Ethereum 101

2017.01.20

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Secp256k1

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Alice Bob

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Bob:100->101

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Double-spending

Alice Bob

#12345

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#12345

Charlie

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#12345

Charlie

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Charlie

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SybilaHack

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SHA-2562(“abc”+“1”)=

158c09e82d88955d8a051934d12f74a53ea205743778165d1140a8903686e1ac

SHA-2562(“abc”+“2”)=

c72b0720d3302d76cd7b6b3f3dcb554d05f14fee8567cdda3ee8b7ff51e02015

SHA-2562(“abc”+“19”)=

005eR2ff3e871185b95bf7c8628e212d15a7d08c42235a381e06caa55856a0c

2D •  ⽽博多很分

Hash(TXs+nonce)<number

00000000000000005b95bf7c8628e212d15a7d08c42235a381e06caa55856a0c

SHA-2562(“abc”+“1”)=

158c09e82d88955d8a051934d12f74a53ea205743778165d1140a8903686e1ac

SHA-2562(“abc”+“2”)=

c72b0720d3302d76cd7b6b3f3dcb554d05f14fee8567cdda3ee8b7ff51e02015

SHA-2562(“abc”+“19”)=

005eR2ff3e871185b95bf7c8628e212d15a7d08c42235a381e06caa55856a0c

2D •  ⽽博多很分

算力越強的人越有機會擁有寫帳權但不代表掌握 70% 算力別人就沒機會，只是概率低

#12345

#21397

#81345

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Block1

Block2

Block3

Block4

Hash(Block3|TXs|nonce) o e

區塊

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Block4

Block5

Block6

Block7

Block8

Block9

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BlockN

...⋯⋯⋯

困難度 (Difficulty)

區塊高度 (Block height) 區塊深度 (Block depth)

Recap•  來意作

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Blockchain

•  Demo

Ethereum101

cWPEthereum?

VitalikButerin

“BitcoinwasdesignedtobeaSMTP.It’saprotocol

that is very goodatoneparacular task. It is good

fortransferringmoney,butitwasnotdesignedasa

foundaaonal layer for any kind of protocols to be

builtontop.”

cWPEthereum?

VitalikButerin

“Theneedforatechnologythatwasmore

expansive,andthatreplicatedthefuncaonalityof

Turing-completeprogramminglanguagesinaway

thatwouldbesopowerfulastodescribeany

blockchainapplicaaon.”

Bitcoin Ethereum Creator Satoshi Nakamoto Ethereum

Player type cryptocurrency Smart contract platform with own cryptocurrency

Liquidity decent decent currency code Bitcoin/�/BTC Ether/�/ETH

Public/Private blockchain public public User identity pseudonymous pseudonymous

Consensus algorithm PoW PoW/PoS/Casper

Scripting language Bitcoin Script

Language Solidity

Smart contracts yes (limited) yes Turing completeness no yes

Governance (development decisions, etc) Core team Ethereum Foundation

Transaction speed >10.0m 15s

Rapid payments Lightning Network Raiden Network

Processing cost (CPU,GPU,ASIC) high high Other features UTXO GHOST

Components•  Acryptographictoken•  Anaddresssystem

•  Anetworkofvalidators(miners)

•  Aconsensusalgorithm

•  Ablockchainledger•  TheEthereumVirtualMachine

•  Asetofprograminglanguages

•  Complexeconomicstructures

TechnologyStack(1/2)

•  Fullnode–  go-ethereum(Golang)

–  Parity(Rust)–  cpp-ethereum(C++)

–  EthereumJ(Java)

–  pyethereum(Python)

–  ruby-ethereum(Ruby)

TechnologyStack(2/2)

•  Smartcontractprogramming

–  Solidity(JavaScript-like)

–  Serpent(Python-like)

–  LLL(Lisp-like)

–  Viper

–  Bamboo

ru t•  Ethereumhasablockchain

•  Ethereumispublicandpermissionless

•  EthereumhasProof-of-Work(PoW)mining

–  Ethash•  Ethereumhasaninbuiltcryptocurrency(Ether)

ru t•  Ethereum’sblockameisshorter(15seconds)

•  Ethereumhassmallerblocks

–  2,000,000gasperblock–  Limitedbythegasà(2,000,000/x)transacaons

•  TheEthereumVirtualMachinecanrunsmartcontracts

•  ETHtokenissuance

ETHtokenissuanceG JU G 5D N RWN 8U T N J M HW UN N J M HW UN NON NW RWP N J M

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圖片來自 https://bitsonblocks.net 42

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Timeline

  H rE H pn lO  ,D )HH @ +1, DE D B GE

hHps://etherscan.io/block/3000000

hHps://etherscan.io/tx/0xb95ab9484280074f7b8c6a3cf5ffe2bf0c39168433adcdedc1aacd10d994d95a

Ether&Gas•  Ether:token•  Gas:computaaoncost

Gas•  n所多 JW J R W#看⼿ W J #j N N s 主

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Gas•  j8R RWz f⾼多⼀p 所 hx 多et

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Totalcost=gasUsed*gasPrice

Gasprice•  PJ R N mPJ 上 y N N PJ R Nu能這⼀不被•  PJ R Ne h NR NR5 ) 1N N•  PJ R Ne 之

韩梅梅李雷

0.319BTC

Fees0.001BTC

0.32BTC

1AnLpMkAmf7jy2BNkP3oYw1phzhNuLws7M(0.32BTC) 1GJYiog3ato17SSTFCCdkZ44H6LdkW9j1V(0.319BTC)

TxFee:0.001BTC

BitcoinUnconfirmedTransacaon( )!!!

"hash":"7c4025...",

"ver":1,

"vin_sz":1,

"vout_sz":1,

"lock_ame":0,

"size":224,

"in":[{

"prev_out":{

"hash":"2007ae...",

"scriptSig":"304502...042b2d..."

"out":[{

"value":"0.31900000",

"scriptPubKey":"OP_DUPOP_HASH160a7db6fOP_EQUALVERIFYOP_CHECKSIG"

metadata

Input(s)

output(s)

•  交易 ID (流水號) •  版本 •  Input 數量 •  output數量 •  區塊鎖定時間 •  交易大小

hHps://blockchain.info/rawtx/7c402505be883276b833d57168a048cfdf306a926484c0b58930f53d89d036f9

"hash":"7c4025...",

"ver":1,

"vin_sz":1,

"vout_sz":1,

"lock_ame":0,

"size":224,

"in":[{

"prev_out":{

"hash":"2007ae...",

"scriptSig":"304502...042b2d..."

"out":[{

"value":"0.31900000",

metadata

Input(s)

output(s)

•  之前的交易 ID (pointer) •  第幾個 ouput

•  簽名 scriptSig:<sig><pubKey>

"hash":"7c4025...",

"ver":1,

"vin_sz":1,

"vout_sz":1,

"lock_ame":0,

"size":224,

"in":[{

"prev_out":{

"hash":"2007ae...",

"scriptSig":"304502...042b2d..."

"out":[{

"value":"0.31900000",

metadata

Input(s)

output(s)

•  轉出金額 •  bitcoin script

"hash":"7c4025...",

"ver":1,

"vin_sz":1,

"vout_sz":1,

"lock_ame":0,

"size":224,

"in":[{

"prev_out":{

"hash":"2007ae...",

"scriptSig":"304502...042b2d..."}],

"out":[{

"value":"0.31900000",

"scriptPubKey":"OP_DUPOP_HASH160a7db6fOP_EQUALVERIFYOP_CHECKSIG"}]

metadata

Input(s)

output(s)

scriptSig:<sig><pubKey>

scriptPubKey:OP_DUPOP_HASH160<pubKeyHash>OP_EQUALVERIFYOP_CHECKSIG