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Bali Subak SystemCase analysis of the governance structure
Sofia KällFlor Luna
Grazzia Matamoros
Subak Laws
& Religious
Values
Subak
Water
Allocation
Water
Forest Cover
National Tourism
Policies
Productivity of
Rice Terraces
Farmer
Livelihood
Land Use Change
TOURISM
PRESSURE
INTERNATIONAL
TOURISM
INDUSTRY
Change of
Livelihood
+
+
+++
+
++
+
-
-
-
+
+
+
-
--
-
-
-
-
+
+
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Pest
Outbreak
R3
R2
R4
R5
R1
R6
B2
B1
MAIN SOCIAL ECOLOGICAL STRESSES
LOCALFarmer/The Farm
REGIONALSubaks
NATIONALThe Country
SCALE
INTERNATIONAL
TIMBER INDUSTRY
Figure 2: Main networks across levels and existing links between them.
ACTORSInstitutions
TECHNICAL WORKING GROUP (UNESCO)
Technical Bridging Organization
SUBAK FEDERATION
STATE GOVERNMENT(e.g. ministries, other governmental agencies)
Strategies (e.g. economical development, policies like land use, tourism and urban planning regulations (e.g. Green Zone
regulation)
EPISTEMIC COMMUNITIES (SRC)
Knowledge generation, theorization, case study
understanding.
INTERGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATION (UNESCO)
World heritage identification and
protection.
NESTED SUBAK ORGANIZATION(e.g. Subak heads, sub-subak head)
Awig AwigReligious norms
TOURISM INDUSTRY(e.g. Tourist
operators, land developers,
tourists)
Operators norms
FARMERSProperty rights
•Social networks •Institutional misfits•Bridging Organizations
Social networks create opportunities for different stakeholders to
cooperate and effectively deal with natural recourses (Bodin &
Corna 2009). Also, in case of changing condition social network
can generate social capital and legal, political and financial
support to governance initiative (Hahn 2006). However, the
structure of networks is important for how social networks impact
actors’ behavior and governance practice. They need to have both
bounding and bridging connection to be well functioning (Bodin
& Crona 2009).
LOCALFarmer/The Farm
REGIONALSubaks
NATIONALThe Country
TOURISM INDUSTRYNESTED SUBAK ORGANIZATION
SCALE
INTERNATIONAL
TIMBER INDUSTRY
STATE GOVERNMENT
EPISTEMIC COMMUNITIES (SRC)
INTERGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATION (UNESCO)
ACTORSInstitutions
FARMERS
Institutional misfits: “capacity of institutions and broader governance mechanisms to deal with environmental change as linked to societal dynamics and to reorganize after unforeseen impacts” (Galaz et al. 2008).
LOCALFarmer/The Farm
REGIONALSubaks
NATIONALThe Country
TOURISM INDUSTRYNESTED SUBAK ORGANIZATION
SCALE
INTERNATIONAL
TIMBER INDUSTRY
STATE GOVERNMENT
EPISTEMIC COMMUNITIES (SRC)
INTERGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATION (UNESCO)
Figure 2: Main networks across levels and existing links between them.
ACTORSInstitutions
FARMERS
Social-ecologicalsystem
Bridging organizations can be defined as organizations linking diverse actors or groups through some form of strategic bridging process and that are more or less distinct from the parties they work to link (Westley and Vredenburg 1991). They are designed to facilitate collaboration and knowledge coproduction among the groups they link, as a way to promote continuous learning (Berkes 2009). For the context of this analysis, the concept of "bridging organizations" entails all forms of bridging functions ranging from individuals, networks to formalized organizations (Galaz 2012).
LOCALFarmer/The Farm
REGIONALSubaks
NATIONALThe Country
TOURISM INDUSTRYNESTED SUBAK ORGANIZATION
SCALE
INTERNATIONAL
TIMBER INDUSTRY
STATE GOVERNMENT
EPISTEMIC COMMUNITIES (SRC)
INTERGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATION (UNESCO)
Figure 2: Main networks across levels and existing links between them.
ACTORSInstitutions
FARMERS
TWG
SUBAK FEDERATION
Subak organizations have been successful in managing common pool resources acknowledging complex ecological dynamics.
However, because local management and collective action do not guarantee ecological resilience, it is necessary to understand the entire system to reach useful explanations and solutions (Huitric, 2012).
Social network theory points to bridging and bonding features as necessary to account for adaptive response capacity to change and uncertainty.
Bridging organizations can play an important role as they function as arenas for providing linkages within actors and across levels, sharing knowledge, monitoring and conflict resolution.
Conclusions
Thank you . . . Questions?