Методичка для заочников

С Уфимский государственный нефтяной технический университет, 2004

ПРОГРАММА

Основной целью заочного обучения студентов английскому языку внеязыковом вузе является формирование умения самостоятельно читатьлитературу по специальности с целью извлечения информации из иноязычныхисточников.

За курс обучения студент должен освоить следующий языковой материал:1.ФОНЕТИЧЕСКИЙ МИНИМУМ. Звуковой строй английского языка,письменные символы (транскрипционные знаки) звуков, расхождение междунаписанием и произношением, ударение, особенности интонации.2. ЛЕКСИЧЕСКИЙ МИНИМУМ. За полный курс обучения студент должензапомнить 1000 лексических единиц, усвоить наиболее употребительныесредства словообразования (основные суффиксы и префиксы тех или иныхчастей речи), а также расширить словарный запас за счет интернациональныхслов, явления конверсии.3. ГРАММАТИЧЕСКИЙ МАТЕРИАЛ.

МОРФОЛОГИЯ

Имя существительное. Признаки имен существительных (артикли, предлоги,притяжательный падеж). Образование множественного числасуществительных. Существительное в роли определения и его перевод нарусский язык.Имя прилагательное. Степени сравнения. Сравнительные конструкции the …the; as … as, not as … as.Числительные. Количественные, порядковые. Чтение дат.Местоимения. Личные местоимения (именительный и объектный падежи),притяжательные местоимения, возвратные и усилительные местоимения.Неопределенное местоимение one (one’s) и его функции. Some, any, no и ихпроизводные.Глагол. Образование времен групп Simple, Continuous, Perfect. (Active andPassive Voice). Особенности перевода пассивных конструкций на русский язык.

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Функции глаголов to be, to have, to do. Повелительное наклонение и егоотрицательная форма. Использование глагола to let для выражения просьбы илиприказания. Неличные формы глагола: инфинитив, его формы, функции,инфинитивные конструкции – объектный инфинитивный оборот, субъектныйинфинитивный оборот; причастия 1 и II , их функции, формы, независимыйпричастный оборот; герундий и герундиальный оборот.Строевые слова. Многофункциональность строевых слов it, that (those), one,because, because of, as, since, till, due to, provided, if, both, either, neither.

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СИНТАКСИС.Порядок слов утвердительного, отрицательного и вопросительного

предложений. Оборот there is (are). Безличные предложения. Главное ипридаточное предложение. Бессоюзное подчинение определительных идополнительных придаточных предложений. Обороты, равнозначныепридаточным предложениям.4.Объем текстового материала, включая тексты контрольных заданий, долженравняться 5000 печатных знаков (около 30 стр.)

ОБРАЗЦЫ ВЫПОЛНЕНИЯ ЗАДАНИЙ

Образец №1 Ед. число Мн.число This city is clean. These cites are clean. There is a nice park in the city. There are nice parks in the city. This is a nice film. These are nice films. A farmer lives in the country. Farmers live in the country.

Образец №2

1.The earth and the moon form a part of the solar system. form – глагол в Present Simple, 3 л. , ед. ч.

2.The earth and the moon have the form of a sphere.form – существительное в ед.ч.

Образец №3

1.This plant produces tractors – Этот завод производит тракторы.

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produces - Present Simple Active от глагола to produce.2. Your English is getting better. – Твой английский становится лучше.

is getting – Present Continuous Active от глагола to get

Образец №4

1.Housing construction is carried out on a large scale in this country. – В нашейстране жилищное строительство ведется в больших масштабах.

is carried out - Present Simple Passive .

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2. How many houses have you constructed. – Сколько домов вы построили?have constructed – Present Perfect Active.

Образец №5

1.How many houses have you constructed? – Сколько домов вы построили?constructed – причастие II, является частью глагола-сказуемого.

2.Building a house workers use different kinds of machines. – Строя дом, рабочиеиспользуют различную технику.

building – Причастие I в функции обстоятельства.3.The workers building a new house in this street use different kinds of machines. –Рабочие, строящие новый дом на этой улице, используют различную технику.

building – Причастие I в функции определения.

КОНТРОЛЬНОЕ ЗАДАНИЕ № 1

Грамматика: 1.Множественное число имен существительных. Артикли,предлоги. Притяжательный падеж. Существительное в функции определения иего перевод. 2. Степени сравнения прилагательных. Сравнительныеконструкции the … the, as… as, not as … as. 3. Числительные, даты. 4. Местоимения: личные, притяжательные, some, any, no и их производные.5. Времена Simple (Active), Continuous (Active). Спряжение глагола to be.Повелительное наклонение. 6. Порядок слов. Оборот there is (are). 7.Словообразование.

Вариант 1.1. Перепишите следующие предложения. Напишите их во множественномчисле. (Образец №1)

1.This is a black pen.2. This man lives next door.3. There is a child in thegarden. 4.The cat is grey.

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2. Перепишите и переведите следующие предложения. Определите, какойчастью речи являются подчеркнутые слова. (Образец №2)

1.Every year he plans to go to the country for a holiday. 2. Every year his plansremain just plans. 3. There is a lift in the house. 4. The crane lifts different elementsof the house and puts them in place.

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3. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите, обращая внимание наособенности перевода существительных в роли определения.

1.What does he do? He deals with car export. 2. What does he do? He deals withexport cars. 3. Air pollution problem is becoming worse and worse.

4. Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие разные формысравнения, переведите их.

1. My brother is three years younger than me.2. He is the best student in ourgroup. 3. The better you get to know Pete the more you like him. 4. The city is asbeautiful as it was 5 years ago.

5. Перепишите предложения, определите в них видо-временные формыподчеркнутых глаголов и укажите их инфинитив. Переведите предложения.(Образец №3)

1.The sun doesn’t go round the earth. 2. You may turn off the television, I’m notwatching it. 3. I’m not hungry. 4 The concert began at 7.00 and finished at 10o’clock.

6. Прочитайте и устно переведите весь текст. Перепишите и письменнопереведите 1, 2, 4, 5 абзацы.

Oxford1.What is so special about Oxford and Cambridge, the two oldest English

universities? Why do so many students want to study there? 2.Both of these university towns are very beautiful. They have some of the finest

architecture in Britain. Some of their colleges, chapels and libraries are three, fourand even five hundred years old, and are full of valuable books and preciouspaintings. Both towns have many lovely gardens, where the students can read andrelax in the summer months.

3.Oxford is the older university of the two. The first of its colleges was foundedin 1249. The university now has thirty-four colleges and about twelve thousandstudents, many of them from other countries. There were no women students at

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Oxford until 1878, when the first women’s college, Lady Margaret Hall, opened.Now, women study at most colleges.

4.Oxford is, of course, famous for its first-class education as well as its beautifulbuildings. Some of the most intelligent men and women in the country live and workhere. Oxford gives them what they need: a quiet atmosphere, friendly colleagues, andthe four-hundred-year-old Bodleian library, which has about five million books.

5.It is not easy to get a place at Oxford University to study for a degree. Butoutside the university there are many smaller private colleges which offer less

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difficult courses and where it is easy to enroll. Most students in these private schoolstake business, secretarial or English language courses.

Пояснения к тексту:1.chapel – часовня2.degree - степень3.enroll – поступать

7.Перепишите следующие утверждения. Определите, какие из нихсоответствуют тексту, а какие нет. Напротив правильных предложенийнапишите “True” (верно).

1.Oxford is older than Cambridge. 2.There are no women students at Oxford. 3. It’s quite difficult to get a place at Oxford University.

Вариант 21. Перепишите следующие предложения. Напишите их во множественномчисле. (Образец №1)

1.This is a new building. 2.A farmer plants potatoes in spring. 3.There is a nicepicture on the wall. 4.Can you see that woman over there?

2.Перепишите и переведите следующие предложения. Определите, какойчастью речи являются подчеркнутые слова. (Образец №2)

1.They are going to cut prices by 25% . 2.There will be a price cut by 25%. 3.Heopened the door by force. 4. Nobody can force me to do that.


1. I’d like to live in a country house with a flower garden around it. 2. The garageroof needs repairing. 3. He knows English quite well. I think he won’t have anylanguage problems in England.

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4.Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие разные формы сравнения,переведите их.

1.I know him better than anybody else. 2. It isn’t as cold today as it wasyesterday. 3.This is the most harmful chemical. 4.The slower you speak English theeasier me understand it.

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1.How fast were you driving when the accident happened.2.Don’t put thedictionary away. I’m using it. 3.An architect is a person who designs buildings. 4.I’msure you’ll pass your exam.

6. Прочитайте и устно переведите весь текст. Перепишите и письменнопереведите 1,2,3,4 абзацы

Scotland

1. Scotland is a part of the United Kingdom and is governed from London. Itsarea is 30,000 square miles (about 79,000 sq.km), the population is over five millionpeople. About one third live in the cities of Edinburgh, Glasgow, Aberdeen andDundee. Scottish people speak English, although about 100,000 still speak ScottishGaelic. Many of the Scottish accents of England are very strong, and visitors fromabroad (or even England) sometimes have difficulty in understanding them.

2.Scotland is a very mountainous country: mountains with a great amount ofmoorland, in which few people live, occupy three-fourths of the area.

3.Scotland is famous for the beautiful large lakes, with mountains round them.They are not like the English ones: there are not so many trees and flowers, and greenhills around them as in England.

4.There are many rivers in Scotland, but they are not long. The longest and themost important Scottish river is the Clyde.

5.Hills dominate in the northern part of Scotland, traditionally called theHighlands. Scottish lakes, called lochs, are long and narrow. In the past all thoselochs joined the sea and some of them still do so. The largest and the most beautifulof all the lochs in Scotland is Loch Lomond, which has more than 30 beautifulislands. It lies within easy reach of Glasgow.

6.The most famous of the Scottish lochs, however, is Loch Ness, because of themystery of the Loch Ness monster. The mystery of the Loch Ness monster attracts alarge number of tourists bringing a lot of money to the region.

Пояснения к тексту:1.accent – диалект2.moorland – болотистая местность, покрытая вереском

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7. Перепишите следующие утверждения. Определите, какие из нихсоответствуют тексту, а какие нет. Напротив правильных предложенийнапишите “True” (верно).

1.Scottish people do not like English lakes.2.Scottland has many lochs and rivers.3.Loch Ness is a great tourist attraction.

Вариант 31. Перепишите следующие предложения. Напишите их во множественномчисле. (Образец №1)

1.This book is quite interesting. 2.Is there a lift in this house? 3. A match breaks.4.The man over there is our English teacher.

2. Перепишите и переведите следующие предложения. Определите, какойчастью речи являются подчеркнутые слова. (Образец №2)

1.Man needs electricity for industrial uses. 2. He uses electricity for his needs.3.The garage houses twenty cars. 4.We have larger rooms in our new houses.


1.He works for the Moscow region newspaper. 2.This method is widely used inbridge construction. 3.They discussed bridge construction methods.

4. Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие разные формысравнения, переведите их.

1.He is the oldest in the family. 2.He lives further than I thought. 3.Jack isn’t asold as he looks. 4.The more expensive the hotel, the better the service.


1.When I last saw Alan he was trying to find a job. 2.Don’t put the dictionaryaway. I need it. 3.I won’t tell anybody what you said. 4.Please, be quieter. I’mworking.

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6. Прочитайте и устно переведите весь текст. Перепишите и письменнопереведите 2, 3, 4 абзацы

London

1.London is the capital of Great Britain. London has a population of about6,770,000. It lies on the River Thames, where the Romans landed nearly 2,000 yearsago. From about 1800 until World War Two, London was the biggest city in theworld, but now there are many cities, which are much bigger.

2.London is famous for many things. Ten million people visit London every yearto see its places of interest. They come from all over the world to visit its historicbuildings, such as St. Paul’s Cathedral, which has a huge dome, and the Houses ofParliament, where you can see and hear the famous clock, Big Ben. Across the roadfrom the Houses of Parliament is Westminster Abbey. It is one of the most beautifulbuildings in London. The Tower of London is one of the most interesting places. Itwas a fortress, a royal residence, a prison, now it is a museum.

Tourists also come to visit its theatres, its museums, and its many shops, such asHarrods, where you can buy anything.

3.Like many big cities, London has problems with traffic and pollution. Over1,000,000 people a day use the London Underground, but there are still too many carson the streets. The air isn’t clean, but it is cleaner than it was 100 years ago. Until theClean Air Act in 1956, London was famous for its fog or “smog”, which is a mixtureof smoke and fog.

4.The best thing about London is the parks. The most beautiful ones are all in thecentre.

Пояснения к тексту:1.the Romans – римляне2. place of interest – достопримечательность3.St.Paul’s Cathedral – собор Святого Павла4.the Houses of Parliament – палаты парламента, здание парламента5.Westminster Abbey – Вестминстерское аббатство6.Harrods – известный в Лондоне супермаркет7. Underground – метро8.the Clean Air Act – закон о чистом воздухе

7. Перепишите следующие утверждения. Определите, какие из нихсоответствуют тексту, а какие нет. Напротив правильных предложенийнапишите “True” (верно).

1.London had a population of about 6,770.000 people 2000 years ago.

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2.London is the biggest city in the world.3.London is situated on the banks of the River Thames.

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КОНТРОЛЬНОЕ ЗАДАНИЕ №2

Грамматика: 1.Времена группы Simple (Indefinite) – активный залог.2.Времена группы Continuous – активный залог. 3. Времена группы Perfect –активный залог. 4. Времена группы Simple (Indefinite) – пассивный залог.Особенности перевода пассивных конструкций. 5.Модальные глаголы и ихэквиваленты – can – be able to; must – have to, be to, should. 6. Причастие 1 иПричастие II (простые формы) в функциях определения и обстоятельства.7.Придаточные предложения условия и времени.

Вариант 1

1.Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните в них глагол-сказуемое иопределите его видо-временную форму и залог. Переведите предложения нарусский язык. (Образец №4)

1.We have found that the nucleus of the atom is a tremendous storehouse ofenergy. 2. Rapid sand filters were developed in the U.S. in 1900-1910. 3. Mendeleyevtried to find some system of classifying the elements whose properties he wasdescribing. 4. As a rule a new discovery is followed by intensive research work ofother scientists.

2.Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните причастие 1(Participle 1) и причастие II (Participle II) и установите функции каждого из них,т.е. является ли оно определением, обстоятельством или частью глагола-сказуемого. Переведите предложения. (Образец №5)

1.The degree of treatment required will depend upon the nature of the water.2.Much attention is given to the planning of new cities. 3.They stayed at homerefusing to go anywhere that day. 4.He is taking part in the construction of thechannel linking the two seas.

3.Перепишите предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глаголили его эквивалент. Переведите предложения.

1.We have to get some first-hand information about our future partners. 2. Myvisit is to last a few weeks. 3.Somebody stole my car but the police were able to findit. 4.Water should be suitable for domestic uses.

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4.Прочитайте и устно переведите весь текст. Перепишите и письменнопереведите 1,2,3 абзацы.

Some Important Properties of Metals

1.Why are metals of such importance for man’s life? The answer to this must befound in their characteristic properties. The most important of these is strength, whichmeans that metals can withstand weight without bending and breaking. They are alsocorrosion-resistant and may assume different shapes, which distinguishes them frommany other classes of materials. Some metals also have other special properties, twoof which are conductivity and the property to be magnetized.

2.Strength is of great importance for most industrial purposes. That is why steel iswidely used in modern industry. We know that steel constructions are used not onlyfor building ships, planes and engines but also in building industry as well as forproducing tubes, pipes, etc. For this purpose, engineers often use special kinds ofsteel.

3.As iron and steel are used more often than any other metal, we usually dividemetallurgical materials into two classes: ferrous metals and non-ferrous ones.

4.We know that engineers use copper and aluminium for conducting electriccurrent since these metals offer less resistance to it than ferrous metals do. A copperwire offers less resistance to current than an aluminium wire of the same size does.But due to its lighter weight aluminium offers less resistance per unit of weight.

Пояснения к текстуa) as well as – а такжеb) offer less resistance - оказывают меньше сопротивленияc) due to - благодаря

6. Прочитайте 4 абзац текста и вопрос к нему. Перепишите вопрос и укажитеправильный вариант ответа.

Why do engineers use copper and aluminium for conducting electric current? 1.Because these metals do not offer electrical resistance.2.Since they are stronger than ferrous metals.3.Because they offer less resistance to electric current than other metals.

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Вариант 2


1. The new tenants (жильцы) were shown a three-room flat ready for occupation.2.I have been in construction for many years. 3. An average 5-storey house isassembled in just 3 months. 4. We had discussed all the questions when he came toour meeting.

2.Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните причастие 1 (Participle 1) и причастие II (Participle II) и установите функции каждого из них,

т.е. является ли оно определением, обстоятельством или частью глагола-сказуемого. Переведите предложения. (Образец №5)

1.He heard the voices coming through the open window. 2. The explanation givenwas not complete. 3. When burnt coal produces heat. 4.He said he had alreadytranslated the article.


1.Before erecting a house a lot of planning work has to be done. 2. Foundation isto keep the floors and walls from contact with the soil. 3. We missed the bus but wewere able to come back by the 7 o’clock train. 4. When I entered the room I couldhear some noise.

4.Прочитайте и устно переведите весь текст. Перепишите и письменнопереведите 1,3,4,5 абзацы.

Parts of a Building

1. Houses are built of wood, brick, stone and concrete. All the parts of suchhouses are produced on an industrial scale in factories and assembled on the spot. Inthe construction of a house the first step is to make a careful survey of the site and toexamine the soil in order to find its bearing power. Next the building lines are stakedout. After this the foundations are built. The excavation is dug for the basement andthen followed by the building of the foundation walls below ground level.Foundations are to keep the floors and walls from contact with the soil, to act againstthe action of frost and to prevent from settlement.

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2.The part upon which the stability of the structure depends is the framework. Itcarries the loads, which are imposed on it. The designer determines the size of the walls, the floor joists, the beams, the girders and the parts, which make up theframework. He also decides how they are to be spaced and arranged.

3.The building of a wall consists in laying down courses of bricks and bondingthem together with mortar. Walls are constructed to enclose areas and to support theweight of floors and roofs. The walls may be solid and hollow. Besides brick, stone,concrete and other natural and artificial materials are used for the construction ofwalls.

5.Floors divide the building into stages or storeys. They may be of timber or maybe constructed of fire-resisting materials.

6.The whole structure is crowned by the roof, which covers the building andprotects it from exposure to the weather. It ties the walls and gives strength to thestructure.


What does the stability of the building depend on?1.Size of the walls.2. Framework.3.The designer.

Вариант 3


1.Bricks have been in constant use everywhere in every sort of construction. 2.Is2 o’clock tomorrow OK with you? - I’m sorry, I’ll be papering the walls. Let’s meetsome other time. 3.An important part in the history of building was played by thecolumn. 4.Is your house looked after when you are on holiday?

2.Перепишите следующие предложения ; подчеркните причастие 1 (Participle 1) и причастие II (Participle II) и установите функции каждого из них,т.е. является ли оно определением, обстоятельством или частью глагола-сказуемого. Переведите предложения. (Образец №5)

1.While waiting for him I looked through the magazines lying on the table. 2. The results obtained were of great importance. 3. When reconstructed the theatrelooked more beautiful than before. 4.I shall still be translating the article when youcome.

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1.You’ll have to wait until I finish. 2.I’m to visit New York and Washington .3.Ishould show this letter to my boss. 4. After a lot of discussion they were able to solvethis problem.

4.Прочитайте и устно переведите весь текст. Перепишите и письменнопереведите 1,3 ,4 абзацы.

The Building of a New City

1.The building of a new city is a very complex undertaking. It is a job involvingscores of state institutions and a host of specialists - architects, economists, engineers,geographers, sociologists, hygienists, demographers, and many others. Their firstconcern is the siting of the new town. They take into account the distance from thesource of raw materials, the available transport facilities and ties with other inhabitedlocalities. But that is far from all. The experts must appraise the climate, themicroclimate, the vegetation, the soil and subsoil and the terrain. Special methodshave been evolved for assessing sites with regard to microclimate and civilengineering requirements.

2.The first-comers to the selected site are the geodesists. They have to survey thesite and produce a detailed topographical plan. This will show the designers thenature of the terrain and the existence of bodies of water and areas covered withvegetation. When the topographical plan is completed it is the turn of the architects todecide where to deploy the industrial enterprises, where best develop housing, andwhich patches should be preserved for recreation zones.

3. A modern city is a complex organism. To ensure the necessary interrelationsbetween its different elements, the city is divided into sections, each with its ownpurpose, such as the production zone, the housing areas, the communal centre and therecreation zone. The architects call this the functional zoning of urban territory.

4.But, however well organized any separate part of the city may be, it won’tfunction properly if all the sections lack interconnecting links. The main thing is thatthe production areas must be so deployed in relation to the housing projects thatpeople spend the minimum time traveling to and from work.

Пояснения к тексту1.siting – местоположение, размещение2.with regard to - относительно, в отношении3.bodies of water - водоемы4.functional zoning – функциональное зонирование

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Who comes first to the site after it has been selected?1. A host of specialists.2. Architects.3. Geodesists.


Грамматика: 1) грамматические функции и значение слов one, that, it 2)пассивный залог времен Simple (Indefinite), Continuous, Perfect .3) функцииглаголов to be, to have, to do; 4) простые формы инфинитива; инфинитив вфункции подлежащего, составной части сказуемого, определения,обстоятельства цели; 5) бессоюзное подчинение определительных идополнительных придаточных предложений.

Вариант 11.Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в них глагол-сказуемое иопределите его видо-временную форму и залог. Переведите предложения нарусский язык. (Образец №4)

1.The experiment has been carried out successfully, and the results will soon bepublished. 2.As far as I know the experiment is being carried out. 3. This experimentis much spoken about. 4.This experiment was followed by another one.

2. Перепишите следующие предложения, переведите их, обращая внимание наразные значения слов it, that, one.

1.One has to keep to the left when driving in Great Britain. 2.He said that that“that” that is before the noun is a pronoun.3.It is precast concrete construction thatcut the time needed to put up a house.

3.Перепишите предложения, переведите их, обращая внимание на различныезначения глаголов to be, to have, to do.

1.He didn’t do anything to help him with his work. 2.They have been inconstruction for many years. 3.The experiment is to be carried out in December.

4.Перепишите следующие предложения. Переведите их, обращая внимание наотсутствие союзов в придаточных предложениях.

1.The part the stability of the building depends on is the framework. 2.He saidhe had already translated the text

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5.Перепишите предложения и переведите, обращая внимание на функциюинфинитива.

1.If the beam is too long its weight makes it bend and even break. 2.The firststep to take is to cut working hours. 3.To improve your English you should go to anEnglish speaking country and practise as much as possible. 4. To know English wellmeans to be able to communicate with the English people.

6.Прочитайте и устно переведите весь текст. Переведите письменно 1,2,3,4,5абзацы.

From the History of Tunnel Construction

1.The first excavated passages beneath the earth were found in many of theancient civilizations archeologists have investigated in recent years. It is establishedthat natural tunnels and other results of water action, which are frequently found inlimestone, first suggested to early man the idea of an artificial passage through rock.

2.The uses tunnels were specially constructed for were numerous; water manneeded in the locality of towns and settlements was one of the main purposes. Roadconstruction was another activity of man that required making an artificial passagethrough hills the builders encountered in their way.

3.Historians tell us that Egyptian Pharaohs who undertook the construction ofrock-cut galleries over 750 feet long were the first tunnel builders.

4.Underground temples we see in Malta are at least 5,000 years old. The tunnelunder the river Euphrates was probably the first submarine tunnel we know about.

5.The Romans were especially skilled in tunnel construction because of theimprovements in methods they effected. They knew that a rock cracked whenstrongly heated and then suddenly cooled and applied this principle in all cases whenthe builders encountered a solid rock to be cut through.

6.The Romans have introduced the use of fire into tunnel construction andvinegar as a cooling agent because it was discovered that the acid nature of vinegardisintegrated the rock chemically as well as physically. The sufferings of the slaveswho had to apply such methods can hardly be imagined.

7.Accurate location and construction methods depend on the rock the tunnel isto be driven through. Although powerful machines are applied in modern tunnelconstruction their work is stopped by hard rock formations such as marble andgranite. In this respect the discovery of the rock-shattering property of the laser lightis of tremendous importance for civil engineering.

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Пояснения к тексту:

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1.rock-cut gallery – проход (галерея), вырезанный в горной (каменной) породе2.effect – создавать, разработать3. vinegar – уксус4.as well as – а также5. in this respect – в этом отношении

7.Перепишите следующие утверждения. Определите, какие из нихсоответствуют тексту, а какие нет. Напротив правильных предложенийнапишите “True” (Верно).

1.The Romans didn’t use vinegar because the slaves suffered badly.2.The discovery of the laser light plays an important part in tunnel construction.3.Construction methods used by tunnel builders depend on the rock formations.

Вариант 2

1 Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в них глагол-сказуемое иопределите его видо-временную форму и залог. Переведите предложения нарусский язык. (Образец №4)

1.The positive results hadn’t been obtained until a more powerful apparatus wasinstalled.2.The explanations of some UFO sightings (НЛО) haven’t been given yet.3.The dinner was being cooked when mother came from work. 4.This newphenomenon was much written about.

2. Перепишите следующие предложения, переведите их, обращая внимание наразные значения слов it, that, one.

1.It should be noted that the pollution problem is becoming worse and worse.2.Itwas Mendeleyev who systematized the chemical elements. 3. One never knows whatmay happen.

3. Перепишите предложения, переведите их, обращая внимание на различныезначения глаголов to be, to have, to do.

1.The new method increased the output better than the old one did. 2.He hadmuch work to do today. 3. He child was looked for everywhere.

4. Перепишите следующие предложения. Переведите их, обращая внимание наотсутствие союзов в придаточных предложениях..

1.He explained he couldn’t come because he was ill. 2. The letter we’ve justreceived is from our partners.

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5. Перепишите предложения и переведите, обращая внимание на функциюинфинитива.

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1.It did not take much time to build the road. 2. There isn’t much to see in thiscity. 3.To smoke 20 cigarettes a day won’t do you any good. 4.He used his influenceto get me a job.

6.Прочитайте и устно переведите весь текст. Перепишите и переведитеписьменно 3,4,5 абзацы.

From the History of Land Transport1.The history of transport is divided into two stages. The first stage is that in

which all forms of transport depended directly on the power of men or animals or onnatural forces such as winds and current. The second stage began with thedevelopment of the steam engine, which was followed by the electric motor and theinternal combustion engine as the main sources of power for transport

2.The most ancient peoples did not live in settled homes. As they moved fromplace to place they had to carry their goods themselves. The porters were usually thewomen, probably because the men had to be ready to beat off attacks by wild beastsor enemies.

3.The next step was the use of pack animals for carrying goods. The kind ofanimal used varied in different places, but the general idea was the same – thebundles or baskets were carried by the animals on their backs.

4.The next advance in land transport came with the invention of the wheel. Thewheel at once led to the development of two-wheeled carts and four-wheeled wagonsand carriages, but before these could be used for carrying goods over long distances,a system of roads was necessary. These roads had to be wide enough to take a cartand paved, for unless their surface was paved the wheels sank in and the cart stuck. InBritain, and also over much Europe, the first long-distance paved roads were made bythe Romans, chiefly so that troops could march without delay from place to place.The roads made it possible to use wheeled traffic. However, when the Roman Empirecollapsed, the roads gradually got into a very bad state.

5.There were two problems to be solved – first, how to make good roads, and,second, to decide who was to pay for them. In Great Britain these problems weresolved in the 18th century. Stretches of roads were handed over to groups called trusts.The trusts borrowed money for repairing and improving the roads, paying it backfrom the sums they collected from road users. This method of paying for new roadsand bridges is still used, especially in the United States.

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Пояснения к тексту1.internal combustion engine – двигатель внутреннего сгорания2.pack animal – вьючное животное

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3.for –для; в течение; так как, потому что

7. Перепишите следующие утверждения. Определите, какие из нихсоответствуют тексту, а какие нет. Напротив правильных предложенийнапишите “True” (Верно).

1The history of transport began with the development of steam engine.2.The Romans were the first to have made long-distance paved roads in Britain.3.The most ancient peoples used pack animals to carry their goods.

Вариант 3

1. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в них глагол-сказуемое иопределите его видо-временную форму и залог. Переведите предложения нарусский язык. (Образец №4)

1.You are always waited for. 2. Much has been obtained through this newmethod. 3.Speak in a lower voice. We are being listened too. 4. The letter wasanswered at once.

2.Перепишите следующие предложения, переведите их, обращая внимание наразные значения слов it, that, one.

1.It is necessary for an engineer to know fundamentals of engineering. 2. The firstthing that has to be done is selecting the site. 3.One must be careful when crossingthe road.

3. Перепишите предложения, переведите их, обращая внимание на различныезначения глаголов to be, to have, to do.

1.You wouldn’t have missed the bus if you had left home earlier. 2. The maintask is to solve the pollution problem. 3. “Do come to my birthday party”, she said.

4. Перепишите следующие предложения. Переведите их, обращая внимание наотсутствие союзов в придаточных предложениях.

1.She said she was going to the university. 2.The figures the speaker mentioned inhis report were published in the latest scientific journal.

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5. Перепишите предложения и переведите, обращая внимание на функциюинфинитива.

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1.The first step was to make good roads. 2. He was the first to start making thisexperiment. 3. To explain the problem the engineer used some diagrams. 4. Nothingcould make him change his decision.

6.Прочитайте и переведите устно весь текст. Перепишите и письменнопереведите 1,2 абзацы

From the History of Water Supply1.Good water for drinking purposes has doubtless been appreciated by the human

race from time immemorial. Among primitive peoples the question of water supplywas never of pressing importance, except arid and semi-arid regions. In these lattercountries provision for securing and storing a supply of water was usually necessary.Consequently, springs were sought for, wells were dug and cisterns constructed inorder that a supply of water might all the time be available. Wells were common inancient Egypt, Greece, Assyria, Persia and India, and from the sanitary point of viewthey probably furnished a safer drinking water than could be obtained from thesurface waters in the rivers and lakes.

2.As population became denser and people began to congregate in cities, the needfor larger volumes became urgent. Works for collection, storage and conveyance ofwater were built for supplying many of the ancient cities. Probably no ancient citywas provided with more elaborate system of public water supply than Rome. Waterthe Romans used for public baths and for watering streets was the least clear andmost loaded with sand; the clearer water served tanks, fountains and washing troughswhile the best was used for drinking purposes.

3.Long after man had found ways and means to organize water supplies, findthem where they were hidden and lead them to where he wanted them, streams andpools in natural state have served as communal water supplies, even in more or lesscivilized Europe.

4. Until 1183 A.D. Paris obtained its entire supply of water from the river Seine.As late as 1550, Paris used only 1 qt. of water per capita per day. With such smallamounts of water being used one can easily imagine what the sanitary conditionsmust have been.

Пояснения к тексту1.from time immemorial – с незапамятных времен2.latter – последний (из упомянутых)3.as late as – уже

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4.per capita – на душу населения, на человека5.per day – в день6.1 qt. – 1 кварта (чуть больше одного литра)

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1.In 1550 Paris used very small amounts of water.2.After finding ways and means to organize water supplies people didn’t use streamsand pools as communal water supplies.3. The Romans used very clear water for public baths.

КОНТРОЛЬНОЕ ЗАДАНИЕ № 4

Грамматика: 1.Сложные формы инфинитива. 2.Объектный инфинитивныйоборот. Субъектный инфинитивный оборот. 3. Причастия 1, II (сложныеформы). Независимый причастный оборот. 4.Герундий и герундиальныйоборот.

Вариант 11.Перепишите и письменно переведите следующие предложения, обращаявнимание на сложные формы инфинитива.

1.The metal to be poured into a mold for casting may contract or expand onsolidifying. 2.This question is too difficult to be answered at once. 3. The weatherappears to be improving.

2.Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения, содержащие объектный исубъектный инфинитивные обороты.

1.Everybody knows him to be working on a new book. 2.He is known to beworking on a new book. 3. The engineer expected the work to be done in time. 4. The work was reported to have been done in time.

3.Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения, содержащие зависимый инезависимый причастные обороты.

1.All the towers served as places of imprisonment, each of them keeping somedark and tragic secret. 2. Having widened the main streets the builders helped tosolve the heavy traffic problem in the city. 3. Water is necessary for the existence ofman, animals and plants, every living thing containing large amounts of water.

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4.Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения, содержащие герундий игерундиальный оборот.

1.She is against being sent to this faraway place. 2.Is there any possibility of theirfinding a suitable building material so soon?

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5.Прочитайте и устно переведите весь текст. Письменно переведите 1,2 абзацы.

From the History of London1.In the year 55 before our era a Roman legion headed by Julius Cesar crossed the

English Channel that divides the British Isles from the continent of Europe . Havinglanded in Britain the Romans founded a military station on the northern bank of theriver Thames. Being skilled in the art of building they started fortifying theirsettlements with thick massive walls and laying roads across the country leading tothe sea coast. After staying in Britain for two centuries the Romans returned to thecontinent having left behind excellent roads and strong fortifications. One of theRoman settlements was called Londinium Augusta. Four centuries later, according tosome historians the capital of Britain was founded in its locality, part of the Romanwall still lying deep under the ground beneath modern London.

2.No other ancient monuments of Roman times have remained in the city. Theearliest historical monument of English architecture is the so called Tower of Londonwhich has retained its name up to the present day. Being erected on the ruins of aRoman fortress; it consists of parts belonging to different periods of English history,its central and most ancient part being the huge square tower four storeys high. It wascalled the White Tower, deriving its name from the white stone it was built of.

3.Nine centuries have passed since its erection but time failed to destroy theenormous thickness of its walls or shake the solidity of its construction. In spite ofconstant alterations and repairs during the ages of its existence the tower has retainedmuch of its former character and original appearance.

4.Looking at the Tower you feel its close connection to the historical past ofEngland with its constant and cruel fighting for power. Since the time of its erectionthe Tower of London has served many purposes: first a king’s palace, then a fortressand a political prison. Now it is a museum.

Пояснения к тексту

1.the English Channel – Ла-Манш2.the Tower of London – Лондонский Тауэр

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1.The Tower has changed a lot since the time of its erection.2.The Tower was built nine centuries ago.

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3. The Tower of London is a fortress.4.The Tower is the only monument of Roman times that remained in the city.

Вариант 2

1..Перепишите и письменно переведите следующие предложения, обращаявнимание на сложные формы инфинитива.

1.He was glad to have been invited to the party. 2. Stone to be used for theerection of Egyptian pyramids was brought from faraway places. 3.Don’t phone him.He may be working.


1.The computer is said to be able to do computation in milliseconds. 2.I supposehim to be about 50. 3. The weather appears to be improving. 4. He wanted us tocomplete the work in time.

3.Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения, содержащие зависимый инезависимый причастные обороты.

1.Alloys having better properties for industrial purposes, metals are seldom usedin their pure form. 2. Lake Baikal, known to be the deepest in the world is fed by 336rivers. 3.Water is never absolutely pure in nature, the amount of impurities dependingupon the locality.


1.Coal, oil and gas are rapidly running out. (истощаются) because of their beingutilized as fuels. 2.I worked at my report without being helped by anybody.

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5. Прочитайте и устно переведите весь текст. Письменно переведите 3 абзац.

Water1.Water exists as a substance in three states: ice, which melts at 0 degrees

Celsius; liquid water and steam, the latter is formed when water boils at 100 degreesCelsius.

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2.Water differs from other liquids in that it expands when cooled from 00 Celsius,contracts when heated from 00 to 40 Celsius , and reaches its maximum density at 40

Celsius. No other liquid possesses this property.3.Water is a chemical compound of oxygen and hydrogen, the latter gas forming

two thirds of its volume. It is the most abundant of all chemical compounds, fiveseventh of the earth’s surface being covered with water. As we know, water does notburn, on the contrary, it is generally used for putting out the fire. Therefore it seemsremarkable that the two gases which it is composed of act in the opposite way: one ofthem – hydrogen – burns, the second – oxygen – makes things burn much faster thandoes air. Hydrogen is the lightest gas known, oxygen being slightly heavier than air.Now, although these two gases, when taken separately, can be compressed into amuch smaller space by pressure, water is one of the most incompressible substancesknown, the properties of a compound being unlike the properties of the elements ofwhich it is made. By means of hydraulic accumulators water can be subjected to atremendous pressure without appreciably reducing its volume. But in spite of itsresistance to compression, it has been calculated that at ocean depths water iscompressed to such an extent that the average sea level is 35,6 meters lower than itwould be if water were absolutely incompressible.

4.Water like air is never found quite pure in nature but contains various salts andminerals in solution. Salt water being heavier, some things will float in it whichwould sink in fresh water, hence it is easier to swim in salt water. When sea waterfreezes the salt separates from it, ice being quite pure.

Пояснения к тексту1.the latter – последний (из упомянутых)2.put out - тушить

6.Перепишите следующие утверждения. Определите, какие из нихсоответствуют тексту, а какие нет. Напротив правильных предложенийнапишите “True”(Верно).

1.Water can be found quite pure in nature.2.It is easier to swim in salt water.3.Oxygen is slightly heavier than hydrogen.

244.If subjected to a tremendous pressure by hydraulic accumulators water

appreciably reduces its volume.

Вариант 31.Перепишите и письменно переведите следующие предложения, обращаявнимание на сложные формы инфинитива.

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1.The road surface to be repaired was destroyed many years ago by heavyvehicles. 2.Please be quieter, they seem to be working. 3. He wanted to be invited tothe party.


1.Stone for the erection of the Egyptian pyramids is believed to have beenbrought from long distances. 2.We believe the stone for the Egyptian pyramids tohave been brought from long distances. 3. Science has shown the electron to bepeculiar combination of mass and electrical charge. 4.The electron is known to be apeculiar combination of mass and electrical charge.

3..Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения, содержащие зависимый инезависимый причастные обороты.

1.An engineer builds houses and cities, an architect planning their construction2.Using prefab elements builders can put up a house in just 3 months. 3.The chemistmixing oxygen and hydrogen, water can be produced in the laboratory.


1.We heard of the search for new sources of energy being started. 2.Thematerial was destroyed by having been exposed to atmospheric changes.

5. Прочитайте и устно переведите весь текст. Письменно переведите 1 абзац.

On Bridge Building1.Today bridge building is considered to be a science; but while it is of very

recent origin, it must not be thought that the previous centuries made no contributionto our knowledge of bridge construction. Everyone knows that there are in existencebridges that are believed to have been constructed over two thousand years ago. Eventhe idea of bridge has been given to man by nature. A tree accidentally fallen across astream served to provide a safe crossing. To drop another tree at its side and to usestrong creepers to bind them together must have been man’s first step in bridgebuilding. Homer, who lived some time between 800 and 1000 B.C. writes thatbridges were common in his day and mentions in particular pontoon bridges that

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were used for the passage of armies. Herodotes describes a bridge over the Euphrates,which must have been built at Babylon about 780 B.C. It was a short span structurethirty feet wide made of timber resting on stone piers to carry its load. Another andlater form of bridge and one requiring a higher degree of skill was the arch. TheRomans are known to have brought this construction to its high degree of perfection.

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2.The history of Russian bridge building is closely connected with the name ofKulibin, one of the most talented self-taught engineers.

3.From his early childhood Kulibin showed a keen interest in all kinds ofmechanical devices and liked to build models of mills, water mills, and differentmachine parts to be assembled into mechanisms. To acquire skill and knowledgebecame the boy’s greatest desire. He realized that in order to master the secret ofmechanisms it was necessary to study mathematics and physics.

Пояснения к тексту1.to be of recent origin - появиться недавно2.bridges were common - мосты были распространены; мосты были обычнымявлением3.self-taught engineer- инженер-самоучка

6. Перепишите следующие утверждения. Определите, какие из нихсоответствуют тексту, а какие нет. Напротив правильных предложенийнапишите “True”(Верно).

1.From his early childhood Kulibin showed a keen interest in bridge building.2.The boy realized it was necessary to study mathematics and physics.3.Arch bridges were perfected by the Romans4.Bridge construction as a science has a two-thousand-year history.


Грамматика:1.Условные предложения.. 2.Грамматическме функцииshould, would. 3. Обороты с инфинитивом и причастием, равнозначныепридаточным предложениям.4.Различные значения слов: as, because, because of,due to, for, since, both … and, either … or, neither … nor.

Вариант 11.Перепишите и устно переведите следующие условные предложения.Напротив каждого из них напишите тип условия (реальное, маловероятное,нереальное). Подчеркните предложение, для которого верно утверждение “Peteris a university student.”

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1.If Peter had entered the university a year before he would have graduatedfrom it last year. 2. If Peter enters the university this year he will graduate from itin five years.3. If Peter entered the university this year he could become anengineer in five years.

2. Перепишите предложения и переведите, обращая внимание на различныезначения should, would.

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1.It would be impossible to simplify the production of aluminium withoutusing the electrothermal method. 2 Had man learnt to control thermonuclearexplosion he would have a practically inexhaustible source of energy. 3. I think youshouldn’t tell him about it.

3. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, принимая во внимание, чтоинфинитивные и причастные обороты соответствуют придаточнымпредложениям.

1.Scientists consider solar energy to be an ideal source of power for artificialsatellites. 2. Some materials undergo changes when subjected to heat and pressure. 3.There are still many problems to be solved concerning housing construction.4.Matter is said to exit in four states- solid, liquid, gaseous and plasma, the latterbeing a hot ionized gas.

4. Перепишите предложения и переведите, обращая внимание на различныезначения подчеркнутых слов.

1.This metal possesses high strength due to the addition of tungsten. 2. Highstrength of this metal is due to the addition of tungsten. 3.Copper is in a wide use forcables because it is a good conductor of electricity .4. Copper is widely used forcables because of its good conductivity of electricity.5. Both sedimentation (отстой)and filtration are water purification methods.

5. Прочитайте и устно переведите весь текст. Перепишите и письменнопереведите 1,2,3 абзацы.

Varieties of Energy1.There exist many sources of energy in the world both potential and kinetic.

One source consists in water falling from a high level such as an upland lake.Another source is wind or moving air. Others consist in tides in the sea, heat fromsubterranean sources and coal deposits and oil wells yielding mineral oil..

2.But all these sources and stores of energy are not equally useful to mankind.Moreover some stores of energy such as coal and oil can never be replaced by us 27

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when once used up. On the other hand stores of water are continually being replacedby rain whereas wind and tides will not, as far as we know, ever cease to exit. A veryimportant matter is the conversion of energy from one form to another, the form mostrequired by us being mechanical rotational energy.

3.Appliances for converting energy from one form to another are calledengines. Thus a heat-engine is a machine for converting heat energy into mechanicalenergy of rotation by the combustion of coal or oil. A turbine or water engine canconvert the kinetic energy of falling water into mechanical rotational energy.

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4.The efficiency of an engine is the ratio of the energy obtained in the desiredform to that given to the engine in the available form. Thus having given a heat-engine much energy by combusting coal or oil we take from it mechanical energy inkinetic form, either rotational or motional.

Пояснения к тексту1.as far as we know – насколько мы знаем2.matter – вопрос

6. Перепишите вопрос и выберите правильный ответ.How does a heat-engine convert heat-energy into mechanical energy?

1. by the combustion of coal or oil.2. by giving a heat-engine much rotational energy.3. by using the kinetic energy of falling water.

Вариант21. Перепишите и устно переведите следующие условные предложения.Напротив каждого из них напишите тип условия (реальное , маловероятное,нереальное). Подчеркните предложение, для которого верно утверждение “Thestudent didn't work hard."

1.If the student works hard he will pass his exam. 2. If the student hadn’tworked hard he wouldn’t have passed his exam. 3.If the student had worked hard hewould have passed his exam.


1.You shouldn’t believe everything you read in the newspapers. 2.You shouldhave been here an hour ago. 3.In summer we would all get up early and go for aswim.

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1.Concrete having reached its initial set, the workers shouldn’t disturb it. 2.Ifdisturbed after it has reached its initial set, concrete should never be used. 3.Theywanted the workers to improve the quality of prefab units. 4.Prefab units are knownto be widely used in the construction of both residential and industrial buildings.

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1.We add steel to concrete in order to make it stronger. 2. In spite of badweather the builders went on working on the construction site. 3.Go as far as thetraffic lights then turn left. 4.I’ve known him since we met at Tom’s place. 5. I haven’t seen him since .

5.Прочитайте и устно переведите весь текст. Перепишите и переведитеписьменно 1-8 абзацы.

The Properties of Building Materials1.Materials that are used for structural purposes should meet several

requirements. In most cases it is important that they should be hard, durable, fire-resistant and easily fastened together.

2.The most commonly used materials are steel, concrete, stone, wood andbrick. They differ in hardness, durability and fire-resistance.

3.Wood is the most ancient structural material. It is light, cheap and easy towork. But wood has certain disadvantages: it burns and decays.

4.Stone belongs to one of the oldest building materials used by man. Itsproperties are mechanical strength, compactness, porosity, sound and heat insulationand fire-resistance.

5.Bricks were known many thousands of years ago. They are the examples ofartificial building materials.

6.Concrete is referred to as one of the most important building materials.Concrete is a mixture of cement, sand, crushed stone and water. Due to its durabilityit is widely used in underwater structures.

7. Steel has come into general use with the development of industry. Itsmanufacture requires special equipment and skilled labour.

8.Plastics combine all the fine characteristics of building materials with goodinsulating properties. It is no wonder that the architects and engineers have turned tothem to add beauty to modern homes and offices.

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9.All building materials are divided into three groups: 1) Main buildingmaterials such as rocks and artificial stones, timber and metals. 2) Binding materialssuch as lime, gypsum and cement. 3) Secondary or auxiliary materials which are usedfor interior parts of buildings.

10.We use main building materials for bearing structures. Binding materials areused for making artificial stone and for joining different planes. For interior finish ofbuildings we use secondary materials.

Пояснения к тексту

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1.crushed stone – щебень2.It is no wonder that – Неудивительно, что3.turn to – обратиться4.interior finish – внутренняя отделка

6. Перепишите вопрос и выберите правильный ответ.What are main building materials used for?

1.for interior finish2.for bearing structures3.for making artificial stone.

Вариант 3

1. Перепишите и устно переведите следующие условные предложения.Напротив каждого из них напишите тип условия (реальное, маловероятное,нереальное.) Подчеркните предложение, для которого верно утверждение “Thechildren played football at a distance from the house.”

1.The children will break the window if they don’t play football at a distancefrom he house. 2.The children wouldn’t have broken the window if they had playedfootball at a distance from the house. 3.The children would have broken the windowif they hadn’t played football at a distance from the house.


1.You should work harder if you want to pass your exam. 2.It would be useful tohave juice instead of coffee but I like it so much.3. He would sit for hours on theshore looking at the water.

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1.A new type of crane having been tested, the builders put it into operation.2.Unless treated, the water cannot be used for drinking and domestic purposes. 3. This is the branch of building engineering to be taken into consideration 4. Thebearing capacity of the ground was too low for the builders to start the constructionwork of a tower block (высотный дом).


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1.The chief engineer is either at the office or at the laboratory. 2. As soon as youfinish your calculations, we shall begin the tests. 3.All the calculations were made bymeans of an electronic computer. 4.In order to protect the surface from heat and coldit was covered with special substance. 5. The engine didn’t operate because of thebad fuel.

5.Прочитайте и устно переведите весь текст. Перепишите и письменнопереведите 1-3 абзацы.

Reinforced Concrete1.Reinforced concrete is a combination of two of the strongest structural

materials, concrete and steel.2.This term is applied to a construction in which steel bars or heavy steel mesh

are properly embeded in concrete. The steel is put in position and concrete is pouredaround and over it, then tamped in place so that the steel is completely embeded.When the concrete hardens and sets, the resulting material gains great strength. Thisnew structural concrete came into practical application at the turn of the 19 th century.The first results of the tests of the reinforced concrete beams were published in 1887.Since that time the development of reinforced concrete work has made greatprogress. And the reasons of this progress are quite evident. Concrete has poor elasticand tensional properties, but it is rigid, strong in compression, durable under andabove ground and in the presence or absence of air and water, it increases its strengthwith age, it is fireproof.

3.Steel has great tensional, compressive and elastic properties, but it is notdurable being exposed to moisture, it loses its strength with age, or being subjected tohigh temperature. So, what is the effect of the addition of steel reinforcement toconcrete?

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4.Steel does not undergo shrinkage or drying but concrete does and thereforethe steel acts as a restraining medium in a reinforced concrete member. Shrinkagecauses tensile stresses in the concrete which are balanced by compressive stresses inthe steel. For getting the best from reinforced concrete the following considerationshould be kept in mind:1. For general use the most suitable proportions of cement and aggregate are: 1 partcement, 2 parts sand and 4 parts of gravel.2. Only fresh water free from organic matter should be used for reinforced work. Seawater is not allowed.3. Homogeneity of the concrete is a very important requirement. Steel constructionswith reinforced concrete have become the most widely used building materialsinvented in centuries.

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Пояснения к тексту1. put in position – укладывать, устанавливать2.the resulting material – полученный в результате материал3.at the turn of the century – в конце века4.restraining medium – сдерживающая среда (средство)5.keep in mind – помнить6.fresh water – пресная вода7. free from – не содержащий

6. Перепишите вопрос и выберите правильный ответ.Why do we add steel to reinforced concrete?1.to balance tensile stresses in the concrete.2.because concrete loses its strength with age.3.because it doesn’t undergo drying.

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СОДЕРЖАНИЕ

1. Программа ……………………………………………………………………..12. Образцы выполнения заданий ……………………………………………….23.Контрольное задание №1………………………………………………………34.Контрольное задание №2 ……………………………………………………...95.Контрольное задание №3 ……………………………………………………...146.Контрольное задание №4 ……………………………………………………...207.Контрольное задание №5………………………………………………………25

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