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12
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ENTERIC INFECTIONS, NATURE REVIEWS MICROBIOLOGY, VOL. 4; MARCH
2006. 2006, MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD.
, , , , . . -, , . 25% , Campylobacter jejuni. , . , . jejuni, .
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E.coli .
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-13 ( ), . , , CIR . , , . , , , , . : , .
: 2006 17. , -, , , ,
14
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ALESSANDRO TROVATI AP Photo
, ,
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TLRS, , . , , , , . RATTLRS 6 SR-71 ( , ) - Lockheed. , RATTLRS
SR-71, 3 . -
: RATTLRS
LOCKHEED MARTIN AERONAUTICS COMPANY
. ( ), , . , Liberty-Works (Bob Duge), 21- RATTLRS YJ102R, SR-71
. , , . . , RATTLRS 2007 ., 2015 . .
k [12 ] 20 0 6
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, . , , ( ) - . , . . , , , , . , . , , , , . , ?, . 1951 . - -
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// , N 11, 2006), , . , , , , .. , , . , , , . .
1960-
, 56 ,
k [12 ] 20 0 6
17
1993 . , . , . , Physics News Update, . . , , (), . 150 .
(http://zhurnal.ape.relarn.ru), 1998 . 250 , , . , , , . , , , . ,
: , .
: , , . , , - - , , 1980- . 70 , 57 .
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18
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. , ( ) () (). ,
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Zwicky) . , , . (Walter Baade) , . , , . ,
. 1960 . (Fred Hoyle) (Willy Fowler) , . , , . , -56, , . . (
I); -, ( I), ( Ib Ic) , . , ( II), . ,
11
PAT RAWLINGS SAIC
k [12 ] 20 0 6
21
, , . Ia. , , , () , , , . . , ( ). , , , . - . , . , , . , . ,
IBM p690. , 1024 , . 1020 . , 1011 , 60 -. , , , . , , , .
: , 1572 ., , , (, ). ( ) 7500 /
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. , , , , . , , . . , . , , . , , . ,
:
, . -
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-
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22
k [12 ] 20 0 6
NASA/CXC/JESSICA WARREN, JOHN P. HUGHES ET AL. Rutgers
University
Ia
1
, ,
-
, ,
2
3
4
,
DON DIXON (illustrations); WOLFGANG HILLEBRANDT AND FRIEDRICH
ROEPKE Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics (simulation)
/
. , . , 0,6 . , ().
5
k [12 ] 20 0 6
23
. , . : , . , 10 . /, . , . , , , . , , , Ia , . , . . , - (.:
., . . // , 4, 2003). . , , , , . , , . , ( , ), . 10 : . , . , , .
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(, ) . . 1993 . . , , . 1982 . . , , -. , , 1987, ( ).
24
k [12 ] 20 0 6
NASA/ESA/ALLISON LOLL AND JEFF HESTER Arizona State
University
8 . Ib, Ic II,
2 .
1
2
, . ,
200 .
3
,
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DON DIXON (illustrations); KONSTANTINOS KIFONIDIS Max Planck
Institute for Astrophysics (simulation)
,
5
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k [12 ] 20 0 6
25
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, , . , 25 20 15 10 5 0 0 250 500 750 1000 1250 (/)
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, , , . , . ? (Stirling Colgate) (Richard White), 1966 .,
(Jim Wilson), 1980- ., . . , . , , . , : ,
, . , , . , .
26
k [12 ] 20 0 6
DON DIXON (top illustrations); LEONHARD SCHECK Max Planck
Institute for Astrophysics (simulations); TINNI CHOWDHURY
(graph)
? , . , , , . : . , , , , . , . , . , , , . . . , , . , . , , .
, , , , . 1000 /, . , , , . , . , , , . : ( ), , , . , , . ? . , .
. , - , . , , . , , . , , -. , , . .
, ( ), 1600 /. ,
- .. . .: , 1989. ., ., . . .: , 1990. . . .: , 1984. .. . .: ,
1977. .. . .: , 1985. .. . .: , 1976. Supernova Explosions in the
Universe. A. Burrows in Nature, Vol. 403, pages 727733; February
17, 2000. Full-Star Type Ia Supernova Explosion Models. F.K. R pke
and W. Hillebrandt in Astronomy and Astrophysics, Vol. 431, No. 2,
pages 635645; February 2005. Preprint available at
arxiv.org/abs/astroph/0409286 The Physics of Core-Collapse
Supernovae. S. Woosley and H.-Th. Janka in Nature Physics, Vol. 1,
No. 3, pages 147154; December 2005. Preprint available at
arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0601261 Multidimensional Supernova
Simulations with Approximative Neutrino Transport. L. Scheck, K.
Kifonidis, H.-Th. Janka and E. M ller in Astronomy and Astrophysics
(in press). Preprint available at arxiv.org/
abs/astro-ph/0601302
S. CHATTERJEE AND J. CORDES Cornell University
k [12 ] 20 0 6
27
, - (T-reg)
- . , , - , . , ( ) , . . , , ? , . , , , . , , CD4+-T- (
, , , CD4). , , . : , . -. CD4+-T-, . , , : , , , .. , , , .
, - . , . , - ( ) , , .
, . . , , . ? ? , ( ) . , , , -, . - -. , , . , - . , . . . , ,
, , . . (, ) . . ,
CLIFF NIELSEN
k [12 ] 20 0 6
29
. , , . , , , , , - . -, . , - . 1970- . (John Penhale) ,
(Richard Gershon) , -, , . , . - , - . 1980- . . , 1995 . () ,
CD25. CD4+-T-, , : , , , . . , , . - , CD4+-CD25+-T-, , .
CD4+-CD25+-T- - , , , . CD4+-CD25+-T- . CD4+-CD25+-T ( T-reg), -, ,
.
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, . -, , , -. ( , ) , -.
- 1969 . (Yasuaki Nishizuka) (Teruyo Sakakura) . ,
:
T-reg-? T-reg . -, , , . , T-reg- . .
,
. - (T-reg).
, , , . : .
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30
k [12 ] 20 0 6
KIM J. HASENKRUG AND DAVID W. DORWARD
T-reg- ,
T-reg- ( -, ) . - , . , : T-reg, , , CD25 CD4 T-reg- T-reg- T-,
. - (), , . , CD4. T-reg, , CD25, CD4+-CD25+-T-. CD25 -2 (-2),
T-reg. Foxp3, -. T-reg -, ( )
Foxp3
-2
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-
, (A lexander Rudensky) (Fred Ramsdell) CellTech R&D . ,
T-reg. , Foxp3, , . . Foxp3, , -, , - T-reg. , Foxp3 - ,
, T-reg-, . , , Scurfy, , Foxp3, T-reg. , . - , T-reg-? ? , ,
T-reg , - . CD25, Foxp3. -
, in vitro. , , . IPEX (Immune dysregulation,
Polyendocrinopathy, Enteropathy, X-linked syndrome), - ( , - , ). ,
. , , Foxp3. , IPEX , Scurfy.
AMADEO BACHAR
k [12 ] 20 0 6
31
T-REG- ? T-reg- . . - (). - , - , . -
T-REG -
T-REG- - -
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CD4
- ,
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, , T-reg- , . , (Shimon Sakaguchi) (Zoltan Fehervari) 2000 ., .
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. 1990- . (Fiona Powrie) DNAX, -, . , -, T-reg, . . . , . . , :
(, ), .
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32
k [12 ] 20 0 6
AMADEO BACHAR
( , ). , : -. . , , , T-reg- . : (Alexander Betz) , T-reg. ,
T-reg, . , T-reg-.
() , - , . T-reg -, T-REG - - -
T-reg -, . T-reg - ,
- , . , , Helicobacter pylori, , T-reg- . (David Sacks) . , , ,
. : . , ,
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T-reg- , T-reg- . , . , , , , T-reg- , , . , , . , T-reg- . ,
T-reg , , .
k [12 ] 20 0 6
33
? , T-reg- , . , , T-reg-, . , ( ) T-reg-
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,
34
k [12 ] 20 0 6
AMADEO BACHAR
T-REG- . , T-reg-, . T-reg- ( ) ( ) (), , , , , ( ) -2, T-reg-.
, T-reg- , - , , T-reg-
in vitro
T-reg- . T-reg- ( )
T-reg- . , , T-reg-, . , . , T-reg in vitro, . . , T-reg- , , ,
T-reg-. . , , T-reg in vitro . , . , ,
T- . , Tr1, T-reg- , . , , Foxp3 , T-reg, , Foxp3 , - . , . ,
Foxp3 T-reg. , , , , . , T-reg- . T-reg , , -
. T-reg- . () , , . , , . , , . , , -, -, . , , . , T-reg- .
k [12 ] 20 0 6
35
, . , ,
, , , , (Thomas S. Kuhn), . , , , , , , . , , . 200 , , , , .
1980 . , (Walter Alvarez), , , 65 . , . 20 , , , , . - . , , , ( ,
, ) , , .
. , , .
, , , . , , , (Luis W. Alvarez), - (Helen V. Michel) (Frank
Asaro), . , 65 . 10 . , , . , . 10 , . , . : ,
NATIONAL PARK SERVICE
k [12 ] 20 0 6
37
? 5 500 . . , 443 . . 374 . , . , 251 . , 90% , 70% , . 201 . ,
, , , 65 . . 90- . XX . : ? (Extinctions: Bad Genes or Bad Luck?)
(David Raup), - , . () ( /T), . , , , , . , . 70- . XX . , . 2002 .
. , , (), , , . , , . -, . . , , . ( ) , , . . , , . - /, . , . , .
, . , (Charles Marshall) . 1996 . () . , ( , ), , /. , , , , , , .
- . , , , .
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13, , . , , 2005 . , , , . , 50 100 . , , ,
JANET CHAO
k [12 ] 20 0 6
39
, , . , (Katja M. Meyer) (Lee R. Kump) , , , 251 . , , , ,
, , , - , , /.
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k [12 ] 20 0 6
KATJA M. MEYER AND LEE R. KUMP Pennsylvania State
University/NASA Astrobiology Institute; DAVID FIERSTEIN (opposite
page)
251 . 50 . , . , (1). (2). (3). () , , (H 2S), (4). H 2S , (5).
, H 2S , H 2S , (6). , (7), (8). , , - (9)
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Arthur) , , . , H2S , , , . . , H2S, (. . 40). , , . , ,
, , , - . . , - , , ,
. , , (H2S), , . ,
(Peter D. Ward), , . NASA . ( Scientific American) ( : (Rare
Earth: Why Complex Life Is So Uncommon in the Universe).
42
k [12 ] 20 0 6
JACQUES DESCLOITRES MODIS Rapid Response Team, NASA Goddard
Space Flight Center
, , , -. , , , . , , 2 . . , . , H2S - . , , , . - , , , , .. ,
CO2 . . , . , CO2 , , , . ,
? (CO2 ) . 385 ppm ( ) , , 23 ppm . 2 900 ppm 54 . , 2 (ppm)
5,000 4,000 3,000 2,000 1,000 0 -300 -200 -100 (. ) : / 2200 . 385
ppm
, H2S, . , , . , , , 2 . . , . 54 . . ,
, . : , , , . , ? , .
Rivers in Time: The Search for Clues to Earths Mass Extinctions.
Peter D. Ward. Columbia University Press, 2002. Abrupt and Gradual
Extinction among Late Permian Land Vertebrates it the Karoo Basin,
South Africa. Peter D. Ward et al. In Science, Vol. 307, pages
709-714; February 4, 2005. Photic Zone Euxinia during the
PermianTriassic Superanoxic Event. Kliti Grice et al. In Science.
Vol. 307, pages 706-709; February 4, 2005. Massive Release of
Hydrogen Sulfide to the Surface Ocean and Atmosphere during
Intervals of Oceanic Anoxia. Lee R. Kump, Alexander Pavlov and
Michael A. Arthur in Geology, Vol. 33, No. 5, pages 397-400; May
2005.
JANET CHAO
k [12 ] 20 0 6
43
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k [12 ] 20 0 6
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k [12 ] 20 0 6
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48
k [12 ] 20 0 6
STEVEN KAZLOWSKI Peter Arnold, Inc.
50 , . , . , , , , , , , , . , , . , , . , , . , . , , . , , . ,
, . , : , .. , . , , . , , , , , . , , .. , . . , , : , , . , . : ,
, , . , , . , , ,
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Balancing Natural and Sexual Selection in Sockeye Salmon:
Interactions between Body Size, Reproductive Opportunity and
Vulnerability to Predation by Bears. T.P. Quinn, A.P. Hendry and
G.B. Buck in Evolutionary Ecology Research, Vol. 3, pages 917937;
2001. Pacific Salmon in Aquatic and Terrestrial Ecosystems. S.M.
Gende, R.T. Edwards, M.F. Willson and M.S. Wipfli in BioScience,
Vol. 52, No. 10, pages 917928; October 2002. Nutrients in Salmonid
Ecosystems: Sustaining Production and Biodiversity. Edited by John
G. Stockner. American Fisheries Society, 2003. Magnitude and Fate
of Salmon-Derived Nutrients and Energy in a Coastal Stream
Ecosystem. S.M. Gende, T.P. Quinn, M.F. Willson, R. Heintz and T.M.
Scott in Journal of Freshwater Ecology, Vol. 19, No. 1, pages
149160; March 2004.
MATT WALLIS Skagit Valley Herald
. ,
k [12 ] 20 0 6
49
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k [12 ] 20 0 6
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ROB WOOD Wood Ronsaville Harlin, Inc.
k [12 ] 20 0 6
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MELISSA THOMAS
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COURTESY OF JAMES A. NEELY (photograph); MATTHEW FREY Wood
Ronsaville Harlin, Inc. (illustrations)
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COURTESY OF JAMES A. NEELY
k [12 ] 20 0 6
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60
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COURTESY OF JAMES A. NEELY
, . . , . , , . , , . , . 1950- . (Karl A. Wittfogel) , . , , ,
, . , , , , . : . , , , , , , , , . . , (sociedades de agua), . , ,
, . , . , , . , , . , .
, . . 1993 . . , , . , -- , 10 . , 5 , 10 , , 2 . . , , , . , ,
, 2. . , , . , . , . ,
The Keepers of Water and Earth: Mexican Rural Social
Organization and Irrigation. K.I. Enge and Scott Whiteford.
University of Texas Press, 1989. Irrigated Agriculture at Hierve el
Agua, Oaxaca, Mexico. J.A. Neely et al. in Debating Oaxaca
Archaeology. Edited by J. Marcus. University of Michigan, Museum of
Anthropology, Anthropological Papers No. 84, 1990. A Late
Paleo-Indian/Early Archaic Water Well in Mexico: Possible Oldest
WaterManagement Feature in the New World. S.C. Caran et al. in
Geoarchaeol-ogy: An International Journal, Vol. 11, No. 1, pages
136; January 1996. A Contextual Study of the Fossilized Prehispanic
Canal Systems of the Tehuac n Valley, Puebla, Mexico. J.A. Neely in
Antiquity, Vol. 75, No. 289, pages 505506; 2002.
k [12 ] 20 0 6
61
13 (), () .
, , , . (Angela M. Belcher) . , ., , , : , . - (). , , , . . : ,
, . , , , . 1990- . 13 , . , 2 700 . , . , . 13 . , , , . , : ,
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PHIL SAUNDERS Space Channel Ltd.
k [12 ] 20 0 6
63
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PHIL SAUNDERS Space Channel Ltd. (left and above)
8 ,
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, . , , , . , . . , , . Cambrios , 2007 . , , . , , . , , .
, . , , Cambrios, .
Ordering of Quantum Dots Using Genetically Engineered Viruses.
Seung-Wuk Lee, Chuanbin Mao, Christine E. Flynn and Angela M.
Belcher in Science, Vol. 296, pages 892895; May 3, 2002. Viruses as
Vehicles for Growth, Organization and Assembly of Materials.
Christine E. Flynn, Seung-Wuk Lee, Beau R. Peelle and Angela M.
Belcher in Acta Materialia, Vol. 51, Issue 19, pages 5867 5880;
November 25, 2003. Spontaneous Assembly of Viruses on Multilayered
Polymer Surfaces. Pil J. Yoo et al. in Nature Materials, Vol. 5,
pages 234240; March 2006. Virus-Enabled Synthesis and Assembly of
Nanowires for Lithium Ion Battery Electrodes. Ki Tae Nam et al. in
Science, Vol. 312, pages 885888; May 12, 2006.
k [12 ] 20 0 6
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, . , , , . , - , . , , , , , , . , .
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99% (, , ..). , . Google . , . , , !
Boosting Sex Identification Performance. Shumeet Baluja and
Henry Rowley. Innovative Applications of Artificial Intelligence,
2005. Large Scale Image-Based Adult-Content Filtering. Henry A.
Rowley, Yushi Jing and Shumeet Baluja. International Conference on
Computer Vision Theory and Applications, 2006. :
http://research.microsoft.com/~larryz/
M. THOMSEN zefa/Corbis (head shot of woman)
k [12 ] 20 0 6
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: 1 9 99 , , 33. . http://www.sciam.com
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nn, n , n . , (17071783), . 99 , 1 9. 1979 . Dell Pencil Puzzles
and Word Games. , The New York Times (Will Shortz), (Howard Garns).
Dell Number Place ( ), 1984 . , , . Number Place, . -, -.
(Wayne
, , , . , . ( . 72),
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JEN CHRISTIANSEN; SOURCE: JEAN-PAUL DELAHAYE (preceding pages
and this page) ; EMANUEL HANDMANN, 1753, ORIGINAL PASTEL AT
KUNSTMUSEUM BASEL
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, .
, 99. 12 33, 576 44, 5 524 751 496 156 892 842 531 225 600 99. ,
, , . , ( 1 2, 2 7 ..) , . (.. ), 99 377 597 570 964 258 816. 1975
. Discrete Mathematics (Stanley Bammel) (Jerome Rothstein) .
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JEN CHRISTIANSEN; SOURCES: BOB HARRIS IN THE GRAND TIME SUDOKU
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NONZERO/OLGA LEONTIEVA (b); ED PEGG, J R. (c) ; NONZERO/CIHAN ALTAY
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www.maa.org/editorial/mathgames/ mathgames090505.html . :
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www.geometer.org/mathcircles :
www.simes.clara.co.uk/programs/sudokutechniques.htm , :
www.sudoku.com/howtosolve.htm , :
http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/sudoku :
www.sudoku.com/forums/viewtopic.php?t=995
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2
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, 4- -: www.ozon.ru, www.setbook.ru, www.urss.ru.
