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Electrochemical Cells.
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4. drnrerorno{rriurdflcfluflo t uny z uri"[{arrayalu znsoo 1.0 mol/dm3 rLvru
d1?Ayn1fl cuso,
$il 9. 1 rne{orqrJnanirdofi nr*tJffi enasu.irs1arasfiuaraacarerra.lTaucloaauffi!.:.t1?E
7?,tifu-:,s- 'g 6l dt{ o aq ,*"*"* 1. nouqrJttrJutnuy Lud1enynlf]iltooouflo{lauvau LF]ayn1floq
z. Taravrirtoooutotlouy"[unreayarfl dlnfi fi ilfr fi?er rnfi ifi n{u vrerrtfrodrtta
e. TnuvrYrlooouto.it^uv4'firfinrrJfrffiar raroonfirnd'uso'rs{refinrrrildErur:.la.i
odrrta
rou{t6irloravfrinvfrurvru6'cEr Zn(s)nrluarenvnrflnoilr:.lof (lI)6'arv'ln urufrru cuso, frrJaynor-L
6'rut*uuro.ivro.iL[n{[tvrufrcu cu2.(aq) firfrfrflruayloooutot{'nry,lmuuvrupiou sor'(aq) d.r
trifi6 rJarng,irfiarafirirnlnun.il.JlLnrrfiuaiulau v zn(s) a'rufi{roqj1u61?ayn1fld'rrJfrffiar<'cy t , f, ", 43
lfro"Ld'rrvrturiorTu"[fi'arafirirmrauor.:uaaoon nl.irficro.ltnr,lr znls; finneouunyLl{n.i
uto o our o.:vr o.r u ort rdor q r n
tnr,rv zn(s)"[#6ifinneouufrorfierrflulooouflo{d'{nyfruflufr,]u zn2.(aq)odluaranynrfl Lfifluailnm
ira n.r nr el:l dfl uril nlt 6d'.id
Zn(s) -+ zn,2*(aq) + 2e , turdrad
rafl oo n{ tf}{u tLafl uttiln'i rrl]1_r rv\xJ9ru
do i 4 6araa^ilr mr n u nxfr o g':-tufr rtotTnuy zn (s) do1nray Cu (s) fi { ri orsrn Cu"(aq) "[u
aranvnrufli6tdnmaous-I^r, Zn(s) uonq.nflrT.,*uAn,irfir'uqiTnuy Zn(s) luareaynrEl
cusoo u.udu aranvarsfifirsvsr{a{ uarx.ir:-Etrru cu'*(aq) luarrnynrflann.i r6flu. ri , uu- X
6il n1?ud n.i n1 eL1l nuuLtiln.i Ln n{u
Cu'.(aq) + 2e ------+ Cu(s) ............(2)
raroonfi rn{'u r:lduuu:-lar ulm CI nn.t
v adrn. iluilmq8Jq
d ?,tY .i11. [tJoFl{ [,]esgu['la1uu{
g:l 9. 2 :J ffi ar trra.jrlta u sa-r ncal fiu ar ea s a1 et C uso4
.i ^ uu, i atfrofrqrerur?{iln1? (1) uny (2) qyd'.rrnmtd.jrr:lurJfrffiBrfiarafinmrirrloudr6nmaou
lnrsTnrav zn(s) "[ri6rfina?ournv cu2t(aq) "[uamnvnrfliudl6nmeou uonslndLafloonALn,fi'uflo.i4 6 ddd
I t
arafrr:luzu6md'rudfifinirLrnnFil.lslnarad'.rd'uoica 1u:Jfrffirrfifiareraflrlri6rdnnaouud'rfil&d,,aooau).
ta s o o nB tnn'u rfr NT us v 6fl n.j r rJ frffi a,ra o na r n d-u e{ r urJfr ffi r r fi 6 n a r arafl.r fu 6 r6n m ao u u fio fi
taroonArnd'unna'isy#un,jr rJfrffiarEon{-u rJfrffiuroonfiror{uuny:lfrffiudd'nd'uu:lunrirtv,
fA,- d^ 4 V v 4l C v u I v h, rae a I vLfln3A1rLnnflu?\l?olJnu $.ro?1:JFt?.i:.Jflneu1yl.i60{[fl1FI,]ElnuqyLn ilgma1?ooffi Ft.idiln1?
Zn(s) + Cu2'(aq) + Znz.(aq) + Cu(s)
3- " , q ras d d !- o - A y auonq1nufl{n1uu0rl'r tuilfln?fl1tnon{ 61?yrt:Jotann?ous1nd1?outtae]Jtnl0onstPlxud
' u a{ d d v da t t lqgo - , di , d
nnn.it?un01 n?aandIn6lueon?0nene{ deue{1?yrLlr0tanFl?ouLLn61?outtoeiltnloon{tFlTu: & d ' uaa t 4 ar d -
e- o iaorfrilTur3fln'ir n-eEdrdu6aFr-eonoon?lord d'rriuluevufrfrIn1 y zn(s).jroqj'luarenyalfl
CuSoo 6syu.jrtar,r y zn(s) 1#6r6nnaourfinriflu zn2.(aq) zn(s) 6.:rflud'r?6r'fi-dnu Cu'*(aq)
ludreavnrfl iu6 rfi n meourfi or rfl ulnray cu(s) cu2.(aq; 6.r lfl ufrroonfiterd
rfio{rTaur zn(s)n.rlua1?nyn1fl znsor6.rrJaynoLfi?fl zn2.(aq)ri:-t sorz(aq) rnydilTnuy
Cu(s) atlue{1?ayn1u CuSoo firrlaynoud'QU Cu2*(aq) rTu Sor}(aq) ulunra^jrtnrararlular . a Y v v
6leavnlafrfrlooautosTauvtfrorriu rinnl?unnorvl:l.irr{'tunmtilrfiunrar:.l6uuttlia{ 6{drsytUrt Y t
6qil tPlc1tilrnnilfln?u1
lfrofisrarurayufifilaray Cu(s) .jroqjluarrayalu ZnSo, firfi Zn'.1aq) uny Sor'z(aq),x'd 'i , ^3'nu'irlrifrnraril6suru:-lasrfrnrfru udorr"irTauv cu(s) tilhidrdnmroururi zn2.(aq) luaraayarfl
4 , d u ! , -.t,
q u t v a 6u5anairco=nilr.r1ril.i.i1 zn^(aq) "[uarenyarfllrinrHrenfil6rfinmeouqrnTar,lv cu(s) t6'
q1nn1?rrlnotagrJl6',jr flnunof t ufinnraurldfluLriln'i rdo.r.',nfin.erirrlou6rdnn?ousln
Tnrav zn(s)trJ{ cu'.1aq) ri'ufifiTnray zn(s) hld'r.reInfl'rnraaynru Cu2'(aq) dcufinlnof z 3 uny 4
ki rfr ornrauldtLuu:lat rflo{srn1ilfi nmrilflIoud r6nnrourfi o,{u
ffi&# nrcrruarurenlunrafuAr6nmeouro.r cu2'(aq) riu zn2'(aq){ndrd'rlfruiotil odrrlr
qrnnrefinur:jfrffirravra.irtlnray zn(s) ri'lar?nyn1fl cuso, unvTnyy cu(s) ri':.r
61rnvn1fl ZnSo, rir"[ri'varr.j1ao1il61r1an"lunrelri'6rfinnaouro.rTnrav#raorrfiortrjrvirrl'u
ruavrfioul?fl:irfiflLflLTnuvriuffca vr:r.jrTnuv zn(s) "[rIdr6nneautff6n,jrlnrav cu(s) unvlnuv
tiu toooutatlnravd'rnaircfiflnrcrrarrrtn"[unrafltldr6nmeouumnrirrri'u Torfl ng-(aq) fi]6l6nmeoutddn.jr cu'.1aq) unv zn2.(aq) d'rd':in,rrilauran"lunral#rrayfl:-l6u6nrl?ouflo.id1?
u u- XLL6Fl.i tFrFr.:U
n1r'1{r 9. 1 srra eirr zir o-u n'rl rJ fi l rJl rntu rn r'[#ua s rn aiu 6 ufi nn ea uq otta us urtt fi n
:Jfrffiur?oron'ffivrrri'ct:-lorqrfir,duevu.jr.ror4riuor4 orqri'uara:lavno:-r u?oara:leyno:-r
rYrara:levnoL nrafisraruljrrJfrffirrln ulur.Jfrffiflr?Frondlr?otil rirtd'lorunraril?fl:-r rfiflL
tntoonfiln{'uto.ir'lnuayloaouyrntfiorfiuluara#rd'uri'rzu6mri'ru.r,f firfinrer:-ldflur:-la.iq9
^ v d 'q I9r 6 ra€ 4 d 3- uyt o a
tnfloon{tFrTunLLu [s LFre1Lilul_lfln?fl1rnonIl uonq1nuu{fi1il1?n?y! LFlxldl? Lr]rnnlflnralq
^ ta6 dv v "- - aI d eda d, v
oon{tFrTu d1?Lnrnnilflnefl1?Flnxu ?eNyr.i61il1?n?yrjFr,toonxLndLtnyFl?fFledLa m1ofl1.iL{uJ o-
rfro'Ld'araovaruTv!uilardflilr:-lofrLiltnrrumfirilfrffiarri'rar?nyn1fln?ntalna,fi'nflr?nuayv
^t ^ V, o d d
d1?nvnlflnenr{'afrlc3nldrtlanyarflIilryrarfrflr.Jd'nry'lm drrnynrur}.J.inrfla (tI) d'nrv'lm ilruay
fl1n
Iirs
Ag(s)
Cu(s)
Zn(s)
iru
1fl1n
Ag-(aq)
Cu't(aq)
Zn2*(aq)
d r i^ & uu-Xnvnounlilynu tfl fl u6iln1t Loooun ttd Ft.xilfl n?fl 1yl Lnnfl u tFlpl.iu
u 1 rn fl o o n A rn {'ur o r a r e fr 'r
fr u u a v ar 6 m firu.ril 6' rfl u d'.r fl
raroonamrfufl 0.i Mn nnn.l
I
+ SHrS(aq) + 6H.(aq) + 2Mn2.(aq) + BHro(l) + 5S(s)
+1-2 +1 +2
2MnOo-(aq) + SHrS(aq) + 6H.(aq) + 2Mn2.(aq) + BHrO(l) + SS(s)
I
2MnOo-(aq)
laloonamd'u +7 -2 +1-2 0
eq9LnfloCInam{uror S rfirfiu
q1ndiln1?qynr.jr Mnoo(aq) rY:L Mn2*(aq) rnroonfirr,fi'ulo.rLrtJ.in1flf{nnn.iq1n +7 tflu
+2 u6n.i.i1finraf,udr6nmeou6rrflu:Jfrffiflr?d'nd'uunv Mnoo (aq) rflud'roon8tord r{ru tlrs rYl
s raroonfiror{uro.rfiruyri'urfrrl{us1n -2 r:lu o uarx"jTfinra'lri'EudnmeoudtrflurJfrffiur
oonBrerfr'uuny H2s rfluaTc?ficd rflotqrnlu:lSnaurf,firiinrit:.Jfrffiarfirfluilfrffiar?d'n{'uunvi '-- i- a a a v d d r
Fr?.iilfl n?fl 'rvr rilu:Jfl n?sloont rnnu s.rs n r:luufl n?fl lenonx
r{ruiud'Qori'ruJfrffiardu1 niu rfiorunilc{1invn1fl cusoo 6tfi cu'.1aq) unv soo2-(aq)
fi':raranvnrfl Na2s firfi ua'(aq) unr s'z-(aq) udct6'nvnoufid'rto.r cus rdflualnralooofinra* ;^ & ur-Z
Lra n{ufl n?fl 1r tn nlu L0t ot.ru
Cu'*(aq) + S'(aq) + CuS(s)
trYut8JO111 tnfl OO nS tn{Uvt.ifl o.i tooouun vfi 1 m
Lnroonfim,fi'urflu +z rvirrYuuny s'-(aq) rTu s luu'
rafl oonfr Lnfru:ror arehi r:-ldfl uriln{6r1il ufl urJfr ffifl r?nan"f'
ri'rtri'vrmyjr cu2*(aq) rf:l Cu lu cus fidd t v4 3
CUS niltnloonttFlXUt?l1nun0 -2 Lfl n?U1U
iq mtr rauo uuu : rrJfi eun'r y{trr rir'lrirfl uil ri,lglr a
1. rm?eilaradrr,rf,:ry'lonnTn IorEJ"IfrIflrfle{ufiflillansytrflrTurv'Joran (III) 3.5 g
tn uvra rfr arlurh ri' 1 g rnyc{1?nynrfl uoilIu rfi uNtaneontr ri 5 cm3 nyar fl"luv
rir:-l?rurme 1oo cm3o o X r ,A
9
u1n1flr1?n'r tilrL{ turir s - s urfi nos1nfudrl:lurtuaradruiuv'lonnryrl6edrnrnrrdr.r"[urlravor rr lnanraun.itl:hr"lurlr unvtring
Rlvtd o v v a oh d v u
u
rm5uilaredruiuafrrnrvr Inu"[t [r r6fl il{nty'l rf,' s g avaruluilrlBrl ne 1 B0 cm3t9
rirn rvrfi fir'rdr a yo r or ufralufro z t:l urilua'mdruil a hrnryril ayrrru z - s urfiilrnrnoo nrrfirtrlra yor n iray,rttff[#rfis
uir.lrufirflufidr'[unryrrr.]drdatnuvliu rfiorirn, ntmdrt:ludrirrfiorirhinrnfirufrerirtrl uri'[uamdt,lf,irlonnril syrfi n:Jfr ffiard'ril
[Fe(CN)u]3-(aq) + Ag(s) + B.(aq) + [Fe(Cu)u]4-(aq) + ngB(s)
rfi oil'rnrnhl uri'luarrr{taf:lairrnrn ovufi orrJfr ffi ur d'.:fl
2AgB(s) + S2-(aq) --+ AgrS(s) + 2Bi(aq)
6nrnof*'n1v^k{' (ngrs) fi:Jarnguunrnqvfifirlrnrnu{rusufi{d1Lrnv61r.r1?nfioruunaynt*
dorg:Jtfiuru
2.
4.
ruil?nfia 9.1
1 . s'ifi qmrur.jrrJfr ffirrln rfl urJfr ffi u6oond'
n. 2HCl(aq) + Na2COg(aq) _+ 2NaCl(aq) + HrO(l) + COz(g)
fl. 2HCl(aq) + NazSzOs(aq) -+ 2NaCl(aq) + SOr(g) + HrO(l) + S(s)
nr, HCO.-(aq) + OH-(aQ) -=+
HrO(l) + CO.'-(aq)
.1. NrHo(aq) + Or(g) --+ Nr(g) + 2HrO(l)
s. CrrOr2-(aq) + 2OH-(aq) ------+ 2CrOo'?-(aq) + H2O(l)
-d4ra&d64ra€dd2. q.irflEJu6iln1?116{Fl.iFl?.iilfln?a1ur1_lu:lfln?fl100n{rptxurrnyn?.iilfln?u1vrrlJuilfln?Ei1v
dv v a rJ o d, v au d v4^? n n { uI 0.1 lJ fl n f u 1 ? n o n {yl n 1 uuFl Lu yl ?o 3J y}.t ?y! Fl ? o o n { t Fl 6 tL n y m I ? F} e {il, Cu(s) + 2Agt(aq) + Cu2.(aq) + 2Ag(s)
fl. 2Al(s) + 6H'(aq) + 2Al3-(aq) + 3Hr(g)
n. Mg(s) + Clr(aq) -------+ Mg't(aq) + 2Cl"(aq)
3. tfiovrBrnotirnoorlnrarfiflsJn.i"[ua1?nvn1fln?ertaTnranrno?n16osr.$ rrrL"irnranvaru,i , ,dd d dq d d
^ &
r:infl ils1n LNer6 r1lu61l1 $nyil tLnd [nF]1utu
d -i raAA ra€ d d I ; e ^h
dn. s.itflflue{}Jn1?tt6f}.1Fr?'iilfln?fl1Lrayilfln?u''}?Fr0n{il?oNyr.i?y!Fl,t00n{lndLtay@da
FleSF)?{
fl. H'(aq) ri'r cf-(aq)"ludrenvnrfl loooutflnr"[nrfuEu6nnaaulfifin.irri'u ruarrru4lnq
d la< J^ d 6r la* d d4 t{ I q4. q.irfluudrJnl?tt6n{ilfln?fl1v1[nF]fluttavilrs1?6u1i1rilulflnffl1inontuf0 tri rnarruuq Lnr
n. ldtJ61rfryn1fl Pb(NOj, riuamnrnlu Kt rfinnynoufinrn'ordd
1r. -dr.ra':nurun*rfrailoqtuar?ava"ra Znsoo rfiprarrduvrrriufiQuru*rnfiidflilFle,rdrufiix!a
"lufi r tn v n r u rfr o rnr r y a r efi ru r ri uo o n yr u "i r n Q n u il n fl rd u u n ao utr]
s. TnuvurnflrfiurrirrJfrffiurflLaraavn'run?a'lalnrrrao?nurnvdl?nrff'lrJ znso4 deu
tnravd'tnvfirirrJfrffiurrtrd1?nyn1flnrnrtalnanrno?n ririkirirrlfrffiurrYlar?nyn1u
MgSO,d ,^€ - -i^ 3n. s.i flifl udNn1?ud Fl.i:1ff fl f u r ino n"ivr rn ntru
t. q*tfrguard't"tFlrrufi1il1?n"[unrefu6i6nrl?outo.1 H.(aq) Mgt.(aq) rloyz#.(aq) 'lu
nr?ova1fl*nrdrd'unrT ur{1ru1?n"[un1rufluffd6rdsot Ha Mg rnu zn
9,2 nrsqadunrsBaondd'
n 1 ? Lfr fl ud N n 1 ? r s{ r} { :J fr fi? u r fi q n fr'o.r o v fr'o r rfl ua r.r n r efi q n u 6'cv
uurinvnr m uavzunaeril eystrlfirqo{ar ad'r d'u*nv26 md'n:"rifr'ot rvirriuqq
uuFloslueuovrloilflo.ld d6d
n1tnn63Jn1??non{n3Ju d v I -d rq ta- las 4v e 61 Y t v
un'nnra16flcrluunvoiorfrsrrrursruru e" froqjlurJfrffimoonfirn{'uuavrJfrffiErrid'nd'u h}rvrrrTuYvrra-aoJvtncfl neofl 1.t:_lnn?fl 1?oonxyl na uaQ txuJq
2Ca(s) +Or(g) + 2CaO(s)
Po(s) +5Or(g) + PrO,o(s)
2Fe3.(aq) + 2I (aq) + 2Fe2*(aq) + Ir(s)o "lu a af,a e y , i e qhd f -!nUYletilo'lsl'rlLilflneU1?non{TilFlC1tJ{11{ou}J1nn?1 {.imO{t{0f4nfiiln1?vlt:-lU?v:-ll-l
. i3 hv* d 6 dv o oe i ,^* - XLuvrusvtnAn19lnl?nnr{Nn1?:non{tFtfltTrnlo0nxrnxunLnnLnuL{Fl?.iilRn?fl1 fi.iuqqd
g.2.1 rntna d il rneBna nfi o er'ldratoa nfi rort-uq
n1?qndl.Jnla?erondlerEJl{raroonfiior{u fir,ldnnree{rrYrg6o rir"[#lntoonfirnrd'utoto'r4,tvt4 h da 4 - #otoooufiaora.rt#rvirri'uqrnfu6rnnoyrrol.Jdufi1r?0 LooouvrLvrl.rlunLtafloon{LFl{uflo{f14ueo Looouilnaa{ LuLvr i
^ -1,,!LnroonELn{uhii:l6uuunvm?.ls6oilFr?1ilqnfr'o.r lnrafiL,iruauovrrouflo.rrlEuav:-J?v1tlhilrt,tv9
vrrrfrrufiriluarefr'rfr'uuoyzu6nri'ruviftfroruvirrl'u fumounraorndilnredn.rsltfrqrnfirodrrriot:1fiq
Fe3*+2I- + Fe2* +I,
@rlevqb',|flr a* A 4+
2Fe3* +2I' + 2Fe2* + I,
,?,4fll 9.3 lrunourn?oaf, ilrnreoond
n"oodrr t rfio{r.rTnuyaynfi uflfliln.ilud1?nynrfldfi zn'.(aq)qE
n:rc rTnravo vn fi rfl u il 6i cufi s ilo €i'[ue{ 1 ?n vn 1 fl{t{
naoutrl s{ Lfi fl uaNnr?rd n.iilfr fi?fl rfi ufi n{urnynn6{Nn13q
d1?fr'.i d'ulu:Jfrfi?urfl 1d'un Taravov4fi rflnN rny{d 1 ?n v0 1 fl znz. (aq) r{,ru,l 6 mr:'ruryifi rfi nr q r n o yQ fi rfi fl N n ?oulil
E
ru a nr.i rTa u vo v4 fi rfi a r1ri6 i6n n eouufi or rfl u At3.(aq ) aioutu{ia
d1 enyal ufi .i ir zn^ (aq) aynrfl oqjdr fu 6 u6n m eourfi n ufl u1nuy
d.r n vfi rd sua r.r n r et fr'd'rf,
fll g.+ rner:lfiauurla.rfioiA,6Inofluriloqiltails
a
acafirfieu arluqiadraasarsiirt zn'*
Al(s) + Zn'.(aq)+ Al3.(aq) + Zn(s)
tv
ar.rnrefirfifluuaortli'naronrv.iruruoymor uridrucuileyqrorarrfisfr'uunvzu6mfiru.rifiitrinrntqq
t, I I
lufi fl er nlorsl{rntoo nfi rarfu fi rTunoud'tfl
& A 4 tr 6 ,as i o. vd- axflu?] 1 ylLaloon{LFlTuflo.r6141r?o too0u Luilfln?fl1rilo Llryl?1ilFle?nedLtayFlroon{ tnd
Al(s) + Zn2*(aq) + At3.(aq) + Zn(s)
rafloanArnfu 0 +2 +3 0
&u;i z nn,i1u?uovnorunvtooou 1r1rnfloonfirnd'ufir:.ldfluriln.iro.rfr'r?6cdunyfr'.roonfilndq, ,ud
Pl.iueda d : 3m'cTded raroonAm{urol Al rfre.rfru 3 i
llAl(s) + Zn'*(aq)+ Al3.(aq) + Zn(s)
raqoonirotu o +2 +30II
d'coonfitord rnroonfrlnrfiuro.i zn naa.i 2
{,4^ - -Jlg yda dvo -aq-ufi g dr,{rueurntoonrLortuyrryrrlruflo.irt.iS6c.frTrqrucumtoon{1o}ruyrnna{flo.irtQoonfitnd-6 I r v o
^ u - V u-
tu
lriMrriu lorfl 6u 2 uilt At(s) ril At3.(aq) *nyrfir 3 uilt zn2. (aq) ri'u' zn(s) tfrd'.:fl
a4t1\u1lu2x(l)=$
, u., a'', r r'., fr'uri'u zu 6 m fi'ru"rf"l#fl uyt 4 Fl?/)s6{o:ts1u1u0yFt0u1t0.i uFlny01,
Lyt.,llu
i
2Al(s) + 3Zn2t(aq)-------,> 2Al3*(aq) + 3Zn(s)
rltgqlY'lflr
I
2Al(s) +
I
3Zn2t(aq) +2A13.(aq) + 3Zn(s)
ana.i3x(f)=$
0 3(2+)
\_Y_J
6+
2(3+) 0
L\/-
6+aramr.nlesqtrrlflr
,9
tuneniflfi,iruluovrtoNflot urinvnr m unvzunarrilecqtv{flrrorared'r fr'urvirri'u zu6 mrYru.ritq,$n or.r.irc{ u nrr?oro nffi orn urfir
oi'roeirr 2 q.i4n6ilnrerio1:.1fl
CrrOr2 (aq) + u.(aq) + urS(aq) --------> Cr3.(aq) + HrO(l) + S(s)
& 4 d x o ra* a' ",
eda d v axsTufr I urrnsoonfrrorffuro.rmnilToloooulu:-lflffiarrfio"lrlvrmrd'cTFe"iunyd'coonfrlord
i C rrOr2-(aq) + H*(aq) + HrS(aq) Cr3.(aq) + HrO(l) + S(s)
raroorfiroilu +a -z +1 +1-2 +3 +1-2 o
iu;i z nndruruovmoruunvlooou 1r1rnfloonfiror{'ufrr:ldaur:la{1o.rd'r?6r{unvfr',roonBlnd"a
d'rfl (drraf,u o rCIy H'lriqamou4nfr'ruy
cr nldfluttilnrraroonfirn{'uqrn +6 rflu +3 ttav,ilueuovrtolJflo.i cr rrrfrrufr r EJ ri'u rir um r fl.:trj rvi r ri'u 6.: fi'o.: rfi I z rarir c rt. (a q)
s u:ldflur:ln.rrasoonfirnd'u qrn -z uflu o
d'roonfilnd rnraonfitnd'urol cr ana{ 3
+30
eda d a Y
rt??or?g rnloonrtfi{u1ro.i s rfiufiu z
o a - i; { 'da cv - - !rrrnfloon{LnruvrrluJfluflo{rte?ne{n:Jtar00n{lfiturnna.rto.rnnoon6lnd"lrXrvirrYu,Tnerufiil e rarir HrS(aq) uny S(s) tfid'.rfl
nna.i 2x(l)=$
I
3HrS(aq)+ 2Cr3.(aq) + HrO(l) + 3S(s)
-2+30
II
CrrOr2-(aq) + H*(aq) +
tnloonam{u +6
I
HrS(aq) -----> 2Cr3.(aq) + HrO(l) + S(s)
-2
fluvt 3
I
Crro12-(aq)
rntoonfimfu +6
+ Ht(aq) +
t9
tv{Ntu 3x(2)=6
g 4 " i o - u , ' ten-ufi 4 nndlu?uoyrrolfrrnloonfrrord'ulrir:.l6au1ufifl6o o rfianrnruavrrcn"lrl4nuflunrjr.r
J o vo- 3{.iYl1L0rrl.:u
1. lfir z ufir-xFl.iu
Crror2-(aq)
Hro (t) rfi ori r,{ ru.luovnor.Jlro.r o vr rt firu{rfl l#ryir flu drutcr 16'rfl u
+ Ht(aq) + 3Hzs(aq) + 2cr3.(aq) + THro(l) + 3s(s)
z. rir,{ruruoymoilro.i H yrxfi'rufrrflrYud'rurrT'[#uvirri'u lnarfirJ 8 rarir H.(aq) 1fi-x,r.iu
CrrOr2'(aq) + 8H.(aq) + 3HzS(aq)+2Cr3t(aq) + THro(l) + 3S(s)
?, A \ ty Y , - a u dfl"uii 5 necqc{oL,irueuovrtoNflo.rumavr'1rtInvrJa?eil].hvstv'lflr:roraT an{rtunurJnrlR6u?r
CrrOr2-(aq) + 8H*(aq) + 3HrS(aq)+2Cr3.(aq) + THrO(l) + 3S(s)
rJeuflv,lflT 2- 8(1+) o 2(3+) o o
araarrurJar{r'lflr 6+
,q1ndiln1?flu.irdru,luovmouroruriavr,rnInvtJn?Qrur.]rvqlv'lfl'r:ro.ic{1?d'{frutvirri'uar6mfi'ruriufin
lqrra*o"3e
LLdn.i?1ilfl n?a1?n0nsu4n un,l
n?Ag1.l 3 s.iEndiln1?
Zn(s) + KMnoo(aq) + Hrsor(aq)+ znSoa(aq) + Mnsoo(aq) + Krso.(aq) + Hro(r)
& 4 I \ o ra* a' "
v vda axfluvl 1 1r1tnfloon{tFlxufl0'if'1Fl1rto toooutu:lflflEurrvro-triyt?1:JFt,]5nc%uayFl,toonfr'lnd
Zn(s) + KMnOr(aq) + HzSO+(aq)-----> ZnSOa(aq) + MnSOo(aq) + GSOr(aq) + HrO(t)
tntaonEmd'u o +1+7-2 +1+6-2 +2+6-2 +2+6-2 +1+6-2 +1 -2
nun 2 4nsluxuovrloNunvullafloonfrtn{ufrtilafluttiln.itotm'c56c"iuayflcoonB'Lrrd dtilq
e46 d 6 'n',rTdc"i rofloonBLn{uflot Zn rfitdu z
ttZn(s) + KMnQ(aq) + HrSOo(aq)----+ ZnSOr(aq) + MnSOr(aq) + ttrSOo(aq) + HrO(t)
tnfloon{taxu 0
vaIda
n.]OOnTLFle{ tnl00n$LFlflUflO.l Mn 000.1 5
&4- __--.+.1 3 yda 6e, -A?tTufr 3 firtntoonBror{ufrrfrrfruso.ifffi6crf"LrirvirriurafloonALnrurana{ro.irt.roonfilnd
rriu'f,u 5 x (2) = 1o
ttSZn(s) + 2KMnOr(aq) + HrSOa(aq) ----+ SZnSOo(aq) + 2MnSOo(aq) + KrSOr(aq) + HrO(t)
ttnnn{2x($)='lQ
& A . -i a - u , ' tuflTlJfr 4 an,i1u?uovmolJrrafloon{LnxuLtrLildflu tufifido H oq
q , A o vy- 3[LUnnil {.iyl1Lnn.iuq
1. qnui Soo'- lnu6r B ufir HrSoo
2. nn41u?uoyFtorJlto,l o Lray H Trrflrfiil 8 u1i1 Hro 1fid'ld
torurfir 5 ilfi1 zn(s) ri:-t znsorlaq) unyrfir zufrl KMnoo(aq) rYl MnSoo(aq)tfid'.i{1
uuny S tfi'onruayrrcn"lriora
+7
I
+2 +2
I
SZn(s)+2KMnO.(aq)+BH2SO4(aq)+SZnSOo(aq)+2MnSOo(aq)+KrSOo(aq)+8HrO(t)
lruvr 5
SZn(s) + 2KMnOr(aq)+ 8HrSOr(aq) --+ SZnSOo(aq)+ 2MnSO+(aq)+ KrSOo(aq) + BHrO(l)
'1 . 1r1rnroonfirnr{uraror4u?otooaulurJfrffiar rfio}Xvrrrd'.iB6ed'linvd'coonfitnrd
z. 4ndruruovFrorrlro.ir'',4d,^ruunfi rnd'unldfluuilnr (d'r?6cdiravfr'coonfitnd'[u
diln1?) rnvulrafloonBuord'ufirfirdure{fr'c?6Qduovlaroonfrlnd'ufrnnnrlormroonfrlnd
3. drrnqoonfiiord'ufirfirdurirunroonQrnfiufinnrnthllvirri'u Tnurirfr'cragfirurrvart:-lnrru
+. orn,{1u.Juoyrtoil$o'rr'lndratoonBrer{'utriuidfluri'.l^.r#.,fiuu^rzu6mri'ru.ritnsirA'nuntfiqq
L1,rN1yfi Nll1 rfi rrarira nry6odcud'n:*niT^u Fuu.nrt.aTr.r rnna"[raniriou{sqo
5. rl?es6{0:rnrcrrnrifror lnEJfL,irucuovmoHroruriavr'1mInvD]aecrrlavqtv,lflrrorarad'rfru{qq
d v -xudc ua nx.ir prnarnratfrnn fror druf,:-Larnre1r.r rnnn"lrlm?eqc{oLLlaytJannruflnltyllnl i u e
d r ur uo v m o rhlrvi r ri'u lvi tiu
s.2.2 mr En trxmt6oanriTor efl{ndsrJffi ar
n1?E^fll.Jn1a?nondTnfl"[finr6r:Jfrfurfiraannrafidr6'q6o rflndiln1?oen rflunr6.:rJfrffiurty
oonfi upr,fi'uulaynrfrr.lfiffiflr?d'n{'uud'c nrnfl.r,irucuoynroil ra yr.layqlvlfl rrot ar aluu m n ydJqq
i ,o* qe t v Y A ,a+ y y ! a - Y yFr?.il_lfln?fl1t1rrfl1nu slnuu?1il60{n?.iilflnfu'rLslneflnuttnyFln61?vrrlfi]ounuoonv{do.1Fl']u
,,ufl16',^uu,ruvi6n narnracdl,tV
lorui6tooou-6ufinmeou arrri'rfr'orfiqrerur,lr:-lfrffiflrfiriruuntri'rfinrfiu"[ud1eayn1fln?F]
u?oaraavalurlrfl rda{srnfin1?nadaJnl?"[urT.rr?umoumr.rri'u n1?nndiln1#rronrfTnrfl"[{qq
f, ,o* 4 xy v , ' u,3Fr?.lLRn?U1fl n191 tnqlnmCOfl 1{mO [1lUd
n-roeitt + tor1nremmtaoouritJflffiflrfi'ulototorrilooou"lud1?nyn1fln?n rfinrflu1nrarfiuil (ItI)tA v h a d d t{ ^ YYv 4t000u nL to Lo Flu rlfl udl.Jn1? LCIooun uc{ Ft{ tFt Fl.iu
CrrOr2(aq) + I(aq) +Cr3.(aq) + Ir(aq)
,nacsdoLdru?uovrtoNflor urinvnrq uavzuaacr:lavltv,lflrtora'rrfrt fruri'uzu6nfiru"r,i
"[#rvirri'u
,t
arnrafl,{rueuoyrtoilfloruriarnr4rvirrYuud,r r{cudrueu:-le;11v,lflrlilfr'o{m?eqdolr rflorqrn
ufluarnratrrnnn
,qrnd'rodrtn.r^^aun.rdnaircLrrufie auranaailQGnnarn're3non"i''torfllfrratoonfrrnd'utfrd'.rf,tqc
nt 4 n a r nr eTor u"lfr nr6uJfr ffi u r
&44x6ra*46eo4ra€fl uvl 1 111 rnlO0n{rFl{ufl o.i01 qum L00o1J [u:Ifl n?alryro i{nluuPlFls{:]fl n?s1
CrrOr2 (aq) + I-(aq) -------,> Cr3.(aq) + Ir(aq)
tngoonsLFltu +6 -1 +3 0
& A ^ a "!
I y . i ra- f ,o- dv vaun 2 Lrundilnl??nonxrLnfllflo{oonr1luFl?.rLfln?fl1oontrr0lxu[ravne{ilfln?fl1?nnTu
rnfloonfiLot{uflot cr 1u Crror'- riu Cr3. niduusln +6 rflu +g fi.ifrrirana.i ttdn.i.j1
Crror2-qn?6rdu1u Cr3.(aq) r{ru I-(aq) qnoonfilndrflu Ir(aq) ds.Jn1?rdn.iurinvj ,^- A-u ,ue q - 3
Fr?{ufl n?u1vrfl .r L:J Ln qn ruuFr.iuf, '-- du u
Fl3.rilfln?aleanxu
CrrOrz (aq) + Cr3.(aq)f, ,--
Fl?.iil0nefl1oon{ rr}xu
I-(aq) + Ir(aq)
?. A , k ,' 6n-ufi 3 qn4lueuoyFrorJlro.rrFiay6lquayrrnacrrjarltllflrluurioynr6trJflffiar Torulfi Hro
nn,ilueuoynoil o 1{ tt. na,irueuoyorolJ H unvlfr e- nnilaysqq!q
,.i raas 4v vmf,Eaa?{t:l0ma1f on{u
. qn4tu.ruovrrorrfitilld o rnv H ,iruruovrroN cr efttilqa 6trfir zufiicrt.(aq) d'td
CrrO r'' (aq) + 2Cr3.(aq)
. 4n,i1u,tuoyrloil o vrr{6'ru{Tafi o 7 oyaoil 6.rrfir.r THro tr.lfrrutm dtf,
Ciror2 (aq) --------+ 2Cr3.(aq) + THro(l)
o qn,ilueuoyrlot.t H vn.:firus,rrfi H 14 ovrtoil 6r161 14H. yr1.i6ru6'rtr d'{fi
CrrOr2(aq) + 14H.(aq) +2Cr3.(aq) + THrO(l)
o 4ndrucu:Jrvltv'lflr vrr{frrufirtrfr:Jar1 tz+ urid'rutrrfi o+ d.rfrosrfiil oe r1.ifr1ufr1a
rfi oritJ evlt#rfl u o+ uvi r ri'u d'rfl
CrrOr2(aq) + 14H*(aq) + 6e-+ 2Cr3.(aq) + THrO(l)
.i ram a ernf, 4a a?{il0ms1oa fffrndu
Z rarir I (aq) d'.rd1q
2l'(aq) + Ir(ae)
o qn4lueuovFroll o ray H lunarfifi1ilfr o uay u drtrifrorqn. nn,iru'ruilavqtv'lflr vrr.rfrrufirufi:-lavq z- rrrifrrutmrhvsrflu o fuifir.r 2e-vr1.i6'1ur?1ltqq
.i . r oe6 - -xtyloyrlLrys tlrt:Ju 2- [I1nu n{u
ZI faq) Ir(aq) + 2e
6I (aq) + 3lr(aq) + 6e-
CrrOr2 (aq) + 14H*(aq) + 6e + 2Cr3.(aq) + THrO(l)
CrrOr2-(aq) + 6l-(aq) + 14H*(aq) -+ 2Cr3.(aq) + 3lr(aq) + THrO(l)
,f"d o macqaouiruQuovrroilfloruriavol4runvrJn?cililrv1lv'hilrri'rnos6'rutotdtnra
CrrOr2-(aq) + 6I (aq) + 14H*(aq) + 2Cf.(aq) + 3lr(aq) + THrO(l)
6+00
& 4 ^ 6 o , f, ,o* qe t v + e v Afluti 4 yrrqruruo-rdnFl?olrLuttrlnynt{ililflfa1 LlrLvrlnu [nfleilFl1flrleLaflrt1ru1v6ild 4 dd e u
^ 6
tuFl?{ilfl n?fl 1?nn{u?lr 6 o ianFl?0u
CrrOr2-(aq) + 14H.(aq)+ 6e-+2Cr3.(aq) + THrO(l)
r{nunr5.::Jfrffiflroonfirnfiul# z 6rfinnaou 6lqnnri.::Jfrffiaroonfiror{utnu4ru6'cfl g d'{d
3 i2l-(aq) -+ Ir(aq) + 2e-)
6l-(aq) ---+ 3lr(aq) + 6e-
Z 4 i ,^- , u v \rra- d rq -&lruvr 5 ?e3J6o{ Fr?'i:Ifl n ?fl 1 Lfl 1 FIXA nU S v tFtl-]fl n?fl 1?nOn{ tLUFl.lU
r.lavstv{flr 2- 6- 14++zuneerurJevl'lrlflr 6+
e{iln1?ddlucuoymoilTo.rrLFiay6lqrrayrJn?e}Jil?r1tdflrri'.raotfrT urvirriu udor{'i1d}JnT e?nond',
unnLLn')
m"'lo ejrr 5 s.i q n d il n r e?or o nd'ri otrlfll n, u1{F,5r :J fr ffi a r
MnOr(aq) + tlrS(aq) + Ht(aq) + Mn2*(aq) + HrO(l) + S(s)
,fud r ulLnroonGLer,fi'utorm4raiotoooulurlfrffiur rfio"lfirirrauornri.:r.1frfi?ar
MnOr-(aq) + HrS(aq) + H.(aq) + Mn2.(aq) + HrO(l) + S(s)
rnfloonfiLnfu +7 -2 +2 0
& A - o i ra* ' tr-, --^..)iufi z LLerndilnlroonrflun?r:-lfrffiaroonfin{uuavnr6r:lfrffiur?d'n6'u dilnlrrdFr'turinvnr6.lA-u ,v, 6 - X
ilfl n?fl 'rvrfl .i til tn Ea tlluFl.lu
i ,-- 4e eFr?.ir_lfln?u1?nnsu
MnOo-(aq) ----* Mn2.(aq)f, ,-*
Fl?.1Lfln?fl1AOn{mXU
HrS(aq) + S(s)
?,Ariufi g qn41ueuovmolJ1r0.1rFiavr'1quayriaacr:Jev-ntvhflT luurinynrir:JfrffiaT
.t i - q--"''-'---"-
a taAA 4V Vrnroa nt'{lJ0 metltn ndu
o nndluxuoynorfitri"ld o $ny H luidddo Hltn 6r4nuudc
. nadlueuoymos.J o vrtfirufirufi o 4 oymoil 6o,au 4H2o yr1{fi1ut,n d{d
MnOo(aq)-+ Mn2.(aq) + 4HrO(t)
. nadlucuoyrlor.J H yn.lfrrurcrfr H 8 oyrtolJ 6r16l gH. yrrrdru{rfl 6'.id
e nn'irueuilar11vhilr vrrtfrrutcrfi:Jev.e 2+ r{ruyrr.r6'rufrrafi:.lrv1 z+ 6lrfil 5e rrtfrruy A o q ed r 11 t24 q - - Xx 1fl Ly{oyt1 LlrlJil ?yl ty'ly'l 1 ulu 2 + tyt 1nu ol.i li
MnOr- + 8H.(aq) + 5e--+ Mn2.(aq) + 4HrO(t)
d rs a vrnaEa nr{il0 metloo frr r n{u
. nadlueuoynorfitilld o rny H 1udfl6o s 6,r4nuudc
. na41ileuoyrror o tuvr'fllfi o 6.rtrifro.r4n
. nndrucuoymoil H yrr{d'rufirufi H 2 oymol 6.rfrorrfil 2H'r1{fr1ure1 d'.i
HrS(aq)
-"> S(s) + 2H.(aq)
9
u
. arn'iruru:Jav11v'hflr vn{ffrufiruilar1uflu o frrumT fi:J tys 2+ 6.rrfir ze-rr{fr,rug.rrfr{d
HrS(aq) -+
S(s) + 2Hr(aq) + 2e-
'frufr q ritiruruEr6nmaouluurinvnrS.:rJfrffiflrl#ryirri'u lnu4rudood'0,^rd,ru''rar "lurrir
rJfr ffi t roonfi rort'utri z 6 rdn m eou dnun?.rrJfr ffi nr?d'nd'uf,u s 6 r6n m aou 61 4 n nril
ilfrfi?aroonfirornu Torr4rufira s uavEanrS.::Jfrffierid'n{'uTrrrqru6'ca z t6'd'.:fl
5 {HrS(aq)-----> S(s) + 2H.(aq) + 2e]
SHrS(aq) +SS(s) +10H.(aq) +'t0e-
. 2 {MnOr-(aq) + BH*(aq) + 5e ---.>
Mn2.(aq) + 4HrO(l)}
2MnOo(aq) + 16H*(aq) + 10e-+ 2Mn2*(aq) + BHzO(t)
Y.i i ,^- , tu e uera* 1 4 d -3fluvt 5 ?,tNdo.ine{!fln?u']tfl1Fl2flnu sv Lnilfln?fl1?non{ L:luPl'lu
2MnO, (aq) + SHrS(aq) + 6H.(aq) + 2Mn2'(aq) + 5S(s) + BHrO(l)
,futi o rt?es6oLdlu,ruoyrroilflo.iuFiavrlqunv,Jn?e:J:-lavltlh1ti'.rao.rdrutotnrnre
2MnOo (aq)
:Javltviflr 2ir-)
5HrS(aq)
2MnOo(aq) + 16H.(aq) + 10e
+ 5S(s) + 10H.(aq) + 10e
+ 2Mn2.(aq) + SHzO(l)
+ SHrS(aq) + 6H.(aq)
0 6(1+)
+ 2Mn2.(aq) + SS(s)
2(2+) 0
+ BHrO(l)
0
zunarrurJavltv'hflr 4+ 4+
,9
ar.rnraflfi,irueuoymoilfloturinvor4unvrun?Qililar1lv,lflti'.:aordrurvirriu uarrt'itJflffiura-Zv?non$u4nIne
rr-aoeirr o irlofuur.rtnlrunloooulirr.jfrffiarri'uoonfllrnnrtooou'lud1anvn1fltud 16'rrr.rtnT fln
( I v) o o ntt ri'ur a v n 1 fir o runlo o o u rfi e ua e.r n r alo o o fi n r d or.il 6'd'r d
MnOr-(aq) + CzOa2-(aq) + MnOr(s) + COr2-(aq)
s'i E a c{ :J n 1 iln nlffi 6 n6{ilfr ffi u r
,fir.d r ul rnfl oo nA ror{utor nr 4r,l?otooou"[u:]fr ffi t r rfi o1{ri ruun nd.r:lfr ffi u r
Mnoo-(aq) + Czot2 (aq) .+ MnOr(s) + Cor2'(aq)
raraonfirort'u +T +3 +4 +4
g 1 4 d - f, 4 ra* dv v?ltun 2 Ltfl n6il n1??Fl0ndo0 n u]uFr?.iilfl n?fl 100nT [Flxuttavn?{il1 n?fl 1?nnxu
diln1?rc{ rr.i Lurinrnr6r:Jfr ffiurfi fl.rhilfr qa d'rfl4
'^€ 4u v
ne{ilfln?fl'r?nnxu
MnOo-(aq) + MnOr(s)4
'a6Fl?.iilfln?flloonxrFlTu
CrOo2(aq) + CO.'z-(aq)
,fud g q n.irucuo vno r:ror u ri n yrl 4 r a v zu n rc r:.Jev1tv'lfl r'[uu ri n y nir:Jfr ffi u r
rn t 4 a n6.: rJ ffi a rE n-ntIu
. aa,i'rucuoymolfitilhi o uny H "tudd6o,i'lu,ruoymoNflo.i Mn fi.rrvirrYu#.raorY 1V ten1uq.i tilmo'inn
o". 4nd.rueuoyaol o vrr.rfrrufirafi o + oyrrol dru6'rute,'rfi o z oymoil 6.:rfir.r
2Hro mrtfiru:rtr d'rf,
MnOo (aq) + MnOr(s) + 2HrO(l)
Ea,{rucuo;Frol H mrrfrrurcrfi H 4 oyrtoil 6.1161 4H. yrrfrrufirfl fr{dMnOo-(aq) + 4H.(aq)+ MnOr(s) + 2HrO(t)
qa,iru,:urJevltv'JflT rrrfrrutrr:-ler1rflu o r{rufi,rufirrfr:Jav1 g+ 6{rfiil 3e yr1.r
v v .j . t 6yd'rufrrfl ifi ofi rrJarl}hfl u o rvirriu d'sfl
MnOo-(aq) + 4H.(aq) + 3e---+ MnOr(s) + 2HrO(t)
rnrqa n6.: rJ ffi araa nE u nfu. 4a,irueuaymorfitril:i o uay H tufifldooyrro:r c 4a1fr1nurfir.r zu#t co.'z(aq)" , - {- _'
Fl.tu
CrOo2-(aq) --+ 2COr2 (aq)
. nndruruoymor o vrr{d'rufirErfi o + oyaol dQufrrutQrfi o o oyrtor 6rr6u
2HrO(l) vrrl fr1ufrru d'{d
CrOo2-(aq) + 2HrO(l) --->
2CO.'?-(aq)
. 4n,irueuoymoil u yrrrfi'rufirufi H + oymotdrrfiu 4H. yrr{6'ruter d'.id
CrOo2-(aq) + 2HrO(l) + 2CO.'?-(aq) + 4Ht(aq). nndrucurJarllv,hflr vrr{frrufirufirJav1 z- dcuyrrrfrrutcr:Jer1rflu o 6116r ze
e I o r 026 -X,r1ufl.J1tyroyt1L?vs Llrt:lu 2- ryllnu n{u
CrOo2'(aq) * rnrO(,) + COr'z(aq) + 4|*(aq) + 2e'
V ai -6t-ufr + vrT 'irueudtfinmeouluuriavnr6uJfrffiarhhvirriuTore4rufrred'e rnrfiruil1y6tJ lun6.rilfrffiaravuv-acjdta€avOr'
^c4ddv16?nntu?u 3 oLnnn?ou r{cuFre{ilfln?fl1oondLn{uLfi 2 drdnFlaou er4nn5.::_JflffirJ15dn{ulnunru
frcu z ttavqa nriuJfr ffi u r o o nfi tnrd'ut or u q rufic er e 1 fr d'r fl
.irGAuun6{:J0mmeandu
2 {MnO, (aq) + 4H'(aq) + 3e -=+
MnOr(s) + 2HrO(l)}
2MnOo (aq) + BH.(aq) + 6e- ------+ 2MnOr(s) + 4HrO(t)
n6srJffiarooniro{i'u
3 {CrOo2 (aq) + 2HrO(l) --+ 2CO.'?-(aq) + 4H.(aq) + 2e]
3Croo2-(aq) + 6Hro(l) + GCou'z(aq) + 12H*(aq) + 6e-
& A- f, ,-* , v v ue,a* a .-Xltuvt 5 ?elJ3{0.: Fl?.il]fl n ?fl 1 tfl 1 nea nu a, [0111fl n?u't?non{ F].iu
2MnOo(aq) + 8H"(aq) + 6e-+ 2MnOr(s) + 4HrO(l)
3Cror2(aq) + 6Hzo(l)+ 6Cor'z(aq) + 12Ht(aq) + 6e
2MnOo(aq) + 2HrO(l) +3C2O42-(aq)+ 2MnOr(s) + 6cOr2-(aq) +4H.(aq)
'f,ud o lqvrdriruun,jr:Jfrfr?urifrndu"[uaranyn1flrL6 6iln1rdqau6'rtrinrrafr u. :jerngoqi 6.r
frotrfir ou- r{rno.rfrTuflot6ln1? rfio1# H. flu oH e.rild'crYurinrflu Hro luarnrrfi +tt. 6.r
fr'ollfir +on t6'6'td
2MnOr(aq) + 2HrO(l) + 3CzOo2(aq) + 4OH(aq) + 2MnOr(s) + OCO.''(aq) + [4H.(aq) + aOH (aq)]
2MnO, (aq) + zHrO(l) + 3CzOo2-(aq) + 4OH (aq) + 2MnOr(s) + 6CO.2-(aq) + 4HrO(t)
d'ori r un uTr.r ra n a H 20 fi rvi r ri'uo o n ri?.r n or frr u t rtrft f,
2MnOo-(aq) + 3C2O42 (aq) + 4OH-(aq) + 2MnOr(s) + 6CO32 (aq) + 2HrO(l)
#{ao.rfrruso.rdiln1?'tlUVl 7 n?eqdOilS1UQUOyFl0ilflO.:LtFlAyf'11
2Mnor(aq) + 3c2o42-(aq) +4oH-(aq) + 2Mnor(s) + 6Co.2-(aq) + 2Hro(l)
2-6-4-012-0rJarflr'lfh
aramililecqlv'lflr 12- 12-v,
alnraflfr,iruluovrtoiltoturiavnrnunveinacr:layqlylflT uvirrYuri'.raosd'ru u6orr.itntnte'qq
a"Xe?nontu4nInrJ
d d' y ,3o oo An?oer1{ 7 s{nnLf nefl1?nonflFlo LLulF}fl lxFl?{Lflnefl1
MnOo-(aq) + I (aq) -+ MnOr(s) + Ir(aq) + OH-(aq)
?,A18s-urn t ur rns oo nfr ror{utoror qriSotoooulu:-lfr ffi a r rfi olfiri tauor nr6r:15 ffi m
MnOo(aq) + I-(aq)
--> MnOr(s) + Ir(aq) + OH-(aq)
+7-1+40{,;t:
!t: r
.t':,.
1r
LnfloonsxMlxu
ZA d € d Jilufi z rEr n d il n 1 fi no n"f'oo n rfl unrSt:Jfr ffi t r oo nfr lor{u un vnil rJfr ffi u r?d'nd'u
6{iln1?r6 Fr.i uoinvnr?uJfr ffi urfi rrtrilfi4n ;rfl
.irffiduvn6{u0nts16ofmu
MnOo(aq) + MnOr(s)4raaAv
nf{il0meJ1oandIadu
i (aq) -->
Ir(aq)
,?ud s qa,i1u'ruovFror.iso.rLtFinvr'1qravzunruril?vl tvlflrlurrriarnrit:Jfrffiur
rnrqa:lA?6sr6o-ntuo druruoymol Mn rvirrYuufie 6rqn,iru,ruovmorJ o lorflrfiil 2H2o vr1.ifr1utm d'td
MnOo (aq) + MnOr(s) + 2HrO(l)
. nndlu.Juovrtoil H lorflrfiil 4H* mrtfrrufiT u ftdMnOr-(aq)+ 4H*(aq) + MnOr(s) + 2HrO(l)
. nn,i1u,tuilev1lv{flr 1orflrfiil ge-urrdrufirtLrfiorir:Jev11#rflu 0 uvirri':-rvt't.lfrrusm
MnOo-(aq) + 4H*(aq) + 3e-+MnOr(s) + 2HrO(l)
meEarJffisloarfitofu. nadlu?uoynail I lnurfiil z uilt I $ayqnil?vltrlfl1tnflfir z Erdnneouvrl.ifrlut'r1
,vAFl.iu
2I (aq) -+ Ir(aq) + 2e-
Y. d A d o r L^^- qy o o - tt r j r^^^fl"ufi 4 dr.iruru6ufinmaou'Luurmavnr3r:Jfrfr?flr"[fi'rvrrriu loradr s trJ4runr?trJfrfi3ur
o o nfi ror{u u n vilr z t:J 4 rurr?r :J fr ffi t r?6'nd'u d's fl
4 rG a vna{il0nrer1oofrilro{u
3 {2I (aq) + Ir(aq) + 2e }
6I (aq) + 3lr(aq) + 6e.iraaavv
ar{il0ms1rnndu2 {MnOo(aq) + 4H*(aq) + 3e + MnOr(s) + 2HrO(l)}
2MnOr(aq) + BH.(aq) + 6e + 2MnOr(s) + 4HrO(l)
&A-< r^*eeut1 eraeddd-x,uuvr 5 ?eilao.t Fr?.t11fl n ?91 111 ol/)fl nu q y tFtltfl n tfl 1rnonfl LlluFt.iu
6I (aq) + 3lr(aq) + 6s
2MnOr-(aq) + BH.(aq) + 6e- ----+ 2MnOr(s) + 4HrO(t)
2Mno, (aq) + 6l-(aq) + BH.(aq) ------,> 2Mnor(s) + 3lr(aq) + 4Hro(l)
,?uOi o arnrefilqvrsiriluuorfi oH.uuanr"ir:Jfrffiarflrfindu"luareaynltrLUd 6.rfr'orrfir oH9- y ! ., d 6 d ,4 o '' 'drno.rdru rfro"Lriac:.rrYr H. ufiorrflu Hro luarunr?fi BH.6.rrfiu BoH ri'rfrrufirflLLayrcr d'.ifl
2MnOo-(aq) + 6I (aq) + [8H.(aq) + BOH (aq)] -------> 2MnOr(s) + 3lr(aq) + 4HrO(l) + 8OH (aq)
2Mnor(aq) + 0l-(aq) + BHro(l) -----+ 2Mnor(s) + 3lr(aq) + 4Hro(t) + 8oH-(aq)
2Mnoo (aq) + 6l-(aq) + 4Hro(l) + 2Mnor(s) + 3lr(aq) + BoH (aq)
Y, A - v tu Y ulfiufi t nt?eqe{ou,i'ruQuoymoilso{ttriayrlqrrayr.ra??N:h;1tv'lflrri'rnorffrusot6:rnra
2MnOo(aq) + 6l(aq) + 4HrO(l) 2MnOr(s) + 3lr(aq) + aOH(aq)
:Jev1lr^hlr
zunau:Jevltv'hilr 8-
3-" , u
6iln1?flfr,{lueuovFro}J1o{urinvrlqunyrin?eililav1lv,lfrrfiiaold'rurviTrYu uanx,lT:JfrffirroJy?non{unnInr]q
s1nn1?fin:*rd'codrrnraqodilnl#non'i'TerfltfiFr6.i:Jfrffiarfrnzi1?rJ1rd? d1N1?ndEr-h?urlau,nlenadlJnlatfrd'1fi
1. ulrnroonfitnri'u$o.iorEr,r6oloooulfiolfiriruurrnrirrJfrfitsfllaonAro{uirnvnril:Jfrffiurde v?nn{u
2. r fl n r{ il n 1 # n o n d'o o n rfl u nr?.r rJ fr ffi u'r o o nB r or {u u a y nr?r :.J fr ffi tL r? d'n d'u
3. an,iruruovFrotJlro.rIFinyrlmuayzunaeilileystlhflrlurrrinynr6.lrJfiffiur torEifie{rd'uA'1f,r q q - '- --4J'
3.1 nn,ilueuavmoilfilritd o rny Hq
3.2' qn,ilueuoyrtoru O Torunra6t HrOc
3.3 nn,i'ru?uoyrtorJ H tnflnraifil.J H'q
3.4 nn,{rucuileyqty{flr Tnanreifi16r6nnasu3q
^ 6 q r i '-* dv r v . , - A4. yl1q1U?UOrnnFl?0uLuttnnyFt?.iilfln?u1[1rryl1nu [nun6unlt.tmlraflytrl,lil1ydrJ
i'o-vvvvvcoY5. ?xsJ6o.in?.ir-lfrffiuri{irricflrluLLdrrTn,ilueuA16nn?ournyTilrnrla HrO oonfi'.i6o.ifr1u,o!,6cfl,irurufruviTrTu r{rrafuilfrffiu1firfinfiutud1?nyn1flrud 6iln1?fiqaurdcnrrafi oH-
9'
:JarnSoqj d'.:riu6.rfro.:rfir oH ri'raosfiruufia'l# oH ??ilrYl H* rfiorrflu Hro,6. n?'tsdor-r'i1u'luovrtoilflo.:r[Finvr'lFrrrnvrJn?eN:]eyqtv{firhirvirri'uri'.: z firutolr{rnreql
9.3 Eadlul0lnii.i "6'r'trr to.i o l u? fl n e r.N d v n e nfl o.i u urrd"lurJq sfu rci u 1y'l qr fl iyr u urfi n r a il n enin r aa'o n
T eqqqqo v t a 'unvaneuei'evfirtrutfifforfirrradtvrd'rtlurr1r6i.lyrd'ttru"luo:]nerurunrutvt?Fly{vr Froufletmo? uav:nsuoi'svdrsrutd'fi'otfiuuairvidtrru uuairvrd'.:.:ruluarln:ni ' x
il
f{nriuludoGtnnir.:1 rsiu rirutv,lo.u urr,rud utndr4ourhr rflufi'u fitauranhind'rrrulfici ,-* aA^ &, n, y o 6ra x,r , ,' 'Luo{s1nilnn?flltFlurtnntuIn[0.:un1fl1tri'rfinnayrratvlfirdrsseRlfluon uonqrnfllut'uLt{v 4 I \Y1 , t 6, t ttu 'lJoflufin:e'rrtourtu td'frn:*rutudc.irarrranl{nayualv'lfiruflndT ld'rfluuflalalorerquri':t
rff'aoonfitsu rnvnl?"[fin?vuatv'lfirdrfllunrrtLtnuvfrQflyro.iunr'r riuu6oTnrarfiflilufio"lfiufin
FtQ'tNFt.ivtutLnv6{efl.i1tJ drrflunevurunravr'"L{nayrualv,lflrl:}irl#rfior:Jfrffiurrrfinru"[unndtv{flr
tFI}J
ot ri'rj aynouufrn:ror rq n d'[v,{fi r rnr fi t fi uri9'
t. siety{flroeir{riouao.irTQ tfin16fleriura?orirttfiariu rirqrn{a4firor'[#6rdnnaoura6o
n ay untv,lfi rlraa rirulfiz. 616nTvralnoi'orqodtuanruvlorfitfr rdculunii:luarenynrulndotoooflnfiaynrflfir{U
miu aranyarfllilrrardflNnnotad lxct; fuornrfiaulug:J r.(aq) uav ct (aq)
nretfi:Jfrffiarrnrfifrrhi'rfionevudtv,lflrra?onra1{nayuatlhhrirl#rfinnreulduuu:ln.iflr.i
unrfirfinrl6'lurtnzi'lv-lflrrnrfi (etectrochemical cell) mnci'lrlflrrnrfifirdcu:laynouudn t6'uuri "frtv,lflr9t
(electrode) unv616ntvratnpi (etectrolyte) fr'[v,lfirrflu{aafirirtv^lflrTnruorfiunmunra*oufiro.:I
6t6nmeou dru66ntvratnoi'rflu{'aqrirly,lflT t6lorunrrrndoufito.:toooufirfluo.rr{'r-laynau L?1,rilt9 ,
fi:Trtr,lflruavErfinlvretao{'frruffarYuqvrflu:Grcruvr'1ooau'lu6r6nTratn 'lnydrfinnroulurTetv,hilrai .lg v I - ?"lndoufrtriruracrfiuuSottflnoonqlnrTu vr'rrTrtv,{flruayEudnlvratnrisyo{'[uanrurto.lufi.l
aiTo.r ruaeu?o nttor ur,an c frt fr
nTaairsnasitv{flrrrrfiqvfrotfilSnrufitTc1v{flruavd16nlrelnoi-d'uflariufiumnrir.rrTuodr,:riofl,,2 tfin rqndlillilrrnfrfr.irsfian qv:lavnou6'ru{c1v,iflroei1.ifiofl z ric iraydufinTvratnri'1 rfior
fr.rnl n r{'ruutnzi'lv{flrrnrfififi6rdntvralaof'rir.ltfiorriuqyldorurioriufre flc{ynrurndo d'qer] g{ - a- -
"frtrl,fl. n ,irtr{,il. a
;ffrlv,l fl r n uu " rfrlr,l f, r e dfsJ r.r'a fi'u 6 rfi nlrn ala ris fi o r 6 a r fi'u
Xrddtilil6lsr{,lurnaa
,frtr,trfl. n "rtrtr{fl. e
, . r?.1y1 fl . n ua s r?rlyl fl r B a-r ar-a fru 6 rfr nlvr ala d sir.r t fi or riu,ir a dlunr{usugnfi'uuasrdarsiarirflasilrurrfia
t
arl g.s riru:l*naurtadty,lil,rrnfiq
rfioriortrutv,lflrdrulud'erirtv'lflrfisor.r"[#616nmeouundoufiairut6'iru qvfinrarndoufia6u
ro.iornnn?ourvurrrrTotv'lflTri'raor fintrtnrerndoufiro.:6rfinmaouduri'r-larri6rTctv'hlrunvu -j i i a d d dra u '
6rdnTvrainoifrrrldl.Jfrd n1?rn6oufiflo.rdr6nnaourir"[ri'ufiornevuatv,lflrfirirl:.]tfi.rrut6'1ue.iq?4o
nruuonu?onrrranyrr"lri'rfiernrar:.]dEJuulln.irr.iunrfit6'rfiorioarfltv{uavo:-lnenil#na:rrrqaq
, ' ' h ^
6v .i 4s{1r.r1?n rt?,rqaar nr atunflo.i n?y tt6{tv,lfl rra6o nr rrndoufilor6 u6n n aou tFr tFrs !T trl?o.i uo'] n
niu Ic n oi.fr mo fl u?o raa o nrtv'Ifl r ua rx d'r a:-l g. o{
1,:anifirnof unoBrtv'{
"fttltfl', n rTelv'h1r s 'f.lr'trfl. n ri,rtv'hflr e
n. rtadlv'hhrnfi uuulrifiasilrurn6a
uaonrtr'{
,iotylril. n .irlr'irfl. e,irtltfl. a
g. rgadlv'lihrnfi urufi asururnna
rfr1r,lfl. n "ilrtrlfl', e
n. rta db',| fl r r n fi rfi olduuri mr a-rm u ra6a uraei.: oir ab,,l fl r qr nn1 fl uo no q 9a a?r1tuInnil0mfl1[nil
grJ o. o aicuil* nou rtadlv'Ifl r rn fi rda ria n eurrqarirlffi ufr nnro u uprdauvrttri'
Trnr{fiumof
nt[tUn{S1U tY"]
rrraai{.irEJt?'l
frn:cruvnreFio?.isrun vfi ntvrrr nrruJdflur:ho.ifld'r.rrufi unn rir.rri'urir"[riarrrendr uun{rqnzi'lv,{flrrnrfilfrrflu z :-]eyunuufin tduri rrndri'ncrfin.(galvanic cell) l:lurtazi'lv'{fltnrfifiarr
dtJfrffiurri'uu6'e"[fi'nayuatv'lflr urayrtnffir6nhatnfin (electrolytic cell) rflurtozi'lv'lflrlnfio^n, A ,i
" t t4 tu e 14 r o q ra ras d
:-lav unrraf,tBr fior airunavrdtv{fl lslnnruuon tflr}Jrirhlfi nr:.Jfr ffi ur rnil
9.3.1 rradfiamfins1nn1?monor s. t rfl o.jltouy Zn(s) nr"ludren ynlu CuSo4 yvu.jr ufi nnrariruTau6ifi n maou
ayra.jNTnrayri:-rlooousottnraytfr thuTnvv Zn(s) nvrfio:JfrffiuroonBind'uunv cu'*(aq)"[ud1?nvn1fl
rfinr:Jfrffirr3d'nd'u"lumouflsylfrfinu,rriot:J,jrfiT ^jr.rTnray zn(s) ar"luarenvnrufifi zn''1aq) unv
{r.rtnrar cu(s) nrluaranvorflfifr, cu'.(aq) fisrdaudr;d'n:*niurut6'frt f^ zn(")lzn'.(aq) unr
cu(s)lcu2.(aq) ayurfi:-layno:-Lfi,rflIauv.jroqj"[uaraavnrufifitooourotTauvoqifrru"[rr6'ruufilt4 , .i d
lro.iLTnn r?fln11 n?{[{aay o A
" - , ,.- )+, ^ , ,.^ ,+, v o 4v d
flrurn5lrrad zn(s)lzn2.(aq) ri':-r cu(s)lcu'z.(aq) r.rrriorYuunvrir"[#nra:JQ.is? svln']?'i , ^ & 4 h ' t v 1 uo , t ,3
Lllnfl Urriln.i rn fl fl ulrro til oEr1.i [? fl n191 Lnslnnl?fl nao{ Flo LLU
B rnernnao{' g.z rnerireTau6tfinoreoulurradfi'amfin
f . irirriuyrotrLn.ifluln 0.5 cm x 5.0 cm n.r'[ufinrnofltu1n 50 cmt fifiaranrntu CuSoo",1.0 mot/dm3 :-l?rrnr 20 cm3 rfifluonrn cu(s)lcu2.(aq) finfifirrfinrnof uavcjruilu
drnyfirurpr 0.5 cm r 5.0 cm nrtufinrnoi:ru1a 50 "ru
dfinranvnlg znso4 1.0 mol/dm3
:-lBrrma 20 cm3 [nvlfifluoar n zn(s)lzn2*(aq) fiorfi{rrflnrnof
2. fl T fl n rno ffr fi Tnrav.jroqilua. r^r^.ud,m?a iltfl ufio t r r mrfi or ri'u lfia vvrrurndo (fi rsr n
n?yo1unro.l1u1a 1.0 cm x 8.0 cm qLdl?nvn1ualfr',o t<No.) .Jr.iflrnfinrnof#raort#
:-l a r fl n ev n r tc"i r'[ua r eo v n r fl I o.i rr Fi a vfi n rn o flq
3. riouriuyro.runrunyuriud'tnvfiu{rri':.rTrns{'firmof drunnfirtrrtn'r?Lruflo.:rfiilIQnof'frunof
un vd runi r nr,r'rt J Fir.i d'n Ei,4. ad'urictorlcaoi'firmefd.:unnfirturrnraruurosrfirTcnni-firmofuavrirupirnntrrirrd'n{
vu5. l{ra n o ntv,l t ul Fl'l . o V r r ri o riu rTcm o.r u nr u n vric frs n vfi uvr uTo a rifi rm o f frt ln m n r e
r:Jdauriln.l
4d4,4'- rmaziflaerun orqrrflnonoEirl:rurir rqnsilrnnron (voltaic cell)
o. firnrernnoqqiurducri'r{o r- + ririlfinritmndniriol:Jd unvnldfluavnrurndoluilrnnri.:
Cu(s)lCu'z.(aq) rYu Mg(s)lMg'z.(aq) q
Zn(s)lZn'z.(aq) ri'rL Mg(s)lMg'z.(aq)
Cu(s)lCu"(aq) rYl Fe(s)lFe2.(aq)
Zn(s)lZn2.(aq) ri':t Fe(s)lFe'?.(aq)
Fe(s)lFe2.(aq) rir Mg(s)lMg'zt(aq)
g:J s. z q:J nanifi nur :J fr ffi ar rn arir eta u6 16 nn aa uesra'ir.:
Zn(s)lZn'?.(aq) fru cu(s)lcu'.(aq)
rl9d'ult?'4ttrdra6da44l4t. ltJoFto,l.tq? Lvlul1?yue1.in?.i L{nn LLF|nyn iln1?n1fl [ouo LanFleoutnafluu?o LtJ yt?1]t,
uiY ' llL0lou1.i t?i .io , ,'- i 6 a ^ - A d 6
Fl?.{t{nAflUlNlFlOnilttFlAgnUU Fl?.11{An tntnnlJfln?fl1OOn{LFllU Flf{[SnA LO[nFltu
g
fa€ 4u v 4ut4 tU 4 d td I d h I I h:-lflntU10nnXU [tAyIl'] ty{y'I111308{1?Oyn1fliln1?tllAflUtLilA.iUtO tN OU'l.i l,
4 o ,d r l1
n yyl 1u Ln nofl 't1ru1vlafl 1.i t?
q1nn1?vlnno.r rfiorirnotnrirrtndrir.:tfinriurrriofrr€iayyrruundo fitdrrari, fi'[#1ooouJ!
tn6oufrs1naranvaruufi.rtrlft6nareaya1flufl.ilnfld1?nya1fltrizuarfi'uunvf,nurar4aayu.il.t
tooou:rcnri:-rtooounr"lud1?nvn']flflotrurinyni6tnnduunyriorY::hnpi'firnofufiBrfiaiNhirfrr.rfirsroi
ruutll"lufintvn{16flti'unrerndoufitotEl6nmrou nr.irufilrorl.JnFifirF]ofruul:ls'rnfinfiuduanr
'irfinrerirulou6 r6nmeouriruarprfr'nri.u'',nr?.1^rrrafl.:trlfl.r6nrTc1nuyr,lfl.rfi.:fiAna1y,lfl1til Lvir;uf,oo u '
frrdlffnmtouqvlunqrnd'ntilv,lflrdrtlk(frnti'lv,lflratunyfineyuc{tv'lfl1tualurrqe rtarilv,{flrrnrfi{{urr r d6u n,i r rrndfraerfi n u n v r3fl nta ra y'[uuu ri n y#r lr n d.ir rff tr'tfi ",
i
I
lcan{firmoi
nrarirnr6{rqnd zn(s)lzn'.(aq) rrriori'unr?urnd cu(s)lcu2.(aq) urnvrir"[#na:rcrqa yr:r.ir6odada.iia6dd
r{rTrnpTfrrmofnumrt.tfravrl.inl?rn60ufrtotdrfinmeouqlnfinqutitlvrrtnr6.:irnd cu(s)lcu'*(aq)
ua nr.i r nr6.r rrn d zn (s) lZn'?.(aq) rfi nr:Jfl ffi a ro o nfi rnfu d'r a er nr a
Zn(s) '--.'..-r' Zn2*(aq) + 2e
Yv,u ! -i^ a v d YrTclv'^{flrrio.rnr?.ir{narLnnLfln?flloonxrrlxut?fln,t1T,trLotun drraflitooouro.l zn''(aq) fi
Ytvt
ufiorfiueraqi'lud1t^v01u rir1#looouurn'[uaraayarurfiil6u dru6rfinmaousyunr6oufir.irunrorfr'rrirt^ tv ' i ^ Y, ,*, a i . f, - Y ! .1:ltTruaiuvro{upr.rfr{uiluriQtv,lflmrosdnnrSrrrnzi'rafir d'{riunr6{rsod cu(s)lcu' (aq) 6lrfior.lfrffirr
?dnd'ulna cu'.(aq)tuarrnynrflf,:r6rdnmrourfiorulu cu(s) avarfiri,tty'Iflr d'rnInre., .''
Cu''(aq) +2e+Cu(s)
f.tllfi.ruonr?srrndfiifior:lfrffiar3d'nd'ui?fln,ir ffcrunlvro, n.rd cr'.1rq) luaTaavnru
iudrfrnnaouufieifiorrflucu(s) rflur..rn"[r1cu'.(aq)"[u6lrnynlunornrunvrfiu4ar-Jeyqtv,lflrurn urriA
^ -' t' v
rf,o.rs.rnayilruunfiofrfi'tlooouuenraytooouau 1ufifl6o K.(aq) ri':t No. (aq) ecrfi'lrflud'cnnr.li o* y J i, , 'fraor'[ri'[ooouL,]nLravlooounilrn6oufrairutfr dtriu6.:nu,jr No, (aq)'[uaynrurndomdourrfl.l
nritrtnd Zng)lzn2*(aq1 rfioEnriu zn2.(aq) firnufru1ua.?nyalEl tnryrducri'u K.(aq) srLndoufi
tr.lei.:nr6.:rtndcu1sl1cu'.(aq) ifio4nrYl soo'z(aq) "[udrrnynrfl msJfi.i Zn2.(aq)"[udranynrflrotf, tla ra* a v .o I rla ra* 4v v c .i '
nr?rrradfirfirrrJfrffiuroonQrnduunv So,''(aq)"tuer5{rsndfirfinr.lfrfifu'15d'nd'ufiarrrenrn6oufitr.l1 U r, , U rd a '
:tudvilluLnaoLaaoEr rirlrifravvrrurn6onevuatvlflrqyr,tuntraarfiorqrntrineuxqaunylooouu,lnq
vudadohiltdd-i^flilooounulud16nTrelnrilri4n rJfrffiur?oron'f'totrrndfirfinrsrnnrad'rnr?.rrtad ZnG)lZn2.(aq)
r r ri o ri'r rr?.r L{ n d c u (s) | c u't (a q ) 6{ ufi fl ua il n 1 a u n nrt dd'r d
Zn(s) + Cu2.(aq)
-> Zn2'(aq) + Cu(s)
fiv1'{1UrflAO
:Jfrffiuroonfirord'u
Zn(s) + zn2.(aq)+2e
4v vilfln?Er1?nnTu
Cu2*(aq) +2e + Cu(s)
ilfrffitLr?non'6-
Zn(s) + Cu2.(aq) ---+ Zn2*(aq) + Cu(s)
g:J s.e uaorrrJfiffiarrorrtadfrarrfi n
9.3.1.1 rnrufisuur.runrnrradframfinuuasdurnolooafin4 ! v dv ^ 4i 4 a qy ' d
n1?ffn19ltnfl?nut{annnl1un tvroFr,tlildynenq.iuflu tfltLr{un1y,tflo{L{nnuflun'l?1r??fl1fl
nralfiorrJfrffiflr rdu nrarionr?rrrari-zn(s)lzn'.(aq) ri'unr6{Lllad cu(s)lcu2.(aq; nrenJdruu:la.rtry
d ^
4 o dd \ rv dil Ln nfl u LUL{na tIfl u6iln13u6 Fl.i lFl fi.iu
Zn(s) + Cu'.(aq) -+ Zn2*(aq) + Cu(s)
ua vartlr en rfi fl ur rJunlv{ rrndua rNtA'd'rfl
Zn(s)lZn2. (aq,'1 molid m') | | Cu'.(aq, 1 mo l/d m3) | Cu (s)
nrarduurzuuRrnmndflamfin6uflunT alfiaufrryd'nuniuranrdrurhvnoLso.iL{nri'ftfiradnnmd'rda f, .!- ^ -.Y o .y, o l, urTflun}.rrsadfrrilrrilfrffiErroonfirrr{u(rTQrLoTun) 1{rrrfrrfl duficuaynrurndo (II) uficua f, .f,- dv - .'- o .\ut1fl uFr?.: L{aail tn nLnn?fl 1f.nnsu(1,t u a lfl n ) Ler1.lfl 11d
tvq I 4 do9C v\ ta 4 dd a v }l ,tuttnnvn?.it{aa tu[1flufl?L?\?,{'tflo.iFl?{tTaailrnn:]fln?uloonttFlxutlyrl.iTlu4Fl
,tt uV tU 4 dd a raa du v 6rd hY d, Y C ,.
d?u1x Lv{v{1flo.iFt?.iLTanflLnailfln?fl''r?nnxu Lvrflfluterl{fle14Fl tLnv [nLdurnue (l)
1_
2.
:, ' !d , ,q d v qrJ v .jAuavucrrar?frildn1uvrt1{flu r1161roq-[uanruvuduQflnlf TIUAQUrn5o{urJ1u1nn1n (,),?xr.Jli'.rayr-lanluyso.i6laTns'[{ (s fiogo.rrifir) (t 6oto.rnanc) (g 6ouffn) (aq doq
aranrara) rsiu Fe(s)lFe'.(aq) u?o Pt(s)lFe3.(aq), Fe2.(aq)
3. drr,lflinr6tutadrr.rtfin uiu nr6,:ltadfifiuriar.rrrfiu,:fl0.r qyt{'r?ctv,lfirrdofldryirqrn
fa4rirtv,lflrAt*i,l.qaaarrTurffarny6rdnTvratnpi rsiu fcrnnfirir.r itnrrfuou drhl^ d 4i ! ' hy t o f, rla @ d yoLnna?outPrnouylr,llutn dlud1?LuFrr{t{anylil6n1uytllu$na{Flo{?y:_lFle1Nfiufl0.iun6hh - o, a' ;"
''[ilul'irduLLny-L{m}nsarrfllnmnrr'u?fir.jr.:nnruyri:.rnerJrl'U rciu n(s)lHr(g, '1 atm)lH.(aq)
4. n 1 ??vlr Fr?1 lJ r{r.r{u:rorloo oulufi 1 ?n yar u'lrfufi fl ulff[uet 16:r uiuq
Mg(s)lMg2t(aq, 1 mol/dm';1;Fet.1aq, 1 mol/dm3), Fe2*(aq, 1 mol/dm3)lPt(s)
Zn(s)lZn2' (aq, 1 mol/dmu)llH.(aq,'1 mol/dm3)lHr(g, 1 atm)lPt(s)
q'rnlrdnnlarfiflurzuunrvrrqadA'.rnei1e 611r1?nilrh]lfrrdflurrrJun1v{r{ad-ffnrrfinfrrfier
srnnradrao.rn?rrtndrrriori'utd u6osrnurJunryrrtodrincrfinfirirraunurl# auranmarg:Jdu
^ d f, ,-- a e j ,^* de v 16€
rxaannl''runLrnvLlfludiln1?tLda.iFrs.iilflneuloonTLFrxu Fl?{ilfln?u1?nnxu InyLflnefl1flo.idu ^ ue ' d r - !
ur n zi rin c r fr nl d rd u n 1 r rfr uus{ tl n T alo o o fr n fr a o or nr 6'o.r ri'u u rJ un 1 y{ L{ n d
Zn(s)lZn2. (aq, 1 mol/dm')llH.(uq, 1 mol/dm3)lHr(g, 1 atm)lPt(s)
2Y*(aq) + 2€
->
Hr(g)
Zn(s) + 2H.(aq) Zn2'(aq) + Hr(g)
nr6.:rJfrffitLroonfiror$'u Zn(s) --+ zn2*(aq) + 2ef, ,-- dv e
Fl3.lilfln?AlrnnnUdd
ilflnrfl1?nonT
v,dAY'n-?oei1{ 8 q{rfreuarlnl?rdFl{ilfrffiflrfiflcuo1uor rirunlvror uunvrJfrffiumo.imnd-s1nIr.Jun1il
ce - J. ^r- 3tsannallunfl nlltuFt tlrFt.iu
Mg(s)lMg'* (aq, 1 mol/dm3)llFe'*(aq,'1 mol/dm3), Fe2*(aq, 1 moydm3)lPt(s)
qlnrrJunlvruarx.jrndrutnd N/lg(s)ltvg'*(aq, 1 mol/dm3) rfinrJfrffimoonaiorfiu ufifluailnra, u- 3
Ltfin.i tFlFl'iu
ualun Mg(s) + Mg2.(aq) + 2e'
"[unr?.rurad Pt(s)lFe3.(aq, 1 mot/dm3), Fe2*(aq, 1 mot/dm3) rfinrjfrffiar?d'nfiu urirflatqrn
Fe3.(aq) fiunroonBrn{'u4rn,jr Fe2* (aq) rJfrffiur?d'nd'ufrrfindu6.rrfiauailnrelfirfluA'tfl
BnTflo Fe3*(aq) * e --------> Fe2*(aq)
4i '-* dv v , y v lera* o i e ra6rlJo?2Nilfln?fl1oon{rn{unililCIneer1?nnxuLfllnesnu sv Inilfln?u1?F]on{s.iruu1J0n3u1flo.i
--XLflAn n.iu
Mg(s) + 2Fe3.(aq) -+ Mg'*(aq) + 2Fe2*(aq)
2H.(aq,1 mol/dm3) + Ze ? Hr(g, l atm) E' = 0.00Vfr ZS"C
nrmarnirffndlv{flrtornririqndrirr l virt6lorurionrStrtadfifr'ornrerar:rnird'ntitv'lflrri':r
nr6rrrnzi'[aTor?rsur.rlFrrS'ru d'ndlv,,lflrtorrrodd{nrt6'syuflufi'nrib{flrto.rn6rutad (hatf-cett
potential , e) rlu drufi'nrib'lfl1rJ1nanl1uflorn6.rutad (Standard potential) riruunrfluarnn"[#
lfidn;d'nunf e'fi.uilunird'ntilv',hfl'rrornr6rrtndfioqj"[uR1eyil1rr?Iludu rirtr{flr{roqj'[uartavaru{drqs
fifinrrurflr{urotlooourvirrir 1.0 mot/dm3 fioruranfi 2s "c frrarafirrnruvrfluuff'ariTr,lupr"[ri
nrerild'un.id 1 Le?a1n1fi niu rirnr6lrr^r{ cut")tcrl.(aq, '1 mot/dm3) riorYunrisuqaei'nt1s;1H,
(g, latm)lH.(aq, 1 mol/dm'; ffigrJ
Hr(9, 1 atm)
HCI 'l mol/dm1 CuSOo 1 mol/dm3
Pt black (s)
- Pt(s) | Hr(g, 1 atm) | H*(aq, 1 moudm3) llcu2.(aq, 1 mol/dm3) | cu(s)
arl g. t o rn aria ndr rqa dlatnerq u rur n ear u fi'u n6s ura dvra r B tr.l rJ'r sr t61 uu44
nrng:J 9.10 rfiuso.rlonpifrrmofrrurflryrAdtmnd cu(s)lcu't(aq, '1 mot/dm3)drud'nd'[v',1fl'rI
torutnzi'l6'rvi,rir o.e+ loaofl' rrnnvirnrirrran" cu(s)lcu'*(aq, '1 mot/dm') uflnnJfrffiur?d'nd'u9t
tnufiro.iLLnrulurTruuprlvloruavfifrndlv,lflrrrnegru4rn.jrnr6srton'pt(s)lHr(g, 1 atm)lH.
(aq, 1 motidm')rdorqrnriruuer"[#d'neillhflrtornr?trrnzi1alorarsuil1rtef,1ufrnirrvirrir 0.00lonri'&,t
d'rriunr6*ltadCu(s)lcu'.(aq, 1 mot/dm1 6rfid'nri'lv,lflrrrnreflrurvirrl'r +o.e+ lcnoi-d9
J ry , , 4i . i d t v a dv ^ i "A-tuo.ls'tnLnyt?11_lune?1til0u'ldo.lFt?.t[1,nnN1F]onuHJurxnnnn0lun n?{tTanyl?LA6i^SiLodvdtut<'-!"yo-i^&;"-dtdnmtoufrtufrnTufrrTrunlvror qvfrd'ndtilrflr4rn.jrnr6rlrndfi"[r1'6rdnmaou 6rrfrrrfrufrfcrotun
runvd'ntilv'lflrfidruI6's'rnfi rmofsvrflud'ntilv'lflrtor rraffirdo zunrirrayu.ixd'ndlv{flrtornrit rtnd<'<o o. - f, r!a- oJ y e , 34 q 6yt ts <' cvllrfinu6.inLn?.i L{aare.JFlnflm1 slnfloNnn{na11us.:d1il1enu1n1flna Lv{?,{1il1m?61u1Jo.iFl?.i L{nn
'r{&Cu(s)lCu2.(aq, 1 mol/dm'i t6'A'tfl
te nnfirqrof
frndlvifirllrrt?q1ulo.irTad = d'nti'lv,lflrilrmesruso.irrnhn-antilv,hflrr.rrmaqruroruoTurrdddt
lrro
LtyluFrl
ro -o -o- cell L cathode L anode
0.34 V
EoL cathode
EoL cathode
+ 0.34
0.00 v
6 N n 1 ? r 6 n.i Fi r d'n ritv,l fl r r 1 n eS 1 ufl o.i nd{ r{ n d c u (s) l c u'?. ( a q ) rfi Er u u a n.it 6'd'.r d
Cu2*(aq, 1 mol/dm3) + 2e + Cu(s) E' = +0.34 V
rfiorirnrirlrnd'zn(s)lzn'.(aq, i mot/dm')t:.hiorir-lnr?.rirnd p(s)lu,(g, 1 atm) I H.(aq, 1 mot/dm3)
d'rgrJ
untvrnr
Zn(s)
ZnSOr l mol/dm3
Zn(s) lZn2*(aq,1 mol/dm3) ll H.(aq, 1 mol/dm3) lHr(g, 1 atm) lPt(s)
grJ s. r t rn aoio n6r rta dtal o e rq uur nagr u fiir n6.r ura dd'.r nufi ur m egr u
erng:J g.t't ufirso.ltcarf'fiinofrrurfrrra,#rnadpt(s)lHr(g, 1atm)lH.(aq, 1 mot/dm3)
ua nx'ir rrdt rrnzi'[alorersurrmegrufr d'ndlv,lflr4rn'j16r lfr or:Jfrffirr?frnfiurunyr:]ufr unlvrn
rhur6.irtnd Zng)lZn2*(aq, 1 mot/dm') dsfiffntilyh1rdrn,ir6.rufiorr.Jfrffiuroonfirrrd'ufir?ruoTuor
d'triud'ndtv'lflrrrnegrugor#rrtnd zng)lzn2*(aq, 1 mot/dm'; drrvirriu -0.76 v rfifluaunrea!
u a or.: ni r rTn ti1v,l fl u r m ag T u, u o #0,,
^ d Zn$)lzn'.(aq, 1 m o t/d m') t fr d'.r fl
Zn2*(aq,1 mol/drn3) +2e- + Zn(s) Eo = -0.76V
Tcapi-firmof
Hr(1 atm)
HCI 1 mol/dms
Pt black (s)
d'neTtllflrrT rrg.rrruo^drlradzn(s)lZn2.(aq, 1 mot/dm3) orsurtnBcnnlueutnFr{ud9
Eo"utt
0.76 V
Eo
u u- 3tFlfi.Su
Cu'*(aq, 1 mol/dm3) + 2e + Cu(s) E' = +0.34 V
2H*(aq, 1 mol/dm3) + 2e --->
Hr(g) E' = 0.00 V
Zn2*(aq,1 molidm3) + 2e' + Zn(s) Eo = -0.76Vv .r, tu i
"J 6 xh o dfl n fl L?\ ?\ 1 tJ 1 n ? q 1 ufl o't n ?.i titr a a o u "'l n 6 1 il 1 ?n u 1 L Fl Luyt 1 uo.: LFI u a n udl
A v ctt tu ' f, t6t , i o v A " o Y - Ytu0.1s'lnfinu Lv'l?\1il1Flts1ufl0.i tLflavnr{ t{aa LluFllFt.lyttovllye{1ueLn?{ tTnzixufiuu ol{uu
nrrfiruunnird'nflv,{flu1rl?S1uso.i#r rtad6rfr'ararq6'ru.jrrflufrndh,hflrtotrJfrffiurid'n{'ud ra,* abrr v d t* .'
raSo:Jfrffiaroonfirnrfiu urirrmagrudlnn (tuPAC) ritaunhil{nird'ndtv{flril1rrr31ulro.inr6rrrnd4v v - l? d'n{u ril unr3.i rT n d}J 1 m ?6 r u d'r u a oxlu nt 1 r1.i 9. 2d
a1e1{ g.z drfi'ndlv,lflrurnagluqo{n6{rraa?6'n#u fi zga K (25 'c)dt
Fr(g) + 2e- + 2F (aq)
SrOr'z(aq) + 2d+ 2SOo'?-(aq)
PbOr(s) + 4H.(aq) + SO42(aq) + 26+ PbSO.(s) + 2HrO(l)
MnOo (aq) + 8H.(aq) + 5e- ---+ Mn2.(aq) + 4HrO(l)
PbOr(s) + 4H.(aq) + 2e-+ Pb2t(aq) + 2HrO(t)
Au3.(aq) + 3e ----+
Au(s)
Clr(g) + 2e -------> 2Cl(aq)
CrrO,2 (aq) + 14H-(aq) + 6e- + 2Cr3.(aq) + THro(l)
MnOr(s) + 4H.(aq) + 26 + Mn2.(aq) + 2HrO(l)
Or(g) + 4H.(aq) + 4e-----+ 2H2O(l)
Brr(l) + 2e"+ 2Br(aq)
NO, (aq) + 4H.(aq) + 3e- ------+ NO(g) + 2HrO(t)
211g2-(aq) + 2e' + Hgr'-(aq)
Hg'.(aq) +2e +Hg(l)Ag.(aq) +e-+Ag(s)Hgr'.(aq) +Ze +2]g(l)Fe3-(aq) +e-+Fe2.(aq)Ir(s) + 2e- --+ 2I(aq)Cu.(aq) + e' --+ Cu(s)
+2.89
+2.01
+1.69
+'1.51
+1.46
+1.38
+1.36
+1.36
+1.28
+1.23
+1.08
+0.96
+0.91
+0.85
+0.80
+0.80
+0.77
+0.54
+0.52
EO EOL cathode L anode
0.00 v Eo,nod"
-0.76 V,tvslttrAdvdovaudc
6nfl Lvlv'{1il1n?q1u10{Fr?.tLI,aavr.t 3 TuFl L8.rou1il1sna1ptljFlx1u6{1u1?n lun1?tlldtanFltouqy#
T6.TFroE6#
dFtrcdcd
-c!dE
!6'!srF
cr(6I(F-c!dE
(6-[Fl'Eq
G(d(a
-c!d6
A
J(l
tud\tB.navvder1r1{r g.z rird'nEi1v'lflrurnag1uflo.in6,{rtariEa*'nitufi zga K (zs "c) (sio)
. dao..ru.m?q1u looau"luarenvarufinmr.rrfrr.rflu I.0 mot/dm3 rrayuflafinrerld'u 1 atmd
;#1::.+#",::. .
,, li' , q rvt tq I ria, d d, d: n* 1. AlflnUtv{?\1N1m?f.ru1o.iFl?.i[{nnyl3.tFl1rilulrtn}J1n LLnyilFllriluaLNln trilancl}Jd
vly ' h vlrti1fl iFl0El1.i t?u1.t
2. nird'nd1v{flrr.J1rr?llurotrr?.rr*nd"[fidrurflfifirrrnrarfinrJfrffiur?nondld'ralokid,
t11aEll{ L?
flo u a'[un r er.i 9. 2 6{ 1 r.r 1 ?nrirtr]lfr:l aytrrril ff[uu a 1 fl ?il ur.rL fr'o o d x uiu{il
L "[fir:l?E]!tfiuLnrrNarrran"lunrerflufr'coonfrtndra6od'o?fic'f r,ld'n"[unrefrsrailrdo areqiraslunr?trJflffiu1fifiri1 E' 4rnrrflufr'ooon8terdfidn.irare"[unr6rrJfrn3urfifinir r drn.ir
. !a, -^
J q vda .a'oI n y6 1 ey| il n'] E " Fl 1 s y tiluFt e, n x{yt Fl n,t 1 Ft{ FlQ o fl 't.i
[6.TFlnEl
C!(6tr(F-c!JE
o,(g) + 2H,O(l)
Cu2.(aq) + 2e-
HgrClr(s) + 2e
+ 4e- + 4OH (aq)
_> cu(s)
AgCI(s) + e- +Soo'?(aq)+{fl.(sq) + 2e
Sna.(aq) + 2e- +
2Hg(s) + 2Cl(aq)
Ag(s) + Cl(aq)
+ Sor(s) + 212o(t)
Sn'.(aq)
+0.40
+0.34
+0.27
+0.22
+0.20
+0.1 5
Fe'.(aq) + 3e-
Pb2.(aq) + 2e-
Sn2-(aq) + 2e'
Ni2-(aq) + 2e-
Co2.(aq) + 2d
PbSO,(s) + 2e
Cr'.(aq) + 3e
Zn2t(aq) + 26Mn2*(aq) + 2e-
At3t(aq) + 3e'
Mg'.(aq) + 2s
Na.(aq) + e-
Ca2-(aq) + 26
Ba'-(aq) + 2e
Kt(aq) + e-
Li.(aq) + e'
+ Fe(s)
+ Pb(s)
------+ Sn(s)
+> N(s)
+ Co(s)
---+ Pb(s) +
+ C(s)--------+ Zn(s)
--+ Mn(s)
+Al(s)+ Mg(s)
-+ Na(s)
+ Ca(s)
-> Ba(s)
---+ K(s)
+ L(s)
*0.04
-0.13
-0.14
-0.244.28
-0.36
-0.74-0.76
-1 .18
-1.68
-2.36
-2.71
-2.87*2.91
-2.92
-3.04
Ag.(aq)+s- +Ag(s)Ir(s)+ 2e ---+ 2l-(aq)
Zn2*(aq) + 2e =-+ Zn(s)
tr
EO
E"
= +0.80 V
= +0.54 V
= -0.76 V
JaslnFieaiil.i rfror:j?flLrfiflLFrc1tJd1u1?n"lun1?i:J6rdnmeouTnufrsrailrqrnFil E'q1n
Prd)!9,c)rlqsD-9T
[6-[FrE(\
#(Fc(d@
.c!JE
As(s)
2I (aq)
E' = +0.80 V
E' = +0.54V
-=+ Zn(s) Eo = -0.76 V
rrriorYur:lurtadrincrfin Torfldrf,ndlv{flrrurmag''ruso.iFr6.iL{ndfilfiorrJfrffiflr?d'nfiu n:i6'efl
frntilv,hilrrrrl?I1uto.iFr6.rrrndfirfror:Jfrffirroonfirnfu rflo{srn:Jflffiurrnrfiflo{rradrin?1An. ^ & u, o f, re o, il a t
d1il1?ntnnfru16'ro{TnratilFro.iLxv{n{.:1uq1nR1fluon nirntndlv,hflurmrqrufilfffr'o,:r:lul?nLdilod9
ffrodrr g ritirnri.rrnad A(s)lAtt*(aq, '1 mor/dm3) rYrnr6rrran" cu(s)lcu2.(aq, 1 mot/dm3)
i zs " c r r ri o rfl u rr n dri'a e r fi n d'n dlv,l fl r r.r r nr r3.r ulr o.i rr n z{-dfi ni r rvi rlnffn til v,l fl rrr r n ? { 1 ufl o { n6{ r{ n dq 1 n n 1 a'r.r fi o r a rfl u d'.: dd3 'qi- --'-' -'-
Al3.(aq) + 3e- --+
Al(s) E' = -'1.68 V
Cu2.(aq) + 2e- ----+ Cu(s) E' = +0.34 V
rrirmadcu(s)lcu2*(aq, 1 mot/dmt) finir r" 4.rn.jrnrS.rmndnl(s)At3*(aq, 't mot/dm3) cu'.6.rfll6rfinmrou16'dn'ir At3* cu 6.rrflufcunlyrnr nrdrrrndAt(s)lAt3.(aq, 1 mot/dm3) 1#6r6nmeou16'4-.-.,-.4-r 1- $ Y 6{ rt4
' - uu-X
nnrJlq.i r:_lufle tto Lun fina Ly'l141tJ1Fl?31ufl0.t L{aziur [6rIru
Eo""tt =Eocathod"-Eornodu
='+0.34V- (-1.68V)
,= +2.02V
ilrn1'Llfioe ng. finir r" fi4.rn'jr 12 LLav zn'. iltiuung. i:rdr6nnmul6'dfi4ndtrflud',:oonfitnd
fidn'ir 12 LLnv zn'* m,rtldtd'! r{'lun?{mndfifrnir ff drn,jta?ofiri1rflunLl1nuran.r.jrrflufr'rrtolt,o4,dvi,A'aonfrlordfrlri6 ra5onairc6nriflufrl.irnT.rrtndriurfior:JfrffiaroonBrorfiutfrdn.iruayrflufr'r36c'f
dd tuneniilzn 6.:rfluric?ac"ffididanr rfio{erdT d'rncrllarrrenlunrarflurTroonfrtnd'unyri.j?6,r.fi-q
lro.i d 1 rli'.r g tfi nq yt fi rfl udtflAg-(aq) + 2e-
Ir(s) + 2s-
Zn2*(aq) + 2s'
2. "lfidru?ruurrird'ndtv'lflrl1Fr?i1uflo,rrtad rfrodrnritrrndfireT unir e' aornr?rrrad4
rtn dfl fi frn dh{fi r il r m aer u 2.02 l1ail
i-or"radrr to rirn?trrnd cu(s)lcu'*(aq, lmot/dm3) rurrisrYuni':rtnd p(s)lre'*(aq, 1 mot/dm3),
Fe3*(aq, 1 mot/dm3) f,ndtv{flrr.nnrg'luout,r^dfi nirrfi'[or
frn eitv{fl r ru r m ag r ur o r n?r rt a dq r n m r ar.r fl o 4 o rfl u d'.r f,
Cu"(aq) ize- -+ Cu(s) Eo = +0.34 V
Fe3*(aq) + e- + Fe2'(aq) Eo = +0.77 V
Fe3*(aq) fidr e" 4rn,jr cu2*(aq) d'rrlunBrrtnd pt(s)lre'.(aq, 1 mot/dm'1 , Feu*1aq, 1 mol/dm3)
6r rfl uir u nlu or d rur ruu, ri r d'n d1rlfl 1il''r Fr ?g1ur o.: rt n eit fr d'.r dEoL cell
EO EOL cathode L anode
+0.77V - (+0.34V)
+0.43 V
-otr-rotr-
d rue rud'n tilv'Ifl u r n agr u:r o.: n n ri1 fi d'.: firo -o -oE cell E cathode- E anode
= 0.00 V - (-0.76) V
= +0.76 V
,r^r{f,fi d'nrilv{fi T ilT nasru 0.43 lca r{'
.eo ue, a ta d kvo t u* o d x '3. l{riT ur fl 16'.i rrJfr fi?u i?no nffi rfi aura n.:1{fi orfr ul d'qTuaSohi un vfi rtmrrs or:Jfr ffi u r
dT rfiutrlvrr.:'[n
ffrodrr t t k{ uriulnuydrn ydn.rlufi n rnoffi fi aren ynrfl naorlalprannosn r{ruflu 1 .0 mot/d m3
qrdrurrud'ndlv{rtrr:ro.rnritrrndunvrirura"jrilfrn?arinond rfirr{uro.:tfrutolri
Infls{ilnrauanr.rr.lfrffiaTavu.irtlnuyd{nydrYus{rravnrsnrnlaloranrno?nr:lud'rd
ata-AynScJflfrSaroon6m{u Zn(s)
#.rrJfrffiar?a'n{'u 2H.(aq)ra.F 1c
ilfln?slrnon{ Zn(s) +
d'n dlv,hh? d'n f,uru r m rg r u ufl u d'.r d
2H.(aq)+2e +Hr(g)Zn2t(aq)+2e-+Zn(s)
---+ Zn2*(aq) + 2e
+ 2e- + H2(g)
2H.(aq) --+ Znz'(aq) + Hr(g)
0.00 v
-0.76 V
tv ^ !d, d r ra* 6 r rl 9t r-6 !at{nanallunr:Jn1 E"""il lrroFt't E" flo{Lfln?fl1tiluuen Ltilan113J1,til1uLne1!flntu1vtLfluu999
ruaor.rl{riurfinfiu1fis?'i fi.rriunm"[r{uuriufrtnvfinr"[uaraayaranantaTnrenrno?n 1 .0 mot/dm3 6s
Eo = +1.38 V
Eo = 0.00 V
,rfi o ri r ur ru d'n d'[ v,l fl u r m a q 1 ur o.i r{ a ds yt fi d'.r d&
EOL cellEO EOLcathode-Lanode
0.00 v (+1.38 v)
-1.38 V
A -^
ta- d r q r t49t ta* 4 4d d 19^ 4E"""il 1r?o E" flo{ilfln?fl1ilFr1tilunil ttilnn,]1tJ1rN1atFl?1ilfln?fl1?non{flLfluuLL?{ol.iL?Lnnluto'l
tril6'riu6o rfioldlnravvrordrn.r"[uarrnvalfln?ntaTorenno3nsvfrirnmtrirfiunreu:]njfluuiln.i.i -"-Ad+mofrq1?rulrir E' to.:ri":aolnr3urnd6o Au(s)lAu3.(aq, '1 mot/dm3) riu etls;;Hr1g, 1 atm)lH.
(aq, 1 mot/dm3) il!.i1 E" so{ Au(s)lAu'*(aq, 1 mot/dm3) q.in.i1 6srfinrrJfrffiflr?d'nd'u fi1il'
frrtvrrstorilfrffiurmr.:frrl.rrirfrriT uuor nran-ldflurilnrfirfin{uq?t rdEruailnraiuan.:16'd'td
2Au3.(aq) + 3Hr(g) + 2Au(s) + 6H.(aq).i .
Lil o Fl 1 u,r rurl'r n n ti'[v'hl rl.t 1 n ?q 1 ur 0.1 rtr n ri-q yt drfl u + t . gA h n Fi'
d9
9.3. 1 .3 rdadn'lru rdur?u<' r r o de ^ Y v cvt tu d I g .{' 4i
n1?u1 2 n?.irTndil1FloLiluLsaziflne1ilnilu dntiLv'lr4rro.ir{namou[rrJfrusyilri1ilrn ulo
r'rartirutilnrrurfrr{urorlooou'[uar?avnlflflo.indrutnd?d'nd'unnn{unyd'ntilv{fl'rfiann.r luluuroet*
sGuvvrFtQlrJ !flr.rlrulro.itoooulud1?nyn1flro.in6.i rradoonfirnrd'uufitfiuurayfid'ndlv,hilr rfrlfiut v v 14 q q 6 6 h dd t v d tu i a
Ia{n.ie1nrJ1il tfluflufl0.i t000u Lu613ayn1uo Lnn [r, [a Fiil rlnmodnEi t1,{141fl0.i ne.i r{aris.l6'ttJ1?n
dt rnn rfiunranldauu:la.r 6o fi v,lor ufla rfi Brdu
n-raeirr 12 '[r{uriulnuyyroldla.:'lud1?nyn1fln?ntalnemaoSnrfrr{u t.o mol/dm3 q.in1ueil
rTndlv'hflrtornrirrrndunvriruru,jtJfrn?ur?nron.f' finduro.rtfrvi5otri tnBriruunl#d,A* ^3 ^ -Xililfl n?fl 1 rn nlurlluFl.iu
f, ,--Fl?.1ilfln?AlOOnX tfiXU
! ,^* dv vFt3.iilfln?fl13AnTU
dtilflnrfl1?non{
rTnti'lv,Ifi T l r nr ?S1ufl o{ ri6t n n drfl u6"rf,
Au3*(aq) + 3e --------+ Au(s)
2H.(aq) + 2e- -----+ Hr(g)
Au(s) +Au3*(aq) + 3s-
2H.(aq)+2e' +Hr(g)2Au(s)+ 6H*(aq) + 2Au3*(aq)+ 3H2(g)
Yrv^idadvtvgadaudairt rtadrincrfrnqrnnat trao{urlrrrs'1nuIrtnQ1il rf,u{urararanyarfl6rfinTvrelnBTrrmnrir.:ri'ulfr
6h tu a - 3 a , d e etTn A t?'ty'l'l LFI tlXUolU trg n ? 1 [{AA n?1 il tll tJfl U
v t c e , i , , - A d a a - .la3 a , dneaa1.: t{aanelilrfltJlruvrL?vno:-laxil2 Fr?.iL{aaxuPltnuenuyttJfllLlrtJounuLudltoyalfl
^6 S h ra d v t Y Y t
0 [a n lv]? ta nxuol tnuenu IFl FlQl[J L1r.Jfl uFl1{nu txu
Cu(s)lCu2.(aq, 0.1 mol/dm3)llCu2.(aq,1.0 mot/dm3)lCu(s)
xil 9.1 2 riruilasnouro{ rdadn.rl ru rdr.rriuq
^vyy.o[TtHuprcrt.tt{it{utot cu2.(aq) "[udranvnruflo.iIFiayn6{rtndfirirrrmnrirrriu rir"[r]'rsnr{
finorrrirtd'nd o.ozgo v 6.:rflunirfiouilrn rfiorcarr,iruhJnrerrrrirriuro.r cu'*(aq) 1u
6''l?avn1flflotnr?rrtn#6'nd'uanrdrnr drunrorrrffr{utos Cu2.(aq) luarecvnrflro{Fti,ilsad:Xed,,d
oonBtnfutfrrTu findtv'{flrtorrtndqvniou 1 ana.isuLflu4uf rfionr.lrtufrrufiurot cu'.(aq) "[u
d1?ovaluflolfiaornirrtndrvirriu lrrud{unmsrnfirotarenyarfl"luao.iFl6{Lrlnd syfinrrilrfleldo ,d
flo{6 LnaLnfl.inu
fr'r o d rr rt n dn e u rflarflu"[uryu d rfr n q r n n o rtl d'ur or u fl a ri rr ri'u niu
Pt(s)lHr(g,1 atm)lH.(aq, 1 mot/dm3)llH*(aq, 1 mot/dm3);Hr(g, 2 atm)lpt(s)
4^yyt-i1r?OOlStnnqlnF)11UtflNflUfl0.161f.nyn1flntnFl1{nil ylne1ilFtUlO.itLndlytlnU tXU
Pt(s)lHr(g, 1 atm)lH.(aq,0.1 mot/dm')llt.(aq, 1.0 mot/dm3)lHr(g, 1 atm)lpt(s)
Cu'.(o.'l mol/dms) Cu'*('1 .0 mol/dm3)
,- 4y 4 q y v 4 ^ f, - d d , , \v I d v t
uonslnufl.iNtflanFtelx.t lfl:Jfluonua1fl{uFl{{un[?flur{1il1?n6!Au,Ii0ua tFlqln [Lun{tfautFll.i .'l
uuu?l n* a g.+ (fnuu nlri'rnr n'ruaul#niT e" s1 nalo'r.$ 9.2)
1 . riruun*ruun'rvrmndfiarT finl:X'ft d :
, O(s)lCr3*(aq, 1 molldmt)llSno.(aq, 1 molldml), cnz*(aq, t mot/Omlln(s)
n. e.i rfi uuailn1 eria ntrJfr ffiaroo nfi rnt'u ?d'nd'uuny:.1fl ffi ur?nro nd-
31. qturrir E'ilflttsafl
z. q.i rfi il dta?afro nrQrilluriovir'rlrfrnn ffo.r.B
.t,*
3. qrur pi'r E' nor rradqrnrJfr ffi arfi rfi nfi uXumau{ri'norfr n riotrlfl
n. Mg(s) + eRgl(aq) -.------+'Mg'.(aq) + 2Ag(s) ,
tt: Zn(s) + Ctr(g) --€ Znz.(aq) + 2Cl(aq)
n. Sn'.(aq) +'2Fe3*(aq) ==--:-+' Sna*(aq) + 2Fe2.(aq)
.r. 2Al(s) + 3Fez*(aq) ----:- 2At3.(aq) + 3Fe(s)
,:Jfrffirrluffo n. rfierdutfi'r,liotr-i uayrir r" to.r:Jfrffifl''r n. fiFirryir'lrr
+. ritaun{euntrifi.:fi.q
n, A{s) + 28"(aq)
t.,n'1(aq) + 2e, :
n. B.(aq)'+ e-
---+ R'.(aq) + 2B{s)
-> A{s)
-----+ B(s)
Eo*tt = -0'80 V
Eo = +1.1O V
' .. t*r.lunllrrsffa roE millA€uflma1flN
1. Ni(s)lNi?'(aq)llCu-(aqliCu(s)
2, Fe(s)lFe2.(aq)llAg.(aq)lAg(s) I i
3. Mg(s)lMg'*(aq)llFe'*(aq), Fe2.(aq)IP(s)
4. F(s)l'Ir(s)1I'(aq)llCl"(aq)lCl,(s)lPt(s)
::..:::::r't:.'il|::'ift-l:;:,r::::t.::::i:rr'::r:,::r'.'rri',r:,rll:,:.:"rll:i:.
9.3.1 .4 :lec mil.rot rradfraarfi ndv v ra* !^ & a dydItoriffacrf,nu:-i.rmud'nurur:JfrffiurfirilnrTunrfl'Lultad'[drilu z r]eyunvr6o rtar{rJgu4fi
4 ct. qy - i ro* d q n^ & t d , t4 t ,j dfl.i tllu[Taannl1unrilfln?fl1LFl8.Jn1u [urxna rnnfluor]1.i6il!?nlIax [rJ61il1rn r!6iuur]dnnruei,ndrrruluar:d'rfr'u16'1:Jfrffiurffuna1rtrit6') 6rtriarrranrirnd'ur1{'16'6n r:iu rirutv'lqra
d\ddad
trlanLtoan''lLnu r{aarhor t{adftu d.rurrndrincrfin6n:-layrnmrafl.rda rrndnfiernfi rflurrndtsAo \ 6, v o oea
rincrfrnfrurl:.1"[f u6'oaurandrl#rfrrnJfrffiurflound'r 1r.lfrffirrriund'lt6') tnnnred'ntv{ u?oI It 14 o v OrA Mvd t d- I lU i, d6
^ d
n1?:l?vq Lil s{u1nnLil1 Ls LlrN L0r0n [Tu LxaadvfilJ [?'h41rH-rLmynQ rtndilnrf,n - itPlFlLilflr.t
ltnd:JgH4fifiraarutfrn rin 6fluqvtrifin:*'rr{ourlayno:rflo.i rsad rJfrffiur unrfinrfl"lurrnd
un ydn:*ruyn r rtfir ru d'rd
ruaeiugunii
rirub'lorEJu6a uqaduri'rra6o rtadrao nar rtq d^ t o v orr Y r v q U t a 4 I 6 G a CLux?FlL?vq11ut?1t{n''ruLv'lolutiluttl,rn{?\d.i.i1utuLv'loru irquSoqilnaniordnteound
,t
rir.r1 rirutv,larailavnoLdcflrvi.iunetv,lri'oqjnatnaxrflurTcunlvror fi6rdnTvrrtnn{6rr:luahu
,l6llto.tuN.tnrfla 1Iv; oonttri (Mnor) uoillilrflflilnno1aei (NH4Ct) fitr{'nrnotar{'(ZnCt,) to.l-.--.4-..-t- q dr q Z v tv v q v d a 6 o u "&
I yzu6Nxu txu tHl.tLtlfln il.iFrlauourrnvulnnntno'toaFtQflflu[udnuruyriludrdn]ta'[anturuuEjoiiu! .
"r"! \v "- X ,6 , v 4,
rfrovrr"LriiroonNll6'er1n arari'rrarBrfl::ee1oqi"lunaiord'tnyfi frruuonso.lnriold'tnyfroror{l?t t a d o A -U,qu o .)r, ,n'lfln?vFt1le tLr,ruvlnl6nnu?oLauv6[nurn6ryrofl1JLil [ur{1?n1u Lufc luaoonil1 d1u]_lullo.i
*vrtrrnetv'ioirr?oLd'QEJTnravd'tnvfidnfiurrfir acud'ruairtflo{n6io{fiuriud.lnydvirrarirfir:lu,rTruo1upr ff{a:.1 g.ts
!
ruiludrnvfi fr nr aoroql frruru (unr1vr or)
uvirunetv'lo{'
,n?vFl''rl*nu
noiotd'tnvfi (ruaTunr)
MnO, NHrC I ZnClrro.:zuar mflut#u Ldu ufl.rrfl sn,,l.t Fl1?ltOUUnvu',t
fll s. t e nrn 6'rr ua orsairuil esnoufl as drulv'lqre
tyyt,4 r v o o o I a rd r 6 dv 4LilomofltttotunnLfl,tttnliln LlrF]?L,t.ts?svtnnnl?tilauuttiln.tn']u LuLTaaFl.tu
rrolurr : Zn(s) + Zn'*(aq) + 2s
*nrTun: 2MnOr(s) +2NH+*(aq) +2e
ilfrffiurmr : Zn(s)+ 2Mnor(s)+ 2NHo.(aq)
IL
---+ MnrOr(s) + 2NH.(g) + Hro(l)
+ zn2*(aq) + Mnro.(s)+ 2NHu(g)+ Hro(l)
- i^ :' t v t.ct v t, , o a 6ufla NH, firfinfiueor1 uvirunelv'lpiriluou,ruty'lflrsyflntnrsilfrffiurnreriruTou6rfinmaou
'-,-!^g o ras 3 ^ 6*n zn'* frrfrprTunrruranvir:Jfrffiil1riuttff'd NH. unvilr ufrnrfluarar]evnour6rfiouflo.rrnn?v-
rror.rfiufi.rri' (It) looou [Zn(NH.),]2* unvtprruorufiutrrornrrrfitni- 1Il; looou lZn(NHr),(H ro)r7'.o q, y y t y ,4 iyr1r1rne1ilrlrr.rruflo.i zn'* R1fl"lurtndu:]6fluuiln{fioflilrnsulfloun.ififr'ntilv,lflrgotrtaz{6rnrtfi
oqjrflui,:nruru rrnduri'rtfinflfianglv'lflr:leyrrn: t .s tonri'rflolfrrtadfltrJuru1 Tnrayd'{nvfisvetia-J<,
neou nrrrtlrirrd'ndryra.ir{ri,rtv'hlrsynnrn.r su"[ufianfr'ndlv'hilrnndrrrnrfro:-rrilurtudB{laflncrq{vt,t
riruurn uonsrnfizu6md'ruq,ififrrirrcroqifrrrorqtunoonrrtfr rirl#,r{qatv{flrtorrnr?0r1fr'1vlflr
rfieraflr fisriudsnreamerqd'n:*ruyro.:rirulv'lorfloqjrar.rora6orirrirulv'lorfloonufrotrilfiqr-lnanitv"lflr
nrnitiurflurenlulu
ff*:."".i,,:' - 'as rirutv,lqrfl fluln AA unyfluln RRAA t#d'ntilv{flrrirqrYuodr.rta
ruadrloanrlad-, ri - 4 - -- d 2a 4 d v d r t v , dtl-luLsnauT\Fllu1flus1nr{nri[r1r.r1r?0rTaduaondrrttrnyer6lu]_l?ynot_run'nrdurdarnu Lrri
"lfraranvnru NaoH u6o xoH rflu6rdnlvrataoid'rg:J g.r+ 6.rfido,j1rfladroan1tari(uoanrrtnrir d .^ 6r - 6,uuilrflnrril'ir frarffirilur:-.ra)lfiri'rn6'orriranl inr?orraiurvril rnr?olraiuififi fin' ur-rlnnnr
u rJuft n yfi fi nraoloqj 6'rulu ( unlm Br)
ruvirunatv'hi'
,naynruflu
d
nao{d.inye{
MnO2 rJdl.r KOH
grJ s. t + rirurlasnau"Ja.:utaduaanrrlari
A '- r rer 6r y r^6 ! ^ 3 o d ^ - 3tN 0 Ft o fl l ty! y,{ 1 tlr Ft ?1t c.i s ? ! fl n ?fl 1 y] [n nfl un 1 u tu tT n n t! u a,i u
roluFr : Zn(s) + 2OH (aq) --+
ZnO(s) + H2O(l) + 2e
unrTvpr : 2MnOr(s) + HrO(l) + 2d
-> Mnro.(s) + zoH (aq)
:Jfrffiurar:r : Zn(s) + 2Mnor(s) + Zno(s) + Mnzos(s)
ttaduronnrrtarifid'ntilv,lflrilavrrru t.s Trao{runytrlnayuatv'lflrtfrurun.irrrndu#r rnery,irA 6 e 14 dd , y ! J ! u u d i^ udtdnlvra'[apifrnrr,ll.rt{r{un{fr tflossrnurunv'[anaonlqriloooufrrfrnrdulurJfrffiutaalurdaund':-t14 r d Y u iludtll Lllu61?Fl.i nufl o{ilfl n ?fl 1 L0o n
rilutv'lsrflfizuanavm:rriodtuoofrorodrrte:jrr uayrirtrtririrri'ruty,{orund'rr.rr"lfr,q'dLuNonn?.i
Wif;E
luadUson6 rld ' !
rflurtndfrfrdru:levnornrfrrurir-Lltnduoan'rtarfurilfimofAc? (It) oontrr{.uruuel.lnrfla,(IV) oontrr{-unv"[{uriuua6nlflurTcunrlvla acud16nTvretapf 6o roH y6o NaoH zuarfi':-t
rJfrffimrnr :
eA?6Ezuun
naio.rfr.rnyfr (uotun)
ruilunafin (unr1vrn)
,{'aorri'u
6rfin1yalaffiu KoH ,l6il zn(oH)2 rny Hgo
a:l g.ts airuil*naurarurad:Jeam{
rtndrlaorr:luurndfifiturnr6n 1fi'd'ndtv'lflrilayarrru t.a t,raFi fr{o66oare.rmn"lrXd'nei-v, trt a ! q, d r n y l,u, o qyv 4l - ,Lv{?'{ltnoLFr'irFlnon01qn1?Lt.l1u tJ?1Fl1tL?\.inelrxndLtu.lyt.]til uflil[tflutniotnrntat n6ol-
1i',t'n1fl?tl ulv{n1 trrro.irl?Qsnrarfrutosriclq rrrtorr{t16f idluiLFtuufinra rtadrfinrflfr{orfiuda
I{
4' .4i , o - Xu, d ^ ,: ,Lil O t{ n n t6 0 l.t 6{ n 1 y! 1l ?0 yl n 1 q n yl.{ t Fl u 1 n LL n y Lil uy{ I*m o d.i Lr e n n o xJ
lBad$u- -!a,rflurtazfvrfrr(euil?vno!rnvud'nnrarfinr:JfrffirrnrfrrflrYLrrnd'roanrrtnri do"[fid'lnyfirflu
9 t r t *
riruoTununvruaiuua6nfiduriarirfinirosoonttri'rflurie unrTvror rJfrffiurfirfiorfiu'[urqadrflud'.ifi
roTun : Zn(s) + 2OH (aq) + ZnO(s) + H2O(t) + 2e
unTrn : AgrO(s) + HrO(l) + 2e- + 2Ag(s) + 2OH (aq)
:Jfrffiura,rr : Zn(s) + Agro(s) + ZnO(s) + 2Ag(s)
o41d4zuun
d.rnvfi (ruotun)
flo.i,i6il AgrO KOH rrny Zn(OH), {u
g:J s. r o ai,ruilesnausrolrrad[tu
1,,ta* d a 4 O dd v d
ln\oHl) 2 t_]fl n ?fl 1r tn n1un1fl Lut{na Lilupl.iu
uoluor :
runhn :
Zn(s) + 2OH-(aq)
HgO(s) + HrO(t) +
Zn(s) + HgO(s)
-+ ZnO(s) + H2O(l) + 2e
2e--+ Hg(l) + 2OH (aq)
+ ZnO(s) + ug(l)
uiluuafin (unTrn)
,{'anri'unauqq
rtadriufid'ntily,{rftr:iavr16u 1 .s tcns{' fiturnr6n unyfiorflnre"lfr{rulfruruurifiernluy{.iq
l{rYr n 6o s ri r u at-l rrr6o { Fr ec q n r a d'us ot riclq urr?o {ri c fl fl .rq
--tluAat60ruraoo&6dctttudr-^iv,Yte
utndrfrorndl rilurtnzilr{rl.tmfril?vLnflnn'rlunvrrlotzuruaramtfrurfrrl:lfirictylflrmnonrrn'r
orfiuoT n:JfrffialoonALnd'u fi#ruolun unuilfrffiar+duAYut,o,'e3d'nd'u firTrunTvror nra.rdrffu nrvuatr{rflrrfins'rnn1?Ln6oufito.r6r6nrlrou qlnli,ruo1unilru,l{qa
,/ , t v t\ tv v o c .lv, 3R'tfluonLil€J.:lr,ltLFrtvrFr tnflvr?LrJd1?rrorv!nr rsiu lalorereu rtonnoflod ra6oarefi"[#6ufinmaou
,vt6'.irflsvil'rurffrtrlvrrt6'ruri,rrolun dcuvrr.:frruricunrtvrrrsyilruuff'aoonBlqu u6off.Joonfitord
gl r! ovo ra€ 1v vrfl 1 tlt ryro Lu tn nl_tnn?fl 't ?n nTud
) a ,u - u t
' , 'Fl?{t%an L?'{v{rrrdfrrurTcuotuor uflnoonslnF6{L{adfrrurTeurnrTyrn frcuara6rfinTyratnffiflor.J
qi4 - .j j, \y ras t4 tu do r t t e"[tf[ooouurrtfrortnrdoufiilrutfr :Jfrffitth{flrrnrfr"LurtazirmnFil{q1nilfrffiurduortlfiufiorfiuluIr h i,u, 4 r u n
n?yL,run1?rr,r1[rrltplgytcut lr?on1?[,,1111ru]lto.irfioprdr"lurnr?otflupi.dunr:Jnrfl"lu
"& A I 'q ' t u - ' ^ '-irradrfrornhtlrihirur,lri.rfr'uv{d.i.r1u urirflurtnri'tv,lflrrnrfifi1fflun1?L:]6flug:Jndrsruern- ai td v 3 a!,6 o tt.,6
fln.i.i'lutFllJvldvdilou tuv{uovlro{6{letxorv'r6i{t:-lrflundt.rT utv{flr'[ua:lrruilflo.in1?rF]doufiro.lsiB q a i 4 o ^ r3 $y o J a 4otann?ou n1?L?flnxou?on1?q1Ltunxunt{nntxotv{n.i vrsl?6u1Lnq1n{uFtflo.itxoLTIn{u?CI{ufi
A 6 s t dvfl o{o Lnn ir3 Laa m10fl 1.1 t{u
c3 arrdaxi rila tila-.:'[aToerq u - ao rfi rs ilrflulrari'[v,lflT rnrfifilfruff'atalorrrsuunyrff'fl0onArqur,irur{rlilfi:Teuo1unrnyunTrnmlil
da6cl4dqaoUvttrardXoda1a:J uavilotantr?LnFrrllu61?Frurvlr?l.rrLoLunrrayrrntrn:J0lrluLr.ilrlu116LfllnsrsuuayIri6
oonAtsuulvirrJfrffiurri'uToflrr?{ d',:oeir{so.rrtadr#orndrtfinf, rdou:-i.rmurfiorr,itodnr*ruy
rqfl 1 yro.ia rd ntvr aln oi- t 6'uu ri
s&tdaalrlolilaluuurud (Alkaline Fuel Cells, AFC)
rfl u lt a drd'o rn hr fi fi n T erfzu u1luq a r ?n 1 rfi otfftut n ?.i n 1 ro Q n 1 fi .r o { il ?y ryr n n r,l igo uGn r
- r, t
, v t
lnra,.iruuflalaTnrauqurfrrh]firTrrioTua unv,J1urff'doonArqur{r1:-lfirinunrtvror fi6ufintvrelnoi'firflu,,tilfi tduTvrrvrarfifliltan?ant{pi'rxnd:levr,nvrflfirJayfry6nry!d{eJ1n rflosqrntfrirff'atatorersuray{
il ^ ! - da q - do Z " f, -,un 6 o o nx tquil L ?4yt 0 tl r,l a FIR 6u6/l t:luu1 yt 1.11 ult 0 ruun t:l ayil1 tu'1 00 " cc _ a ___
l^* i^ A' o, -Xr_1fl n ?fi1yl Ln nluLLluFt.iu
rolun :
rnlfln :
:Jflffiuracru :
2Hr(g) + 4OH-(aq)
or(g) + 2Hzo(l) +
2Hr(g) + O,(g)
+ 4HrO(t) + 4q
4e- --->
aoH-(aq)
+ 2HrO(t)
HrO oon
H, rfrr
o, r{eurfiuoon
orffi
ara6 ufinlvretn Bi'
pl s.tz eiruilasnourtadudaur6{ru1lru6l
1,,da 4 d vd
ilfl n ?fl 1fl Ln afl utlluPl.lu
rtadrdorni{luJiJrtJtJt:J?u[an[il6sutrlenmu (Proton Exchange Membrdne Fuel
Cells, PEMFC)
"X ^ o 3, , il , o o 'ur{nnLTorv'ro.r{uplurro.rr.iruuflatalorarsurfirtilfirTQrolurr unyrilurfrc{oonfiuqurnrtl1fi,,
:T?rntrn uriuu.u.rruauvrohmofifludrdnTvretnoi-fid1slun"[#[fllorarqutooournrdoufirirul:}i.:"- o
" l- d h t y t, o ! 6h
rTQ$nIiln "[utruvfrdrdnnrroutuail1ue.is?tdfl1 rnyfi1{1ufiqrruqfi:hyrrlru 80 'c"[{'lnuv
rflnfifl (p0 fifrmnr4.rrflufirrr.r:Jflffiur n1?urrnd'eflottr.runqnuflatalnnquhJrflutaTorersu,r !t o . a ! o u a 6'[oooufrrTcuoluorurav:JfrffiurnreacilrTrrYutortriannoanArsu taTerarsulooournyA16nmroufi3 o v dd d 6 x,a uo
-1e LrFl tvr ft 1ro Ft FtoNfl u1 n tan tN tn nn1?n n n?outtnyuluun uJ1
rotun: 2Hr(g) +4H'(aq) +4ernhn : Or(g) + 4H.(aq) + 4e- 2HrO(g)
rJfrffiura,:r: 21r(g) +or(g) +2Hro(g)
are6rdnlvratnri
g:J s. t e sia uil as no u rta dud'a urn 6{ uil rJ [rJ rJ r:r au rra nul at a uIil a n ao u
- a& a 4 tt{aa[{ot1{61{ttilutndonl6uotunuaoilrua? (Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell, MCFC)l,
rflumndfilfirrflata1narsurovoonArsu rirurflrhlfirTcrolunuayrFrlvrn ntrdrd'u firn6onrrf:rarum^d o d 4 o d 6l ,
^ 6 o v do j
^,iln0Ntua2flo.i alflflN txtnul.tlr?olilltvrdtxa,Jrilur{cuzualrol6rdn]y|aIad firtrufroruunfr:_]aylrruq{
650 "c 6tfr'o.:l{rrnelv,ld-zuarfinrfinldifrrtrllur?cuoTuor dcu#runrtvrn"[ffunelv,lpizuarf,nrfinuay
frnrfin (tI) oonttri rfioricurd.rr.Jfrnaerfi"fxt?'h1r urifi{orfiu6oorqnre"[t'rruriot] rflorqrnfinraa6ohd
nnn?ouqlnotan tyl? LaFt
r^* !^ g ^ -xLfln?u1flrnnlurilua{u
H, daulfiuoon
H, rfrr
ruotun : Hr(g) + co32 (t)
urrlyrnr , Lo,(g) + coz(g)
rJfrffiurerr : H,(g) * 1o,(g)ra6o 2Hr(g) + o,(g)
H2O oon
o, r{'t
---> Hro(g) + coz(g) + 2e
+ 2e' -------------> CO32-(t)
------------> Hro(g)
2HrO(g)
H,o(g)
t
o2H2
rrvir u n etv,,l d'yr ?urJ d l.r N i rivir urnetv'lo{'n?uildil Ni LLav Nio
NarCO, uaolJtun,l
arj s.ts ai,ruilasnautarrsaduf,ornhs dfi Na co rflu6rfrn1vratnoiq23
, d 4 " "X
a I oilnL?fluLonnl1ilr1rlJolJttauF]e'lilttnnm1.inu$o{rtranr{narxoriln.i LflLFlrLsu - oonTLsu
' a IY 4 t4 |
uF}avTuFllFll,l?o LtJ
,,,rrndrfiornhrtatnrersu - oonfirsu ri'{ariltfinrsy"[fiufl4 H2 rny o, rflurdour6ruufiouriu
* , ,)" tu
TnrErqvtirurff'a H, tr"Jfrri,l uolunr uayilruufla o, trJfirTc unrlvrn frrfi umnritri'udo sv1{6rfintvratasf',te
^d o c t v ,
n 1.x n u et l.J yr { o ruun r.l yr yr 1{ 1 un Lr n n Fl 1.i n u Ft I uq{
c& aortadufiornfislvrerrryu - aarfi rsu
"& ' t'rxnnLxorv!n.itunfl"lfiuff'nTnernuilrutr]firTruolunr rflaaonfrusur.jTutrlfiri?Lrnrtvrn unv'lfi
e{ 1 e^ ya1fl n?nr{'afil.i?n ufl u6 udnTuata Bi' rJfl ffi ur rfi nrfi un'talur{adrfl ud'rfl
Y,:ffiEU;;#
rroTun : C.Hu(g) + 6Hro(t) +uprlvrnr : 5Or(g) + 20H.(aq) + 2Oe +
rJfrffiuracer : C.Hu(g) + sOr(g) -----+
3COr(g) +20H.(aq) +20e'l0Hro(g)
3CO,(g) + 4H,O(g)
,ta-od4aoa4
ilfl n ?fl 1 ?,t N Lu t{ n a tx 0 Ly! n.i Lv! ? t1\ u - o 0 n{ ts u t1, N 0 unt_l
:Jfr ffitrnr effuntltot uff'aly{?rfl uluLF6o{uuoi. uFi"hhleyfr yr6nryr
"[unr adr.r ru4tn.jrrJ avrrru
nrflluz ryi r t at rnr?o.l g uri'tfr n dun t-l tnernu
tto tuFr
grJ s.zo eiru:lesrrauqorr&
r{aarfiorY{a{
tneruu - aanfrrqu
d& a ae 6tdaatdotlildtttuul.ilrtynuoalaErafit (Direct Methanol Fuel Cell, DMFC)
o& - ^ & v t , u t'tTaotTotiln{{unu LnurvrluontJlulfl1 r:Jfi:i,]ltolun Trrannro.rrtfinuaanoaodsyLLmnd'c
q
d u d t u A c h . V t tu
Lurnnnlaltoutnoontgr{'uavtaTnersutaoau Lrnvrilurfldoonfiusurfirtrlfrri,runlvrer Iorflfid6 a 6 c 14 ; oitl o y t
e
ttr,tutillJturuilon$ro?t:.Juo[nn Lr?ianfl6'uran'[#'[alor?rsulooour.i1util€i.ifrLLnlvrort6'uayfi1.i1ui-,ufiqrura4fi:Jevlrltu so - 120 "c l{tnuvurvrnfifr.r (P0 rfludeu:-laynol:rorrirlyh1rra6of,nrdrJfrffiar
nltrrtnfr'oto.tttJvr1uoafi#cLLotun d1il1?nd1il1"lfi.rruriu Tvrad'nrdfiofio nfio{rirue:J nroufrormof{ttu:Jy{nil1
,vta- ^ 4 o d6 u dLfl n?u1 rn nfl un1fl Lur{ao tLua{u
rolun : cH.oH(t) + Hro(t) +rnTmn , 3Or(g)
+ 6H*(aq) + 6e- +r.lfrffiaretr : cHroH(r) *.3or(g)
CO2 oon
cH30H
Hro rffr
COr(g) +6H'(aq)+6e
3HrO(g)
cor(g) + 2Hro(g)
H2O oon
orffi
are6ufintvratari
grJ s.z t siru:Jac nouros rtadr{o rnfi t uu uldrr.ruruontor er nt.r
uonslndolsv{L"i1"[urflndu{a rnd.l:-lrttfro"lfiuff'auorTr rflur,l?o uflafirvrura6ouffalarrardurir
:Jfl ffi urrl'r uufraoonfr rqu rJfr ffi arfi rfr nr{unrs"[urrndlfl ud'rfi
4NH.(g) + 3%(g) # 2Nr(g) + 6HzO(l)
cHo(g) + 2O,(g) + COr(g) + 2HrO(t)
NrHo(g) + or(g) + Nr(g) + 2H2o(l)
ffir{an rxo rfl n.: unn rirrqrnrirutv'lqrfl u?€ rtndufrtlurio.rlnrir.r
I
rtndrfio rvr6.r uumnrir{srnrirutv{orflu6orqndLr#.inairrdotriauranrfi:rnd'.r.:rurnfili'l6'99
erlvitqvfr'o.rilruarefr'tfrurfrrl:]"lurtnd unyfr'osrirarezu6nfi'ruvioonqrnixadmnoorrcnr rtad-,t
Aad'ddAr4'tdouvrdtfroonu:-ruoeirtnorqfrrlavfrr6nrn4tfrrfoilav 75 r,l?o:-layrrruao.rryirrot:Jayfivr6nryr
4 q,r y I q I d d a y q q e q vfl0.itFr?o.iuuFlxundilFr'rlln1fl tu !e1fis1nrda{ :.Jn1eyiln?{l*uofl luilql:turilune1ilyl1yt'turo.t
.!a 6 , t 'fnTvr€Jrfirani frfrrnuau"[qfrruvrdtvruvroruflu fiflflrflrildrFrm].Jr{1'[sLfiofimurlrirsad'rdory{fit
d d 6' yrdfiarnrrqnnr fir.lavfivr6nrvr4t uavld'rrutfrrflurca1u1u nnonsufimrurfr',rra.l:Jfrfi?arrirtv{fir
doe - &rPl u 11,1 r1r3.r 1 yd il nL rxo rfl a.i
luadqfteiinnd1fiuqfi lflurtnriri'acrflnilevunvruflsfi:Jfrffirr"lurtadatrrenrfinfroundrlfr nriro6o
J ' ^ 3, u ,
rfrortadtf,orflqirfllv'lsuurnud,:arurrnilrrur:-layltrllrariunvrirnr{'urr"[fr16'6n d'roeirruiu
rta da va rtv{fl r urrr m yric rtn dfin rfi n - u nr n ffi fl 1.r 6{fr erern y rA fl n d'rd
rsada sa r.rb'l f, r ruu u or s fih,t
uqndqflnfl"lfrr:]uuuaeisvrd'ttT utv'Iflr"luanflu0{-u6o{r]aeruflun{'u?flndofi'clr-l.ir uunrmo?
rtndavartv{flruurnv*rulrinvrtarfl'rjavnouficflrr.iunyrYcrflu:?cuoTunruayrnn (IV) oonlrri'fi
tnrdo:iuufi'rmvrYcrfluirunrlvrpr lfiaraavnruner!frnfil"Fndilfiu5oflny 30 - ga lnfluonrflu6r6n-clrdLfl? tAFI
v 1 \ 11 u , U ' ' U ' F u tq,unt?fluqvlnrln:vrudnnreair.rrtndnT a.iralv'lunynra:Jryqtv,lcio.irtadavar.rtv'Jflruuumyric
!
'u'3s1nn1?ylnao.iFr0 [1]u
Lto1uFr
A60hd
ornn Lr? [aFlv
ruiluf,?nu poI
uuiluricucn eoo,
eil g.zz utadacaillr'lflruuuorcfr o rtad siafiuuurroumu{a
rntunao{ 9.3 utadasrilr'lflruuuncfr
1. "iuuriumyrY.Jfluln 1 cm x 6 cm dru,lu z rraiu a.l"[uflnrnoituln 100 "rt ytjums
",q
c{1eava1flneor,fi'afln?n 0.5 mot/dm3 4rucu 50 cm3 r{L:Jarauilumyri'erftfi'ufrrrfinrnoil,
z. rio:lnrtruuaiumvri,rli'.r z uiluu{rrirlcnoi'firmofu?ounoorty,hurnr 1 Tcapi'd'rarl n dsunn
nrauildfluriln.ios d^ d v r d Y , - ' X I o d a !
u1 tla m il Lrtoeoon tta x n ol.:s?on n?{ rr 1 nL nayL yrirutrrlort] o To n ri u5o uu n umoT
tv'Ifl r n av ura m a.r 6 l,la pi' d"w-l r :l eyrur ru s urfi dr rn m nr a r:-l d uuuil n,i!
ilrnev:rvrirutv{oreoonufrcria,rsqru{rri'rlcnrfl'firmofia?ounoprtv'l:rurn t t.Jnffinni.i
d'.ra:-l n d.: unnnrer:Jdtruuiln{!
- .,i v t4 t d ,! , !o da d4 t t6y y r t y5. ttJ0fl.irnFlLilLuunl?Lunfluttiln.ivrteaFl[.JtFto?l,t?ouaon[y{ Lruln?yLyn1uLfls1uFl0rt1v q
'd Y - de 'f,rTrrrqe'lrari6nnrf,i d'.la:-] r :-leyrrnr s uT fi drrnmnl?rilafluuilnl{6. ilrnavrvrirutrloraoonufirrio,r.lqeiflrri:rT,ino{'firmofia6or,rnonrlv,lturn t lcnoi6nnrFr
6'rer.l n d.r rn mnrarildfl uuiln.l.{
4.
unlvror
dlenva'')fl H2SO4
':,Ltilunvn?
d1?nvn'rEr H2so4
r:l 9.23 rna{rra:l nenirfi a fi nl*r rtadasa lb',| fl T uuu ncfrcoa
tv.dtvdrd,-ldlr'tta1. tNOmoe{q?n{?il n nf{tLrn iln1?tilaflu[:_la{Lnnfluu?otil ofl1.it?{2. ffi o rio,r.iq td'{rrl r n i.r uen fi nraulfifl uu:ln.r fi nrdura6otri o drtteg
3. udtqrndruur,rrd""n,rdnrirlcnr{'firnofia6ounontvltririolfftilets? svrfinnrrr-i I 4 !'l ' ' t'i
L!AUUUiln{UrO Lil 0fl1.t [?J o !, - v t a Y i ^ ,! t 4r, , r4. Ll]OUlttltFrtFroSF|On:.1?.is?Fl.i?]J fl onn?{uu.iqvtnnnlrtllnfluLliln.iu?0ltJ 0fl1.:L?s
4i '
, ;, , 6 , o o d^ t4q1nn1?rFlno{Foiiluriuntyfie6o.iu,.iun.i"[ud1?aya1fln?n{'nfrlo3n rrd'rurTcnBffrrmofuso
uaonty,ltilriodrrYrctqe nuirtilfinayuatv,lfl'rrfinrdu rnmy.ir"fr'l*n.rl'oaorfid'nd'[v,lflrivirri'uYtuv
d'rriunmair.irTndflydil'lv'lflru:r:rnyrTc6.:fr0.:vir1#fi,]fl0.irryfflfirflurTrtv,lflti'.:ao.rfifr'ndlv,lffT
rirtrYu fi'rvirt6'torflriour,ra'rrirrfinrtv,lfirnayu6{nt?.irfl1rY!uriumyri'ofi^irod'[uaranya']fln?F)q{,,H2so4 d'tg:J t 6rdnmaousrnqTen:-Lro.ruuai.rrirlfintv'hflrneyuana.isyllri.ife g taTnrarsutooouq f, d, ' Y s a 6 :tY
- ra a !^-[ud r ea yar fl fr .r il ni r E" 4r n.j r dr n yfl:-l6 rfi n m aoufi rTr e rJ fr n?u rfi rfr ndu rfl ud'rfl,
rTc s (LLnhn)ii ,
e{iln1?ylLnu110.x
2Ht(aq) + 2e -+ Hr(g)
2HrO(l) + 2e' + Hr(g) + 2OH (aq)
o.t4 s !^ 3 tl ," ra* - Y - , .!< L ,i . AY - jund tflLPt?rsurrnnfluLr.rvrlilfln?a1nL1? B rriluFlynxq.i tNr!nuurr!n.i e{euylfle A fl.iFlonr_r,
ticronto.ruuai.rrirrfiorty'lflrnayuam?{ H2o "[#6rdnmaout6'6n.ir Sor'z(aq) 6trfin:JflffiuravUrd
oonfrrord'uki'irri'aoanQrqu fitt:loonfi'lorduilumyri'c R ufinr:]uranr (IV) oonttffirrflunra,tt,y
drirmrnrrir.rrnrdorfificmyfi',r nradrrriuflr?un,ir nrarJa;1tv'lnirurnro.rrrndavar.rtv,lfl'r
rL L rr vde n r a ril d er u Lr il n.: fi r?c uo1u n lfi fl ua il n mt ff d'{ d
EO
EO
=0= -0.83
I
fi R (uoTuor)ii e
dlJnl?iltnfl1fl0.i
z1ro(l) € 4H.(aq) + Or(g) + 4e-
2SOo'z-(aq) + SrOr2 (aq) + 2e-
Pb(s) + Or(g)
-> PbOr(s)
E" = 1.23
E" = 2.01
rT,r a (uolun)
Pb(s) + SOo'-(aq) + PbSOo(s) + 2e
ffQ n (unlrn)
PbOr(s) + 4H.(aq) + SOr2-(aq) + 2a- + PbSOo(s)+ 2HrO(l)
E' = - 0.36
E" = 1.69
EoL anode
(-0.36 v)
i,
iit;:
1,
j"-ilfl nra1mNrll A (rro Lufi)
2HrO(l) +Pb(s) +PbOr(s) +4Ht(aq) +4e-
rfiorirrrndayarlv{firuuunyri',lfiilay1h,lufrctrlriori'uTcnof,'firmofia?ounoorlv'luriurdatri'u
n1?rio"r{q?nf,iuanlugrJ n qyilu"i1r{ruta.rTcaafl'firnofr:rusln4udrfirrarfrofirfiorufluran (tv)
oontrri drunirnrrrrir.rf,ndty^lflrt6':leyrrru z Tcnof'uiofrrl{unontrlturor t leaofl'riouvru6 da - s t t o , 3o r I ra* ^ 3 q .3hndfrrnoiunoalrlsvd.il{ n1?fi1rduf,r?sn'ir n'ra.irfl'lvl :.Jfrffiurrfin0uuflud'.1f,
rrnftfindhid'neitv{flr z tcno{'rfiori1un1fl1 rrndurriorYurL:rounrilsvtfid'ntitv'lflrrfirdutc
' J 'Jao dt 6rtndqvfid'ntilv{flrlz\')afft{u uun mot?nfl umfl ilq'ru?ut{nn nooqn?il
rJfrffiur:rorrtnd
Pb(s) + Pbor(s) + 4H.(aq) + 2sOr2-(aq) + 2PbSOo(s) + 2HrO(l)
rfi o d rue ruri r d'n dlv{ fl mo{ rr a ds vl fi rfl ud't dro roE cell E cathode -
= 1.69 V
= 2.05 V
, k , ie- a d | 'flruyslULy'l ytr? A rny A qyfiarafi:ncfirtrinynrflluilr
6o Rosoo rfi n rfirrilu6o u 1 ri r1#nrc r u rfiru{uro.r n ent'afih?n
a or m lufr 4 nr rfiu,ffrtrlt.rii aor fi poso, rufi ourYu ri r'[#ffn d-
t r,l fi r ii'ff,r rft a a t uyi r rYu rr n da y a ul r,hil r u r :lrl y ri'c q yt ri a r u r an
drfltv{tffi n rfi oriT l:.lrJey1tv,l6n nri,:lnrtL rior?rnuror iuaritrir rfi or
lv,l fl r n ey u a m a.r r:ir ri'r #c a u n v ri o r?e u r n l:ir ri'L r?,r n s y rfi pr
:.J fr ffi a r1ufi rt m r r n er rYufr r u rYu n 1 ai r fl t v,l d"r d
rlevqtv,l drtrtv,l
"Vr"rJavltil
Pbor(A)
ffr e (unlnn)
PbSOo(s) + 2e-
vrT,: n (ualunr)
PbSOo(s) + 2HrO(l)
-> PbOr(s) + SOo2-(aq) + 4H*(aq) + 2e-
:Jfrffiureu
2PbSOo(s) + 2HzO(l)
--; Pb(s) + PbOr(s) + 4H.(aq) + 2SO,2 (aq)
tra!r
rtndavaruh-lfiruu:rmvri'cfiu:l'irifiol{navunh,lflruruorudeqyarilren:-leystvlrfiorirnd'uqrA ilg rdd 09 i u | ,
t
rr"LffLrarild urififrorqnrel{{ruavuvrcataf,.rwitiu rflotqrn pbso4 firfinern:Jfrffiurrruy.irflty'l,
t J ,ay o d v , ,L a ,q vu q n o o n q r n u il un v ri'r m n a qj fi riun r t uy fi r"Lri u zu u n y rTc fr n n eo ul:.l r?o s 1 u a v rd o ru a n rn
tilaur,en'[ffiffin
grJ s.z+
Pb(s) + SOo2-(aq)
uaor{rnffireh'lunc
nmJ*.elr,lrta*acarJ
b,lf,ruuuosfir
daadttnauntna - BnnlilEtN
d ^ d 4 d^ da d q 3 + qY r
tsnnuntnn - ttF]Fttilfll]1r?ornanuttFlFl 1][auvLLFrf]t]Jfll.tt:lu1'tuotun ttnvLx61?L?vnoL
flo.iflnrna (m) rdu finrfiaoontrr{larraonttrf,'Nio(oH) fieruoqjrutar,rsfinrfrnrfluf'lunrtvrn
loufiaranyalflrL6doTv!uyrarfiur.rtapreonttr{'rfluE16nTvralnri ilfrffirrfirfinr{utruvuirutvlrflu-3Fr.iu
uoTun : Cd(s) + 2OH-(aq) + Cd(OH),(s) + 2e
unrtrn : 2N|O(OHXs) + 2HrO(l) + 2e' + 2Ni(OH)r(s) + 2OH (aq)
rJfrffiuraer : Cd(s) + 2Nio(oHXs) + 2H,o(l) +cd(oH),(s) + 2Ni(oH)r(s)
a:J g.zs rtaz{finrfra - unnufisrJs
rtndfinufin - unrorrfiu!"lr]'d'nti1y,hflr:l?yil1ru t.z lcnr{' rfiol{trud'ndtvhflrqvdrnrr?ou1o i h t 6, u, , o Y I
' x 16
'd o e \ 6wv1 raa
ou1ufi4nrlilnrrran"lfirrutfr' fr'ovir1ilrJ:r1tv,lhari6{svarilrenrirnd'rh.11flfr'6n :Jfrffiurtu
avu.irrnreilerltv,lovrfinffound'rri'rr.lfrffirrnre"irfltv,l rtndsfio,fllfiri'rrn6othntat n6'otrirugrJA c a Uy , d d ^ 3a a G qv t|v e C d dd
LFr?0.:rnr{o?flunta61fl floaflo.irflnatunuEofrsurorrdnuav'[d'rrutd'uTu riordr.rdofi:lruur"[un r ari r {nr rfl o rt a drfi o r a n r fl rfl o{ s 1 n u nr nr rfi s 3r rfl uln u vfi fi fr :*
daaUairdaaalilEru - taaouy{aa[tJotdt d tu a! - Z i rra qu ! 3 6 v \u
riluL{nn tv{?\l'r LFt}Jrnnil zuu1Iuil111\o LlrtJ?vflvn1? Lt.i1uvrfl10u1uflu dltJl?n tnlifln.i'i1u LFI,u'r?u1u Lrnva,rllJlrururiurorudr.ilu?{.r rlrvno!frrErrrvi.runatv,lpirflurTQuntrn fi6rfinTvratns{'{lfluvrohmofl rqiu nodrofiduoonttpi-(potyethytene oxide) ra3ozuarrflTri'rrndohrfiur niu LiRru
dduunyfi Lirrlno, il?o Licoo, rflurTruolun
A 4 6 VALfln?fl1rnnlurlluFt.iu
LLnhn : Licoo, + Li,-, coo, + xli* + xe-
tLolun : 6C+xli* +xe- + Li,C6
rJfrffiaracr : 6c + LiCoo, + Li,_,+gsgr+Li,co
dad vt -n 4 6t nAoZ - 4 ^ qyv 4 4 a ntTnnnlilul.J - looouvloaLiloi tlutxazifiNuruilnu!1 E{uflr]-L{r1lilono noil?\erFlofrrLiJyrny!1
rn voil n?ffi u6nvr eofi n drL!1il ny!1
.=,-1.bb
gil 9.26 rtadhrfi erilloaauluqilnrnfiohr 1
rtratdldaa L{rFlEJeJ - dary{oa
4 d v r doh d d Yrxa €ilx rA fl N - d'a rv'l o f "Lt Lr rd €l il ry ne rfl uf,l rotun un y
d r r yrYu ru a'l ( zu a I ri':-t 2.l u n etv,l oi.lfi o rfi I :.1 eyfr uBn rn"[un r arjr
tv'l fl r ) rfl urT,: u nlyr n 1 er s fr fi m r o v o fi ur fi r ul ur o s zu d ar r o.r
oonttritorTnily (At, Mg, Na) Auuutrx rua. rnrdoufirirutfi'rflu
o rnn Lr? Ln rt ?yu? 1,i Ft?.tl]fl n afl loon{ rn{ufl lJtrl ntududn a- . oi. o a'ox d r{ i^ 3
rT m 3J n ar il ?v{ qu[a nl Lyr o 11, LT rFl fl r.t L0 oouri 1u ilfl n ?u 1yl rn nfl uAYv,u ^ -Xvrflx Lv\ilI1[:luFl.iu
rolun : 2Na(t) + 2Na*(t) + 2e
rntrn : fiSu(l) + 2e -----+ ns,-(t)
:Jfrffiu,acr : 2Na(l) + !S6(t) + NarS.(t)
nn0{Lunn
urvitTnuv
t) (uotunr)da
1_lFt10vnlJu1{
S(l) (unrlvrpr)
eil 9.22 aiau:l eunauirar
utadltrderur-auv,lo6
L{nddvdNtv'Jfirtfinrfi"[rid'ndlvlrlrr]avr iil 2.1 v rnvdlrJlenr:-l6Huzu6md'ru.r,ind:-ll.rrrflu,t
arad'rfr'utATnErnrailryqu?odertv,lrqiuudurri:rrtna{vrfiunfitfindu fiorunre"[fi.irurrrurun.irqqal
urndavartv'lflrur:"Lumyrie rriffo{nreLFlroruunfiro.rrtnzil#lfr:leyil1cu 350 'c rfiorirhia.r#.,ffuqq{
t fl r' fl1"i'r:'u en fl u oi't v,l fi r a ntv{ fl r u a v u nr?o r 6'n a{rurnlr,lr!
.ffi::::.,,.,
;. .::' ::..:: .. :.:
l
s rfiBlii daraulffiuu:rns*atddryqt :rnrni*rriqt
' n- effibn*finsa**ra6i.irirrfiht*frrfrtffrinrE6ilCI:ffttrtfiiroirsar{#i &tvitfii*ota I rg
rrun.inltuPl t?\Y,|1t, I
n..rflot&rr,n&vaxtuflr nii{*trj,,uufqttd enrjrvql*tfiEnrfluivrvrvuaqtn
da66fa9.3.2 rdnnfiranlfle[ann
,v
rrndE16nTvretnfinr:lurrarf'lv^,lfrrrnrfidntfrorr,rflrilavnoLd'cufctvifir z rio.jroqilu
6lfinTvretnp[ rdoriruneyuatv,lflrqrnuuairrirrfrnrty,hilrnevuanerrflrtr-]"[urrnr{ nrfirJfrffia']tnfi
rfin{uunyt6'are"[r,lri 6flnnry!?un.rd.i.6rfinTyra6ial#onav:-rcun1?Ltundnrflfrtfltv'lfiroi-36"o6oxad,uanv-X
ilil fl ia1 LFIilvr rn ntun'rfl LuL{n no tnn Lfl ? ta mn Llluou1.i [? fl n191 tft o.iuJ , v t, r 3 ", i v ar ^ I't r ^ ^ , d
rr.rorJlutv{?'t1n?vLLdFr?{a.i'[urirnd'ufiraflor61?nvn1unanfinfil'finnt'[:.] 2 -3 uiln flLl1lJ^ g lYu 'u Y o o-A, - "- !a -y!o.iLLn6rnolfluvlfllLy,t1rt1yl.ic{o.i tnuflQytnon:JlenLflo.lrLLnLrlo?ilunatalneiqufifinrtv'ltdfir-Er.nru
^ !Y A , qi, r^ ra€ )Yn,, o- ., -&rrnncrrrriaoon{rquflii0Lcnt'lt'tULlrLv{FiFlilfln?fl1vtfle[?^{1',l1r.ie{o.iL]]uFl.iu ,unlrnor i.tduiu,i'rnn:rro.ruuaitrirrfiertv,irflrn?yu6ma.i Ht "[udranvnrflfifr'ndlv'{rflr4':n'jtir{
e v fi n rJ fr ffi r r? d'n {'ufu 6 16 n n ao u rfi or u fl at aT nr r us u d't n r n r e
2H.(aq) + 2e +Hr(g)
uotu o n d ui u ri'r'f.L'r nr o.r u1r6it ri r rfi nrtvlfl r n ?v tt d rl ?.1
Z a- aurfr frndlv,hfl r dr rfi nrJfr ffi Enoonfr rn6'utfi.irun'ir
so,''[ud r en vn 1 u 6sh16 r6n m aourfi or ufra oo nfi tsu
d'rarnra
HrO(l)+ LOr(g) + 21'(aq) + 2e
:Jfrffiureti: H,o(l)+Hr(g) + tror(g)
{.""tL.7re,J
b:. ,l ,rdru:lrvnortor rtnzi6 rfi n1vratnfi n fi ovterit
g:.t s.ze q:Jnaninrauunti.
riccrmcuatr{fl'I
qrnd',roeir.idrhXrerr.irrraffi rfinlvratnfinrflurrneilv'lflrrnrfifir.irunavuatv^{flr r{rl:lluusnd-
rufiQdr"[#rfiarJfrffirrmfi 6tarllrenrfiflur,luRlvrriaor{rhuilevno!Lt^vnlerfinrJfrffit.rrnralu6 6 s U ^ UY- 3
L{anotantr?Lnmntnn{u
rotun(oonBiord'u)
urnrTvor
(?nn{u)
v z{^ d
Fl1?ne{
^6 4 11 d
d1?AvAlflOtnn !r?Lam_44h(uTs rndo.[ooounrunr)
valtm100n6i IFl{
grJ s.zs rieuilasnou uacrnrranilffi amro.r rtad6 rfr nlrnoln6n
udnnreqo.rrrazi6lfinTvratnfinrirtrllfir.lavttrtfrrromarunbar.rt6'miu nrarflnaretnfiq
, \ t, o o o o e ^ d f, - a \ ra - , u ,&FroaLv'1141 n1?fi!LauvLtnvnl?il1LauvL1,l]l?dvl6 {{UnL?UUSvtFl6n19ln{mOLilUqq
nrurrndl6tooofi nduaoil rua? rixelmcuatr'|fl rA
^v I v x ^ 4 a o qill
rfro"Lfirrruiourir:arelooofinnufi.rlnunoaJrun? d1?svrfiFrn1?unolJLune rir'Lri"Looou
Lenraytooouaudrfluo.rr{':-laynorsors{raru6ir#ufi6aev1unrernr6oufi unvrirlylflrl6'rfloriru
navualvlflT ufrrtrlqvrfior:lfrffiur?d'n{'uunvoonfirn{ufirirtvlflr 6n:Erfr'codr.in1?rflnd1? cacl2A o h tu !^ 3 nr-Xvru no tJ tua e n I fl n ?v Ltd tl'{fl 1 ttn v!fl n efl 1r Ln nfl u t o o.1u
rnlr n unrn rfi fl illooourfi or:"Jfr ffi ur?d'n{u d'sarunra
ca'*(l) + 2e ---+ ca(s) E" = -2.87 Y
Lro1un nrnotrd'[ooourfior:JfrffiuroonBrnfru d'rnrnra
2cl-(l) + Clr(g) + 2e Eo = 1.36 V
:JfrffitLrmr.r
Ca2t(11 +2cl-(l) +Ca(s) +Clr(g)
E cellEO EOLcathode-Lanode
-2.87V - 1.36V
4.23V
r:l 9.30 meus n Cacl, fi raao il tuax FixrtRes ltdtT'If, 1{'
*
""ffi.#"'t:.W
9.3.2.2 rn6usndlraualet oitsnryrrah,lfl r. !a 6 r \ v i " rr t , u tu
61?AvnlUvrl.JneavalurLFlnFl?r:luLooouLPl riloulhJugnFl?fln?yLLdly{fl1qyrnnn1?I
rui d fl u LLil n.i o ei tta fi n r*rt ffq I n n r ar or n ol ri ohj fl
.@$ n.'iloao{ e.4 rneus nyro{ rroxlooa u Cu2.(aq ) aa ns't n6tleara't s CuSoo ric a
lv{flr
t. "[r{arravnru CuSoo 0.5 mol/dm3 r1{unon n "[#rfirranon fl ttny nr vrodrr6'ciinilnrtlziatntdAaodtdt
uno Ft Ftluenul.iylN ttyl.i ttne lil Flueon? nu tFt?N t6uLoEi n.i?rl 9. 3 1
1nei1.i
L6fiudo
d1?nYn1u CuSOo 0.5 mol/dm3
gil 9.3 1 mee-oqil naniuer ndmasa1s cusoo oic a ner uatllfi r
2. riolirtytfi r ifrr rTu u:.L m rmo3 o len r{"[#n eu ?{q ? n'rt{a'n n + fit un m n r ar:J6 fl ur:l n.it-!= 3 ' '
3. yr Fr ?{or.r LL n 6yr rn or gufic u riruorlfi fi nlv,l
4. drnrmornorrsiuidflrfi'u{o t - g rroitfral?nynlfl Kt 0.s mot/dm' rmudmnynlfl CuSoo
uay6rfiluodv'hrdunr"luunon I ttay n uaonay 2 - 31 iln drunmnrar:]fiuu[ila.i
{'q":*,,, a ,i , uru.,;+'r . l.J n 1 r [u a fl urrr] n.:fi rTclv,lfl r rrn y'[ua 1 ro ya 1 uo ri 1.:t?
2. tfi fl ua il n r t u d n.i n 1 ? Lil d e uu il n.i fi rfr n {ufi rir u otun u n sr?c u r,lvr orl fi o d rtl e!ad.otu3. d1?nyn1ufi ru6oqrnnreu nnorfi nH:i6odr,r1a uvrer v nr4"ler
d1?nyn1fl CuSoo rfluaranynrtrdudntfletnr{'rlrynaufreu Cu2.(aq) unr Sor2-(aq) rhuuro rflud'rd1avn1fl ldodrunevttatv^{rXrqrnuunrrno?rfir1:1"[uareavnru rJfrffiurrfro,dua'rd
un1m o trT?lv{fl rd rio riufrr nltos uru m rm oB)
fi.r cr"(rq) tudrenvnrt utqvi '^* -- q -x
aor n5rilfl ffif.l1s1nn1?1.i 9.2 Llluol.iu
Cu2*(aq) + 2d +2HrO(l\ + 2e +
uro filonT nil6rfinmeouslntrurrtno? uririr E" 1o'ili"i,
Cu(s)
Hr(g) + 2OH (aq)
E" = +0.34 V
E' = -0.83 V
q1nri1 E'. udnl'it Cu'.(aq)'[ualanvarfl f,:-r616nnaoulfidndr Hro(l)d a dv v tth
g{1ra vn1fl q.i tn nilfl n 0fl ''l f n n{u t Fl t01rv uu (s)
uotu o tfctftn rd rio rYlficu e nto.i Lru m tmo?)
:.Jfrffiu
#r so"'(rq) rny Hro(t) fiIonrahi6r6nnaouu6orfinrJfrffiaroonfirn'fi'u urifi.:aolnrildr -^-X1lJFl1 t" ,1.1U
I srou'1aq; + e- + €oo'?-(aq)
lortgl +2H.(aq) +2o+ Hro(l)
ufrol:.l6tlurfifluRi't E" fla{ HrO(l) unv SO42-(aq) nu'jTrir E'flo.i HrO(l) finirriofln'j1 SOo2(aq)
- - -i ^ 3 i? " q v3
il{ifl ifl 10on'tr Mtxufl tn nfl uvlfl 'l Lto Luo tlluFl{u
Hro(l)+ lor(g) + 2H*(aq) + 2e-
d'ntj1v{fli?d'n{uso.l HrO firi1d1n'jr SOr'z-(aq) r:lnrr':riluilT fllfr'jr nrO i[ri6r6nnaoulfifi
n"ir soo'(aql d'rrtud,ffQuo1un uro 61"lri6r6nmrourfiorrflu H.(aq) riurrffrroonfi,^u ,nr.rdu- i- g qrr{ ra
vl n60x rLfl dvt [n nluY!lj111efl LU Lv{ m O
lurcr"tufr H* c{ruttnf,ufi rfinrresufi'fourrTvrntfrra?olri
fuuuri,ir'[urlfrffiarnvfi Ft. rfiordufr.Jaunyorqf,uE16nmaourfiorlflurrric{talorerqulfr rurirfio
ruJiau rfr nL ri. r' u.nilfi fi?nr riotilfl
2H.(aq) + 2e- -+ Hr(g) Eo = 0'00 V
Cu2.(aq) + 2e-+ Cu(s) E' = +0.34V
I
ilL4l Cu'* 'lus{raaynrfldls]1?niuat6nmaoulfr6n"ir H* d'.lriu H' 6.r1ilfi0r:Jfrffiar :JfrffiuTfi
^3orurn n{ ulun r e r fl n d 1 ?n va 1 fl c u So4 d'] a n ev LL atv'l fl r n qrJt 6'd't fr
d'.rrlu cu'.(aq)'[u
tr--o _L_
+2.01V
+1.23Y
Cu2.(aq) + 2e +Cu(s)HrO(l)-----+ LOrtel + 2H.(aq) + 2e-
Cu2.(aq) + HrO(t) -=+ Cu(s) + *Orig) + 2H.(aq)
d'n dldrl mr o.r m n eiE rfinTvr 11 n fi n d ,rrl r an d r ur rul 6'a't fl
L cell-o ro- cathode L anode
= +0.34 V - (+t.23 V)
= -0.89 V
unlror :
uoTun :
:Jfrffiarerr :
hivrd'.:.lrur{rtllufiiIfi6o1{nft'rrutviflrtr]rirt#rfin:Jfrffiurrnrfi riudonraufln6l?ayn1u cusoo
fr0.rlfr d'n dly'l fl u r n n.i r o. a g Ic a Fi fu n rfr rjfr ffi u r rfi o,{u
druiunreueindl?0vn1fl KI frranavuatvlfltiurflorqrn"[uarrnynrfl:laynou6'cu K* i-
rn y H2o rfl o ilT ulvh1rn ?y u fi rl ?.i n.itrl'luar aa ya r fl q v rfi n n r auil d auu:.j n.: d'rf,s,.,YA,-'-unluor (rflurTcfiriorTliicausosru:".rmrmo?;
tuaranvnrflfiri'. x. unv H2o fifitonrs{f,L6rfinmaou urinir E'$0.1 K* uny H2o rflud'.:d
K*(aq)+s -+K(s)2HrO(l) + 2e-
-+ Hr(g) + 2OH-(aq)
nT afifrndllhlrtottrnz{6rdnlvratnfinfinirfrornu uanr.irnreui6fluuilnrdrfindurortritfi fio,r
E" = -2.92YE" = -0.83 V
Hro fi Fi1 E' 4r n.jr ua nt,j T flr-l6 r6n m aoutfi n' n,j 16r rfi or:Jfr ffi u rid'nd'u
+ .d YA, -'ruoTu o ( rilurTcfr rio rilri,t L c nI o.t uu n rmo6)ioo
rt r efr fr 1o n r a e v rfi or :.Jfr ffi fl r o o nfi rrrfruo r q r:l u I - u6o
" ou- 3nluuftLl,tFl.iu
2l-tuqt --+ I'r,+ 2e-
Hro(l) or(g) + 2H'(aq) + 2e'
slnFll?1.r g.z d'nd1?,hlr?d'n{'ulor r Hro ua or.r.jr r hi6 u6n neoulfrn'n,jr HrO,--Y-. --<-= r3s '^ 3 od'stiu I 6lifrn:Jflffit1oonfirnfiu :Jfrffiurfirfrorfrulunrarflnd1?aya1a Kt fr.Jflnavratv,lflraq:lv o- 3
q
t0lfl.lu
unrtmn :
uoTunr :
Hro firfr'o.rfiqrerurqrnrir E' ti
E" = +0.54 V
E" = +1.23V
iln1Fl1ne1
2HrO(l) + 2e
->2I (aq) -->2HrO(l) + 2l-(aq) --+
Hr(g) + 2OH-(aq)
Ir(s) + 2e
Hlg)+2OH-(aq)+I,(s)rJfrffiuraor :
v d tu 6 6 o la ^
o a 6 o t4Y- Xdnd[v^lflrsorutazioldnlrrlannnrufrnl?vrloLanlfl?n{d61?ovn1u Kl n1ueil[0rFr'iu
-o -o roEcett Ecathode - Eanode
= -0.83 V - (0.54 V)
= -1.37 V
X v ' dd o o- o Y s i a Ie, i auonslnuzuanl?ylnao.iu.rv{1_r11N3{xtJ4!rreruflenLueol,]ttFrLYrFr {.iof'l-llElLFr?1Luo{s1n3.J
^ 3. o ras v 4t dt a f, I l A'- a "-oH rfin6u"[u61?ayn1uunvdrilflffiflrri'!fluodv,lvrrdufrr,rflFro{1:.1 rirufrrT']Lenil?oflQroTun
^^Zd1?nvnlflsvfrfrrirnrnfisrfinsrn I.(aq) orn:Jfrffiur Iz(") * I-(uq)
- I-3r"0) nva1a"[u61?nvn1fl KI
x d' a u'-rmrrd"lrid'ndlvlflrivirln1 . n1?vl 0lao{uFtt? [{ LLua.i n1 tunn?vtt?{ [T{y,l'
- Y d" :a1flsvLildflurrl1n.:trlodrtte lvrervuvn'lnr2. olrLflnr{1?nvnluutrlulu"l.pH 10{61?n3 e
otixtefimrr druf,rlaranya''lsIo.i61?:l?vnoLtooofrnfifinrnu u{rfrurrn unvfirirodriofl{!"rt,vtucdr^*^Ardrfrour1:lrfln6,:flneyudty'lflrfrorfir.Jfrffifl1rfinTurdurdu'rrILnrauflnd1?tooofinfiunor iunc
9. 3.2.3 rnatu oi? etv'l fl rtva6c6oqh
unnnl?flo.11{nao rnn ryr?tnfinaurrnrirtrl"[{'[un'rar,ir"[rilnravtfiorraflt rnrdorotiluficto.l{o d o lu.i a I e r rq .4 t4u ' 14
lnuyrinxUauu{tort{rden.jr rnaluriretr{flr (electroplating) 6nurtfrq1nn1?vtp}0o.lriotr]fl
@!$ rn6n naa{ e.5 rn6{:r,rr:l rrafinrirad'rncfi't. "[{nrynr:eyrrlulTnF]v{rr,ldnturora'reil?vr.r1il a cm ud'eilrt:lrrri"luar?nvnlun?Fr
HCt I .0 mol/d m3 2 u1fi dloo nr r frrtrir"l#d yo1 Fr tta v tfi orfi c"[rXu#.:
2. rfirdreavarfl znso4 0.1 mol/dm3 70 cm3 arlufinrno{tutn 100 cm3e4uu'ls. Fioueiud'.inyfrrrirri'urTrrenrnvFiorrv:"luadnlrirri':rrirnrto.ru:-rrrtrro? 1dfrnd1v,lfir
ty
:-.layrrnr g lcngfl' d'terl g.az ffiunmnrarildflurila.ifirfiprfiurflolcnrrirutr.l:-lrvrrru{
5 u1fiffi9,{,HB;# Yo '- 4 ,!
1 . fl e Lnuvr.:f, o{fr nreril6uurrr-latodrrla
2. s{16flua}.rnreurdorcrJfrffiu.firfi^'ilufirfrlv,lflrri'raotrunrrJfrffiurfirfrnr{unrfl'lurtnd-
3. 6 1 ?a va 1 ua rfi nlvr eln oiul d uu uil nr nrmr.r rfrrflur,r6otil o d r'rta
4. n 1 ?x l1n u v fiQ fl n rv u e{ly{ lil r fi ra fin n r e6'pr rr a do d r rt e- --
s. fr'r1{'1v-lflrneyuadff:-Luyruty,lflrnavuane.iqyrfinnl?ul6fluuila'i uafrouldtourrnFil.ih
nUOfl1.1 t?
rfi o r.irutv'Ifl rnayua mat r{rt:1"[urrndtooouro.lTnuy zn2. (aq)q ia q v ^ 6 \rd Y htilfi 1?nynlayll.tFt?1Nd1N1?n tun13t!Otdnrtrou[60n.irur'[ooou
s ' a 6 !, ,- Yfl o{ Lnuyqy?!o ta n m?ouq1n1 nqyt Flooafl Lfl xnufl o.t Ltua{n1 LilFll4--r-t1--dY+^qo4til v{ 1 n ?y u c{ m ?{ lt ?o fl ,t tr n lfl n rn n tt] uo y Ft o rJ 1l o { Ia y y rFl n o L d a-.-..--,_e !. 4 q e ;Y a "- olJUr.l,tfl 0.:e Flr]ylu'tN1TlJ fl tuytFlulnuInuy?ifl ?1le nu5olt *oIunnafi or:-1fr ffi uroonfi rnrfulfiloaounottnu ya yn1 un.i"[uar an yarfl
rfi otor rtaloooufl o{Tnuyfi l:.16fl urilnttrl r:luoym0ilfl o.ilnuy,,drvo1ItuyllJ q.i?\l,t11lt L[o tuerndoub.] r{rurYc unTvr orfiInrayrnryrfi tdu
y6c.IaJov\tr+n 1 ?q n tT n no La n Lr ? [ a Ft n ry! 0n! la u y Fl I rJ n ?y u d Ly'h41 rJu dn n 1 ?,"
n{u. o v 4, l.t r r y - Y d'41 . U1? El 6lyl m o.i n1 ?fl lt tll 0l o t1 1 n ilfl ,t aLl 0.1 tLlJ Fl tFl o5y5o
,1,€vorAdoyq?rrviril ufl e Lr Fl [m a 6 eutnuyli t.[qL tf Fto Liil r1!1X! I nfl 0.1
f,a ^ o
u u n m oTu5o rilurTr uoTurr
2. d1?oya1fl A rfinlvrelar{'fi"[{fforfilooou:ro{tayyrfior rdu,)
nvll{Zn{s
6't?gzg't?J
ZnSOo
Ail e.32 rno{ora:lnenirdoqut69
ncilruffnrirsfi.rncAl
rYuTn y yfi ifl ufc uuo1u n r,l?oTa r.r yfi 1{'r rg. tfr't?'lflrn?vrdm?.irdotri"[rirfirrnraanLri,] unvrJfrffiurdrrfiutrllufiflfl,r.irdflorYu
g .g .2.4 rn erirTa ra s'[riu6a vr61 or Et"[fur a d6 16 nTyr eta 6 n
udnnraso.lttaffirfintvratnfinuonqrnqvrirllr"[fi:.]eyTtrrflunr?x:JTnr,lvufr.]fltilrHrileyflnEi'lq
lun r ari rTn r,l yhi:Ga vrdd'r flq
oOYa4fntil']vto{ uo{ L1r:J edil 6,o4\ y d ^ . drr , ^
y __ a] 4 r d 6vlo{LtFt{vlLnqlnnl?nq{dull?svilFr,]1tJ1J54r6triLRu5ouny g9 Nd.iu4oilu rqiu d'rnyd rudnadtiu LLavflo.t frzunfirhlvrorun.:rirtv'htrtfrnrrnr firfr'ornra"lfril0.irrn.ifr'fin,]rilL3aflf;Nrndurfio
q
l#fi:Jevfir6nrn"lunreilrtv,hfl116'6 c{''rr]1?ndludnnraro.rrrnzi6rdnlvretnfinrr"lfrdr"[#mo.:un.rda-{ayil a,t''tr1:-l?dyton{?0fl au 9g. gs 1fid"iflq
rrntupr
ro1ua
flJ 9. 33 rta d6 r6nlu eta 6 rrdr u iu rir vra.r u nslriu6avrfgq
nrafirvrotuntlfi'Gard rirt61nflil'rvrorriprttriGardtllriarflur1cruoluo,gotrrndunylfiqq
o do Y o Yu,u Yvto.iLLFr.iL?dvr6u:IurTcunrtvrnr rTclviflrfi'raorq'toqj1uaraavn1u,.J6Nflo.t61?nyn'rB CuSO, rY:-t
H2so4 rfiozurulv{fi1n?yLL6m?{AfiAnritr{rlrd,ru.raurrirt:Jrfinr:Jfrffiflrlurrna'cu'*'[u
61?nvn1flqvi:-L6rfinnaoufir?cun1vrnrrfrorurluroruoxffiavrd gruyrdflrri'ufiicuolun tnuyq
ogadad^nvlo.ttLFl.isvLlrotannt?ouufinrr:lu Cu2* nvalflnrtrl"luaraaynlu druirTauyfi16or]uodri'u
r 6 v 4 6 a !-f ^
6 trt I 4 ^h
dd {
vto.irPl'i uriu tudnunvffinvd liluTnr,rvfrrfru6rfinneoul6'.irun.jryro.runrt Grqnoonfrlnrdrilu re'.Ltav zn2* :-luotiluaranvnlu dnu1nravliu vrordrunyunafiriu fisrfiflErfinmaouflrnn.irTnuyE
Ir r ^h (4 ,ig )Y o Y 6 d -Xvlo'ittn.iqvLilqn00n{tnd q.iFlnoqflRun1xuy ilfln?alytfl,rurRrlynunynxLroluflrllud.iu
LLnhn : Cu'*(aq) + 2e ----+ Cu(s)
L[OtUn:cu(s) +cu2t(aq) + 2e
Fe(s)
-> Fe2.(aq) + 2e
Zn(s) -----+ Zn2*(aq) + 2e-
ffiffid€W hr^rrnralErArdnluatapifi#t cu'. Fe?* zn'" urifirfifl,i cu2* rUt?udfuatfinmeaufi
r1r u nTvr n rvr ar v ura 41n6r rfl uniu#u
AAArneatnnasarJ[uEtilq ,
ovafrrfiflilrfluTauvu:rr lflou{t firiu ficrflufu,rr? snunoilrua,la.i ilrilrl{rlaylarfli't{ i -ij- -- --
"[ul:-]go.rtnravunvlnuvzuar'[uoeartrfitrjnularayoynfirflal'[uailormdaay ruriqylru'lur:Jro.rs '' E - - - -il- i - ----{l---
ara:"levno:-r rriu uarLontroi-fi Atror.2Hro Sounr 8s lnrflil.Jn rdoflTr.rruflna:rr6orlu6ul oonoA''
rufrorzurfrorura4fi tzo 'c nvtd'orqfiurfitilfirirzu6ndo nt,o. fi.rrflui'mqfirfitfr[unmzudm1nuy
o vo fi rfl u N n r azu 6 m1auvo ya fi rfl a il s r n o yafi ur'frilil z46 d'r fir{!
=+<',ao q..^ JqeJah ad ^ai vda ri \y 4iefvl 1 ?Fr'l1Al2o3 [v!o[l,tLntnltvovn8JLuutJ ttFle6uu1Ft,]?FltdytLlrtJly({iltptu1n ruo{s1n Al
CuSOo+
H2SO4
,'6 gvto.itta{ t}JLl?6v1fi
-*YlO.:In.iil?61,lnq
Flvnou
fi rir d'ntilv'Ifl r dr un yfr'or"lfi nrrriounrilr n6{kififl }.J'[fi
^diada66hai^ia46fr 2 466rdnluatatsavrqruuqil4.r lnuur Al2O3 fr.iilsFr1r^oNLune4{il1n (2045 'C) N1r.J6iletUoXrirualnrelolnoirvrncfiqruuqfiq.i (NarAtFu) qyt6'torzunilrunxfifiqrura4fidrntunvrirtv,lflr
o tr ro a 6 6 x ^
6 6' I u I
d 1 il 1 ?n ullil vr r d rfi nTvr elafr aI or s'[{uvi r u n elvl d.rfl urTctv'l fl r d'{ ar] g. s+{
untra
(untldCI
tuqfitiluuurt'r Al (l)
arl s.e+ rtad6 ufr nTvralafi ndruiu rnaard naca fi rfi exfi oarunft oirrriT 1 000'cqgl{
4,i ' u rq Jarfrorirunevrualvh{rfrfrercrrrirtd'nd:-lrv}J1ru s Tcnpf uavn?vra{tv,lflrrrnn.ir 175 A
-xqvtnoil0nefl1F|.:u
rntvrn : 4{Al't1l; + 3e + Al(l)i
rolun: 3i2o,-(l) +or(g)+4el
i-3AY6xraatta,@$ri'aoonBlsufrrfrnrfrusyrirrJfrffiurri'rnrrfuoufrrT,rurolunld'zu6m.ri'ruviaeu"Lra+irflu Co,
d'rrt:rnre
C(s) +Or(g) +COr(g)ra€i+
:-lflffiureoilfrrLo]un : 3{2o}(l) + C(s) +Cor(g) + 4et
:Jfrffiuratr : 2Alror(l) + 3c(s) -+
4Al(l) + 3cor(g)
n 1? r fl n r ? L o ntr m'ric fl n ? v r dtv,lfl r q vt riT n r,l vo v n fr rflfl il fi #r uu nrTu pr ur n v"[ri'u ri'a{r t4 U cAY a , t4 6 a c ^d oai-a,cy, -YFr1?lrouLFloonL{flrflrJL[oLuFl ou1.i[tnn1Nn1?t]amtauyoy4ilLufr]J?f'ufl.itJFt1[xslu4.t n{uu
^d r o ,Jrr u v Any 1 v a !.ovnfrLf,flilr{cu'Lr,tnifrlfflu:Jqq:iu6r'[d'srnnreil1Lfir*ovafrLfrur {aoru3on1{uvfrdlarntnuv
{uqgq
ad lqs y o6ea gE y o 6bo v n il Lufl tJ vl lx tt CI,t u1 n n L l.t 1 u a o et LL a yil 1 t1fit ?6 yl f'fl 1"1 tt a e u1 il 1 [{ [1, tJg9
Alro.(s) NatAlFu, Al3*(l) +
>1000'c2o2o 3tt', At(t) + co,(g)
qrnricuoTu^ | ,.,*,uu^o*
Al(s)
AAAfnealanBilnu[dfJil
dd 6 c X 6 a o u rde t 'uunflrfrfltrrilulnuvtflou{{ tu'r 1nunoilrunlC.i 6.rrirt:.J1{rlavhtriri'.r"[ug:Jlnr,lyruny'lfrfrr
Tnuvzuar rflo{slnrTndlrhilrtot vg fiFirdrilrn triaruranrard',#6,r,i-fiLilil1yailsJi6frcd Mg'*"[r]'u:lu1nravuilnfirfiaerl6' nrazu6m1auvurlnflrfiuil6t"[{E6uunnrm-]ayno:rrorTnuyurnflrfiuil
frrflnayuaty'lfir
{nqdldrd'ryfi'lfr'lunrrzu6mtaravurnflrfiflil6o;rryuA uflo{srnrirvryrnfiara:Jeynouro.rdd r O F q ,4 - '
u
rlrnfltfiuilnvnraoqirrnlu:-l?rurrulndrde.iri'L NaCt flumounraru6nTauvruilnflrdeiilqrnilrryrn^ -3 . ::tIlurl.iil r- i
& I ^,i 'n-ufi 1 rLfl n M 92* fi nvn r uoqjlurirvr ylo.Iprfl rfi il 6{lancnrtryr:raqyt6' M g (oH). frtal nr a
Mg'*(aq) + 2OH (aq) + Mg(OH)r(s)
&4ilufi z n?o.rrfln Mg(oH), ufrtfiraranvnrunentalrrerrno?nrfiohf16'trrtgct, d'larnra
2HCl(aq) + Mg(OH)r(s) + MgCtr(aq) + 2HrO(t)
{,A e" J"nluvr g avtutrfirrfiohi'ld rrltgcr, fir:luro.ru{s ffiorirl:.l"lri'nr.rrx]fouquuaoilrlrn'rLL6'cr.iru
n?vuc{ty'Ifl 1svrfi nr:Jfr ffiard'larnra
unrlmnr : Mg2.(l) + 2e -----+ Mg(t)
uo1uor : 2Cl(l) ------+ Clr(g) + 2s
:.Jfrffiu'mcru : Mg2.(r) + 2ct(t) -------+ Mg(t) + 611191
qrn6'codrlnrazu6mlnravvro.irtor.r Tnr,lvovqfirflauLLaylailyuilnflrfiflild'tfinaircurudc
d'rfllfi'firrcrl.rfuavtfiorncrl.ruirlqt6',ir udnnrarorrraeiErfinTyretafinarrrmrirtrllfr':.leyTflrfUV t I 6ldodrtn{rss'rr{ lnfltoilrr"[t'tuqmarunaeunraru6mTar,lyrfiorri''r.iI $nynlrvir"[r]'lnravu?4v,fl4
ffi, *uu?nrih g.e
3. s'r nR 1il fl r eri rta u yd,: n v d1#u?4 vr6fi e fl n r y LL atlhfl r
s. s.r rfi fl uaunrr*anrilfl ffiu,roo n8ln"fi'u 6d'nffuu a r:Jfr ffi r r r,lrr rfr o rfl n cu nr, fiunouua? fr'r$n av u 6h'1fl r
tv
1. q{erneiluarr{r{'ruilrrnoutorrtnffirfinTvretnfrn rnyo6LruilfrffiurfirTruoluor unyu:{quElilrr
2. s{oEuranranldauurJntdfiruelununs#eunlvrer nfeu#.rrfrfluailnrruaort:Jfrffiarfio&orr
tfr rrTuu ay nn u,rruri r d'nd'lv{ff rfr fr'o.1"[{ifi o n r e u s n s{ 1 ?n y a.] fl M g soo *av znBr, fr tanrvuatr4flr
rirraunrir E" lfidtfiMg'*(aq) + 2e-
21.{rO(0 + 2e-
Znz.(aq) + ze'
lsrQr'-(aq) * "
,o I X rdq{Fl0iln1n1ilFlo t:Juvv
n. rir"lnuflurTcirnrtvrrr nnreryrum"[rrq
fl . a. r^ ru.ud'lfr rfl ua r aa ynralnt firir{ 1#Er n d'ood,].1
z,rfincra+dYo3.on. q.i rfl fl ud Nn''1, Lrc{ o{ilfl nefl 1ylfl e I n in n ua y{.1 rrolupr
4. q.i o o n ruu rr n dE u6 nTr 11 n fi n s{ r r,l f,u n r eq u n n o u:J av qd90d
ru d n d'Q aI n e rfr fl sJ In fl n r er r or g:J u n nt r{ c url ay n o :l r o.l€ d
t'
rt n d u n rtfr fi uc{ il n't a tt 6 n r rJfr ffi u.r fi {'l r o 1 u n u n y f')unluor
E'(V)
+ Mg(s) -2.36
Hr(g) + 2OH-(aq) :0.s3
--+ Zn(s) _0.76
+ sor2 (aq) +2.01
9. 3.3 rn afi'a #a ugo.r1a ras uacrnefl a{ fi'u
nreti'nnrou (rfir"lfrdtjr 4ndou) torTnravu?onrerfinraflr rflunayurunrevrr.ltv,lflrrnrfifi
rirlriianfifitnuvuluo.:r{:-lavnour:ld'fluanrvru:lulnr,lyoontrrir,r6aurluTnraylooou rn?arfioq
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miu nrarfi nafir rudn ifiurao o^.,
ffi $ o aa x, , u:"* n''l Tn n nroullo{ tnuy [uf'?f ilfl 1 m tn n Inofl 1.i Le
aqdaadtauy Luf rflJfi 1 m tn n n1 ?n n n ?ouueo rn n6uNlt d1 11, 4un1a
tv'f,ovY*L ?v n 1 ? Fl e o fl 1.i 1ru.l rn n s 1 n ti e I o.i Ln il y d tJ zu 3{ n il u1 Lr a y LL fl 6
a e ^ 6 Y ^ \rto o n { tqil 6'11, 3L n 1 ? Ln n d uN [u n n uuo 61] 1 el L n "J 1 1_l ? rc ruo - i- - Y d de v a 6fr r ru fi n fr fri rTa rir q vfr n r e'lriu a yfu 6 lfi n m eo u T n fl o y n o il I o.i,rua 6n s y rfi a ilfl' ffi tL r o o nfi rn{ur,l6o q n o o nfi t n drfl u Fe'. d c uilrr n v a o nA rq u"[uo r n r rt s y ir 6 rd n m ea ura6o n n? 6 c drfl u o n!
a1n1fl
(Or)
I
:Jfr ffiurnrerfi orafil ur,l6nlunaertr fi rfl ud'.:fi
ro1un : 2 {Fe(s) + Fe'.(aq) + 2e-} gr'l s'as
rnlfln : Or(g) + 2H2O(l) + 4e' -------> aOH (aq)
:Jfrffiurarr : 2Fe(s) + Oz(g) + 2HrO(t) -+ 2Fe2.(aq) + 4OH-(aq)
Fe2.(aq) uny oH-(aq) rfior:Jfrffiurtff re(oH), drtrinvnrflfr d'rarnra
Fe2*(aq) + 2OH- (aq) ------+ Fe(OH)r(s)
Fe(oH), firfiordusydr:Jfrffiurri'urirunyoonfirqu"Luornrariot:lt6' Fe(oH), d'taunra
4Fe(OH)r(s) + Or(g) + 2HrO(l)+ 4Fe(OH).(s) ,
tofoou (ffi) taoreonltr{-firfior{uflr:ldnutilr:lu tofoou (tII) oantsrf'fifirlrzufino{tus-idoZ4qs4Ftvaa'hrannfrtr?fln'ir afrilrudnunvdrzu6n"luTrraqaorqfi:-]?rrruumnrixrTu6rrfiuu4meri'chJ
,flu f"ro..nHrO3- r @ d u v
uo n q r n fr tit vl l c r u fi'a n r f:-L o ul n o o ntr ri (c or) "[uo T n r rt fr fi ri e ud rlfi'rfr nr n fl H ru 6n1u
^4i ddvy.ot'
oeartrE tflotqrnuflanrrf:routnroonttri'nvnrudrufirqyrfrnuflu H2co3 fi.lumnd'n"[ri H* srnliuYAG 6 a ,i
H -
q v fiL 6 rfi n n ao uq r n ru fi n u n y rfr n n r a u-l 6 u u tt:] a.i d.i 6 il n 1 ?
tto1un : 2 {Fe(s) ---+ Fe'.(aq) + 2et
LLnha : Or(g) + 4H*(aq) + 4e-----+ 2H2O(t)
anosuxurntill{[nil6B
10{rnflnnrlu3J!ilnn
- ". ! ^ 3 aI d t v ty y
^ d v A - , n ,3Fe' ?rrnnluonoons tndrlo til tn6ul.Jrilanfi.idiln1?ylFln Ft{Flo Lilu
4Fe2.(aq) * tr(g) + (4 +2n)Hro(t) + 2Feror.nHro(s) + BH.(aq)
,t
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25 g ri:ramnvnrtJnant'nilc?nrft.r{u 18 mot/dm3 r$lnna
50 cm3 ufferfiilfirnd'usufiil?sr1ma 500 cm3
"[ a a r a n y n r s d r ra f,r fr r o ytul nr dn t"lufi n ln o fr ur or
500 cm3 oi'rucu 300 cm3 ud,l6'rrq:Jneni 6'tpJ s.sz
ri r utv,hil r n ay r 6 rt ?.i Lr ?.r Lnr 6 o ulv'l ff r t z T'l n r{' rl ayt r ru, l9
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o u t, Z o , 6 rda , .' u
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J- d ud'{Itrfiflilluw:n 12s g 1dntluflnLnoflu ffo I nul#,ava1fl 16'0 LAilrirsufi rEilrme 1 000 cm3
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. o A , o 6,, 6 q, V y a d9y 4 69,. 6 u4. u1Tu.i1ulJ1o1.lu1Ludvo1nunvr{nt1rrr1r'i[laxr1u1Nu,]ldauLrfxry'l=oLtl{ut'rurilurJu
o q o qea ra- d d .j ,! a 6 x , dnrearotrtilunravtr"Lftior:JflffiurTnon'f rfror:ldrufrruafin1:-lr:luara:-lrynou Feo(oH)
fififirirnrrndr i?unfio'ir Lepidocrocite firtrjrfrrrafitratorianeou 6{ricflflorri'unrazunrouqo.l
rv6ntfr
rn afl a.r fiu rn e fi'or nda u r o rTn ra s1u ac u u ra ei a r E u uu ufl or
Lt v 9 v ! .4 t'nra:lotriunrerfrorafrlaru?Ltrrro.iErunuaorn?orru6mnayuatv'lflr lfieyuuaiorfiuuluilrr
rfiainurqrura4fitotrnr?o.:suri1il"lfi'4.rrTnrfiu1:] amuaiolfruidt,faur:. drmrr:lnfiudcsyfi9 { - -''q'-- '
oanfrtsunvnruoqj tirunr6o{flur{'fi6i,ru,J6rrflo.ioyafirfi€rilqydrlr}'ufierfldr.r ntro. firfildl.rdqydcflt 24 -.-+- --.- qtt !, ty =.j- d6 $ - 6 f, I t 6l-lnl-lo'in1?nnnrouflo.itFraorsu0iLnr urinrunSo{nurirllulauyr,lr{uflo.ir1rdn Btoon'[rrirotiudn
trifiarffilunmt:luareundorfrc 6.:'[6'araileynortutmariror?nd,i6ilnrtr.]lurir,fluou.ntutmaof.louan'f.avo'rufirrudrtA'areavnrufifi pH <ttn.ir a.s fitil^ailffirfluma vir"l#Tnrayfirflu
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6 -r v d d4 d o y a a d 6 o 4 o d ,tlJu?vlllt:lnuuNuanFtoLllunl?n1snileil1ruflo.ioonxtquflnyn1fl Luul s'iyt1L1rn1?nnn?oufl0.i
tnuvnorn.r
s.* ncrufrcn&rnomnfufarifr ldacfioolTurad'lur$unfiqrnnmrir6ortv,hilrrrfiri"rfirilumndri'nrrfinunyrraei6rdntyatafin arrrenilrl:}leyflnr{"[fi{t
A - J a J ^,
a d 6 u clvror{ruurn5orilo rni}or"[fruav{'anoilnenirirrl firfiflc{o{fiLTauyuoyarenynrs6 udnTvretaoil6'rrn
, ,,,3n{neoflf imo Lilu
g.4.1 uunroro66rfin1yraladqor*frrloo o A d 6 d . '
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^ dd 6 6 a lf r<'av 6
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vloaLilo?t?une1?{onL}Jo?otanLr?taFl {.iilanBruytlluotnn[yl?LnFltLfl.i ile{8.tltFtflotJLrtooou,.J1u
lna
d'nodrlu:rmrno?6rfinTvrrtnpi'toru{r tfrurri urmrmo?filfiInuydrfiflil (t-i) l:lufauotunruny
lvuvrrfleriltnffnlv'bi lrisr) rflurTr rinrlvrn lnrflfrv\oh ur.rofE rdnTvratnoi.rflud rfinTvretnof'ufit A'rgil o.es
uo1uFr rnliln
A:l 9.39 rirurJ#nouqar uu m rnad6 rfinTrnela sfu os ufr.rdl{ ris, rfl u untr o
<t ^d qgo 6 y h rd u u
InuvdtvtttH"Lri6tdnmaouudcnnrfllilLflu Li. ilru6rfinTvratao{urfittrlflrrTcunrtvrnr fi.rfi ris," v t- o < a d u - d -. e
vrt,lrirfrfuo-tdnmeoutfinrtflu Tis2'6rfinlvretnoiufr.rifluqururiodl6nnaou 6.rfirl#rrnui'lv,Jflrfla, t9
61U1?n LT.i11"lt0l
,a* !^ g ^ -3Lfl n ?fl 1yl Ln nfl uLlluFl.iu
uolun : Li(s) ----------> li.(lu6rfintvretnpi-ufrr) + e
unTlor : TiSr(s) * e- ---->
TiS, (s)
rJfrffiuracr : Li(s) + TiSr(s) ---------> l_i.(1u6ufin1vralaoi'u{r) + Tisr'(s)1
. o Xo- auraritfrnrilfrd'ntitv^lflrrlevrrru 3lcnoi'uravrflurtadufrflnfi 6.iarilran:layqtv,lt6'niurfiflcri':rq{i'
rqndavs{illv'lfirur:rmvri'r:1e1:iufinrarirruunrmo?rfinfltill,firTrrrnuue{d{fifloddokifr'otufir9t
ri, n d'u u ri ar n r fl,: un.r rfi o r:-l?u L rfi fl u ri! rr a da y n r1v'l fl r uu unzf,ly^^^t^-..-.-.-^ca.F-$---ll !- E d r <'cal ^ d
^ Y o ohnaofl1.i ttLFlLno?oLnn Lfl? LnFl1o.lufl.i0nil?vmruu.i L{lauya[rfltJrilu,ii,] ttolununy-[,fr lnuy
oont{r{ niu Mno, u6o Vuo,. rflur?Qunhn shudrfintrrlao{'rflunodiiloffiflosrl# t-i' airulfi
uoTunr unrTvror
grJ s.ao rirurlocnoufl a{ uu Er rno66 rfr nlilaln oicro.r ufr.rd[d Mno, ufl u untm a
i^ g d dd vNllfl n?u1fl tnnlunlu [ur{na rl]ua{u
rolun : Li(s) --------> l-i. (1u6r6n1vralnei'ufrl) + e
ttnTrn : MnOr(s) + Li* + e- --->
LiMnOr(s)
rJfrffiuracr.r : Li(s) + Mnor(s) --------> LiMnOr(s)
9,
rrndrfierflfid'ndtv'lflr:leyil'rru g Icn0{.oonLrL:rtfi'fivirturorr6nunvflu1nlu6! trndt6n
rvirrfinrnev4r.r"[{ri'uunrio.r6orrnrrurnl6n urftnruavn6'orri'ragrJ a{tai:urtnzi-turnrluqjsv"lfirYui^d6
rpreo.iFlor.rvr?Lmo? u-rurTadfiatrran:.lavqtv{tfitdut6flcrYLuuFrrnoienuupi
9.4.2 rr:J er rDra60rrn A, tt
r1e1riufllurnauofl'lv'lffrsvrfiLv\d'.irruty,lflr1ff[urLrrrmo?6tr:1urrnd16t4fi unrrir'[ri
enfluoi'lyhilrfifiofiofln,iranuuni'filfirnrio{uupi'ruLLdunrrrlnruludofr'otuaernu:Lmrmo?vr'firltarin,ilrnlrl6'cflmnonr?n1 rir"[ri'nrerirrruunyfinnrQlNdlill?nfi,irri'rr d'lriu6.l'{rr:]ufr'osoonuuu
!o*oo rie + -' 4 -dLLLmrno?L1rLFrLeil1ilvr6'.:srutv{firqrnr,rflruricflilcaro.i{44fil{rirrlnnefl1il}J1ntu ltLrttmo?-qd
o1n1firfluv,{'zuu1n1r1ro.rrr:rmrno?odr.:rafitfurflumadfilfioonfirqu"[uornrnt rflufr'coonfitordrfinrt, tYA' o qF d 4 ^d 6' dda da du 'orunyorql{d1?nynlflNaoHvr'[c u n lr 0r L'[ lnuv tru d.i n vdutoo vq [J LuutJ tilunto ?Ft x{ tn nfl te tto L1.t
ufrrfrurfl u6 rfi nlvr ela r{'
druiuurmumoSor4firflflil - 01n1flfi"lfrInrayav4firfltLriflurTouoluor rfroriorrnri'Tarav
' 4 ' - =-''"ig1oonfilnrd'ut6'Al3. uriluaranvnrerfincrlufitfluto't oH- trn 6.lrfioroyQNtufltJsytnnufln?a']oonTLnTuLfl At- ttntua't?n;n'ruNnz'rlJrlr;.Jlru1r'Er{ (Jt-l tJ'1il e
toooulfirfiou [At(oH),] r(oufi#cuntvrordtlffuvi.rnrrf:rourflufclv,lflr uff'aoonfruqurunvfiT rfior
4u e\, ra* !^ g q d^ -X:J0n?fl 1?n nxu tFl o H ilfl n ?fl 1r Ln nfl u,n1fl LUL{nn tlluFl'iu
uoTuo : 4 {Al(s) + 4OH (aq)
-> [Al(OH),]"(aq) + 3e-]
unrhor : 3 {or(g) + 2Hro(t) + 4e-----------> aoH (aq)}
:Jfrffiureor : 4At(s) + 3or(g) + 6Hro(l) + 4oH (aq)------------> a[A(oH)o] (aq)
lutruy'Hlru [At(oH)4] firfior{u"[uur-lmrno?qyr:]6flublrflu At(oH)3 tndoutnuvorqfirflar.r
d'rrlurad'tqrn"[d'qrulurnflupilfieyflyyrr.r:-]ayurru 200 fiTnmme 6.rfrorfinrari16'or Rt(oH)u oont:.1
,duou.n Al(oH)3 rfl uqucutv,lfl rSevvd - i3 o 'd , f, a iv 4 .i a
uonsrnurJ.i'L6ilnrell.zuuruumrmoS{uLurdnailu:-rr1ril.iri0utLrtLrlo?d{nvd - 0'ln1flx.lN
uarunrnd'.r9il g.ql
o1n1fi (or)
Ail 9.41 uilnrao6#{nsfi - arrna
l^- !^ 3' o f,* -XLfl n?fl 1r Ln nfl uRlu tuL{aa rLuFt.iu
tLo1un : 2 {Zn(s)-----+ Zn2.(aq) + 2e]
unrtrpr : Or(g) + 2HrO(t) + 4e--> OH (aq)
:Jfrffiurecr.r : 2Zn(s) + Or(g) + 2HrO(t)------------> 2Zn(OH)r(aq)
aEmrft {ufrIftff}
\\?il 9.42 uilnrno6a.rncAi-orrna rfi orfi ormcaril
o1n1fi (ltnTflo)
frtnyd (*otuo)
Separator
(uEIun)
J.!rt,,tr,NourulmmoTi:Jilav1lv'l uuflaoonfirsusvqnil6iouoonslnuLntrno? r{ou6sri.oonkri'ovq1n{
dadrdud?Ft,t{ tlJrl_Jud.iny6
r!rlma?d'.invd-ornrnfilorrriudo fiorqnreuSufln:*ruru hld'ndlv,lflrnrtd finr.lrrraulLrilu
ndttru4'l urifi1n6'oudo d1tJ1?n1fr'[u:.1?rcrufrfioT nrfirvitlu drui:rnrn]avflnFi"[{.r,ru rJqqriu9q-i ^ 3^ o qyv t dt
tL:l Fl rFlo?xunuuu].tu1N''t ttnLq:ln?nitcfl fl .t
9.4.3 rnrlir6 ufr n1natnash?arirns ra
! !, i ,! rr a'q J e t
rndaufrrilurEouanr:.l6aulooou frrulurEorrrl trJfltrTctv'lflrfifirJavlnarrYu:iu d1?nva1fl4 d , , v v 3o Y ,ov o 3 a Yq.iilFl,t1r.trflrJflulto.t tooounnn.i uannl?uu1Lil L{rlamulsnqlnulrvLat6'dniaraflrff.r?il 9.43{
616nlvratoroy6fiaulurrnffiuffntrrtnfinfilfruflntooouoonqlndl?nvn1u tnu"[fi'looou
u1ilv[a
ABC
rdo uan ril6flutooouu,rn 4tdkr.f ro unn lilnf ru [600unr
,,,06od06u'rtFll.J ulqn ultFlil
fll s.+a rrad6ufrnTrnelnocfiQa
,fl,laL
4i ' Y ,u,rlJoilluulytyLnL{1t]lyl1.tlio.i A B ttny c tooouucnludrvrvln rqiu Na* trlg'. frdruiflr
yn.rrio.r a syrndoufirirurdouanr:-l6ErulooouLcnt:.1fl{r?,rarfioeivrr.rqio.r n r{cu'looounu tdu't'u'tct soo' nrrndoufiriruudo unn u.ldflutooouaillilfl.irTcre ndroqjvr''r.ilio.i c d'rriurirfilunoon
vt'u
vr1.ilio.r a 6rfilooouriofln{ unvfrrtilfi Nat rirfrilruoonfl1.ilio.i g fuLfludrdFr
ufrnnrerrrtv'lflrmrfifitfinaircrrude dcfll#rerd1lJ1?nil1[Jtffzuur*avzu6mnavualv'lfir4Y, , d, X- t d,
nrnrJfrffiurrnrfitoiodrrfrr-leyfrrBnrvr uons1nfrET.iricfl"Lfiar8.Jran'lfinevuatv'lfrrrfiorirtr]'rfind6 a dx rd , a - X o o a ! - 6U tu
rJfrffirrrnrfi"luneyL,]un1?r.r6rrd1?LFrfrtddnd',ru:lolriufirvrerTuTafrfrucfluutarilv'h{rrnrfit6'fli9l
n1afi'zuu1oqia^onreal 6.rrir}i'firu6mri'ruviluril vrrrtv{ffrrerfirfiorfiu oeiTt'tefimrl.rru6mfi'ru"rifi
rfro,fiu o1qsyfin1?ul6uuu:ln.:{nqfi:lu?oara#0fr'u"lunrrrQunl?116n uriud'nnrrso.:rrncilvh{r
rnilrI.iFr.rLlrsrournil 6{nrceqicErri'urirnrcrrf,filfrq1nn1?Anur6o.rrJfrffiurtv'lflrrnrfrt:.l6orunvfizuur
firlrari1"[#fi4runrvruoyilayfivr6nrvr tilriol#rfrnzuanevurriofitfifiinuavfisu,]ndou
iluud,nFnn-tuun,. fA,s q I 14 tdv d ras d d1 . Ufl nffl 1 tnFlo tLuqn Lljul_]fl n?fl l?nonsl
n. H.o.(aq) + s'(aq) --- HS'(aq) + Hro(t)
n. SOr(g) + HrO(t) -----------> Hrsoo(aq)
nr. Ir(aq) + 2S?O32'(aq) ------_----> 2I (aq) + SoOu2 (aq)
'i. 3Pb2'(aq) + 2NOr(aq) + 2HrO(l) ----> 2NO(g) + 3PbOz(s) + 4H.(aq)
2. q'i En6 ilnrarioh.lfiTerfl tfi rntoonfi rnd'u
n. Ca(s) + Al3.(aq) -------->
Ca2*(aq) + Al(s)
n. Zn(s) + Cr2}72'(aq) + H.(aq) _*-> Znz.(aq)
rr. Cd(s) + NO,'(aq) + H.(aq) ----------> Cd'z.(aq)
+
+
Cr3.(aq) + HrO(l)
NO(s) + H,O(l)
3. s.i n n6s.J nreriot:lfitnulfinr5.::Jfr ffi ur
n. Clr(aq) + OH (aq) ----------) Cl(aq) + CtO: (aq) + HrO(t)
1r. MnO, (aq) + Nor-(aq) + HrO(l) -----------> MnOr(s) + NO. (aq) + OH-(aq)
rr. Zn(s) + Nos(aq) -----------> Zn2.(aq) + NHa'(aq) (luarenznrunen)
.i. Mn(OH)r(s) + CtO (aq)---------+ MnOr(s) + Ct(aq) (luarenvnrur:_La)
q^vr^!.4. n1?uaEJnnl?fl Frno'i-1fi dtu
n. ^jtTaur A at"[ud1eova1u Hct vr:-L.irTnuv A naouodrternr5ounyr*rrfl'nta1nrausuuaE
rRn{uil1nrd
t.ajallnrar B n{"[u61?nrn1fl ASoo #trnrllilulunrar:]6fluLr:la,i uriri'rirunr"[uq
fi 1?6yn1H HCI syrfi fl [tflatalnerqu
nr..jrlnrav c nrlurtraavnlu ASo4 vru.ir Tauv c evn?ou uavfizu6nen,n.rfi'1^r, cdcufi^ir'[ua''r?nya1fli- -'--'Coq.r[]srnrd'un?1N6111?n'[unrmflud'raanQlodro.l A2*(aq) B'-(aq) C2"(aq) uny
H.(aq) q1nil1nlilfiofl
doa-s. rfioflTn?.lnnd zn(s)izn"(aq, 1 mot/dm3) t:.hiori'urr6.:nnd'p(s)lFer. (aq, 1 mot/dm3),
Fe3* (aq, 1 mol/dm3)dc
n. t1fl uL[rJun1fl ttnnnnelund rae+ F q 4e v d d
1r. rfluuniln1?tt6a.i]_lfln?flloontmtu inn{u uay3non'.d
nr . ni r d'n fl v,l fl 'r er o.i n a z{'ri'n m f, n fi ni.r rvi r"[ n
7.
6. q.iu.tri'l ff tro.lrJfrffiflrfiriruunl# unyr{ruruCrrJflffiarrfin{*nruaunraratalrimnar,rq"[o
n,zFez*(aq) + Sno*(aq) 'i > Snan(aq) + 2Fe3"(aq)
tt.2Mn2"(aq) + 8HzO(l) + 5Fe21(aq):----*:-+',2Mnor1aq) + 16H.(aq) + 5Fe{s) '
u v d d h $ v d d v q d C ! oyo ra€n1rla.in1?LFl?tl:.iLtndtfl[Ft?tsu untfuuttudnLunre16on]nuyfrsy"ldvrrrJfrffiarrilnaor
odrr'[e
q{rfi suui{unrwlradiih,i,rfinunryrrit Eo Ta.l lrnds.rnrJflffiarriohJd
n.2C(s) + 3Ctr(g) --:.--.*-+i.2Cr3*(aq) + 6Cl-(aq)
?.2A(s) + 6H.(aq) 4'2A13.(ag) + eHz(g)
9. qqtfieuarunrrruan'r:lfrffieroonBrn{u ?d'nd'uunrrJfrfi?armr.rfirfier{urdqdrunayua
n. CoI,
n.Atr(soo).
t o.lnr,lrdtnvfififirvrrriu lfirrafirutfr.irs urioonlrdrorfrrnyfifidtmq'u{ufiruuu qruon
ififlorrYulri"lri'Inr,lvdsnvfirfrnnT eri'nrneouur + 66 nioM'tuanrrru4zun:JiynoL
t t.quandotnravfil{flolrTunrtrirrndouqou*r**u', g $*pr unsnrrfloqfiunrarirrniaufiG3a , uu[?fjnr10vt?
