipitation Direct tubular toxicity of phosphate
Purine metabolism
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Pathophysiology Other Problems to be Considered:
Prerenal: volume depletion from anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea, and bleeding.
Renal parenchymal: tumor infiltration, myeloma kidney, drug nephrotoxicity from
chemotherapeutic agents or antibiotics, radiocontrast nephropathy, vasculitis, and cryoglobulinemic glomerulonephritis.
Postrenal: Pelvic or retroperitoneal masses.
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Pathophysiology Cardiac arrhythmia: Electrolyte imbalance
Hyperkalemia ECG changes (peaked T waves, flattened P waves, prolonged PR
interval, widened QRS complexes, deep S wave, and sine waves) asystole.
Hypocalcemia QT interval lengthening ventricular arrhythmia.
Metabolic acidosis: ARF and liberation of large amounts of endogenous intracellular acids
HCO3 ↓, high anion gap acidosis worsen electrolyte imbalances K: intracellular uptake↓ UA: solubility ↓ P: extracellular shift ↑ Ca: solubility ↑ Proper fluid management, alkalinization of the urine, correction of acidosis,
and attention to infections.
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OutlineDefinitionFrequency Etiology and risk factorsPathophysiology PreventionDiagnostic evaluation and ManagementConclusion
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Prevention – High-risk patients Prophylactic measures:
Hydration (maintain U/O > 2.5 L/day) Xanthine oxidase inhibitors: Allopurinol Urine alkalinization Reversible forms of renal insufficiency (eg,
volume contraction, hypercalcemia, urinary tract obstruction)
Timeframe: 24~48hours prior to initiation of cytotoic therapy until 48~72 hours after chemotherapy.
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Allopurinol vs. Rasburicase Low risk patients: Allopurinol
UA: normal certain tumors (namely non-
hematologic malignancies, Hodgkin's lymphoma, chronic myeloid leukemia),
Tumor burden: lower (WBC < 50 x 10(9)/L and LDH <
2x normal), Intensity of cytoreductive
therapy: Low Intravascular volume: adequate Tumor infiltration of the kidney:
absent
High risk patients: Rasburicase UA: increased certain tumors (eg, Burkitt's
lymphoma, lymphoblastic lymphoma, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, and acute myeloid leukemia),
Tumor burden: High (WBC > 50 x 10(9)/L and LDH
>2x normal), Intensity of cytoreductive
therapy: aggressive Intravascular volume: decrease Tumor infiltration of the kidney:
present
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Goal: prevention and/or treatment of uric acid nephropathy
Mechanisms of action
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Urine alkalinizationControversial. Medication: acetazolamide and sodium bicarbonate.Alkalinization to a pH in the range of 6.5 to 7.0
Discourage: Hydration alone is effective. Application of rasburicase. Disadvantage:
fluid overload Metabolic alkalosis Requires a pH >7.4 in order to prevent xanthine precipitation Promoting calcium phosphate deposition in the
kidney.
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Rampello E et al. (2006) The management of tumor lysis syndromeNat Clin Pract Oncol 3: 438–447 doi:10.1038/ncponc0581
Table 2 Solubility of purine analogs and calcium phosphate at pH 5.0 and 7.0
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OutlineDefinitionFrequency Etiology and risk factorsPathophysiology PreventionDiagnostic evaluation and ManagementConclusion
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Diagnostic evaluation
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History of malignancy
Symptom and sign of metabolic abnormality and complications prior to or after chemotherapy
Management:Hydration and diureticsCorrect electrolyte imbalance Hemodialysis if neededUrine alkalization: controversial.
TLS?? 4 “H”
Presence of risk factor
Work up:Laboratory: electrolyte, LDH, RFT, urine pH, EKGImage studiesOthers: Monitor I/O, fluid status, histologic findings
Classification – Cairo-Bishop definition Laboratory TLS:
3days < chemotherapy + adequate hydration (plus/minus alkalinization) and a hypouricemic agent(s). < 7 days,
≧ 2 of the following Uric acid
> 8 mg/dl (476 micromol/L), or
> 25% from baseline Potassium
> 6.0 meq/L, or > 25% from baseline
Phosphate > 4.5 mg/dl (1.45 mmol/L), or > 25% from baseline
Calcium < 7 mg/dl (1.75 mmol/L), or < 25% from baseline).
Clinical TLS: Laboratory TLS + ≧ 1 of the
following: Cr >1.5x upper limit of normal cardiac arrhythmia/sudden
death seizure.
The grading system (zero to five) is based upon the presence or absence of the laboratory syndrome, degree of elevation in the serum creatinine concentration, presence and type of cardiac arrhythmia, and presence and severity of seizure.
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Management Hydration and diuretics Correct electrolyte imbalance
Hemodialysis if needed Urine alkalization: controversial.
Monitor sodium, calcium, potassium, phosphate, creatinine, uric acid, urine pH and LDH levels
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Rampello E et al. (2006) The management of tumor lysis syndromeNat Clin Pract Oncol 3: 438–447 doi:10.1038/ncponc0581
Table 3 Tumor lysis syndrome management
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OutlineDefinitionFrequency Etiology and risk factorsPathophysiology PreventionDiagnostic evaluation and ManagementConclusion
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Conclusion Tumor lysis syndrome (TLS): spontaneous or
chemotherapy-induced tumor necrosis. It is characterized by 4 “H”and acute renal failure. Identify high-risk patients: tumor, pre-existing
conditions. Initiation of preventive therapy: hydration,
allopurinol vs. rasburicase, urine alkalinization (controversial).
Dialysis if needed: refractory electrolyte imbalance, hyperuricemia and ARF.
Future: incidence of TLS may increase.96-09-27 2896-09-27 28
Reference1. Kjellstrand, CM, Campbell, DC, von Hartitzsch, B, Buselmeier, TJ. Hyperuricemic acute renal failure. Arch Intern Med 1974; 133:349.2. Tsokos, GC, Balow, JE, Spiegel, RJ, Magrath, IT. Renal and metabolic complications of undifferentiated and lymphoblastic lymphomas. Medicine 1981; 60:218.3.Hande, KR, Garrow, GC. Acute tumor lysis syndrome in patients with high-grade non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Am J Med 1993; 94:133.4. Fassas, AB, Desikan, KR, Siegel, D, et al. Tumour lysis syndrome complicating high-dose treatment in patients with multiple myeloma. Br J Haematol 1999; 105:938.5. Drakos, P, Bar-Ziv, J, Catane, R. Tumor lysis syndrome in nonhematologic malignancies. Report of a case and review of the literature. Am J Clin Oncol 1994; 17:502.6. Gold, JE, Malamud, SC, LaRosa, F, Osband, ME. Adoptive chemoimmunotherapy using ex vivo activated memory T-cells and cyclophosphamide: Tumor lysis syndrome of a metastatic soft
tissue sarcoma. Am J Hematol 1993; 44:42.7. Bilgrami, SF, Fallon, BG. Tumor lysis syndrome after combination chemotherapy for ovarian cancer. Med Pediatr Oncol 1993; 21:521.8. Chan, JK. Tumor lysis syndrome associated with chemotherapy in ovarian cancer. J Clin Oncol 2005; 23:6794,.9. Shamseddine, AI, Khalil, AM, Wehbeh, MH. Acute tumor lysis syndrome with squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva. Gynecol Oncol 1993; 51:258.10. Kalemkerian, GP, Darwish, B, Varterasian, ML. Tumor lysis syndrome in small cell carcinoma and other solid tumors. Am J Med 1997; 103:363.11. Pentheroudakis, G, O'Neill, VJ, Vasey, P, Kaye, SB. Spontaneous acute tumour lysis syndrome in patients with metastatic germ cell tumours. Report of two cases. Support Care Cancer
2001; 9:554.12. Malik, IA, Abubakar, S, Alam, F, Khan, A. Dexamethasone-induced tumor lysis syndrome in high-grade non- Hodgkin's lymphoma. South Med J 1994; 87:409.13. Tiley, C, Grimwade, D, Findlay, M, et al. Tumour lysis following hydrocortisone prior to a blood product transfusion in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Leuk Lymphoma 1992; 8:143.14. Cairo, MS, Bishop, M. Tumour lysis syndrome: new therapeutic strategies and classification. Br J Haematol 2004; 127:3.15. Frei, E, 3rd, Bentzel, CJ, Rieselbach, R, Block, JB. Renal complications of neoplastic disease. J Chronic Dis 1963; 16:757.16. Razis, E, Arlin, ZA, Ahmed, T, et al. Incidence and treatment of tumor lysis syndrome in patients with acute leukemia. Acta Haematol 1994; 91:171.17. Band, PR, Silverberg, DS, Henderson, JF, et al. Xanthine nephropathy in a patient with lymphosarcoma treated with allopurinol. N Engl J Med 1970; 283:354.18. Veenstra, J, Krediet, RT, Somers, R, Arisz, L. Tumour lysis syndrome and acute renal failure in Burkitt's lymphoma. Description of 2 cases and a review of the literature on prevention and
management. Neth J Med 1994; 45:211.19. Jasek, AM, Day, HJ. Acute spontaneous tumor lysis syndrome. Am J Hematol 1994; 47:129.20. Sklarin, N, Markham, M. Spontaneous recurrent tumor lysis syndrome in breast cancer. Am J Clin Oncol 1995; 18:71.21. Stapleton, FB, Strother, DR, Roy, S, et al. Acute renal failure at onset of therapy for advanced stage Burkitt lymphoma and B cell acute lymphoblastic lymphoma. Pediatrics 1988; 82:863.22. Kelton, J, Kelley, WN, Holmes, EW. A rapid method for the detection of acute uric acid nephropathy. Arch Intern Med 1978; 138:612.23. Smalley, RV, Guaspari, A, Haase-Statz, S, et al. Allopurinol: intravenous use for prevention and treatment of hyperuricemia. J Clin Oncol 2000; 18:1758.24. Feusner, J, Farber, MS. Role of intravenous allopurinol in the management of acute tumor lysis syndrome. Semin Oncol 2001; 28:13.25. Sanofi Elitek for uric acid management will launch by mid-August. "The Pink Sheet", July 22, 2002. F-D-C Reports 2002; 64:16.26. Rasburicase (Elitek) for Hyperuricemia. Med Lett Drugs Ther 2002; 44:96.27. Navolanic, PM, Pui, CH, Larson, RA, et al. Elitek-rasburicase: an effective means to prevent and treat hyperuricemia associated with tumor lysis syndrome, a Meeting Report, Dallas,
Texas, January 2002. Leukemia 2003; 17:499.28. Conger, JD, Falk, SA. Intrarenal dynamics in the pathogenesis and prevention of acute urate nephropathy. J Clin Invest 1977; 59:786.29. Pichette, V, Leblanc, M, Bonnardeaux, A, et al. High dialysate flow rate continuous arteriovenous hemodialysis: A new approach for the treatment of acute renal failure and tumor lysis
syndrome. Am J Kidney Dis 1994; 23:591.30. Sakarcan, A, Quigley, R. Hyperphosphatemia in tumor lysis syndrome: The role of hemodialysis and continuous veno-venous hemofiltration. Pediatr Nephrol 1994; 31. PURINE METABOLISM; Georges VAN DEN BERGHE, Françoise BONTEMPS, Marie-Françoise VINCENT.
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Mechanism of Action
Recommended dosing: 0.15 or 0.20 mg/kg/d for 5 d96-09-27 31
ManagementMetabolic abnormality
Drug category Drug name Dose
Hyperuricemia Xanthine oxidase inhibitors
Allopurinol Prophylaxis: 200~600mg/dlTx: 600~900mg/dl
Uric acid oxidizers
Rasburicase 0.15~0.2mg/kg/d for 5~7 d
Hyperkalemia Intracellular potassium transporters
Sodium bicarbonate
1meq/kg IV50~100meq/L IVF
Insulin + dextrose
Exchange resins Kayexalate 25~50gm Q6h
Hyperphosphatemia
Phosphate-binding agents
Aluminum hydroxide
10ml Q2h for 12x/day
Hypocalcemia Mineral Calcium gluconate; Calcium chloride
10% calcium chloride:K+↑: 2~4mg/kg Q6~8h prn K+ ↓: 0.5~1gm Q1~3d
Recommended