4 (Chemical revolution)

4-1. Priestley Joseph Priestley (1733-1804) Benjamin Franklin . . Chart of Biography()-1764 Edinburgh LL.D. The History and Present State of Electricity with Original Experiment , 1767 (1771-1777, 6 ) , Experiments and Observations on Different Kinds of Air, 1-3 (1774,75,77) Experiments and Observations relating to Various Branches of Natural Philosophy, 1-3 (79,81,86)

Priestley 1. (nitrous air, NO) 2. (Dephlogisticated nitrous air, N2O) 3. (marine acid air, HCl) (alkaline air, NH3) (vitriolic acid air, SO2) * 4 (1774-5) dephlogisticated air

4-2 Lavoisier Antoine Lavoisier(1743~1794,) ,, .1775 Prestley Phlogiston Theory

1785 C.L.Berthollet (1748~1822) A.F.de Fourcroy (1755~1809) L.B.Guyton de Morveau (1737~1816)5. 6. 1789 33 7. (The Element of Chemistry) ,1789

Claude Louis Berthollet (1748~1822,France)

, , Lavoisier ( 1787 ) Napoleon Egypt The Law of Chemical Affinity, 1799

4-3. Dalton

John Dalton (1766~1844, ) Quaker , , , 12 (2) Kendal ,15 assistant(3,4) 8 Tutor in the New College(Manchester) for 6 years (1787~1844) 200,000 sperate observations Color Blindness . 1794

Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society (1789 ) (1794), 1817~44 19 (1803) 1 Atomic Theory 1803 . 1808 New System of Chemical Philosphy( )

The Law of Conservation of Mass ( ) The Law of Definite Proportions ( ) = The Law of Constant Composition) ( )The Law of Multiple Proportions ( )

5 5-1 1. ( The Law of Definite Proportions) Joseph Louis Proust(1755~1826, France) France , Paris Madrid (1799) Sweden Berzelius Berthollet 8 Berthollide Daltonide

2. Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac (1778~1850, France) Berthollet (1802) Charles (1787) Boyle - Charless Law Boyle - Gay-Lussacs Law (1804) 8.24 Biot 4000m 9.16 7000m ,,

(The Law of Combining volumes) 1805 Alexander von Humboldt(Germany) + 1 2 2 + 1 1 2

3. (Avogadros Hypothesis) Amadeo Avogadro (1776~1856, Italy) Prof. of Physics at Turin Univ. Equal volumes of all gases under the same conditions of pressure and of temperature contain an equal number of molecules

Stanislao Cammizzaro(1826~1910, Italy) 1 (Karlsruhe, Germany) 1860.9 Avogadros Hypothesis

5-2 1.(Affinity) E.F.Geoffroy (1672~1731,France) 1718 T.O.Bergman (1735~1784,Sweden) HF 1775 C.L.Bertholett (1748~1822,France) 1799 ,

2. Jeremias Benjamin Richter(1762~1807,) (equivalent) 1787 1 000parts acid base 1 000parts base acid 5-1 1802 France Berthollet E.G.Fischer (1754~1831, ) Berthollet (1802) Richter J.J.Berzelius(1779~1848,Sweden) (100)

3.

4. Dulong-Petit Pierre Louis Dulong(1785~1838, France) Alexis Thrrse Petit(1791~1820,France) (cole Polytechnique) . ( 5-3) : 0.0949 = 6.4/0.0949 = 67 = 63.306

5. Mitscherlich Eilhardt Mitscherlich(1794~1863,) Gttingen Berlin Isomorphism() 1819 . K2SO4 K2SeO4 Se

6. Berzelius J.J.Berzelius(1779~1848,Sweden) Upsala,, (1802) Stockholm . , 1808 Sweden 1835 Baron() 1835 56 24

6-1. (1807~5) 20~30 ,2000 , (100) . Gay-Lussac , Dulong-Petit Mitscherlich

6-2. (1813) Latin . ( ) Cu + O, Cu + 2O, 2H + O + CuO, CuO2, H2O

Berzelius (1813) Latin .

; Aurum Au Argentum Ag Carbonium C Cuprum Cu Calcium Ca Sulfur S Stannum Sn Nitrogenium N Natrium Na

6-3. (Dualistic Theory of Chemical Affinity) , . . BaO() + SO3()BaOSO3() (53) O,S,N,..H,Au,Os,.Li,Na,K

6-4. Berzelius (,,,, ) Se(1818), Si(1824), Th(1829) Zr(1825), Ti(1825) (1821~1848)(Annual review,Jahres Berichte) Gmelin, Mitscherlich, Whler Halogen, Isomerism, catalysis, allotropy

7. J.B.Andr Dumas(1800~1884,France) , (Organnic radicals)8. Cannizzaro Stanislao Cannizzaro(1826~1910,Italy) Pisa , Genoa , (1855) Avogadros Hypothesis Karlsruhe 1 (1860)

(Chemical revolution)Antoine Lavoisier(1743~1794,)

Berzelius (1813)