МИНИСТЕРСТВО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ И НАУКИ РФ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОЕ ОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНОЕ

УЧРЕЖДЕНИЕ ВЫСШЕГО ПРОФЕССИОНАЛЬНОГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ

«ВОРОНЕЖСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ»

THE PHENOMENON OF GLOBALIZATION

Part 1

Учебно-методическое пособие для вузов

Составители: Н.В. Ильичева, А.А. Махонина

Издательско-полиграфический центр Воронежского государственного университета

2010

Утверждено научно-методическим советом факультета романо-германской филологии ВГУ 26 ноября 2010 г., протокол № 9 Рецензент канд. филол. наук, доц. И.В. Фомина Учебно-методическое пособие подготовлено на кафедре английского языка в профессиональной международной деятельности факультета романо-германской филологии Воронежского государственного университета. Рекомендуется для студентов 3-го курса факультета международных отношений. Для специальности 030701 – Международные отношения и направления 032300 – Регионоведение

3

Contents

Unit 1. The Concept of Globalization ………………………………...

p. 4

Unit 2. Anti-globalization movement ......................................................

p. 30

Appendix 1. Tapescripts ………………………………………………

p. 51

Appendix 2. Word Lists ………………………………………………..

p. 54

Appendix 3. Functional Bank …………………………………………..

p. 57

Appendix 4. Hints for Speaking Activity …………………………….

p. 62

4

Unit 1

The Concept of Globalization

Lead – in

1. a. Work in groups and brainstorm what changes happened in the 20

century. What positive alterations appeared in different spheres of life?

What new fears emerged?

b. Now use the information discussed and fill in the table below. You can

add more points to the suggested ones.

Spheres of life Positive changes Negative changes Both Politics Democracy is

hoped to provide solutions for the topical issues of life. The Human Rights

Charter was adopted by the UN. Women gained

their rights.

Technology Atomic power and technological know-how are proliferated worldwide.

Economy Interdependence of markets of different countries causes a domino effect in which any financial crisis spreads all over the world.

Environment Renewable sources of energy are becoming fastest-growing. People have

become environmentally-aware. Electric-powered

cars amount to 1% of all vehicle sales.

5

Military

Religion The society is gradually moving away from crusades, schism and intolerance toward ecumenism

Law The scale and impunity of banditry is staggering. Crime flourishes. The law enforcing

system is in shambles.

Medicine Cloning has brought a possibility to cure fatal illnesses but contradicts religious dogmas.

Culture A big increment in communication flows is producing big cultural changes. American culture

has spread throughout the world because it has incorporated foreign styles and ideas.

Tourism The world has become a global village as you can reach any place in any time. Outer space could

join the list of destinations. By 2020, travelers with a few hundred thousand dollars to spare probably will be able to book a real flight to outer space.

Education The growth of knowledge in any field is rapidly outstripping any

6

individual's ability to remain current. Knowing how to

access information rather than memorizing information is central to coping with the rapid change. Most high school

kids are going to be doing most of their learning online.

Family A growing reluctance to have babies and the fast-aging population are the burning problems facing the state.

Sport Sport unites peoples: World Cup soccer heads to South Africa in 2010, the Summer Olympics to Brazil in 2016. Around-the-world road trips could become the norm if the NFL and NBA go global.

Others

c. Work in groups. Discuss the following.

• How have such changes influenced people’s mind and way of thinking?

What in your opinion made people closer and what drifted them apart?

• What does the term “global thinking” mean?

2. Read an abstract from a life story told by Professor Anthony Giddens.

Think what world transformations such a vignette reflects.

7

“A friend of mine studies village life in central Africa. A few years ago, she

paid her first visit to a remote area where she was to carry out her fieldwork. The

evening she got there, she was invited to a local home for an evening's

entertainment. She expected to find out about the traditional pastimes of this

isolated community. Instead, the evening turned out to be a viewing of Basic

Instinct on video. The film at that point hadn't even reached the cinemas in

London.”

3. a. One of the most significant questions discussed nowadays is what the

notion globalization implies. Discuss in groups what globalization is. Which

word(s) best describes this phenomenon:

A: I suppose globalization means improvement because people nowadays seem to

enjoy the modern conveniences of the present-day world.

B: I partly agree with you. But there is one more crucial point. Globalization

brings new challenges to the society as …

b. Read the following definitions and see if your ideas were correct. Which

definition is closer to your own ideas?

“Globalization refers to increasing global connectivity and integration in

the economic, social, technological, cultural, political and ecological spheres.”

“Globalization is a process of interaction and integration among the

people, companies, and governments of different nations, a process driven by

international trade and investment and aided by information technology. This

8

process has effects on the environment, on culture, on political systems, on

economic development and prosperity, and on human physical well-being in

societies around the world.”

“Globalization refers to the absence of the walls of matchboxes that

every country had. But with interdependence comes vulnerability and anxiety

since globalization can be seen as a force for exploitation of the developing

world, suppression of human rights, and increase of inequality, environmental

devastation and degradation.”

Listening

4. a. Work in groups. Discuss the questions.

• Can globalization be viewed as a relatively new phenomenon or a

centuries-long process?

• Why has it accelerated dramatically in recent years?

b. Work in groups. Using your general knowledge of history make a

chronological order of events that can be described as milestones of

globalization.

First of all, …

Secondly, …

c. The following words and phrases appear in the passage you are going to

hear. Explain their meaning in your own words. Then make up sentences

using them.

●to track the expansion ●to accelerate ●circumnavigation ●a halt ●a bout ●to

enhance ●bi- and trilateral business agreements ●in pursuit of ●increasing

volume ●cross-border transactions ●to credit with ●to confine

d. Listen to a passage about the history of globalization. Match the columns

1-7 with a-g. Check whether your ideas were correct.

9

1. In its early forms globalization

existed

a. increasing global connectivity and

integration in different spheres.

2. Exploration of the world in the 16th

century

b. when people traded through the

famous Silk Road across Central Asia.

3. “The First Era of Globalization”

stands for the period

c. after World War II when first

transnational corporations became

concerned in international trade.

4. Globalization in trade came into

force

d. helped to organise trade negotiation

rounds on a global scale.

5. Technological innovations

e. facilitated trading relations with

Europe.

6. The term globalization was first used

in economic context

f. in the 19th century characterized by

rapid growth in international trade and

investment.

7. Now globalization refers to g. when the volume of world trade

increased dramatically.

c. Discuss in groups.

• Is it right to trace the continuity between contemporary trends of

globalization and earlier periods?

Reading

5. a. It has been stated that virtually every one of the 2822 academic papers

on globalization written in 2008 included its own definition. Why is there no

consensus on the definition of globalization?

b. Discuss in pairs whether the notion of globalization must be approached

from a multidisciplinary perspective. Then match items in the columns to get

an idea how representatives of different realms perceive the phenomenon of

globalization.

10

Economist celebration of diversity,

the convergence of social

preferences

Political

scientist

an epoch dominated by

global capitalism

Legislator

gradual erosion of state

sovereignty

Technical

professor

emergence of a global

market

Historian a virtual reality that has

made time and distance

irrelevant

Sociologist

GLOBALIZATION

creation of international

norms and regulations

through international

bodies

c. Does integration of human sciences allow understanding globalization in

all its dimensions? Discuss in pairs.

d. You will read an article about how the concept of globalization is

understood in contemporary social theory. Before reading it, can you guess

what features of globalization the contemporary social theory distinguishes?

Scan the text and see if your guesses were correct.

11

e. Now read the text. For questions 1-15 choose from the answers A-E. You

will need to choose the suggested items (A-E) more than once.

Globalization in Contemporary Social Theory

Since the mid-1980s, social theorists have moved beyond the relatively

underdeveloped character of previous reflections on the compression or

annihilation of space to offer a rigorous conception of globalization. Nonetheless,

a consensus about the basic rudiments of the concept of globalization appears

to be emerging.

First, contemporary analysts associate globalization with

deterritorialization, according to which a growing variety of social activities

takes place irrespective of the geographical location of participants. As Jan Aart

Scholte observes, “global events can – via telecommunication, digital computers,

audiovisual media, rocketry and the like – occur almost simultaneously anywhere

and everywhere in the world” (Scholte, 1996: 45). Globalization refers to

increased possibilities for action between and among people in situations where

latitudinal and longitudinal location seems immaterial to the social activity at

hand. Even though geographical location remains crucial for many undertakings

(for example, farming to satisfy the needs of a local market), deterritorialization

manifests itself in many social spheres. Business people on different continents

now engage in electronic commerce; television allows people situated anywhere

to observe the impact of terrible wars being waged far from the comfort of

their living rooms; academics make use of the latest video conferencing

equipment to organize seminars in which participants are located at disparate

geographical locations; the Internet allows people to communicate

instantaneously with each other notwithstanding vast geographical distances

separating them. Territory in the sense of a traditional sense of a geographically

identifiable location no longer constitutes the whole of “social space” in which

12

human activity takes places. In this initial sense of the term, globalization refers

to the spread of new forms of non-territorial social activity (Ruggie, 1993;

Scholte, 2000).

Second, recent theorists conceive of globalization as linked to the growth

of social interconnectedness across existing geographical and political

boundaries. In this view, deterritorialization is a crucial facet of globalization.

Since the vast majority of human activities is still tied to a concrete geographical

location, the more decisive facet of globalization concerns the manner in which

distant events and forces impact on local and regional endeavors (Tomlinson,

1999: 9). Globalization refers “to processes of change which underpin a

transformation in the organization of human affairs by linking together and

expanding human activity across regions and continents” (Held, McGrew,

Goldblatt, Perraton, 1999: 15). Globalization in this sense is a matter of degree

since any given social activity might influence events more or less faraway: even

though a growing number of activities seems intermeshed with events in distant

continents, certain human activities remain primarily local or regional in scope.

Also, the magnitude and impact of the activity might vary: geographically

removed events could have a relatively minimal or a far more extensive influence

on events at a particular locality.

Third, globalization must also include reference to the speed or velocity of

social activity. Deterritorialization and interconnectedness initially seem chiefly

spatial in nature. Yet it is easy to see how these spatial shifts are directly tied to

the acceleration of crucial forms of social activity. As the proliferation of high-

speed transportation, communication, and information technologies constitutes

the most immediate source for the blurring of geographical and territorial

boundaries, the compression of space presupposes rapid-fire forms of

technology; shifts in our experiences of territory depend on concomitant changes

in the temporality of human action. High-speed technology only represents the tip

13

of the iceberg, however. The linking together and expanding of social activities

across borders is predicated on the possibility of relatively fast flows and

movements of people, information, capital, and goods. High-speed technology

plays a pivotal role in the velocity of human affairs.

Fourth, most agree that globalization should be conceived as a relatively

long-term process. The triad of deterritorialization, interconnectedness, and social

acceleration hardly represents a sudden or recent event in contemporary social

life. At the same time, nineteenth-century thinkers captured at least some of its

core features; the compression of territoriality composed an important element

of their lived experience. Nonetheless, some contemporary theorists believe that

globalization has taken a particularly intense form in recent decades, as

innovations in communication, transportation, and information technologies (for

example, computerization) have generated stunning new possibilities for

simultaneity and instantaneousness (Harvey, 1989). While our nineteenth-

century predecessors understandably marveled at the railroad or the telegraph, a

comparatively vast array of social activities is now being transformed by

innovations that accelerate social activity and considerably deepen longstanding

trends towards deterritorialization and social interconnectedness. To be sure, the

impact of deterritorialization, social interconnectedness, and social acceleration

are by no means universal or uniform: migrant workers engaging in traditional

forms of low-wage agricultural labor in the fields of southern California, for

example, probably operate in a different spatial and temporal context than the

Internet entrepreneurs of San Francisco or Seattle. The impact of recent

technological innovations is profound, and even those who do not have a job

directly affected by the new technology are shaped by it in innumerable ways as

citizens and consumers (Eriksen, 2001: 16).

Fifth, globalization should be understood as a multi-pronged process,

since deterritorialization, social interconnectedness, and acceleration manifest

14

themselves in many different (economic, political, and cultural) arenas of social

activity. For example, it is evident that cross-border flows and exchanges, as well

as the emergence of directly transnational forms of production by means of which

a single commodity is manufactured simultaneously in distant corners of the

globe, are gaining in prominence (Castells, 1996). High-speed technologies and

organizational approaches are employed by transnationally operating firms, the

so-called “global players,” with great effectiveness. The emergence of “around-

the-world, around-the-clock” financial markets, where major cross-border

financial transactions are made in cyberspace at the blink of an eye, represents a

familiar example of the economic face of globalization. In political life,

globalization takes a distinct form. Transnational movements, in which activists

employ rapid-fire communication technologies to join forces across borders in

combating ills that seem correspondingly transnational in scope (for example, the

depletion of the ozone layer), offer an example of political globalization. Another

would be the tendency towards ambitious supranational forms of social and

economic lawmaking and regulation, where individual nation-states cooperate to

pursue regulation whose jurisdiction transcends national borders no less than the

cross-border economic processes that may undermine traditional modes of

nation state-based regulation. Political scientists typically describe the trend

towards ambitious forms of supranational organization (the European Union, for

example, or North America Free Trade Association) as important recent

manifestations of political globalization. The proliferation of supranational

organizations has been no less conflict-laden than economic globalization,

however. Critics insist that local, regional, and national forms of self-government

are being rapidly supplanted by insufficiently democratic forms of global

governance remote from the needs of ordinary citizens, whereas their defenders

describe new forms of supranational legal and political decision as indispensable

forerunners to more inclusive and advanced forms of self-government.

15

Although each facet of globalization is linked to the core components of

globalization described above, each consists of a complex and relatively

autonomous series of empirical developments.

A Globalization as deterritorialization

B Globalization as social interconnectedness

C Globalization as velocity

D Globalization as a long-term process

E Globalization as a multi-pronged process

Which component of globalization presupposes that

1 the spread of telecommunication technology enables people witness

current events concurrently?

…..

2 the way in which remote incidents influence local-level events is

more important in understanding globalization?

…..

3 multinational corporations as well as political movements develop

their businesses due to technological innovations?

…..

4 people are becoming engaged in various projects all over the world

no matter where they live?

…..

5 globalization sets the pace of our life? …..

6 basic characteristics of globalization were discovered in the 19th

century?

…..

7 globalization should be viewed as a multifold phenomenon? …..

8 people collaborate and spread their endeavours all over the world? …..

9 increased foreign direct investments, trade and travel stem from

growing connectivity?

…..

10 globalization in politics stands for the creation of a world body

which coordinates the relationships among nations and guarantees

the rights arising from social and economic globalization?

…..

16

11 people can keep in touch due to electronic means of

communication?

…..

12 the process of globalization has been advancing lately? …..

13 speedy technologies are of crucial importance in order to cover

distance?

…..

14 the idea of the world government should be carefully thought out

since it is facing well-grounded criticism?

…..

15 the impact of globalization at the regional level can fluctuate? …..

Vocabulary Practice

6. a. Match the words in columns A and B to form word combinations from

the text and give their Russian equivalents.

A B

a rigorous instantaneously

longitudinal impact

to communicate forerunner

a crucial role

to underpin changes

spatial process

a profound location

concomitant shifts

a pivotal ills

a multi-pronged facet

to combat conception

an indispensable a transformation

b. Now use some of these word combinations to complete the sentences

below.

17

1. The new policy will help businesses, which will play ……………… in

creating thousands of new jobs.

2. The spread of democracy, gaining human rights and other ……………… led

to a completely different way of thinking.

3. The UN should be seen as ……………… of the world government.

4. The government should work out ……………… of the proper role of various

social institutes.

5. This ……………… of the problem of migration from Arab countries to the

EU requires careful attention.

6. Antiterrorism appears to be ……………… with various means to combat

terrorists and establish security worldwide.

7. The political analysists say they expect the meeting to have ……………… on

the future of the country.

c. Fill in the gaps with the appropriate word(s) from the list below. There is

one extra word which you don’t need to use.

manifest, conflict-laden, proliferation, commodities, supplanted, undertaking,

disparate, transcend, endeavors, notwithstanding

1. The committee advised the government against such a risky ……………… in

attack on recession. (a difficult task)

2. In his speech the president stressed the benefits of investment in scientific

……………… (serious attempts)

3. The results of the UN activities can ……………… themselves in confidence-

building measures, economic and social development and strengthening the rule

of law in developing countries. (to show clearly)

4. The results of the election were predictable; ……………… this fact he joined

the electoral campaign with enthusiasm. (in spite of smth)

5. The government increased prices on several basic ……………… like bread

and meat. (goods)

18

6. At the yesterday’s meeting the parties discussed the issues like European

Union that ……………… party loyalty. (go beyond)

7. All operations in ……………… areas must include the use of force which is

considered valid under the charter of the United Nations. (full of serious

disagreements)

8. The nine republics are immensely ……………… in size, culture and wealth.

(different)

9. The idea that the international conference was unencumbered by controversy

soon was ……………… by the understanding that every national delegation

carried with it long-festering grievances and obsessions. (substituted)

d. Match the two parts of the sentences and fill in a necessary preposition.

The example is given.

1. The president emphasized his commitment

to a society based on equality for all citizens

irrespective

A. … the success of

negotiations between age-old

enemies.

2. Political success is usually predicated B. … model of leadership to be

the most appropriate for the

modern world

3. This political doctrine gains C. … bureaucratic defects

caused a vexing political crisis

of the organization.

4. The political observers marveled D. ... the bad management of

the previous government.

5. The analysts still can’t come to an agreement

and conceive

E. … popularity each year.

6. Incompetence, inadequate financial

discipline intermeshed

F. … their ethnic origin.

19

7. He argues that poverty in that region is

directly linked

G. … leadership abilities.

He argues that poverty in that region is directly linked to the bad management of

the previous government.

e. Explain the highlighted words and phrases in the text in your own words.

Discussion

7. Discuss in groups.

• Globalization is considered to be best understood as a concept that

transcends individual disciplines and also unites them. Do you agree with this

idea?

• Is globalization a natural phenomenon or a project imposed on human

society without its choice?

• Study two points of view on the concept of globalization below. Compare

them and decide which one you agree with more. Tell your partner.

The tendency to generalize identification to the whole world is called

universalism. This concept has existed since the dawn of time, as it emerged

since the very beginning of the existence of man, as humans were possessed by

an instinct to fathom the secrets of the world. This instinct was general amongst

all human-beings to such an extent that man can be described as a globe-trotter

by nature, who hates to be confined in one homeland without being able to move

around the world to discover it and draw lessons from this experience.

Globalization is defined as the internationalization of everything

related to different countries. For instance, in economics, internationalization

has been viewed as a process of increasing involvement of enterprises in

international markets.

20

Use of English

8. In most of the lines of this text there is an unnecessary word. For

questions 1-26, find the unnecessary words and write them on the lines

provided. If you think a line contains no unnecessary words, put a tick next

to it. There are two examples (0), (00).

Globalization is a process of an interaction and integration among the 0 an

people, companies, and governments of different nations, a process 00 V

driven by international trade and investment and aided by some 1

information technology. This is process has effects on the 2

environment, on culture, on political systems, on economic 3

development and prosperity, and on human and physical well-being 4

in such societies around the world. This current wave of globalization 5

has been driven by policies that have opened economies either 6

domestically and internationally. In the years since the WW II, and 7

especially during the past two decades, when many governments 8

have adopted free-market economic systems, which vastly increasing 9

their own productive potential and creating myriad new opportunities 10

as for international trade and investment. Governments also have 11

negotiated of dramatic reductions in barriers to commerce and 12

have established international agreements to promote trade in goods, 13

services, and investment. Taking an advantage of new opportunities 14

in foreign markets, all corporations have built foreign factories and 15

established production and marketing arrangements with foreign 16

partners. A next defining feature of globalization, therefore, is an 17

international industrial and financial or business structure. 18

Technology has been the other principal driver of globalization. 19

Advances in information technology, in particular, have very 20

21

dramatically transformed economic life. Information technologies 21

have been given all sorts of individual economic actors – consumers, 22

investors, businesses – valuable new tools for identifying them and 23

pursuing economic opportunities, including more faster and more 24

informed about analyses of economic trends around the world, easy 25

transfers of assets, and collaboration with far-flung partners. 26

Project Work

9. Globalization goes hand in hand with the rise of neoliberal ideology and

its set of postulates on advantages of liberation of market relations from

state regulation and even state boundaries. You should prepare

presentations on neoliberalism and its main postulates. Make use of different

sources of information. Make use of the following sites:

www.stwr.org/…/neoliberalism-and-economic-globalization.html

www.i3pep.org/…/2003/10/11/neoliberalism/

Speaking Activity

10. Get ready to discuss the question whether globalization is an inevitable

process at a round-table talk. Before it we should study its scenario. Read the

following scenario and the list of participants. Chose the part you are going

to play.

22

Is Globalization an Inevitable Process?

The scenario

Stage 1 Chairperson’s introductory speech

Stage 2

Debating Statement of position on the

1st problem

S1 S2 S3 S4 S5

Clarifying the position

Discussing

Conclusions on the 1st

problem

Statement of position on the

2nd /3d /etc. problem

S1 S2 S3 S4 S5

Clarifying the position

Discussing

Conclusions on the 2nd /3d

/etc. problem

Stage 3

Chairperson’s concluding remarks

List of participants

Chairperson, multi-national corporation (MNC) representative,

clergyman, cosmopolitan, businessman, IT specialist, sociologist, statesman,

culture expert, historian, economist, specialist for foreign trade relations,

political analyst, atheist.

23

Study your role card and think of a number of arguments, examples

and illustrations to prove your stance. Get ready to defend it against

criticism. Make use of the conversational patterns given in Functional Bank.

MNC representative “No doubt, the economic globalization is the most obvious trend of current world economy. The world wide free trade, financial market liberalization, deregulation, and privatization made the world economy experienced unparalleled flourish in last decade. Rapid development of international trade has become the locomotive of world economic development. International financial network developed so widely and deeply that huge amount of money at the free flows between countries. The speedy growth of international direct investment shows diversification patterns. Multinational corporations become more and more dominant force in the world economy. The great changes made almost all individuals and governments so delight that the bright union-market will cover every corner of the world seems just ahead of near future. Indeed, globalization is a phenomenon, but I have to say the continued economic globalization in our information society is just like the tides, sometimes in high level, sometimes fade.”

Clergyman Cosmopolitan “A growing emphasis on Spirit and Justice is on the rise, and fundamentalism is on the decline. Faith, with its loyal prophets of education and atheism, are growing strong. Just as creeds emerged from the spheres of authority over a vast body that could have cared less, we see less emphasis on lists of beliefs for inclusion. There is less hierarchy, patriarchy, and dogmatism. I am convinced this new turn of the Spirit and Justice will not be stopped. It will be excommunicated, slandered, oppressed, and martyred, but it will not be stopped.”

Many show their concern about the possibility of weaker nations having cultural standards imposed upon them by the rich nations due to the rich nations' dominating economic power and the flood of goods imposed upon the market as a result of increasingly severe globalization. I personally think that this concern is rather groundless. I believe it is impossible for cultures to encroach upon each other. My belief is based upon the premise that cultural influence takes place in a natural, gradual and selective manner. Moreover, the cultural vitality

24

of any country is the result of a selective, natural process which takes place over a long period of time. Therefore, cultural globalization contributes to enhancing co-operation and selection among cultures, rather than encroaching or bringing pressure to bear upon the cultural identity of any nation.

Businessman “There is no restraining globalization, even with the risk of destabilizing local governments or cultures, because its driver is the extended enterprise. The growth of a global supply network is a business reality for many industries and products. The new market priorities of speed to market, faster innovation and product customization are forcing global supply networks to collaborate and outsource traditional individual company key components. There are companies succeeding in both worlds of local knowledge and globalization. David Reid, deputy chairman of the U.K.'s largest grocer, Tesco, says his company's success rests on factors like cash, shareholder confidence, local market understanding and the ability to add value. Reid adds, "Global scale doesn't give you the right to go into a country and make money." Local scale, not global scale, is what is important. Business should develop plant scale to serve a country, warehouse scale to serve a geographic cluster of stores, and store scale to serve a city or community. Globalization, therefore, is an inevitable process of change that will be driven, for most companies, more by external events than by individual business or industry efforts.”

IT specialist Sociologist “Globalization will be inevitable if its opponents ignore the key role technology plays in this process. The computer and the superhighway are a case in point. The computer has been hailed as a localizing influence, but these aspects of computers are far outweighed

“With the world increasingly becoming a global village due to technological advances, people from different cultures, religions, countries etc have come to socially interact in one way or the other. It is common to find one being found in a foreign country either for business, school, jobs etc. However, living in a

25

by the power this technology gives to transnationals both in unprecedented levels and speed of data collection and in nanosecond communication to subsidiaries and related commercial enterprises anywhere on earth. The more we propogate technologies and technocracies with global reach, e.g., the giant trade organizations, the more globalization becomes inevitable. Technologies that require massive capital investments, large scale concentration of resources, complex bureaucracies, and military and scientific elites will favor globalization and destroy local control and autonomy”.

foreign country sometimes has its own problems. In some countries or societies, a foreigner might not be completely welcome. Whether he/she is a labour migrant, investor, asylum seeker, student etc, the penalty one gets for leaving his/her own country is at least an exposure to elements of xenophobia.”

Statesman “Globalization is a competitive adventure, and in competition

one must develop competitive defense strategies through either internal and international trade public policies favorable to you or through competitive comparative advantage in innovation and entrepreneurship. Because globalization is a competitive adventure, it will always be lopsided as in winners and losers. All the five fingers are not equal but they work in unisome to perform an activity because they are not in competition with each other. Countries must prepare themselves for the 21st century global trade competition. The Chinese are where they are today because of the reform they took twenty years ago, especially in the science and math education, and you know what, they are doing same in business school education in the 21st century because they realized that they need more business school trained managers to help manage their industrial growth. On agriculture, I do not see problem with any country subsidizing its agricultural industry in other to feed its citizens. I also do not believe in competitive agricultural food export unless the exporting country will process the finished goods or foods to the liking of the importing consumer countries. This where consumer patriotism comes in, but you know us (consumption prone third economy), we will buy that foreign made yugort and cheese before the local made. We will also import foreign

26

farmers while in our backyard there is a Federal University with a Faculty of Agriculture that is deteriorating. Good intentions bad implementation strategy. For Nigerians not to feel as losers in year 2020, this is the time we must buy into the entrepreneurial leadership mindset.”

Culture expert Historian “Things have changed over time only because people are being introduced more and more to new things that are not apart of their normal way of living. The steady transitions from the usage of the telephone, radio systems, and the television, to computers, the Internet, cable TV, and cellular phones has drastically changed the ways and lifestyles of many countries all over the world. The more goods that travel to places other than where they were produced, the more ideas travel from place to place. The more people that move from one place to another, the more various cultures will begin to alter and form new styles of living. There are examples that show how some countries are becoming westernized and how the United States has accommodated some of their American-oriented businesses. Over 20% of the world's population speaks English. In India, there are some McDonalds restaurants that serve mutton in the place of beef to accommodate the meals of the most orthodox Hindu. These examples prove that the more a country becomes involved with other countries, and share their different aspects and way of

“One could argue that globalization begins with the dawn of history. The literature, however, has tended to date the start of globalization more recently in the experience of the West. At one end of the spectrum, historians have noted the importance of the first go around of the Earth in 1519-21. World-system theorists maintain that the expansion of European capitalism in the 16th century marks the start of globalization. Some economic historians point to the turn of the century as the peak of international trade and investment before the shake of World War I and the Great Depression threw the world into spiraling protectionism. Some say that globalization "took off" between 1875 and 1925 with the time-zoning of the world and the establishment of the international dateline; the near-global adoption of the Gregorian calendar and the adjustable seven-day week; and the establishment of international telegraphic and signaling codes. Students of social movements for the abolition of slavery, woman suffrage, or the prohibition of female circumcision argue that the emergence of contemporary transnational

27

life, the more both countries will adapt and adhere to each other's ways.”

advocacy networks can be traced back to the second half of the 19th century”.

Economist “If there's one thing everyone knows these days, whether

they're happy about it or not, it's that we live in a "global" economy. This fact is taken as so obvious that anyone who disputes it is regarded as not so much wrong as simply ignorant -- not even worth arguing with. So it may come as a shock to many that, in reality, the cliche that we live in a borderless global economy does not survive serious examination. The easiest hard number is this: Because the U.S. is roughly 25 percent of the world economy, a truly borderless world would imply that imports and exports would each make up 75 percent of our economy, since we purchase and sale transactions would be distributed around the world. This would entail a total trade level (imports plus exports) of 150 percent of GDP. Instead, our total trade level is 29 percent: imports are 17 percent and exports 12 percent. So our economy is nowhere near borderless. “

Specialist for foreign trade relations

Political analyst

“Globalization is an inevitable process. The world is becoming more homogenous, and distinctions between national markets are not only fading but, for some products, will disappear altogether. A major reason many feel globalization is irreversible is the depth of its networks. With production and financial networks so intertwined the cost of stepping back could be immense. This is the case because disentangling the networks that have formed would necessitate restructuring many of the industrial linkages that have formed over the last few decades. The unintended consequences of breaking

“There has never been anything inevitable about the globalization of the world economy by the powerful, and there isn't today. But, since the colonial era, the dominant engine of the process of economic globalization has been violence and coercion. From the European conquest of the Americas to the evolution of the trans-Atlantic slave trade, it has been violence that has driven globalization, not immutable laws of economic existence. In the post-World War II era the United States has dominated the world economy and violence has continued to play a central role in the economic globalization process. Countries that have

28

linkages are likely to be significant.

sought to develop independently, outside the framework of the United States-led internationalized economy, have often found themselves militarily attacked, directly or indirectly, by forces under the control of the United States”.

Atheist “History inarguably shows that a society’s rise of education

corresponds to a rise in atheism. Even when atheism does not dominate, a rise in intellect still threatens the clergy-class because the lay become aware of problems in the faith. People learn, and then they doubt. There doubts can no longer be assuaged with pompous assurances from a cleric, because the doubter can google the question on his mind and know more about it in a short 10 minutes than the cleric learned in 5 years of grad school. So at best, education threatens the religious establishment, if not religion itself. Likewise, the educated can doubt the postulates of dominant religions aimed at promoting globalization. Tolerance, religious cooperation and even integration are not irreversible processes but just projects developed by the rich and powerful for their selfish gains.”

Chairperson Stage 1 Ladies and Gentlemen, I now declare open the round table devoted to the subject of globalization and whether it is an inevitable process. On behalf of the University allow me to express our great appreciation for your presence here today and for the contributions you are ready to make to the coming discussion. The questions to be debated today are highly controversial and allow for a variety of opinions. The attacks on globalization are many and come from various angles showing negative sides of this phenomenon; its public defenders are numerous and convincing, trying to prove its benefits. Yet, all those who assembled here today feel that the young generation needs to know the answers. The questions are as follows:

1. What is globalization? 2. What changes does it bring? 3. Is this process inevitable?

I propose a time limit on statement of position of two minutes and one minute for all оther speakers during the debate. Is that agreed? Thank you. Stage 2

29

Will participants please identify themselves clearly to the Chair if they wish to speak or ask a question. I call Mr. ... Mr. ..., thank you for that stimulating speech. I now welcome Mr. ... Mr. ..., you have the floor. Мay I remind the participants to identify themselves clearly to the Chair if they wish to ask a question or make an objection. Does anyone else wish to speak? We can't all speak at once; Mr.... Would you like to speak first? I shall have to call you to order, Mr. ... Now let me summarize the points of view on the first/second/third problem expressed by the participants. According to the majority of the opinions …, though we should mention … Stage 3 To sum up our discussion today, it seems we all agreed that... The discussion revealed that… We weighed the pros and cons of … Consequently, we took a closer look at … Basing on the discussion we have had and the facts and arguments you’ve presented to us today, I’d like to point out that … I declare the discussion closed. Thank you, Ladies and Gentle-men.

30

Unit 2

Anti-globalization movement

Lead – in

1. a. Work in groups. Discuss the questions.

• Why is globalization considered to be deeply controversial? What is meant

by “Globalization is a world of immense promise but also of complexity and

difficulties”?

• What does the idea “Globalization is a double-edged sword” stand for?

2. Look at the statements below. Which one do you agree with more? Tell

your partner.

1. The term “globalization” has acquired considerable emotive force. Some

view it as a process that is beneficial—a key to future world economic

development – and also inevitable and irreversible. Others regard it with hostility,

even fear, believing that it increases inequality within and between nations,

threatens employment and living standards and thwarts social progress.

2. “Globalization by itself is morally neutral. It can be good or bad,

depending on the kind of content we give to it.” (Czech President Vaclav Havel,

August 2000)

3. a. Potential risks associated with globalization are revealed in its

economic, political, cultural, social and other dimensions. Match the reasons

and consequences of the costs globalization brings.

Reasons

1 Trade liberalisation makes industries more competitive on the world market.

2 Trade increases and travel is facilitated. People can move freely both for business and

pleasure due to the erosion of political borders.

3

Countries become increasingly interdependent. Connectivity and mutual assistance provide for easier cooperation.

31

4 Globalization fosters competition which in its turn promotes efficiency and productivity. Faster economic growth enables countries to improve living standards and reduce poverty.

5 The proliferation of technological know-how and the capacity to manufacture modern weapons significantly increases the security worldwide. More and more states have the technical skills to research nuclear, biological and chemical weapons.

6 In the age of transnational politics democracy is considered to be the touchstone of legitimacy. Promotion of democracy and norms for global governance in the framework of globalization must be the responsibility of political and financial elites.

7 Globalization complements the peoples’ identities and specificities in order to make of the world of tomorrow both a unified and diversified place to live.

8

Global telecommunications infrastructure develops and transborder data flow is greater. Such technologies as the Internet, communication satellites, submarine fiber optic cable, and wireless telephones are used worldwide.

Consequences

A Democratic deficit is another contradiction of globalization. Globalization promotes the interests of the world’s most powerful players. Some transnational corporations have revenues that exceed the gross domestic product of middle size industrial nations.

B Indigenous and national culture and languages can be eroded by the modern globalised culture. An undeclared war is currently waged worldwide for the protection of national identity. Lots of countries are aware of such threats, based on their attachment to the principles of homeland, borders, nationalism, the flag, the national anthem, history and national sovereignty. These countries’ fear is also nurtured by their pride of their nations’ role and concern to see themselves swallowed by globalization.

C Modern communications spread an awareness of the differences between countries and increase the demand for migration to richer countries. Richer countries tighten the barriers against migrant workers, xenophobic fears increase and people smugglers exploit vulnerable people.

D Human, animal and plant diseases, like HIV/AIDS, SARS and bird flu spread across borders at higher speed than ever before. Cigarettes and tobacco have been introduced to developing countries, with major adverse health and financial costs associated with them.

E It is only transnational corporations that benefit since local companies can not afford to undertake necessary economic restructuring and reform and are excluded from the new world economy.

F Terrorists and drug traffickers can use the same speedy communications and information technology as everybody else.

32

G Globalised competition can force a ‘race to the bottom’ in wage rates and labour standards. It can also foster a ‘brain drain’ of skilled workers, where highly educated and qualified professionals, such as doctors, engineers and IT specialists, migrate to developed countries to benefit from the higher wages and greater career and lifestyle prospects. This creates severe skilled labour shortages in developing countries.

H The phenomenon of domino effect makes countries more vulnerable to economic problems. Recession in American economy spread to European and Asian markets.

b. Using your general knowledge and the information given above, explain

why opponents of globalization connect it with the following negative

characteristics.

●ambiguous phenomenon ●threat to future prospects ●inequality ●ruthless

competition ●globalization of poverty ●squandering of the State’s wealth and

resources ●fears of xenophobia ●erosion of all national historical heritage ●brain

drain

4. a. Not only has the word globalization amplified over the last few years,

but the term anti-globalization has also appeared and is still growing.

Choose from the suggested options the protest grounds which have led to the

development of anti-globalization, then complete the spidergram and explain

your choice.

influx of people low labour standards privatized industries

child labor conservationism weak labor unions

lawlessness juvenile delinquency third world obligation

rise of bureaucracy spread of capitalism high divorce rate

exploitation of foreign impoverished workers

fiscal austerity programs violation of animal rights

33

d. Work in groups. Discuss the following.

• Why is anti-globalization considered to be an umbrella term for a

collection of diverse protest grounds?

• Why is there no consensus on the definition of the term “anti-

globalization”?

Listening

5. a. You are going to listen to an abstract about the anti-globalization

movement. Before listening study two opposing points of view on the origin

of the anti-globalization movement and say which one you agree with.

Many theorists trace the lineage of the movement through a 500-year

history of resistance against European colonialism and U.S. imperialism.

Other commentators see the anti-globalization movement as

continuous with the anti-Vietnam war mobilizations of the 1960s and 1970s, with

worldwide uprisings in 1968, and with protests against structural adjustment in

Africa, Asia, and Latin America in the 1980s and 1990s.

b. Read the information about the milestones of the anti-globalization

movement and comment on the role the events played in the development of

the movement.

34

• The uprising of the Zapatista Army of National Liberation (EZLN) in

Chiapas, Mexico on January 1, 1994 was a symbolically significant moment of

origin for the movement. On the same day that the North American Free Trade

Agreement (NAFTA) went into effect, the Zapatistas launched a two-week

campaign of armed clashes with the Mexican military. Their effort subsequently

became a nonviolent movement for land reform and indigenous rights. As a rebel

army seeking not to claim state power but to create spaces of autonomy and

direct democracy, the EZLN both paid homage to earlier models of national

liberation struggle and transformed them. Their example became an influential

one for the nascent globalization movement.

• In the 1999 Battle of Seattle, which served as a prototype for many

future protests, an estimated 75,000 activists organized a confrontational

demonstration against the meetings of the WTO. While the labor movement led a

mass march on the organization’s Ministerial meetings, student, anarchist, and

militant environmentalist “affinity groups” formed a nonviolent human blockade

around the convention center, preventing trade ministers from holding the

opening session of the meetings. Ultimately, the Seattle round of trade

negotiations deadlocked when developing nations, bolstered by grassroots

resistance, rejected U.S. and European demands. The week delivered a lasting

setback to the WTO and represented a turning point for neoliberal advocates, who

adopted a defensive posture in subsequent negotiations and in their public

justifications of the “free trade” agenda.

c. The following words and phrases appear in the passage you are going to

hear. Explain their meaning in your own words. Choose five words or

phrases and make up sentences using them.

●to combat ●to advocate ●to be marginalized ●mainstream media ●an adherent

●a faction ●to be aligned ●indigenous people ●to perceive

35

d. Now listen to the recording. For questions 1-10, fill in the gaps with the

missing information.

The anti-globalization movement appeared as an effort to counter the

negative aspects of the current process of globalization such as 1 of the countries of the third world which stems from the rapid spread of

multinational corporations. The participants of the movement further

2 ideals and make an 3 the interests of ordinary people from the consequences of globalization.

The terminology of anti-globalization movement varies greatly and the

adherents of the movement make use of such mottos as

4 and 5 .

Anti-globalists represent an opposition to the sphere of business since the

interests of the owners of big and prosperous corporations are 6

with those of ordinary people.

As the followers of the movement treat the concept of globalization

dissimilarly, the movement is considered to 7 . Some of

them completely disagree with the development of the process of globalization

while others collaborate with different kinds of social and political movements. A

number of participants accept internationalization of markets in case they are

8 and democratic. They consider neoliberalism to be 9 and act against those who promote it.

The anti-globalization movement is joined by 10

movements, though the most active opponents of globalization do not accept

them as a part of anti-globalization struggle.

e. Discuss in groups.

• The term “anti-globalization movement” has more often been imposed

by movement critics and by the media than used for self-identification. Why do

36

activists prefer such terms as the “global justice movement,” “alter-

globalization,” “global resistance movement,” etc.?

Reading

6. a. Anti-globalization is also called “globalization from below”. What do

you think the term implies? How is it related to the notion “globalization

from above”? Read the abstracts below and see whether your ideas were

correct.

• In case of “globalization from above”, the rich and powerful, and

consequently the most competent and qualified, have shaped globalization in the

interest of their nations and the whole world. They introduce large-scale

programms which are sometimes enacted despite the opposition of many

elements of organized labor, minorities, liberals, religious, and environmental

groups. Globalization from above is implemented by the authority of the state

which may be dictatorial though far-sighted and serving the interests of people

and the earth in the long run.

• “Globalization from below” provides a framework for uniting into a

common, grassroots struggle. The movement wants to democratize globalization

by making governments and corporations accountable to people instead of elites.

It is believed to be able to transform the world by leading people to withdraw

their consent from dominant social relationships, which will prevent the

reproduction of the social order, and thus create a situation in which the

movement can impose different, more just norms upon society as a whole.

b. Which of these movements do you believe to be more powerful and

effective? Are they adversarial or can they be compatible?

7. a. The followers of the “globalization from below” principle target

primarily “big business”, i.e. multinational corporations, and their corporate

power. Allegations of exploitive labour and human-rights abuses reach back

37

to the mid-1990s, when a number of corporations producing major brand

name products, such as Nike sneakers, Gap jeans, and Starbucks coffee,

were accused of promoting self interests at the expense of workers and host

countries. Below are some principles of one of the largest international coffee

and coffeehouse chains Starbucks Corporation. Study the principles and fill

in the gaps with the words given.

●bargaining ●unlawfully ●retail ●long-term commitment ●communities

●competitors ●global-scale ●premium ●consuming ●bolsters ●exploited ●reduce

●thriving ●fiscal ●corporate citizen 1. Starbucks is committed to 1) ……… in good faith with union representatives.

2. The company has always paid 2) ……… prices, and even with prices at

historical lows, Starbucks paid an average of US$ 1.20 per pound in 3) ……… year 2001. This is the lowest average cost per pound that Starbucks has paid in its 30-year history. Consequently, foreign coffee bean pickers have no reason to feel 4) ……….

3. As a successful and growing 5) ……… business and brand, Starbucks is

largely engaged in social investments and commitments worldwide. As a global company, Starbucks is dedicated to continuing its role as a responsible, respectful and caring 6) ……… in all the regions and countries that it touches.

4. Children should not be 7) ……… employed as laborers. The company has a

8) ……… to promote adherence to fair and equitable labor standards for people who grow, harvest and process coffee while improving the basic levels of health, social and education services in the 9) ……… where coffee workers live.

5. The company has been looking for ways to “10) ………, reuse, and recycle,”

including participating in the organic movement with its organically certified coffee.

6. In 1990 there were approximately 200 coffeehouses in the US, and Starbucks

had 50. Today, there are over 12,000, and Starbucks has less than 4,000. So, it couldn’t drive out local coffee shop 11) ……… from the market. Starbucks and others have grown in proportion to the total market growth. The entire

38

industry is 12) ………; the market has increased. Starbucks has been credited with increasing the size of the specialty coffee industry.

7. As a 13) ……… company, Starbucks promotes democracy since it links

people by 14) ……… the same product and makes them equal in opportunities.

8. Importantly Starbucks like many other multinational companies 15) ………

peace as countries are unlikely to enter conflict with trading partners.

Anti-globalization protestors act against Starbucks Corporation since they

believe its activities are anti-social and unfair. Match each principle of

Starbucks to the following anti-globalists’ accusations. There are two extra

points which you don’t need to use.

A. Starbucks is engaged in socially oppressive activities.

B. Starbucks promotes insecurity due to unequal position of countries in the

world arena.

C. Starbucks uses exploitative labour practices and child labour.

D. Starbucks resists efforts to unionize or is involved in union-busting.

E. Starbucks depletes old-growth and rain forests.

F. Starbucks underpays foreign coffee bean pickers.

G. Starbucks invades mass media space by branding advertisements.

H. Starbucks’ business practice laws and competition practices are unfair.

I. Starbucks harms the environment and uses unsafe pesticides, bio-engineering

agriculture crops etc.

J. Starbucks threatens the spread of democracy colluding with violent and

repressive regimes.

b. Work in groups. Brainstorm the methods anti-globalists use to alter the

situation and continue the list given below. Then rank the methods

according to their efficiency.

39

• Protest leaflets

• Picketing

• Strikes

• Riots

• Nonviolent blockades

• Civil disobedience

• Demonstrations

• Remonstration campaigns

What reaction do these methods beget in response?

c. Read an abstract below and say why the state uses violence against

peaceful protestors.

“I stopped in the crowds to see what was going on, but everyone was

running past me, knocking into me, away from the police – I suddenly saw what

looked like something out of star wars, a huge grey tank thing, driving straight at

the crowds, and right behind this huge thing were cops in armored vehicles. I

started running.”

It is possible to persevere amid the savage cruelty that the system imposes on

those who resist?

d. Do you share the point of view that “violence from above” causes

“violence from below”? Study a given example and say whether anti-

globalists’ similar brutal actions help them achieve their goals?

The Genoa Group of Eight Summit protest from July 18 to July 22, 2001

was one of the bloodiest protests in Western Europe’s recent history, as

evidenced by the wounding of hundreds of policemen and civilians forced to lock

themselves inside of their homes and the death of a young Genoese anarchist

named Carlo Giuliani – who was shot in the face while trying to throw a fire

extinguisher on a police car – during two days of violence and rioting by fringe

groups supported by the nonchalance of more consistent and peaceful masses of

40

protesters, and the hospitalisation of several of those peaceful demonstrators just

mentioned. Police have subsequently been accused of brutality, torture and

interference with the non-violent protests as a collateral damage provoked by the

clash between the law enforcement ranks themselves and the more violent and

brutal fringes of protesters, who repeatedly hid themselves amongst peaceful

protesters of all ages and backgrounds. Several hundred peaceful demonstrators,

rioters, and police were injured and hundreds were arrested during the days

surrounding the G8 meeting; most of those arrested have been charged with some

form of “criminal association” under Italy’s anti-mafia and anti-terrorist laws.

e. Do you agree that militant rage is a positive contribution to the movement

against global capital? Can we justify the tactics and ideas of the anti-

globalization movement’s most militant sector, which were often blamed as

the source of the police terror?

8. a. You are going to read the text about core features and activities of the

anti-globalization movement. Before reading it, discuss whether the urge to

destroy can be a creative urge. Scan the text to see if you were right.

b. Read the text. Ten sentences have been removed. Choose which of the

sentences (A-J) fit into the gaps (1-10).

The Anti-Globalization Movement Defined

Mark Engler, with research assistance by Kate Griffiths

Anti-globalization Movement is a disputed term referring to the

international social movement network that gained widespread media attention

after protests against the World Trade Organization (WTO) in Seattle, WA in late

November and early December 1999. Varied communities

organizing against the local and national consequences of neoliberal policies,

especially in the global South, connect their actions with this wider effort.

41

While opposing neoliberalism, the anti-globalization movement advocates

participatory democracy, seeking to increase popular control of political and

economic life in the face of increasingly powerful corporations, unaccountable

global financial institutions, and U.S. hegemony. These tend to

emphasize grassroots participation, cooperative decision-making, and

“horizontalism” over hierarchy. Rather than promoting a single model for social

reorganization, anti-globalization activists defend diversity and, adopting a

slogan of the Mexican Zapatistas, envision “a world in which many worlds fit.”

Many activists reject the label “anti-globalization movement”, arguing that

the term falsely implies a stance of isolationism. Participants rally

under the slogan “No One Is Illegal” and advocate the elimination of national

boundaries altogether.

Movement constituents include trade unionists, environmentalists,

anarchists, land rights and indigenous rights activists, organizations promoting

human rights and sustainable development, opponents of privatization, and anti-

sweatshop campaigners.

Internationally, the movement has held protests outside meetings of

institutions such as the WTO, the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the World

Bank, the World Economic Forum, and the Group of Eight (G8) heavily

industrialized nations. The forum provides a space for local and

national social movements to network, strategize for future action, and assert an

identity as a unified international movement. The WSF has been institutionalized

as a regular event and is organized by a committee of representatives from

prominent civil society groups throughout the world.

For over a decade, globalization movement groups like the Jubilee coalition

have vigorously campaigned for debt relief for poor countries.

Ultimately, the G8 agreed to an accord canceling debts owed by 18 of the world’s

poorest countries to the IMF, the World Bank, and the African Development

Bank.

42

Continued protests outside of international financial institutions serve as

only the most highly publicized manifestations of a much broader body of action

taking place at the local and national levels.

By bringing together groups with diverse complaints about the

international deliberations, these organizations have helped disparate movements

make common cause and have strengthened transnational coalitions of activists.

For example, resistance to the WTO has united labor unionists who argue that the

organization is depressing wages and lowering protections for workers, farmers

in the global South who protest agribusiness dominance in international markets,

food safety advocates concerned about the spread of genetically modified foods,

environmentalists who contend that current “free trade” agreements weaken local

protections for the natural world, indigenous rights activists defending cultural

diversity, and anti-capitalists who see the institution as a mechanism of corporate

expansion.

Although some constituent groups, especially within labor and non-

governmental organizations, maintain more traditional leadership structures, the

globalization movement as a whole claims no formal leaders.

A lack of official spokespeople, agreed-upon manifestos, or overarching

organizational structures means that many ideological and strategic issues within

the movement remain unresolved. In general, globalization

movement organizations represent groups based in civil society, rather than

traditional communist, socialist, or social democratic parties. Activists have long

debated how the movement should interact with state power, and this discussion

has intensified with the rise of progressive governments in Latin America.

The anti-globalization movement has been heavily criticized for being

incoherent and inoperative. Critics assert that institutions such as the WTO,

World Bank, and the IMF remain intact, countries continue to broker “free trade”

pacts, and multinational corporations extend their reach. Pressure

43

from civil society, in addition to a series of regional financial crises, has gone far

in discrediting the long-dominant Washington Consensus in trade and

development policy, and the future of neoliberalism is now in question. Whatever

its final legacy, the globalization movement will remain historically noteworthy

for its contribution to revitalizing the international left in the post-Cold War era.

A Diverse constituencies disagree about whether existing international financial

institutions should be reformed or abolished, whether tactics such as property

destruction should be deployed in international protests, and whether

capitalism itself is responsible for global problems.

B Advocates, however, point to debt relief, expanding fair trade and anti-

sweatshop agreements, the scuttling of the Free Trade Area of the Americas

(FTAA), a curtailed WTO agenda, local victories against privatization, and

the rise of anti-neoliberal governments in Latin America as evidence of the

movement’s impact.

C Nevertheless, the financial institutions promoting corporate globalization

have provided critical rallying points for the movement.

D Including diverse constituencies with a range of ideological orientations, the

global movement is broadly critical of the policies of economic

neoliberalism, or “corporate globalization,” that has guided international trade

and development since the closing decades of the 20th century.

E Protests and cultural events in July 2005 pressured G8 leaders meeting in

Gleneagles, Scotland to act on this demand.

F These groups charge that the policies of corporate globalization have

exacerbated global poverty and increased inequality.

G A focus on democracy is reflected in many of the movement's organizational

structures.

44

H A hallmark of the movement is its use of advanced communications and

Internet technology to unite activists across borders.

I Its own annual gathering, the World Social Forumn (WSF), serves as a site

for activist networking and transnational strategizing.

J In the absence of official spokespeople, well-known writers or intellectuals are

often called upon to represent the movement in public forums.

Vocabulary Practice

9. a. Match the words from the text to their meaning.

A B

1. a network a. a formal or official agreement

2. a constituency b. a typical quality

3. a stance c. a factory with poor conditions

4. a hallmark d. a supportive group

5. an accord e. an interconnected system

6. a sweatshop f. an attitude towards something

b. Now use these words to complete the sentences below.

1. Although proponents of ………… say that consumer demand

for the lowest prices controls worker wages and conditions, they are

just fooling themselves.

2. The global ………… of environmental compliance and enforcement

practitioners is dedicated to raising awareness of environmental problems and

strengthening capacity to implement and enforce environmental requirements.

3. His talks convened fifteen clan-based factions and produced a rushed and

vaguely-worded ………… that sparked tensions between the UN and some

armed groups.

45

4. The Coalition government had a plan to change sizes of ………… by the

number of people on the electoral register, rather than actual population size or

people eligible to vote.

5. Corruption, political scandals, hideous crimes have become the ………… of

politics across the globe.

6. The Congress has agreed to reconsider its ………… on the armed struggle.

c. Fill in the appropriate word from the list below. Use the word only once.

Then give Russian equivalents to the word combinations you have made up

and use them in your own sentences.

to broker to depress to rally

to deploy to extend to gain

to assert to guide to exacerbate

1. …………… under the slogan 6. …………… an identity

2. …………… international trade 7. …………… somebody’s reach

3. …………… wages 8. …………… tactics

4. …………... global poverty 9. …………… widespread media

5. …………… “free trade” pacts attention

d. Fill in the gaps with the words from the text. The first letter of each word

has been given.

1. The Prime minister e………… the possibility of establishing direct diplomatic

relations in the future. (to imagine)

2. After hours of d…………, the members of the Parliament came to a decision

to mandate that all immigrants send their children to state schools. (long and

careful consideration)

46

3. The government c………… that a binding political settlement between the

opposite parties would be achieved in short time. (to state)

4. The explosion proved that terrorists’ threat of s………… the peace conference

was far more serious. (end or destruction of something)

5. His policy was criticized for an i………… set of objectives and incompetence

in conducting full inquiries. (confused and unclear)

6. The United Nations brokered a peace in Mogadishu at the end of March, which

was the most n………… event in the region. (remarkable and significant)

7. Mass media covered NATO plans to c………… the number of troops being

sent to the region. (to reduce or limit)

8. The o………… question seems to be what happens when the US pulls out?

(including or affecting everything)

9. The decision of the meeting was to mandate the prohibition and e………… of

chemical weapons. (removal and destruction)

10. The police v………… denied that excessive force against demonstrators had

been used. (strongly and energetically)

e. Explain the highlighted words and phrases in the text in your own words.

Discussion

10. Discuss in groups.

• Can such a variety of anti-globalization groups improve the situation

or there should be one powerful organization with a well-thought program?

• Which of the following statements do you think best describes the

essence of the anti-globalization movement:

1. The anti-globalization movement is linked to a broader revolutionary project

due to its orientation not toward the existing political structures but rather to the

fight for a complete change of human community.

47

2. The anti-globalization movement offers a reform of the current state of things

by mobilizing existing formal democratic channels of protest, seeking national

legislation, mounting judicial challenges, mobilizing international agencies,

boycotting and protesting.

Use of English

11. Fill the gaps using one word. There is an example.

If you 0) …were… to ask why people agree with the antiglobalist

movement, the answer would be simple and clear: they don’t like the

international order that is quickly 1) ……… shape. Although science and

technology have reached an unprecedented level of achievement, enabling people

to solve problems they were unable to solve in the past, there is 2) ……… grief

in the world now than 3) ……… before. Meanwhile, the world’s leaders are busy

playing political games and pretending that 4) ……… is alright; national

governments have finally become the ordinary commissaries of today’s economic

forces.

Moreover, there are 5) ……… new political ideas on the horizon which are

capable 6) ……… changing the life of mankind for the better. Thus far, only

ideas of a fundamentalist nature have been sprouting 7) ……… weeds and

religious fanaticism is 8) ……… the rise.

It has 9) ……… fashionable these days to speak of democracy. And many

actions, including the actual use of force, are justified 10) ……… the need to

defend democracy or ensure the “triumph of democratic ideals,” but so 11) ..……

genuine democracy has not 12) ……… achieved. It is impossible to speak of

democracy in earnest 13) ……… real power is not in the hands of governments

elected by their citizens, but 14) ……… in the hands of transnational monopolies

which no one has elected. Yet, naive citizens continue to believe that they can

change everything by merely 15) ……… a vote.

48

It is true that in those countries 16) ……… abide by formal principles of

democracy, voters can change their government, remove their president 17) .……

power and elect another leader and another government. 18) ……… we are

unable to influence 19) ……… very real economic powers which actually

determine the conditions of our lives. We are not only unable to remove these

powers, we are not even permitted to approach them; they are completely 20).......

our reach.

In the 21) ……… of these challenges, the pendulum of public sentiment has

obviously swung 22) ……… the antiglobalist coalition because it gives hope for

people’s disillusionment by 23) ……… important issues and questions which

civilization must 24) ……… if it is to survive and develop in a normal way.

Project Work

12. One of the most active actors of anti-globalization movement is non-

governmental organizations (NGOs) whose aim is to protect human rights

and further democratic principles. You should prepare presentations on the

role NGOs play in protesting against globalization. Make use of different

sources of information. Make use of the following sites:

www.alternet.org/globalization/11478/

www.mg.co.za/.../2006-12-23-are-antiglobalisation-ngos-plans-short-on-detail

Speaking Activity

13. Despite the fact that anti-globalization movement activists claim to strive

against unfair sides of globalization, the attitude to the movement can

sometimes be ambivalent. Anti-globalists are believed to threaten well-being

of a nation, hamper political regulatory processes, aggravate international

relations, impede integration, etc. Consider possible opinions and take part

in a role play “Conflicting interests”.

49

Three groups take part in the negotiations. Divide into three groups:

the representatives of local administration, the activists of anti-globalization

movement and the multi-national corporation managers. Choose speakers in

each group. The rest of the group support the speakers, help to develop the

general strategy of the negotiations, prepare basic questions for the

opponents, and work out possible ways of compromise. The main aim of the

negotiations is to come to an agreement. During the negotiations use the

conversation patterns given in Functional Bank.

Each group has its own introductory situation and characteristic

features of their position. Study your stance.

Introductory situation for the representatives of local administration

Historical part of the city with unique architecture and the touch of medieval magic suffered in the violent hurricane which outbroke in the region several days ago. The local administration is not ready to tackle the problem of restoring the buildings and return the city its previous image as the local budget is battered and allocations are limited. The only way out is to accept the proposal made by the MNC representatives who promise to do repair works but in their turn want to open the outlet of their company in hi-tech style which would not correspond to the bewitching atmosphere of this part of the city and spoil the enchanting surroundings. Besides the delegates of anti-globalization movement actively remonstrate against the MNC project by organizing protest marches and spreading inciting leaflets. They offer some solutions to the problem but they are not serious. You decide to organize negotiations between the MNC proxies and the activists of anti-globalization movement to come to a certain agreement.

Introductory situation for the activists of anti-globalization movement

Historical part of the city with unique architecture and the touch of medieval magic suffered in the violent hurricane which outbroke in the region several days ago. The local administration is not ready to tackle the problem of restoring the buildings and return the city its previous image as the local budget is battered and allocations are limited. You are

50

outraged with the administration’s decision “to sell” the historic part of the city to MNC which wants to open there a modern shop in a hi-tech style, which would ruin the whole atmosphere of the place. You undertake an attempt to collect money from the citizens but it is still not enough. You offer voluntary help in repair works but unfortunately it is insufficient. You try hard to prevent MNC from spoiling the enchanting surroundings and organize protest marches, spread inciting leaflets clarifying the real incentives of MNC aid. The local authorities have invited you to negotiations with the representatives of multi-national corporation to come to a certain agreement.

.

Introductory situation for the multi-national corporation managers

Historical part of the city with unique architecture and the touch of medieval magic suffered in the violent hurricane which outbroke in the region several days ago. The local administration is not ready to tackle the problem of restoring the buildings and return the city its previous image as the local budget is battered and allocations are limited. You have always been attracted to open an outlet in this part of the city as it promises to be highly profitable because throngs of people always wander around and the place seems to be alluring to tourists. You are ready to act as sponsors and offer the local authorities to restore the buildings but claim to have advantages in setting up your modern shop in a hi-tech style, which is your visiting card. However, anti-globalist protestors throw a spanner in the works arguing that such shop would not correspond to the bewitching atmosphere of this part of the city and spoil the enchanting surroundings. They organize protest marches and spread inciting leaflets. The local authorities have invited you to negotiations with the representatives of anti-globalization movement to come to a certain agreement

51

Appendix 1

Tapescripts

Unit 1

Globalization is viewed as a centuries-long process, tracking the expansion

of human population and the growth of civilization that has accelerated

dramatically in the past 70 years.

Early forms of globalization existed during the Roman Empire, the

Parthian empire, and the Han Dynasty, when the silk road started in China,

reached the boundaries of the Parthian empire, and continued towards Rome.

The first great expansion of European capitalism took place in the 16th

century, following the first circumnavigation of the earth in 1519 to 1521.

The late nineteenth century is characterised by the rapid growth of

international trade between the European imperial powers, the European colonies,

and the United States and is called the first era of globalization. This was brought

to a halt by the First World War and the bout of anti-free trade protectionism that

led to the Great Depression in 1930.

The end of the Second World War brought another great expansion of

capitalism with the development of multinational companies interested in

producing and selling in the domestic markets of nations around the world. Air

travel and the development of international communications enhanced the

progress of international business. Besides, the development of the Internet and

major advances in technology have made it possible to organize business on a

global scale with greater facility than ever before. Thus lots of bi- and trilateral

business agreements have been signed in pursuit of the goal of reducing tariffs

and barriers to trade.

The term "globalization" has often been linked to the growing economic

interdependence of countries worldwide through increasing volume and variety

of cross-border transactions, free international capital flows and integration of

52

financial markets. Globalization is considered to have been the result of planning

by economists, business interests and politicians who recognized that declining

international economic integration would lead to certain losses. Thus economists

are usually credited with globalization’s first use in an economic context.

Nowadays globalization is not confined only to the flows of money. It has

the potential to take many diverse forms and can be defined as the worldwide

integration of cultural, political, religious, and social systems.

Unit 2

The anti-globalization movement developed in the late twentieth century

to combat the globalization of corporate economic activity and all exploitation of

developing nations that could result from such activity. Those in the anti-

globalization movement generally try to promote awareness for human rights

organizations, advocate socialist or social democratic alternatives to capitalist

economics and seek to protect the public interest from what they believe to be the

damaging effects of globalization.

In preference to “anti-globalization”, participants may use the positive

terms global justice or fair-trade movement, Global Justice and Solidarity

Movement, Movement of Movements or simply The Movement, and use slogans

like “globalize justice” and “globalize liberation.”

Anti-globalizationists sometimes consider themselves to be marginalized

by mainstream media and governments because of their strongly “anti-business”

views. It is a well-known fact that most media across the world is owned by

wealthy individuals or large corporations, who are believed by anti-globalization

activists to have conflicting interests with the rest of society.

Although adherents of the movement often work together, the movement

itself is heterogeneous and includes understandings of the globalization process,

which are diverse and even opposing, alternative visions, strategies and tactics.

53

Some factions of the movement reject globalization as such, but the

overwhelming majority of its participants are aligned with movements of

indigenous people, human rights organizations, green movements, or such non-

capitalist political movements as socialism, anarchism, and communism. Some

activists in the movement have objected not to capitalism or international markets

as such but rather to what they claim to be the non-transparent and undemocratic

mechanisms of capitalism, and the negative consequences of unregulated

globalization. They are especially opposed to “globalization abuse” called

neoliberalism, and international institutions that are perceived to promote

neoliberalism, such as the World Bank, International Monetary Fund, the

Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development and the World Trade

Organization and “free trade” treaties like the North American Free Trade

Agreement, Free Trade Area of the Americas, the Multilateral Agreement on

Investments and the General Agreement on Trade in Services.

It is also worth noting that many nationalist movements, such as the

French National Front, are also against globalization. However, they are not part

of the anti-globalization movement as such, and they are usually rejected by anti-

globalization activists. The overwhelming majority of the anti-globalization

movement tends to adopt left-wing approaches.

54

Appendix 2

Word Lists

Unit 1

accelerate dramatically adopt a charter alteration amount to anxiety at the blink of an eye banditry be linked to bi-/trilateral agreement blurred boundaries bout burning problem celebration of diversity circumnavigation collaborate combat ills come into force commodity conceive of concept concomitant changes concurrently confine conflict-laden contemporary trend convergence core feature credit with cross-border transaction crucial point crusade decisive defining feature degradation deterritorialization disparate domino effect ecumenism emerge endeavor enhance entrepreneur environmental devastation

environmentally-aware erosion of state sovereignty exploitation extensive influence facet far-flung fast-aging population fathom flourish fluctuate forerunner gain in prominence global capitalism global governance global player global thinking global village halt homogenization impact improvement impunity in pursuit of in scope in shambles incorporate increase of inequality increasing global connectivity increasing volume increment indispensable forerunner instantaneously instantaneousness insufficient integration interconnectedness interdependence intermesh with intolerance irrespective of latitudinal

law enforcing system long-festering grievances longitudinal location magnitude manifest oneself marvel at milestone mode multidisciplinary perspective multifold multi-pronged myriad nation state-based regulation neoliberal ideology neoliberalism on a global scale outstrip pivotal role predecessor predicate on principal driver productive potential profound impact proliferate proliferation rapid growth rapid-fire forms of technology realm reluctance rigorous conception schism shrinking of the world spatial shifts staggering stem from supplant suppression of human rights supranational topical issue

55

trace the continuity track the expansion

trade negotiation rounds transcend

transfer of assets

transform transnational corporation transnationally operating firm undermine underpin a transformation

undertaking unencumbered by controversy valid vast array of velocity

vulnerability wage war well-grounded criticism witness

Unit 2

abide by abolish accountable to adherent advanced communications adversarial adverse advocate alter alter-globalization ambiguous amplify anti-capitalist anti-globalization movement anti-social anti-sweatshop campaigner at the expense of attachment to average awareness of bargaining be aligned be committed to be dedicated to be marginalized be swallowed by globalization beget benefit bolster boycotting

brain drain brutal child labor civil disobedience clash collude combat community compatible competition competitive competitor complement complexity connectivity conservationism constituency consume corporate citizen corporate globalization corporate power curtail debt relief deeply controversial defending cultural diversity deliberation democratic deficit demonstration disillusionment diverse diversify dominance

double-edged sword economic force economic growth economic recession efficiency elimination of boundaries elite emotive force equitable erode erosion of historical heritage erosion of political borders exacerbate poverty exceed exploit exploitative labour practices facilitate faction fair trade far-sighted fiscal fiscal austerity program foster foster framework free trade further global financial institutions global justice movement

56

global resistance movement globalised competition globalization of poverty global-scale grassroots gross domestic product hallmark harm the environment heavily criticized heavily industrialized nation hegemony hold protests hostility human-rights abuses identity impose impoverished in its turn in the face of in the long run incoherent indigenous culture indigenous people indigenous rights inequality inevitable influx of people inoperative interact invade irreversible laborer labour standards large-scale launch a campaign lawlessness lifestyle prospects living standards long-term commitment low labour standards mainstream media milestone militant rage mobilize international agencies motto

mount judicial challenges mutual assistance national sovereignty non-governmental organization nonviolent blockade nonviolent movement nurture participatory democracy people smuggler perceive persevere picketing premium privatized industry productivity proliferation of technological know-how promote protection of national identity protest ground protest leaflet provide for rally rallying point rapid spread reach an unprecedented level reach back to reduce reduce poverty remonstration campaign repressive regime restructuring retail revenue revolutionary project riot rise of bureaucracy ruthless competition savage cruelty seek national legislation severe shortage socially oppressive activities speedy communications

spread of capitalism spread of democracy sprout squandering of the State’s wealth and resources stance of isolationism stem from strike subsequently sustainable development target multinational corporations third world obligation threat to future prospects threaten thriving thwart tighten the barrier touchstone trace the lineage trade liberalization trade unionist transborder data flow transnational corporation transnational monopoly triumph of democratic ideals turning point umbrella term unaccountable undertake unfair unify union representative union-busting. unlawfully uprising urge violation of animal rights vulnerable people weak labor union xenophobic fears

57

Appendix 3

Functional Bank

Suggesting Would you be interested in …? I thought perhaps you might like to …? What if …? Imagine if you had to …then you would almost certainly need to … Should you find yourself in a situation where … then you would have to … Supposing you … then you must … Have you ever toyed with the idea of …? Would you ever consider …? Do you think you would ever …? If I were you… If I were in your shoes, I’d… It’d be/It’s a good idea to… Hadn’t you better… You’d better… I believe we ought to… It might be an idea to … Have you ever though about/considered… Explaining your point of view The main reason is… A key factor is … It’s clearly/mostly down to … It’s partly/largely/entirely due to… I think … has a lot to do with … I find … really predictable/corny (inf.)/uninteresting/tedious/depressing. I find … much more moving/entertaining/enjoyable/powerful/charming/ insightful/amusing/thought-provoking. For example, if you … then you would need to … I firmly believe that … is vitally important because … In my opinion, … is of lesser importance to … because… Agreeing and giving reasons That’s very true, because … Right, especially if … Positively, because … You’re absolutely right. For example, when … That’s true. Maybe we should… Sounds perfect.

Partially agreeing In a way you’re right, but I think it all depends on … I’m not sure I totally agree, because …

58

I see what you mean, but on the other hand … There’s a lot in what you’re saying. However … I see what you’re getting at, but … Well, you have a point but… That’s easier said than done. That sounds like a good idea, but… That’s all very well, but… Disagreeing I’m not sure that would work. No, I’m afraid that wouldn’t be appropriate. I don’t think I’d fancy …(sth, doing sth) . However, … might sound like a good idea. You can’t be serious! The flip side of the problem is that … . Expressing your points of view I’m inclined to believe … I firmly believe … It’s my firm belief that ... There’s no way I would ever … Some … are alright, but generally I prefer … . I don’t mind … but I much prefer … I can’t stand … . … has been more far-reaching (in its effects) than … As far as (usefulness) is concerned, … There’s not much to choose between … and … as far as … is concerned. To tell you the truth, I’d prefer … On balance, I’d rather think of … Given the choice, I’d sooner … than … … doesn’t really hold my interest. I’d much rather … I’m afraid … isn’t my cup of tea (inf.). I prefer … It is a curious paradox that … . There’s no doubt that … It’s undoubtful that … . It might be advisable (not) to… I’ve never thought of that. Asking someone to justify their point of view What makes you say that? Are you certain about it? What’s your feeling (about)? What’s your reaction (to)? What are your thoughts? Why do you think that? Do you really think so? Have you taken into account…? I was wondering if you’d thought of…? Wouldn’t it be a good idea to…? Has it occurred to you that…?

59

Could you be a little more precise… I’m sorry but could you explain it in a little more detail… Would you care to elaborate on that? Interrupting If I could just say something… Could I just cut in here. Excuse me but… I’m sorry to interrupt, but… May I interrupt you for a moment? I don’t want to interrupt but… If I may interrupt you for a moment, I’d like to…

Making final decision There is no doubt that … is the most … . It’s hard to choose, but I believe … is probably the most … . In terms of … , … might be the most … , as … Surely … is the most … because … They are all … in different ways, but if we have to choose, I’d say … … is obviously the most … This is definitely the best we can (do). Discussing the cause of a problem It’s clearly/mostly down to … It is not so much a result of … but rather of … It’s partly/largely/entirely due to … I believe … plays a great/small part as well. I think … has a lot to do with it. In my view, … is/are responsible for … A key factor is … The main reason is … I feel that … is/are to blame. The obvious culprit in this case is … I feel that … is/are to blame. … can be a stepping-stone to… . Discussing the result of a problem This (often/invariably/directly) leads to/ causes/brings about … As a result,/consequence, … Inevitably, …

Suggesting solutions We/the government must/should … One way forward would be to … I feel there is something to be said for … A lot can be achieved by … If we/the government (don’t) … then … … would (greatly) alleviate the situation.

60

The only way to deal with that would be … Without … wouldn’t be able to cope in a situation where … A lot can be achieved by … Perhaps it would be better if … Taking the floor If no one objects, I’d like to say a few words. Could I come in at this moment? I have a point to make here. Excuse me, Mr. Chairman, may I say something please? With the Chair’s permission, I’d like to take up the point about… Preventing an interruption With your permission, I’d rather finish what I was saying. With respect, I’d like to finish the point I was making… If you would allow me to continue… If you would be so kind as to let me finish… Commenting and challenging I don’t think you fully appreciate the fact that… I wonder if that view is justified in the light of… It would be in your own interest to… May I just draw your attention to the fact that… Excuse me, but I think it’s relevant to add that… Before you go any further, may I point out… I wonder if I could comment on that last point? I wonder if this view is justified in the light of… I don’t think you fully appreciate the fact that… It would be in your own interest to… I would be inclined to… if I were you. Expressing your views emphatically I particularly want to emphasize the fact that… It is essential to realize that… This issue is highly significant. I feel this is a vital issue. I consider the point of the utmost importance. Coming back to a point As I was saying… Coming back to what I was saying… Perhaps I could resume… If I may just go back to the point I was making… Offering a compromise We are prepared to… on condition that… I think we could… provided that… We are ready to… on the understanding that… We are more than willing to… as long as…

61

Accepting a compromise I think that would be perfectly acceptable. We see no objection to that. That seems to be a reasonable compromise. To meet you halfway on this, I think we could agree to your condition. Rejecting a compromise We are not entirely convinced that this is a viable solution to the problem. You leave us with little alternative but to… In that case, we should very reluctantly have to… You put us in a difficult position. Playing for time That is a difficult question to answer. You have raised an important point there. I’m sure you will appreciate how complicated this matter is. Saying nothing I’m afraid I don’t have enough information at my disposal to answer that. I’m afraid I’m not in a position to comment on that yet. I don’t think we have enough time at our disposal to consider all the consequences of this particular decision.

62

Appendix 4

Hints for Speaking Activity

General Rules of Communication

- avoid general phrases;

- make sure your arguments are hard on the target;

- use your ability to listen;

- be active in communication;

- be brief in your remarks;

- exercise constructive criticism;

- be polite and do not insult your opponents.

How to prove your point of view during the debates

To give grounds of your viewpoint in relation to the theme of debates, you should

answer these questions:

- why do you agree with the theme?

- what arguments can we give to support (oppose) the theme?

- what main problems does the theme contain?

- what examples to prove your opinion can be given?

- what can be said in refuting the opposing point of view?

How to make your statement of position successful

- greeting the audience;

- introducing the team and its representatives;

- putting forward the guideline;

- giving arguments;

- making conclusions;

- expressing gratitude for the attention.

63

Detailed Assessment Criteria of Participants

Speakers of the “For”-team Speakers of the “Against”-team

Сriterion S1 S2 S3 S1 S2 S3

Content

Profundity

Completeness

Concreteness

Preciseness

Deliberateness

Rational usage of time

Topicality

Problem competence

Answers to the questions Effectiveness

Efficiency

Flexibility

Structuredness

Logicality

Intercourse culture

Expressiveness of the speech

Wide range of lexical means

64

Question formulating

Courteous manners of the speakers

List of Assessment of Participants

Topic of debate

Data Speakers of the “For”-team

S1

S2

S3

Speakers of the “Against”-team

S1

S2

S3

Spea ker

Task achievement

Structure of the speech

General culture

Total Spea ker

Task achievement

Structure of the speech

General culture

Total

S1 S1

S2 S2

S3

S3

Result Result

The best speaker: The best speaker:

Учебное издание

THE PHENOMENON OF GLOBALIZATION Part 1

Учебно-методическое пособие для вузов

Составители: Ильичева Наталья Васильевна, Махонина Анна Александровна

Издано в авторской редакции

Подписано в печать 13.12.2010. Формат 60×84/16. Усл. печ. л. 3,8. Тираж 25 экз. Заказ 1109.

Отпечатано с готового оригинал-макета

в типографии Издательско-полиграфического центра Воронежского государственного университета.

394000, г. Воронеж, ул. Пушкинская, 3