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Zygzak, strzałka, czy koło? Wahadłowa oscylacja między
przeciwieństwami w pierwotnym odczuciu czasu
Celina Strzelecka
Uniwersytet Wrocławski
Two Esseys concerning the Symbolic
Representation of Time, in: Rethinking
Anthropology, University of London
1961, The Athlone Press, s. 124-136.
Edmund Leach
1. Cronus and Chronos
2. Time and False Noses
JĘZYK ANGIELSKI JĘZYK KACHIN
The time by the clock is a long time
Ahkying
A short time Na
The present time Taung
Spring time Ten
The time has come Ta
In the time of Queen Victoria
Hkra
At any time of life Asak
Dwa sposoby doświadczania czasu
POWTÓRZENIA“Firstly, there is the notion of repetition. Whenever we think about measuring time we concern ourselves with some kind of metronome; it may be the ticking of a clock or pulse beat or the recurrence of days or moons or annual season, but always there is something which repeats.”
(Leach 1961: 125)
STARZENIE SIĘ“Secondly, there is the notion of non-repetition. We are aware that all living things are born, grow old and die, and that this is an irreversible process.”
(Leach 1961: 125)
“It seems to me that if it were not for religion we should not attempt to embrace two aspects of time under one category at all. Repetitive and non-repetitive events are not, after all, logically the same. We treat them both as aspects of ‘one thing’, time, not because it is rational to do so, but because of religious prejudice. The idea of Time, like the idea of God, is one of those categories we find necessary because we are social animals rather than because of anything empirical in our objective experience of the world.”
(Leach, 1961: 125)
“If we do not refer to time as if it were a coordinate
straight line stretching from an infinite past to an infinite
future, we describe it as an circle or cycle or cycle. These
are purely geometrical metaphors, yet there is nothing
intrinsically geometrical about time as we actually
experience it.”
(Leach, 1961: 126)
EMPIRIA
Gaja (Ziemia) Chronos (Czas)Uranos (Niebo); BÓSTWA STWÓRCZE
HEKARONCHEJROWIE
CYKLOPI
ERYNIE
NIMFY
GIGANCI
TYTANI I TYTANIDYKronos Reja
Zeus, Posejdon, Hades, Hestia, Hera, Demeter
BOGOWIE OLIMPIJSCY
Fragment greckiej teogonii
day
night
life
death
summer
winter
TIME
now
past
OPPOSITES
“Past has no ‘depth’ to it, all past is equally past, it is simply the opposite to now.”
(Leach, 1961: 126)
“Bóg, chociaz jest jeden, posiada wiele imion. Nazywany jest
bowiem od wszystkich zjawisk, które sam nieustannie
odnawia. Nazywamy go zatem Zen i Dia, uzywajac tych
imion w takim samym znaczeniu, jak gdybyśmy powiedzieli
‘ten, przez którego zyjemy’. Zwany jest takze synem Kronosa,
to jest czasu, poniewaz trwa bez konca, poprzez wiecznośc.”
Arystoteles, O świecie, rozdz. 7
“(…) u wszystkich zobaczymy, czy nie w ten sposób
powstaje wszystko; nie inna droga, tylko przeciwienstwa z
przeciwienstw, o ile coś w ogóle ma przeciwienstwo, jak na
przykład: piękno jest przeciwienstwem brzydoty (…) Jeśli
coś posiada pewne przeciwienstwo, to czy moze powstawać
skadkolwiekinad, jak ze swego przeciwienstwa?”
Platon, Fedon