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Chapter 10
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123
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. . DMAIC . .
. .
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1. 1951 , . ? (True) (False)
2. ISO 14000 . ? (True) (False)
3. . ? (True) (False)
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4. ? A. B. C. D.
5. ?A. B. C. D.
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6. DMAIC C ? A. B. C. D. E.
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1
2
3
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=
(Efficiency) (Effectiveness)
+
+
+
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?
Matrix -
n DIRTFT(Do It Right The First Time: DIRTFT)
n .
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/
1. -
2. -
4. -
3. -
/
5. -
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Quality ?() , ()
? ?
CTQ (Critical-to-Quality) ?(customer) (Stakeholder)
() ?
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(Total Quality Management)
TQM
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(Quality Guru)
(F.W. Taylor, 1856-1915) 1911 , IE , Taylorism
(W.A. Shewart, 1891-1967) 1931 ,
(W.E. Deming, 1900-1993)
14 7 (J.M. Juran, 1904-2008)
1951 (Quality Control Handbook) , , ,
(P.B. Crosby, 1926-2001) 1979 (Quality is Free)
(A.V. Feigenbaum, 1922- ) TQC( )
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Crosby Deming Juran
( )
94% 20%
/
. .
(Quality Guru) 3
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Crosby Deming Juran
,
,
14 14 10
(SPC)
(100% )
SPC ,
,
,
,
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Crosby Deming Juran
, ,
, ,
.
, . .
. . .
.
. .
. .
. .
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(Quality Guru)
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2 / , , , (, , )
(design quality) :
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: :
,
,
/ , ,
,
, ,
,
, ,
,
,
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(conformance quality):
(quality at the source):
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(Cost of Quality; COQ)
: , ,
: :
(, , ) :
( , , , )
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COQCOQ
(Cost of Quality: COQ)
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P : Prevention Costs, A : Appraisal Costs, F : Failure Costs,
(P) ) ,
(A) ) , ,
(F)
(IF, internal
failure)
) , , ,
(EF, external
failure)
) , , , ,
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ISO9000 ?
(International Organization for Standardization)
1987 :
: ISO9000:2000 ISO9001:2000, ISO9004:2000
www.iso.org
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ISO14000
(Environmental Management System: EMS)
1996
ISO 14001
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1 -DMAIC
2
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DPMO =
X X 1,000,000
-DMAIC
4
, ( : DPMO)
: :
:
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DMAIC
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DMAIC(Define, Measure, Analysis, Improve, Control)1. (Define; D)
(critical-to-quality; CTQ)
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DMAIC(Define, Measure, Analysis, Improve, Control)2. (Measure; M)
CTQ
3. (Analysis; A)
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DMAIC(Define, Measure, Analysis, Improve, Control)4. (Improve; I)
CTQ
,
5. (Control; C) ,
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:
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:
:
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:
:
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:
:
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:
: (fishbone diagram)
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:
:
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:
: 1
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FMEA(Failure Mode and Effect Analysis)
, ,
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1. , ,
,
2. 3. , ,
RPN 4. RPN ,
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(Design of Experiments; DOE) (Multivariate testing)
(Xs) (Y)
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1
2
3
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SQC
(assignable variation):
(common variation):
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,
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Taguchi
,
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0
0
Taguchi
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(Capability index; Cpk)
-ss 3
X-UTLor 3LTLXmin=Cpk
Shifts in Process Mean
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:
.
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--=
ss 3;
3XUTLLTLXMinC pk
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(Statistical Process Control; SPC)
(Attribute) :
p
x bar & R
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x
0 1 2 3-3 -2 -1z
m
Standard deviation
units or z units.
Standard deviation
units or z units.
(SPC)
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Given:
Compute control limits:
n z
p
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X-bar and R , , ,
,
: ,
4~5 : 25
:
: 3 3
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X-bar :
R :
X-bar and R
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(acceptance sampling)
%
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n c n : (
N) c : (
)
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(Risk)
AQL(Acceptance Quality Level): , AQL
LTPD(Lot Tolerance Percent Defective): ,
(producers risk):
(consumers risk):
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n c
AQL LTPD OC
n = 99c = 4
AQL LTPD
00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.9
1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
b =.10( consumers risk)
a = .05 ( producers risk)
(Operational Characteristic; OC)
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(TQM):
:
: :
: : , , ,
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: 4 ,
DPMO(defects per million opportunity):
DMAIC: Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve, Control(, , , , )
:
: :
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(Cpk):
(SPC):
:
: , , , ,
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1. 1951 , . ? (True)
2. ISO 14000 . ? (True)
3. . ? (True)
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4. ? (C)A. B. C. D.
C .
5. ? (C)
A. B. C. D.
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6. DMAIC C ? (C)
A. B. C. D. E.
: , : , , , : , : , :
.
J