392
ΤΟΜΟΣ ΒΕπιστημονική επιμέλεια: Ελένη Τζελέπη‐Γιαννάτου ΑΘΗΝΑ 2008

Διαχειρηση προβλημάτων Σχολικης Ταξης Β΄

  • Upload
    veniag

  • View
    2.444

  • Download
    10

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

:

2008

: 2008

3 ...\2 ......\..22.1\2.1.1\.2.1.1. (...75%)(25%)

: :.,.. : ,.. : ,.. : ,.. ,.. ,.. ,.. ,.. ,.. ,.. : ,, :,08 .396,15341. .2106399990,fax2106396583 Email:[email protected]:www.pischools.gr ISBN:9789604071975

2

, , . , ,,,. . ., . . . , . . , , , , ,. . , 200508, . . . . . . . , , 3

, . : , . . . . . ,PhD ..

4

1: :_______________08 ________23 ____________________________________________________41 ______________________________________________________55 : ___________________________________66 ,.,. .___________________________________82 2: : _____________________________________97 _________________134 _______________________149 _________________________________________160 _____________________171 ______________________________________186 5

/: __________________________________________________195 :________________________215 _____________________________________230 . _______________________________________________________________251 3: : ._____________________262 . ________________________________________________________277 , _________________291 ,,______________________304 _________________________________________317 , _________________________________333 , _______________________________________________________354 :______________________________368

6

7

:

..407/80,

, , ., , . , , , , , . , , , ., . ,. (Hammill,1990). , . , ( & ,2007).8

,,, ,,, . ( 60), ( & , 2007). . ., , . , ., (Wong, 1998). , ., , (Satz&Morris,1981). .

(, , ) ( ) (Willows & Terepocki, 1993). (.. 3 ) ( , ) 9

. ( ) (Bley & Thorton, 1995). , (Willows,Corcos&Kershner,1993).

. ( ) (Wong, 1998). , . (, , .) (,2000). , ( & , 2003). , ,, () (Liberman & Shankweiler, 1991 Blachman, 2000 Snowling, 2000 Stanovich & Siegel, 1994 Padeliadu, Kotoulas&Botsas,1998).

, . . , (, .), . (, , ) , . 10

, (,). , . ( )(Swanson,Cooney&McNamara,2004). , . , , . , . , . (Swanson, Cooney & O Shaughnessy, 1998). ,, , (Baddeley,Hitch,1974Bauer&PellerPorth,1990). , () . , , ., . , , (Sousa, 2001). , 11

, (Swanson,Cooney&McNamara,2004). , . .

( ). , , . . ( ), ( ). , (Brown&Wynne,1984). / (Bender, 1985), (Smith,2004). 1113, . , , . (Conte,1998). 12

, . ( ) (Smith, 2004 & , 2007). , 80,

(), . , , , (Flavell, 1976 1979). . ( ) . , (, 2007). ( )( , ). ,

(Wong,1985). (Torgessen, 1975). , , . ,(, ) (Botsas&Padeliadu,2003&, 2003).13

: . . . . , . , , , , ., , , (Wong,1985&,2003). ,. . , . . , . (Brown, Armbruster&Baker,1986Cornoldi,DeBeni&Pazzaglia,1996). 14

. , . . . , (,.) . , , (Nelson & Narens, 1994). , , , (Hacker,1998Pressley&Ghatala,1990)., , (Schraw, 1998). , ( & , 2007). ,

. . , . ,: ,. .

15

(). . ,. . , (Botsas& Padeliadu, 2003 Elliot & Church, 1997). . , . . . , ,, (Youlden&Chan,1995). . . ,, , . , , (Moore&Chan,1995) (Chapman & Tunmer, 2003). , . , .16

, . (Bandura, 1986 Pintrich, Roeser & De Groot, 1994). , , . , ., , (Bandura,1997). . , (, 2000). . , , . (,2000). , ., . , . .17

. , . . , . ( , .) ,. (Wong,1998). ,, . , . . , ., , , .

.18

, (, 2007). (Bryan,1998)., . . (Bryan,1998).

. . (,) . ,

, . , / .

Baddeley, A. D. & Hitch, G. (1974). Working memory. G. H. Bower (ed.) The psychology of learning and motivation, vol. 8, (. 47 90). San Diego, CA: Academic Press. Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. EnglewoodCliffs,NJ:PrenticeHall. Bandura,A.(1997).Selfefficacy:Theexerciseofcontrol.NewYork,NJ:Freeman. Bauer,R.H.&PellerPorth,V.(1990).Theeffectofincreasedincentiveonfreerecall bylearningdisabledandnondisabledchildren.TheJournalofGeneralPsychology, 117,447462. 19

Bender,W.N.(1985).Differencesbetweenlearningdisabledandnonlearningdisabled childrenintemperamentandbehavior.LearningDisabilityQuarterly,8,1118. Blachman, B. A. (2000). Phonological awareness. In M.L. Kamil, P. B. Mosenthal, P.D. Pearson & R. Barr (Eds.), Handbook of reading research, vol. III (pp. 483 502). Mahwah,NJ:LawrenceErlbaum. Bley, N. S. & Thornton, C. A. (1995). Teaching mathematics to the learning disabled. (3rd ed.).Autsin,TX:Proed. Botsas,G.&Padeliadu,S.(2003).Goalorientationandreadingcomprehensionstrategy use among students with and without reading difficulties. International Journal of EducationalResearch,39,477495. Brown,A.L.,Armbruster,B.,&Baker,L.(1986).Theroleofmetacognitioninreading andstudying.J.Orsany,Readingcomprehensionfromresearchtopractice(pp.49 75).Hillsdale,NJ:LawrenceErlbaum. Brown, R. T. & Wynne, M. E. (1984). An analysis of attentional components in hyperactiveandnormalboys.JournalofLearningDisabilities,17,162167. Bryan, T. (1998). Social competence of students with learning disabilities. B.Y.L. Wong (ed.) Learning about learning disabilities, (. 237 276). San Diego, CA: AcademicPress. Chapman, J. W. & Tunmer, W. E. (2003). Reading difficulties, reading related self perceptions and strategies for overcoming negative self beliefs. Reading and WritingQuarterly,19(5),524. Conte, R. (1998). Attention disorders. B.Y.L. Wong (ed.) Learning about learning disabilities,(.67106).SanDiego,CA:AcademicPress. Cornoldi, C., De Beni, R & Pazzaglia, F. (1996). Profiles of reading comprehension difficulties: An analysis of single cases. B.Y.L. Wong (ed.) Learning about learningdisabilities,2nded.,(.113136).Mahwah,NJ:AcademicPress. Elliot, A. J. & Church, M. A. (1997). A hierarchical model of approach and avoidance achievementmotivation.JournalofPersonalityandSocialPsychology,72,218232. Flavell,J. H.(1976).Metacognitiveaspectsofproblemsolving.L.B.Resnick(ed.) Thenatureofintelligence.(.231250).Hillsdale,NJ:LarenceErlbaum. Flavell,J.H.(1979).Metacognitionandcognitivemonitoring:Anewareaofcognitive developmentalinquiry,AmericanPsychologist,34,906910. Hacker,D.J.(1998).Selfregulatedcomprehensionduringnormalreading.D.J. Hacker,J.Dunlosky&A.C.Graesser(eds.)Metacognitionineducationaltheoryand practice.(.165191).Mahwah,NJ:LEA. Hammill, D. D. (1990). On defining learning disabilities: An emerging consensus. JournalofLearningDisabilities,23,7484. Liberman, L. Y., & Shankweiler, D. (1991). Phonology and the beginning reader: A tutorial. In L. Rieden & C.A. Perfetti (Eds.), Learning to read: Basic research and its implications(pp.2442).Hillsdale,NJ:LawerenceErlbaumAssociates. Moore, P. J. & Chan, L.K.S (1995, November). Attributional beliefs and strategic knowledge of students in years 5, 7 and 9: Comparisons across subject domains, 20

Paper presented at the AARE Annual Conference, Hobart, Australia, November, 1995. Nelson,T.O.&Narens,L.(1994).Whyinvestigatemetacognition?J.Metcalfe&A. Shimamura(eds.)Metacognition:Knowingaboutknowing.(.126).Massachusetts, MA:TheMITPress. Padeliadu,S.,Kotoulas,V.&Botsas,G.(1998).Phonologicalawerenessskills:Internal structureandhierarchy.S.Lambropoulou(ed.)Papersonappliedlinguistics,vol II,(.8196),Thessaloniki,SchoolofEnglish,AristotleUniversityofThessaloniki. Pintrich,P.R.,Roeser,R.W.&DeGroot(1994).Classroomandindividualdifferences in early adolescents motivation and self regulated learning. Journal of Early Adolescence,14(2),(.139161). Pressley,M.&Ghatala,E.S.(1990).Selfregulatedlearning:Monitoringlearningfrom text.EducationalPsychologist,25,1934. Satz,P.&Morris,R.(1981).LearningDisabilitiessubtypes:Areview.InF.J.Pirozzolo& M.C. Wittrock (Eds.), Neuropsychological and cognitive processes in reading, pp. 109 144.NewYork:AcademicPress. Schraw,G.(1998).Promotinggeneralmetacognitiveawareness.InstructionalScience,26, 113125. Smith,C.R.(2004).Learningdisabilities.Theinteractionofstudentsandtheirenvironments. (5thed.)Boston,MA:AllynandBaconPearson. Snowling,M.J.(2000).Dyslexia.Oxford:Blackwell. Sousa,D.(2001).Howthespecialneedsbrainlearns.ThousandOaks,CA:CorwinPress. Stanovich,K.E.,&Siegel,L.S.(1994).Phenotypicperformanceprofileofchildrenwith reading disabilities: Aregressionbased test of thephonologicalcore variable differencemodel.JournalofEducationalPsychology,86(1),2453. Swanson, H.L., Cooney, J.B. & O Shaughnessy, T.E. (1998). Learning disabilities and memory. B.Y.L. Wong (ed.) Learning about learning disabilities, (. 107 162). SanDiego,CA:AcademicPress. Swason,H.L.,Cooney,J.B.&McNamara,J.K.(2004).Learningdisabilitiesandmemory. B.Y.L. Wong (ed.) Learning about learning disabilities, (3rd ed.)(. 41 92). San Diego,CA:AcademicPress. Torgesen,J.K.(1975).Problemsandprospectsinthestudyoflearningdisabilities. E.M. Hetherington (ed.) Review of child development research (vol. 5). Chicago, IL: UniversityofChicagoPress. Willows, D.M., & Terepocki, M. (1993). The relation of reversal errors to reading disability, D.M. Willows, R. Kruk, & E. Corcos (Eds.), Visual Processes in ReadingandReadingDisabilities,(.3156).Hillsdale,NJ:LawrenceErlbaum. Willows, D.M., Corcos, E., & Kershner, J. (1993). Perceptual and cognitive factors in dyslexics;andnormals;perceptionandmemoryofunfamiliarvisualsymbols. S.Wright&R.Groner(Eds.),Studiesinvisualinformationprocessing:Facetsofdyslexia anditsremediation,(.163178).Amsterdam:NorthHollandElsevier. 21

Wong, B. Y. L. (1985). Metacognition and learning disabilities. D. L. Forrest Pressley,G.E.MacKinnon&T.G.Waller(eds.)Metacognition,cognitionandhuman performance.(.2,.137180).NewYork,NJ:AcademicPress. Wong, B. Y. L. (1998). Learning about learning disabilities. (2nd ed.), San Diego, CA: AcademicPress. Youlden, AM & Chan, L.K.S. (1995, November). Motivational orientations, strategic learning and achievement in English in Years 5, 7 and 9 students: Preliminary findings,PaperpresentedattheAustralianAssociationforResearchinEducation AnnualConference,Hobart,November,1995. K, B., & , . (2003). . 9 21242003. , . & , . (2003). . E. Mela Athanasopoulou (.) The 15th International Symposium of Theoretical and Applied Linguistics selected papers. (. 491509). ,,. , . & , . (2007). ..&.(.) :.(.615),. , . & , . (2007). . . & . (.) :.(.2141),. , . (2007). :, . , ,,. ,.(). , .. , . (2000). . ,,.

22

,M.Ed,Ph.D .....

) , ) , ) ) . ,. , , . 20% (DES,1978). , , (.1). 1:621....,20034 % 5,823

3,0 1,2 1,0 0,3 0,2 0,2 1,0 0,1 0,4 0,6 13,8

:U.S.DepartmentofEducation,2006. (U.S.DepartmentofEducation,2006). . . ., . () , (, , ). 24

(). (Lerner, 2003. ,&,2006). . , , , , (, &,2006). , , , , . (.. , , ) (, 1998,Lerner,2003,,&,2006). . , , 3% 6 % (Miles,2004). (, 1998. BDA, 2006. Henley, Ramsey & Algozzine, 2006. , 2004. , 1995. , &,2006): . ,,. .25

, , , . ,, ,. . . . . , . . . . , . . . . ,,,, . . , , , , ,/. . . . . . . . , . .26

. . . . . . (BDA, 2006. , 2004. , 1995. ,2001.,2004.) : , , , , , , , , , , , ,, ,,, , , , , , ( , , , , , ), ,,, ,27

, (.. , /), ( , , , , ), , , , , , , ,, . , . . ( , ) . ) ) (Locke,1995). ..., , 7 10 % (NICHCY, 2001. Vaughn, Bos & Schumm,1997),3% (U.S. DepartmentofEducation,2006). 28

. , (Bos & Vaughn, 1998. Cartwright, Cartwright & Ward, 1995.Vaughn,Bos&Schumm,1997): , , , , , ., , , ( , ,),, , , , , , , , (, ,,,,..), , , , ,, , , . 29

(,2001): , , , ,, ,, , , , , ( , , ), , , ,, , , , . , , , , , , , ,30

, ( ,..), , , , , , . ( 70 ), ( , , ) (018.)(Henley,Ramsey&Algozzine,2006. ,2001). (American PsychiatricAssociation,1994): ..(..505570). ..(..35405055). ..(..20253540). ..(..2025). 12% . ( & , 2006) . , (Henley, Ramsey & Algozzine, 2006. & , 2006.,2001). /:(/) , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,,,,.. 31

: , , / , , / ,.. (Henley, Ramsey & Algozzine, 2006). (, 2001. ......, 2004. , 2006): , , , , , , , , , , , , . (Henley, Ramsey & Algozzine,2006.,2001.,2006): , , , , , , ,, , , , ,32

, , , . . 21.0171,5% (.2),(=16939 80,6%)(...,2005). 2: ( ) , 200304 / / / / % / 2449 9656 12105 57,6 2413 1014 3427 16,3 886 588 1474 7,0 708 122 830 3,9 362 363 725 3,4 509 42 551 2,6 325 80 405 1,9 239 161 400 1,9 207 432 639 3,1 141 62 203 1,0 121 137 258 1,2 8360 12657 21017 100 :...,2005. (. 3). . , 33

. . 3:/, 20045 % 118 147 170 1325 68 94 5,2 6,4 7,4 58,0 3,0 4,1

10 0,4 160 7,0 4 0,2 13 0,6 TEE 9 0,4 9 0,4 10 0,5 EE.. 72 3,2 75 3,2 2284 100 :....2005(). . . . 34

,, , ( &,2008.Tomlinson,2004). . . ,, . ,. (Bearne, 1996. Gross, 1993. Tomlinson, 2004. ......,2004.Westwood,2003): ) ) ) ) ). ) . . . ,. ) . : 35

, , , , , , , , , , , , . ) , , , . ... : , , , , , ,., , , , , , ,. ) , .36

: , ,, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . ) ,, .... : , , , , , , ( , , ), (.. , , , , ). 37

(.1). 1:

, ,

,

:......,2004.

, , , , . , . .38

, . American Psychiatric Association (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mentaldisorders.4thedn.Washington,DC. , . (1998). : , . :. , . & , . (2008). : .10 ,,67/6/2008. Bearne, E. (1996). Differentiation and diversity in the primary school. London: Routledge. Bos, C.S. & Vaughn, S. (1998). Strategies for teaching students with learning and behaviorproblems.2ndedn.Boston:AllynandBacon. BritishDyslexiaAssociation,(BDA).(2006).Allaboutdyslexia:Primaryhintsand tips. www.bdadyslexia.org.uk/extra333.html, 28/07/06. Cartwright, G.P., Cartwright, C.A. & Ward, M.E. (1995). Educating special learners.4thedn.Belmont:WadsworthPublishingCompany. DES(1978).Specialeducationalneeds(TheWarnockReport).London:HMSO. Gross, J. (1993). Special educational needs in the primary school: A practical guide. Buckingham:OpenUniversityPress. Henley, ., Ramsey, R. & Algozzine, R. (2006). Teaching students with mild disabilities.5thedn.Boston:Pearson. ,.&,.(2006).: .:. ...(2005). .:... Lerner, J. (2003). Learning disabilities: Theories, diagnosis, and teaching practices. Boston:HoughtonMifflinCompany. , . (2004). .:. Locke, A. (1995). Speech and language difficulties. In G. Moss (Ed.), The basics of specialneeds.London:Routledge. , . (1998). . 2 . : .39

,.(1995). .. Miles, T.R. (2004). Some problems in determining the prevalence of dyslexia. ElectronicJournalofResearchinEducationalPsychology,2(2),512. Moores,D.(1996).Educatingthedeaf:Psychology,principlesandpractice,4thedn. Boston:HoughtonMiffin. NICHCY (2001). Speech and language impairments. Fact sheet number 11. Washington,DC. , . (2001). : . , 13,1523. ,.,,.&,.(2006). : , . : . , . (2001). ,.&.4.. , . (2005). . :. Tomlinson, C.A. (2004). .:. , . (2006). : ,..:. .... (2004). .:.. U.S.DepartmentofEducation(2006a).TwentysixthannualreporttoCongresson the implementation of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA). Washington,DC. U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics (2006). Digestofeducationstatistics,2005.Washington,DC. Vaughn,S.,Bos,C.S.,Schumm,J.S.(1997).Teachingmainstreamed,diverse,andat riskstudentsinthegeneraleducationclassroom.Boston:AllynandBacon. Westwood, P. (2003). Commonsense methods for children with special educational needs.4thed.London:RoutledgeFalmer.

40

..407/80,

, , , (Wong,1985). (, , .) ( & , 2004). , , ,. , , . , , , .

: ,,. , . , (, , ) , ( ), , 41

. , ,(Kintsch,1998). , , , , . (&,2004), . , . , , , . ,, . , , . , , . ,, . ( ,.) (Kamil, Mosenthal, Pearson&Barr,2000). , , , . , ( ), ,. , , . , 42

. , ., ( ) (.). . (Botsas & Padeliadu, 2003 & , 2003). , , , . , . ,(Pearson&Dole,1987Brown, Pressley, Van Meter & Schuder, 1996 Pressley & Afflerbach, 1995) . , . , , , , , , , . , (Botsas & Padeliadu, 2003). , , , . , , , (,2007).43

, , . , ( , .). , , . . , (Kamilletal,2000Guthrie,1988).: (, , ). ,, . . , , . , (Duffy,2003). , , . (Kansas) , , (Deshler, Ellis & Lenz, 1996). , . ( ), , . 44

(Botsas&Padeliadu,2003), ( & , 2004). , , . , ( ) . , , , , . ( ) 1 ( ), . , , ( ). , , (Pressley&Woloshyn,1995,).: . . . . . 1

, (Kansas) . (Pressley,2002).

45

1. : , . ,, . 1 , . 1.1.KWL(KnowwhatIknowKnowwhatIWanttoknow KnowwhatILearned)( ) , . (Ogle,1986). : , , . . , , . : . KWL(;). () . .

, .1

46

. , . ,() (). KWLL, . : () 1.2. . . , . : ,47

W()

L()

. , , . ,. . : . . . . . 2.() 2.1. , . :, , () ., ,, . : : . . . , . 24. (,2000). 48

2.2. . ( ). (, , ), ,. 2.3. . . , , , , . 2.4. (Johnson, Pittelman, Toms Bronowski & Levin, 1984 Johnson, Toms Bronowski&Pittelman,1982), . : . , (Pressley &Woloshyn,1995). :: (). , . ,. ,. . , , , (,2000). 49

2.4.1.

2.4.2.

50

2.5. , . , (). , (,2000). : : . , . . ,, (brainstorming). . . . . 3.(advancedorganizers) Ausubel(Ausubel, 1960Ausubel&Youssef,1963). (scaffolding) . . .51

: ( ) . . , . . , (;). 4. 1 . , (Deshler, Ellis & Lenz 1996). , , . , ( ). : , . : . (), . , , ( ). (,.), .1

52

. . , , , , , . Ausubel,D.P.,andYoussef,M.(1963),RoleofDiscriminabilityinMeaningful ParallelLearning,JournalofEducationalPsychology,54,331336. Ausubel, D.P. (1960). The use of advance organizers in the learning and retention of meaningful verbal material. Journal of Educational Psychology, 51,267272. Botsas,G.&Padeliadu,S.(2003).Goalorientationandreadingcomprehension strategy use among students with and without reading difficulties. InternationalJournalofEducationalResearch,39,477495. Brown, R., Pressley, M., Van Meter, P. & Schuder, T. (1996). A quasi experimental validation of transactional strategies instruction with low achieving second grade readers, Journal of Educational Psychology, 88, 18 37. Deshler,D.D.,Ellis,E.S.&Lenz,B.K.(1996).Teachingadolescentswithlearning disabilities.Strategiesandmethods,2nded.,Denver,CO:LovePub.Co. Duffy,G.G.(2003).ThecaseforDirectExplanationofstrategies.InC.Collins Block & M. Pressley (eds.) Comprehension Instruction. Research based best practices,pp.2841,NewYork,NJ:GuilfordPress. Guthrie, J. T. (1988). Locating information in documents: Examination of a cognitivemodel,ReadingResearchQuarterly,23,178199. Johnson, D , TomsBronowski, S., & Pittelman, S. (1982). Vocabulary development, in R. E. Kretschmer (Ed), Reading and the heanngimpaired individual.VoltaReview,84(5),pp.1124. Johnson, D.D., Pittelman, S.D., TomsBronowski, S., & Levin, K.M. (1984). An investigation of the effects of prior knowledge and vocabulary acquisition on passagecomprehension(ProgramRep.No.845).Madison:WisconsinCenter forEducationResearch,UniversityofWisconsin. Kamil, M. L., Mosenthal, P. B., Pearson, P. D. & Barr, R. (2000). Handbook of readingresearch:VolumeIII,Mahwah,NJ:Erlbaum.53

Kintsch, W. (1998). Comprehension: a paradigm for cognition. Cambridge, MA: CambridgeUniversityPress. Ogle,D.M.(1986).KWL:Ateachingmodelthatdevelopsactivereadingof expositorytext,TheReadingTeacher,39,564570. Pearson,P.D.&Dole,J.A.(1987).Explicitcomprehensioninstruction:Areview of research and a new conceptualization of instruction, Elementary School Journal,88,151165. Pressley, M. (2002). Comprehension strategies instruction. A turn of the Centurystatusreport.C.C.Block&M.Pressley(eds.)Comprehension instruction. Research based best practices. (. 11 27). New York, NJ: Guilford. Pressley, M. & Afflerbach, P. (1995). Verbal protocols of reading: The nature of constructivelyresponsivereading,Hillsdale,NJ:Erlbaum. Pressley, M. & Woloshyn, V. (1995). Cognitive strategy instruction, that really improveschildrensacademicperformance,2nded.,BrooklineBooks. Wong,B.Y.L.(1985).Metacognitionandlearningdisabilities.D.L.Forrest Pressley, G. E. MacKinnon & T.G. Waller (eds.) Metacognition, cognition and human performance. (. 2, . 137 180). New York, NJ: Academic Press. , . & , . (2004). . . , . & . (.) ,.1019,. , . (2007). : , . , ,,. ,.&,.(2003). .E.MelaAthanasopoulou(.) The15thInternationalSymposiumofTheoreticalandAppliedLinguisticsselected papers,pp.491509,,,. , . & , . (2004). . . , . & . (.), .3152,. , . (2000). . ,:.

54

: (..407/80), (....),,

O . , . , , . , . , . , . ,, O , , (Critchley, 1981.ammill,1990). 55

(British Psychological Society, 1999). , . 10% , (, 1998). 56% ( , ..., 2004), 15%. (, 2002). ( ) ( 2817/2000, 1). , . , , .(Ehri,1992.Frith,1985. Henderson,1985):() , , () , , () , . , Seymour Duncan (2001), . Seymour Duncan (2001), : () , , (, ). () , (,56

). () , (, ). () , (). . (, 2002) : () : , , . . () : . , . (,,,, ). .(): . (). (..,,,,).(,, 1 ..). (.., , ). (.., ). () : . (.., , ). (.., ). (.., , ). (, 1992,2006.,1996). , . 1

=,(..,),=,,(..,), (..,),(..,).

57

(Seymour, 1994. Snowling, 2000). , , . , , . , , , , . , . , , . (, 2000, 2002). H 25 . . , (.., , ). ,, . (). . (.., ) (. , Seymour&Duncan,2001). . , 58

, (, , ), . , , . .(.., ), , , . , . , , . . (). , . . . . , (, 2000,2002). , A 1 . (), 7 , . , , . , .1

59

. (Lipson&Wixson,1991) . , , , , . , . . , . :(i) , (ii) , (iii) ,(iv) , (v) . , . (, 1999. , 1998. , 1992. , 1996). (.., , , .). 1:: 1 . 60

2. 3 (,,,,,,....) 4memory (,,) 5. (..,1 3)(45). ( 1), (2), (34). 2::,,. 1 . 2 . 3. 4. 5. 3::. 61

1,,,,,. . 2,,,,,. . 3(,,,) (,,,,..). 4 (,,,). .,4 (.. , ...)(..,....) (..,.....,.....). 4:: 1 (+=>) 2 (.....,). 3 4 (,,,../,,,...) (,,.../,,,...). (1) (2). 5::. 62

1/ (....,....,.../..., ...,...). 2/ (,,.../,,...). , , ( 1) ( 2) (.. ). . , . 6:: 1. 2. 3. 4. (Seymour & Duncan, 2001), . , , (..,,). 63

(Arnbak& Elbro,2000.sesmeli&Seymour,2006,2007). , . (1998). : , . ,.:. Arnbak,E.,&Elbro,C.(2000).Theeffectsofmorphologicalawarenesstraining on reading and spelling skills of young dyslexics. Scandinavian Journal of EducationalResearch,44(3),229251. British Psychological Society (1999). Dyslexia, Literacy and Psychological Assessment.Leicester:TheBPS. Critchley, M. (1981). Dyslexia: an overview. In G.Th. Pavlidis, & T.R. Miles Eds.), Dyslexia research and its applications to education (pp. 111). Chichester:Wiley&Sons. Ehri,L.C.(1992).Reviewandcommentary:Stagesofspellingdevelopment.InS. Templeton, & D. R. Bear (Eds.), Development of orthographic knowledge and thefoundationsofliteracy:AmemorialfestschriftforEdmundH.Henderson(pp. 307332).Hillsdale,NJ:LawrenceErlbaum. Frith,U.(1985).Beneaththesurfaceofdevelopmentaldyslexia.InK.Patterson, M. Colteheart, & J. Marshall (Eds.). Surface dyslexia (pp.301330). London: Erlbaum. Hammill, D.D. (1990). A brief history of learning disabilities. In P. Myers, & D.D.Hammill(Eds.).LearningDisabilities:Basicconcepts,assessmentpractices andinstructionalstrategies.Austin,TX:Proed. Henderson, E. H. (1985). Teaching spelling. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. , . (1999). ().:. Lipson, M.Y., & Wixson, K.K. (1991). Assessment and instruction of eading disability:Aninteractiveapproach.NewYork,NY:HarperCollins. , . (1998). . : . 2817/14032000. .,.78. ,..(2002)..(). , .. (1992). : .(). , . (2006). : .CD1:MediasoftInternational. ,.(2002).. .:.64

Seymour,P.H.K.(1994).Variabilityindyslexia.InC.Hulme,&M.J.Snowling (Eds.),Readingdevelopmentanddyslexia.London:Whurr. Seymour, P. H. K., & Duncan, L. G. (2001) Learning to read in English. Psychology,8(3),281299. Snowling,M.(2000).Dyslexia(2ndedn).UK:Blackwell. Tsesmeli, S. N., & Seymour, P.H.K. (2006). Derivational morphology and spelling in dyslexia. Reading and Writing: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 19(6),587625. T,.N.,&Seymour,P.H.K.(2007). : .HellenicJournalofPsychology,4,86110. ...(2004).. :,. , . (1996). . : . , .. (2000). .:. , .. (2002). .:.

65

: MA,. ,, ...

, . . / / . ,, , , . 9. (Andreopoulou & Bougiotopoulou, 2001. Goulandris, 2001)66

, : (.. s3 s), , (, ) (corrective feedback) / . , . , , / . ( 1 ) ,. , , . , , , , . Venezky (1995), 1

(, 1995:34), . big () dig () .

67

:(i),(ii) (iii) . (.. //). (.. //,/f//v/), . . 26 . . (Nikopoulos, Goulandris & Snowling, 2001), 44561 15 5. , (Treiman, 1993). , 3 1 . ,. , : 1) (InterferenceHypothesis), . , .1

68

. , (Thomas & Collier, 2002) , . , (, , , , ) . , (Nassaji, 2003) , . 2003Nassaji 2 ( ) . 2) 1 . Baddeley 1986 . . Baddeley19981

, .

69

, . , (Bablekou, 1996. Kassotakis, 1998) , . , Baddeley et al. (1998) (pseudowords) 2 . . 3) . , 26 , . , .. daughter()/d:t/., ( , ) / , . , / , / , 1 (Wimmer,Mayringer&Landerl,2000).1

. (Rack,Snowling&Olson,1992) (Goulandris&Snowling,1991).

70

, . , . , , 1 (Nikopoulos, Goulandris&Snowling,2001)., (Bablekou, 1996. Kassotakis, 1998), . , , . , (the visual tunnel phenomenon). , . () . ,:[sh]..shop/p/(), [z] pleasure /plej/ (), [ch] church /t:t/ (), [dz] job (), . , 6 (Porpodas, Pantelis&Hantziou,1990).1

71

/job/ (). , 1 [a],[e],[i],[o] [u] gliding vowels .. bay /bei/ (), rope /roup/ () . . , . (Durgunoglu, Nagy & HancinBhatt, 1993) .. dictionary /dknri/ () /diknri/. 4) , . (prefixes) (suffixes) .. s ( 1)3 ( 2) ( 3). , , . (1)Soldiers (2)Hedrinkswater (3)Johnsjacket , . (SubjestVerb (Post, Foorman & Hiscock, 1997) .1

72

Object/ ), , . , , , (Peristeri, 2004. Vosniadou, 1987) .. (indirectspeechacts,4), (5)(6)., ( 7) . (4)Couldyoupleaseclosethewindow? ; (5)LeonidashadtheupperhandintheThermopilesbattle. . (6)Thefactoryisinneedofnewhands. . (7) Mary is mad with Helen because she didnt give the money she owes her . . (PsaltouJoycey, 2003), . . / (targetlikeperformance). (role playing) 73

(Dimitriadi, 2001). , . , . , , , , ( ) . . (Sparks et al., 1991) , . , , , ( ) . , G, , . . ,. , , . , . . , . .. 74

/remembering/ () . , . . / / . . . 1. / ( ), ( ), , , . . 2. . . .,/n/TION,SION, CION./J/GEDGE. , ., 75

TRACT , retract , contract , subtract , tractor . , : : Arial, Tahoma, Comic Sans ,, 14 ( ) (cognitiveschemata)(warmup) . , , (Mavrommati,2001). 3: . 76

: ,.. separate () , ..div/ide divide() (image) . (Ellis, 1998). , ,..and ()but() . .. avenue () avenue. : business 1 (). . (.. ) . , .1

bus= in=

77

..where/were(/), want/what (/), there/they (/). , . .. :here(),where(),there(). & . . . . . (brainstorming) . . . .. . 78

. . , () , . , . Andreopoulou,V.&Bougiotopoulou,A.(2001).Thewritingdisordersandtheir evolutionary aspects for schoolchildren in Greece. Poster presentation in the5thBDAInternationalConference,DYSLEXIA:AttheDawnoftheNew Century,1821April2001,UniversityofYork,UK. Bablekou, Z.(1996). Working memory and language development: current findingsandtrends.Psychologia,3,128. Baddeley,A.D.(1986).Workingmemory.Oxford:ClarendonPress. Baddeley,A.D.,Emslie,H.,Kolodny,J.&Duncan,J.(1998).Randomgeneration and the executive control of working memory. Quarterly Journal of ExperimentalPsychology,51A,819852. Dimitriadi, Y.(2001). Deciphering the Mysteries of Text: Assisting Dyslexic Learners to Develop Study Skills. Oral presentation in the 5th BDA InternationalConference,DYSLEXIA:AttheDawnoftheNewCentury,18 21April2001,UniversityofYork,UK. Durgunoglu, A. Y., Nagy, W.E., & HancinBhatt, B.J.(1993). Crosslanguage transfer of phonological awareness. Journal of Educational Psychology, 85, 453465. Ellis,A.W.(1998).Reading,WritingandDyslexia:aCognitiveAnalysis.Psychology Press,Hove,UK.79

Goulandris,A.(2001).ConcurrentliteracyacquisitioninGreekandEnglish.Oral presentation in the 5th BDA International Conference, DYSLEXIA: At the DawnoftheNewCentury,1821April2001,UniversityofYork,UK. Goulandris, A., & Snowling, M.(1991). Visual memory deficits: A plausible cause of developmental dyslexia? Evidence from a single case study. CognitiveNeuropsychology,8,127154. Kassotakis, A.(1998). Shortterm memory of phonological information and reading achievement: an attempt to investigate their relationship. Psychologia,5,(1),4452. Mavrommati, D.(2001). A comparison of two methods of teaching the spelling ofirregularwordstoGreekdyslexicchildren.Oralpresentationinthe5th BDAInternationalConference,DYSLEXIA:AttheDawnoftheNewCentury, 1821April2001,UniversityofYork,UK. Nassaji, H.(2003). The Relationship between Depth of Vocabulary Knowledge and L2 Learners Inferencing Lexical Strategy Use and Success. The CanadianModernLanguageReview,61,(1),107134. Nikopoulos, D., Goulandris, N. & Snowling, M.(2001). Longitudinal predictors of reading and spelling skills in the Greek orthographic system. Oral presentation in the 5th BDA International Conference, DYSLEXIA: At the DawnoftheNewCentury,1821April2001,UniversityofYork,UK. Peristeri,E.(inpress).TheLookingGlassSelf:ChildrensUnderstandingofMetaphor and Metonymy. Unpublished MA Diss., Aristotle University of Thessaloniki,Greece. Porpodas, C. D., Pantelis, S.N. & Hantziou, E.(1990). Phonological and lexical encoding processes in beginning readers: Effects of age and word characteristics.ReadingandWriting,2,(3),197208. Post,Y.V.,Foorman,B.R.,&Hiscock,M.(1997).Speechperceptionandspeech productionasindicatorsofreadingdifficulty.AnnalsofDyslexia,47,125. PsaltouJoycey,A.(2003).Strategyuseby Greekuniversitystudents ofEnglish. InE.MelaAthanasopoulou(Ed.),SelectedPapersonTheoreticalandApplied Linguistics(pp.425437).AristotleUniversityofThessaloniki,Greece. Rack,J.P.,Snowling,M.J.,&Olson,R.K.(1992).Thenonwordreadingdeficitin developmentaldyslexia:Areview.ReadingReasearchQuarterly,27,2853. Sparks,R.L.,Ganschow,L.,Kenneweg,S.,&Miller,K.(1991).UseofanOrton Gillingham approach to teach a foreign language to dyslexic/learning disabled students: Explicit teaching of phonology in a second language. AnnalsofDyslexia,41,96118. Thomas,W.,&Collier,V.(2002).Anationalstudyofschooleffectivenessforlanguage minority students longterm academic achievement. Santa Cruz, CA and Washington,DC:CenterforResearchonEducation,Diversity&Excellence. Available:http://www.crede.ucsc.edu/research/llaa/1.1_final.html80

Treiman,R.(1993).BeginningtoSpell.NewYork:OxfordUniversityPress. Venezky, L. R.(1995). How English is read: Graphemephoneme regularity andorthographicstructureinwordrecognition.InI.Taylor&D.R.Olson (Ed.),ScriptsandLiteracy(pp.111129).Dordrecht. Vosniadou,S.(1987).ChildrenandMetaphors.ChildDevelopment,58,870885. Wimmer,H.,Mayringer,H.&Landerl,K.(2000).Thedoubledeficithypothesis and difficulties in learning to read a regular orthography. Journal of EducationalPsychology,92,(4),668680. , . (1995). . : .

81

: , .... ,MSc

, . , , . , . . ,,. . , , , ,., , 82

,,, ,...(Gross,1993,Young&Tyre,1992). , , . , , . ,, , ,,, (Hoyle&Wilks, 1980, .. 20042005, & , 2003, Theodoridouetal.,2003). , , . , , (Spearman1904,Heitkampfer,1995), (Thurstone, 1938, Guilford, 1959). , (Tannenbaum, 1983). , . , (Galton, 1874). , ,. , (Wechsler, 1996). Binet Simon (Binet, 1909), 83

(..). .. (=/*100). ,=100, 100% (Terman,1926). ( & ,1974,,2001). , . . , : ) , .) , . ) , .) , . ) , , . ) , (Clark, 1988, , 1982). , , . , 120 130 (Mnks,1963). , ,, . .. . , , .,.. , . , Gardner (1991). 84

Gardner ,: 1. , , (,). 2. , , , , , . , . 3., , (, , , ). 4. , . . 5., ,. 6. , , , (,,, ,). 7. , , , . 8. , , . , . , , . Renzulli (1977), , 85

. Mnks (1981) , . Gang (1991) . Heller Hany (1986) ( ) , , , . Stenberg (1993) . ) , ) , ) , ) ) . , Goleman (1995) , . , : ) , , , , . ) , , 130. ) Marland (1971) , , , , . , , . , , (Freeman..,1993,,1993)., 10%50% (, 1999). , , , 86

, (David, 1992, Davis & Rimm, 1989, Montour &. William, 1997). , , . , , , (Torsten,1979). , , , . : (.. ....), . (www.pischools.gr/special education/index.php). . (www.pischools.gr/download/programs/depps/1Geniko Meros.pdf) , (, 2005), . , , , , (Morelock,1996). , , , , , , , , (Eyre&Fuller,1993).87

, .,, , (,1999Whitemore&Maker,1985). , (Torrance, 1961, Wallace, 1986,Warnock,1978). , , ., (Armstrong,1994,Freeman,1995,Renzulli&.Reis,1985). , : . ,. . . , (Betts, 1985, Van TasselBaska,1992). (Benbow&Stanley,1983). , . , , . .88

, . . . , (Colangelo &. Cary, 1991, David,1995,DES,1992). ,: , ,, , . , , , (projects)(Bloom,1985, Gagne,1993Milgram,1991). , , (&,2003). (, 1999 Renzulli, 1994). , ,, , . , , . : ,, .89

. , ,, , , . . , . , , . : . , . :, , . . . . (Cary,&Rim,1994). 90

, . : . , , ,. , . project . , . , . . , . . . , , ,,. , . , (Evans, 1995, Beecher, 1995, Wallaceetal.,1998). ,, . , 91

,, . Armstrong, T. (1994). Multiple Intelligences in the Classroom. Alexandria: VA:ASCD. Beecher,M.(1995).DevelopingtheGiftsandTalentsofAllStudentsintheRegular Classroom.CT:CreativeLearningPress,MansfieldCenter. Benbow, C., & Stanley, J. (1983). (Eds.), Academic Precocity. Baltimore: Johns HopkinsUniversityPress. Betts,G.(1985).AutonomousLearnerModel:FortheGiftedandTalented.Grealey: CO:AutonomousLearningPublicationsandSpecialists. Binet,A.(1909).Lesideesmodernessurlesenfants.Paris:ErnestFlammarion. Bloom, B. S. (1985). Developing talent in young people. New York: Ballantine Books. Cary,D.A.,&Rim,S.B.(1994).EducationoftheGiftedandTalented.(3ded.). Boston:Allyn&.Bacon. Colangelo,N.&.Cary,D.A.(1991).HandbookofGiftedEducation.Boston:Allyn&. Bacon. Clark,G.(1988).IdentificationofGiftedPupils.London:Longman. David,G.(1992).TheChallengeoftheAbleChild,(2nded.).London:DavidFulton Publishers. David, G. (1995). Gifted Education Identification and Provision. London: David FultonPublishers. Davis,G.A.,&Rimm,S.B.(1989).EducationoftheGiftedandTalented.New Jersey:PrenticeHall. DES(1992).TheEducationofVeryAbleChildreninMaintainedSchools.London: HMSO. Evans, L. (1995). Degrees of Disadvantage. NACA (National Association for Able ChildreninEducation),Oxford. Eyre,D.&Fuller,.(1993).Year6TeachersandMoreAblePupils.Oxford:National PrimaryCentre. Freeman,J.(1991).GiftedChildrenGrowingUP.London:Cassell. Freeman,J.(1995).Reviewofcurrentthinkingonthedevelopmentoftalent.InJ. Freeman(Ed.).Actualizingtalent.London:Cassell.92

Gang, F.(1991).TowardaDifferentiated Modellof Giftedness and Talent.In N. Colangelo & G.A., Davis (Eds.), Handbook of Gifted Education (pp.6480). Boston:Allyn&Bacon,6480. Gang, F. (1993). Constructs and models pertaining to exceptionalhuman abilities. In K. A. Heller, F. j. Monks, & A. H. Passow (Eds.), International Handbook of Research and Development of Giftedness and Talent (pp. 6987). England,Oxford:PergamonPress. Galton, F. (1874). English Men of Science: Their Nature and Nurture. London: MacMillan. Gardner,H.(1991).AbschiedvomI.Q:DieRahmentheoriedervielfachenIntelligenzen. Stuttgart:KlettCotta. Goleman,D.(1995).Emotionalintelligence.NewYork:BantamBooks. Gross,M.(1993).Exceptionallygiftedchildren.London:Rontledge. Guilford,P.(1959).Threefacesofintellect.AmericanPhychologist. Heitkampfer,P.(1995).MehrLustaufSchule:EinHandbuchfrinnovativenund gehirngerechtenUnterricht.Junfermann,Paderborn. Heller, K.A. & Hany, E.A. (1986). Identification, Development, and Analysis of Talent and Gifted Children in WestGermany, in K.A., Heller & J.F. Feldhusen, (Eds), Identifying and Nurturing the Gifted: An International Perspective(pp.6782).Bern:Huber. Hoyle,E.andWilks,J.(1980).Giftedchildrenandtheireducation.London:HMSO. Marland, S. P. (1971). Education of the Gifted and Talented, Vol I. Washington US: GovernmentPrintingOffice. Milgram, R. M. (Ed.). (1991). Counseling Gifted and Talented Children. A guide for teachers, Counselors and Parents. United States of America: Albex Publishing Corporation. Mnks, F.J. (1963). Beitrge zur Begabtenforschung im Kindes und Jugendalter. ArchivfrdiegesamtePsychologie,115,362382. Mnks, F.J. (1981). Entwicklungspsychologische Aspekte der Hochbegabtenforschung. In W. Wieczerkowski, H. Wagner (eds), Das hochbegabteKind,(pp.3851).Duesseldorf. Montour,K.,&.WilliamS.(1997).Thebrokenwing.AmericanPsychologist,32,265 279. Morelock,M.(1996).Onthenatureofgiftednessandtalent:Imposingorderon Chaos,RoeperReview,19,412. Renzulli, S. (1977). The Enrichment Triad Model: A Guide for Developing Defensible ProgramsfortheGiftedandTalented.NewYork:CreativeLearningPress. Renzulli, J., &. Reis, S. (1985). The Schoolwide Enrichment Model. NY: Creative LearningPress.93

Renzulli,J.(1994)SchoolsforTalentDevelopment.NY:CreativeLearningPress. Spearman,C.(1904).Generalintelligenceobjectivelydeterminedandmeasured. AmericanJournalofPsychology,15,210292. Stenberg,R.J.(1993).ProceduresforIdentifyingIntellectualPotentialoftheGifted. A Perspective on Alternative Metaphors of the Mind. In K.A. Heller, F.J. Mnks & A.H. Passow, A.H., (Eds.), International Handbook for Research and DevelopmentofGiftednessandTalent,(pp.185208).Oxford:Pergamon. Tannenbaum,A.J.(1983).GiftedChildrenPsychologicalandEducationalPerspectives. N.York:MacMilan. Terman, L. M. (1926). Genetic Studies of Genius: Mental and physical traits of a thousandgiftedchildren.Stanford(Ca):StanfordUniversityPress. Thurstone,L.(1938).PrimaryMentalAbilities.PsychometricMonograph,47. Theodoridou, S.., Kokkinos, .. & Dabazoglou, A.M. (2003). Identifying the superior learner: Comparability of student teachers perceptions of the behavioralcharacteristicsofnormalandsuperiorpupils.InF.J.Moenksand H. Wagner (Eds), Development of Human Potential: Investment into our future. (pp.129137),Bock,Bonn. Torrance,E.P.(1961).Problemsofhighlycreativechildren.GiftedChildQuarterly. TorstenH.(1979).Theschoolinquestion.Oxford:OxfordUniversityPress. VanTasselBaska,J.(1992).PlanningEffectiveCurriculumforGiftedLearners.U.S.A.: LovePublishingCompany Wallace,A.(1986).TheProdigy.London:MacMillan Wallace, B., Adams, H.B., &. Weiynan, Z.(1998) Worldwide perspectives on the gifteddisadvantaged.InternationalReviewofEducation,44(1),121122. Warnock,R.(1978).SpecialEducationalNeeds.London:HMSO. Wechsler, D. (1996). The I.Q. is an intelligent test. NY: Times, 26 June In A. J. Edwards,(Ed.),SelectedPapersofDavid\feshsler.NY:AcademicPress. Whitmore, J. R., & Maker, C. J. (1985). Intellectual giftedness in disabled persons. Baltimore:Aspen. Young, P. & Tyre, C. (1992). Gifted or Able Realizing Childrens Potential. Open UniversityPress.. ,.(1999).. . , . ., , . , .. (20042005). 94

., ....,,6,117134,. , . (1993). , ;,44,3537, ,,(1982)... .(.)(2005)..,. , , .& , . (2003). , : .,.(.),2 , . 529535. :. , . ., , . . (1974). ,(.}.. , . (2001). ,.. , . & , . (2003). .. .: :,. , . . (1999). . ..,, ,.203218. Freeman, J. Span, . , . & , . (1993). . ;,44,2026.

95

96

, &

, . , . . , , , . , . , (Emotional and Behavioural Difficulties) (DepartmentofEducationandScienceandtheWelshOffice,1989;Gestenetal, 1978; Merrett & Wheldall, 1984, 1987). H (Gray, Miller & Noakes, 1996; Gray & Richer, 1995; Swift & Spivack, 1976). , (Leadbetter97

andLeadbetter,1993,Chazanetal,1994)., 1 6 (Esser et al, 1990; Offord et al, 1991), (Clough et al, 2005;Croll&Moses,1985;Gray&Richer,1995;Lawrence&Steed,1986;Rutter etal,1970),, (Hinshaw, 1992) (Rutter & Giller, 1983, Farrington, 1991,Zigleretal,1992). , . , (Ross et al, 2002). . , . . , . Laing Chazan (1987) ( ). . , , , . , 98

, , . (. , , , , , ) (. , , , , / , / ), . , , , . . , , (Galloway & Goodwin, 1987). , (Cooper, 1996). , , , (Norwich,1993). . , (Brophy & Rohrkemper, 1981; Elliot et al, 1984; Poulou & Norwich, 2000), . .. , (McCaslin &Good,1998;SchoolMentalHealthProjectUCLA,1997;Wheelock&Dorman, 1988). . , .Bierman99

(2000), , . , , (Kaufman,2005). (McGrath, 2005). . , , , ,,,. . . . , , , , . Mayer, Salovey (1990, 1997, 2000), , Goleman (1995) . , ( & , 2004). , (Perryetal,2004).100

, . (Social and Emotional Learning). . , , (,1997,Bencivenga&Elias,2003).MayerCobb(2000), .O , , , . , , , , . ,. . , , ,,. . , . Ogden (2001), , , , . 101

, , ,. ,Petrides(2004) , . , (Blairet al,2004).Eisenberg(2002), 3 , , . , . ,,, . , . , . , , (Dupper & Krishef, 1993,Chimienti&Triliva,1995,Eddyetal,2000,Eliasetal,1997,Frydenberget al, 2004, Greenberg et al, 2001, Hughes & Sullivan, 1988, ,,Weare,&Gray,2000,Rahill&Teglasi, 2003,Schloss,etal,1984,Schneider,1992,&Chimienti,1996,1998,, 2002,,2004,,,Walkeretal,1996,Zaragozaetal,1991). Promoting Alternative Thinking Strategiescurriculum(PATHS). . 102

(Zeidneretal,2002)., ,, . , , . , Fast Track model (Bierman et al, 2000). , , , . : . : , ,, . 3:1) (universal prevention) , 2) (indicated prevention) 3)(individualizedindicated services), , . , PATHS, 23,. , , . , 2 , . ) ,) , 103

, , ) , , . , . (. , , ) , , . . , , ,, . , , , , . , , , , , . , , .,, . , , (Rahill & Teglasi, 2003). 104

(Dupper&Krishef,1993,Walkeretal,1996).Denham Burton (1996) (. ) , . , . , (Lewis&Newcomer,2005,Algozzine& Algozzine, 2005). Weare (2004) (wholeschool approach), : 1. , 2. , , , 3. 4. . 20%, , 5. , , 6. , 105

7., , , , , . . 8. . . 9. (herd immunity) , , 10. T , . (Weare,2004,.5657). , , , ( ), ( ) ( ), , . 1. , . , 106

. Elias (1997) , 22 : 1: (Eliasetal,1997). , , , , , , , 107

(Norris, 2003,.315). O Goleman (1995, 1998) , , , , . 1997, CASEL (Collaborative to Advance Social and Emotional Learning) :1) 2) 3) 4) 5) , 6) 7) 8) (Elias&Weissberg,2000). H T (2000) ,,,, . , , , , , (Poulou, 2005). 2. , ., , , . . . (http://www.cfapress.org/casel.html). 108

3. . Weare (2004) (2). 2: / /

, ( )109

(Weare,2004,.22) (Zeidner et al, 2002), (Eliasetal,1997,Cohen,1998,Zinsetal, 2001). , . (expert consultant model), , , ,. , . , . 110

, . ., , (Rose,1982). , , . , . . . Romasz (2004) . , , . . , , . . , , , (Weissberg et al, 1989). Goleman 111

ONeil, : , ,o (ONeil,1996,.10). H , lias (1997): ) K ) , ) , . , , , , . , . , , , , ., , , , . , ,, . :1),,2) , 3) 4) 5) 6) 112

(, , ), 7) 8) (lias et al, 1997, , ). 4. . CheneyandBarringer(1995), , . , , , (Poulou & Triliva, 2004). , , . , , , , (5). , , . , . , ,, ,. ,113

(Gensheimeretal,1993). : ) , ) , , ) , ) , ) , , ) , ,. , . , (Cohen,1998,Eliasetal,1997,Zinsetal,2001). (Roeser, 2001). , . . Algozzine, B. and Algozzine, K. (2005). Building SchoolWide Behavior InterventionsthatReallyWork.InP.Clough,P.Garner,J.T.PardeckandF. Yuen, (Eds.), Handbook of Emotional and Behavioural Difficulties. London: Sage.114

Bencivenga, A. and Elias, M. (2003). Leading Schools of Excellence in Academics,CharacterandSocialEmotionalDevelopment.NASSPBulletin, 87(637),6072. Bierman,K.,Coie,J.,Dodge,K.,Greenberg,M.,Lochman,J.,McMahon,R.and Pinderhughes, E. (2000). Merging Universal and Indicated Prevention Programs:TheFastTrackModel.AddictiveBehaviors,25(6),913927. Blair, K., Denham, S., Kochanoff, A. and Whipple, B. (2004). Playing it Cool: Temperament, Emotion Regulation, and Social Behavior in Preschoolers. JournalofSchoolPsychology,42,419443. Brophy, J. and Rohkrkemper, M. (1981). The Influence of Problem Ownership on Teachers Perceptions of and Strategies for Coping With Problem Students.JournalofEducationalPsychology,73(3),295311. Chazan,M.,Laing,A.andDavies,D.(1994).EmotionalandBehaviouralDifficulties inMiddleChildhood.London:TheFalmerPress. Cheney, D. and Barringer, C. (1995). Teacher Competence, Student Diversity, and Staff Training for the Inclusion of Middle School Students with Emotional and Behavioral Disorders. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders,3(3),174182. Chimienti, G. and Triliva, S. (1995). Cognitive and Behavioral Changes Following Social Skills Training with Greek and Lebanese Elementary SchoolChildren.InternationalJournalofMentalHealth,23,5368. Clough,P.,Garner,P.,Pardeck,J.andYuen,F.(2005).ThemesandDimensions ofEBD:AConceptualOverview.InP.Clough,P.Garner,J.Pardeck,and F.Yuen, (Eds.), Handbook of Emotional and Behavioural Difficulties. London: Sage. Cohen, J. (1998). Educating Hearts and Minds: Social Emotional Learning and the PassageintoAdolescence.N.York:TeachersCollegePress. Cooper, P. (1996). Giving it a Name: The Value of Descriptive Categories in Educational Approaches to Emotional and Behavioural Difficulties. SupportforLearning,11(4),146150. Croll, P. and Moses, D. (1985). One in Five: Assessment and Incidence of Special EducationalNeeds.London:Routledge. DepartmentofEducationandScienceandtheWelshOffice(1989).Disciplinein Schools. Report of the Committee of Enquiry chaired by Lord Elton. London: HMSO. Denham,S.and Burton, R.(1996).A SocialEmotional InterventionforAtRisk 4YearOlds.JournalofSchoolPsychology,34(3),225245. Dupper,D.andKrishef,C.(1993).SchoolBasedSocialCognitiveSkillsTraining for Middle School Students with School Behavior Problems. Children and YouthServicesReview,15,131142.115

Eddy,J.,Reid,J.,andFetrow,R.(2000).AnElementarySchoolBasedPrevention Program Targeting Modifiable Antecedents of Youth Delinquency and Violence: Linking the Interests of Families and Teachers. Journal of EmotionalandBehavioralDisorders,8(3),165176. Eisenberg, N., Fabes, R.A., Guthried, I.K. and Reiser, M. (2002). The Role of Emotionality and Regulation in Childrens Social Competence and Adjustmnet. In L. Pulkkinen and A. Caspi (Eds.), Paths to Successful Development:PersonalityintheLifeCourse(pp.4670).N.York:Cambridge UniversityPress. Elias, M., and Weissberg, R. (2000). Primary Prevention: Educational Approaches to Enhance Social and Emotional Learning. Journal of School Health,70(5),186194. Elias,M.,Zins,J.,Weissberg,R.,Frey,K.,Greenberg,M.,Haynes,N.,Kessler,R., SchwabStone, M. and Shriver, T. (1997). Promoting Social and Emotional Learning. The Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development. Alexandria.U.S.A. Elksnin, L. and Elksnin, N. (2003). Fostering SocialEmotional Learning in the Classroom.Education,124(1),6375. Elliott, S., Witt, J., Galvin, G. and Peterson, R. (1984). Acceptability of Positive andReductiveBehaviouralInterventions:FactorsthatInfluenceTeachers Decisions.JournalofSchoolPsychology,22(4),353360. Esser, G., Schmidt, M. and Woerner, W. (1990). Epidemiology and Course of Psychiatric Disorders in SchoolAged ChildrenResults of a Longitudinal Study.JournalofChildPsychologyandPsychiatry,31,243263. Farrington, D. (1991). Childhood Aggression and Adult Violence: Early PrecursorsandLaterLifeOutcomes.InD.PeplerandK.Rubin(Eds.),The Development and Treatment of Childhood Aggression. (p.530). N. Jersey: LawrenceErlbaum. Frydenberg, E., Lewis, R., Bugalski, K., Cotta, A., McCarthy, C., Luscombe Smith, N. and Poole, C. (2004). Prevention is Better than Cure: Coping SkillsTrainingforAdolescentsatSchool.EducationalPsychologyinPractice, 20(2),117134. Galloway, D. and Goodwin, C. (1987). The Education of Disturbing Children: PupilswithLearningandAdjustmentDifficulties.London:Longman. Gensheimer, L., Ayers, T. and Roosa, M. (1993). SchoolBased Preventive Interventions for AtRisk Populations. Practical and Ethical Issues. EvaluationandProgramPlanning,16,159167. Gesten, E., Cowen, E., DeStefano, M. and Gallagher, R. (1978). Teachers Judgements of ClassRelated and Teaching Related Problems Situations. JournalofSpecialEducation,12(2),171181.116

Goleman,D.(1995).EmotionalIntelligence.NewYork:Bantam. Goleman, D. (1998). Working with Emotional Intelligence. New York: Bantam Books. Gray, J. and Richer, J. (1995). Classroom Responses to Disruptive Behaviour. London:Routledge. Gray, P., Miller, A. and Noakes, J. (1996). Challenging Behaviour in Schools. London:Routledge. Greenberg, M., Kusche, C. and Riggs, N. (2001). The Promoting Alternative Thinking Strategies Curriculum. Theory and Research on Neurocognitive and Academic Development. The CEIC Review, 10, 6. http://www.temple.edu/lss/pdf/ceicreviews/CEICVol10No6.pdf Hinshaw, S. (1992). Externalizing Behavior Problems and Academic Underachievement in Childhood and Adolescence: Causal Relationships andUnderlyingMechanisms.PsychologicalBulletin,111,127155. Hughes,J.andSullivan,K.(1988).OutcomeAssessmentinSocialSkillsTraining withChildren.JournalofSchoolPsychology,26,167183. Kauffman, J. (2005). How We Prevent the Prevention of Emotional and BehaviouralDifficultiesinEducation.InP.Clough,P.Garner,J.T.Pardeck and F. Yuen, (Eds.), Handbook of Emotional and Behavioural Difficulties. London:Sage. Laing, A. and Chazan, M. (1987). Teachers Strategies in Coping with Behaviour Difficulties in First Year Junior School Children. Department of Education, UniversityCollegeofSwansea. Lawrence, J. and Steed, D. (1986). Primary School Perception of Disruptive Behaviour.EducationalStudies,12(2),147157. Leadbetter,J.andLeadbetter,P.(1993).SpecialChildren:MeetingtheChallengein thePrimarySchool.London:Cassell. Lewis,T.andNewcomer.L.(2005).InP.Clough,P.Garner,J.T.PardeckandF. Yuen, (Eds.), Handbook of Emotional and Behavioural Difficulties. London: Sage. Mayer, J.D. and Cobb, C. (2000).Educational Policy on Emotional Intelligence: DoesitMakeSense?EducationalPsychologyReview,12(2),163183. Mayer, J.D., DiPaolo, M. & Salovey, P. (1990). Perceiving Affective Content in Ambiguous Visual Stimuli: A Component of Emotional Intelligence. JournalofPersonalityAssessment,54,772781. Mayer,J.D.,&Salovey,P.(1997).WhatisEmotionalIntelligence?,inP.Salovey and D. J. Sluyter (Eds.), Emotional Development and Emotional Intelligence: Educationalimplications.NewYork:BasicBooks.

117

Mayer, J. D., Salovey, P., & Caruso, D. R. (2000). Competing Models of Emotional Intelligence. In R.J. Sternberg (Ed.), Handbook of Human Intelligence(pp.396420).N.York:CambridgeUniversityPress. McCaslin, M. and Good, T. (1998). Moving Beyond Management Sheer Compliance: Helping Students to Develop Goal Coordination Strategies. EducationalHorizons,76,169176. McGrath, H. (2005). Directions in Teaching Social Skills to Students with Specific EBDs. In P.Clough, P. Garner, J.T. Pardeck and F. Yuen, (Eds.), HandbookofEmotionalandBehaviouralDifficulties.London:Sage. Merrett, F. and Wheldall, K. (1984). Classroom Behaviour Problems which JuniorSchoolTeachersFindMostTroublesome.EducationalStudies,10,87 92. Merrett, F. and Wheldall, K. (1987). Troublesome Classroom Behaviours. In N. HastingsandJ.Schwieso(Eds.),NewDirectionsinEducationalPsychology. London:FalmerPress. Norris, J. (2003). Looking at Classroom Management Through a Social and EmotionalLearningLens.TheoryintoPractice,42(4),313318. Norwich,B.(1993).HasSpecialEducationalNeedsOutliveditsUsefulness?In J. Visser and G. Upton, (Eds.), Special Education in Britain After Warnock. London:DavidFulton. Offord, D., Boyle, M. And Racine, Y. (1991). The Epidemiology of Antisocial BehaviorinChildhoodandAdolescence.InD.PeplerandK.Rubin(Eds), The Development and Treatment of Childhood Aggression. (p.3154). N.Jersey: LawrenceErlbaum. Ogden,T.(2001).ThePreventionandManagementofBehaviourDifficultiesin School. Research and Practice. In J. Visser, H. Daniels and T. Cole (Eds.), EmotionalandBehaviouralDifficultiesinMainstreamSchools,1,7589. ONeil, J. (1996). On Emotional Intelligence: A Conversation with Daniel Goleman.EducationalLeadership,54,611. , , Weare, K. and Gray. G. (2000). ....:. Perry, C., Ball, I. and Stacey, E. (2004). Emotional Intelligence and Teaching Situations:DevelopmentofaNewMeasure.IssuesinEducationalResearch, 14,http://education.curtin.edu.au/iier/iier14/perry.html Petrides, K., Frederickson, N. and Furnham, A. (2004). The Role of Trait EmotionalIntelligenceinAcademicPerformanceandDeviantBehaviorat School.PersonalityandIndividualDifferences,36,277293.

118

Poulou,M.(2005).ThePreventionofEmotionalandBehaviouralDifficultiesin Schools:TeachersSuggestions.EducationalPsychologyinPractice,21(1),39 54. Poulou, M. and Norwich, B. (2000). Teachers Causal Attributions, Cognitive, Affective and Behavioural Responses to Children with Emotional and BehaviouralDifficulties.BritishJournalofEducationalPsychology,70,4,559 581. Poulou, M. and Triliva, S. (2004). Social and Emotional Learning in Schools: Perceptions of Greek Elementary School Teachers. Paper presented at the EuropeanConferenceonEducationalResearch,Crete,September. Rahill, S. and Teglasi, H. (2003). Processes and Outcomes of StoryBased and SkillBased Social Competency Programs for Children with Emotional Disabilities.JournalofSchoolPsychology,41,413429. Reif,S.andHeimburge,J.(1996).HowtoReachandTeachAlltheStudentsin the Inclusive Classroom. ReadytoUse Strategies, Lessons and Activities for Teaching Students with Diverse Learning Needs. N.York: The Center forAppliedResearchinEducation. Roeser,R.(2001).ToCultivatethePositiveIntroductiontotheSpecialIssueon SchoolingandMentalHealthIssues.JournalofSchoolPsychology,39(2),99 110. Romasz, T., Kantor, J. and Elias, M. (2004). Implementation and Evaluation of Urban SchoolWide SocialEmotional Learning Programs. Evaluation and ProgramPlanning,27,89103. Rose, S. (1982). Promoting Social Competence in Children: A Classroom ApproachtoSocialandCognitiveSkillTraining.ChildandYouthService,5, 4359. Ross, M., Powell, S., Elias, M. (2002). New Roles for School Psychologists: Addressing the Social and Emotional Learning Needs of Students. School PsychologyReview,31(1),4352. Rutter, M. and Giller, H. (1983). Juvenile Delinquency: Trends and Perspectives. N.York:PenguinBooks. Rutter, M., Tizard, J. and Whitmore, K. (1970). Education, Health and Behaviour. London:Longman. Schloss,P.,Schloss,C.andHarris,L.(1984).AMultipleBaselineAnalysisofan Interpersonal Skills Training Program for Depressed Youth. Behavioral Disorders,9,182187. Schneider,B.(1992).DidacticMethodsforEnhancingChildrensPeerRelations: AQuantitativeReview.ClinicalPsychologyReview,12,363382. School Mental Health Project (1997). Behavior Problems: Whats a School to Do?AddressingBarrierstoLearning,2,2.119

http://www.smhp.psych.ucla.edu/behprob.htm Swift, M. And Spivack, G. (1976). Alternative Teaching Strategies: Helping BehaviourallyTroubledChildrenAchieve.Champaign,IL:ReasearchPress. , . (1997). . . , (.), .:Gutenberg. , . Chimienti, G. (1996). E .,7,(1),5265. , . Chimienti, G. (1998). . , .:E. , . Chimienti, G. (1998). ..:E. ,.Chimienti,G.(2002).,,, . . .:. , . , . (2004). : , . . ,1,273295. , . , . (2000). ...(..). .:. , . , . ( ). . . (.), .:. X, . (2004). . : E. X,.(2004). . . .:T. X,.(2004). . . .:T. Walker,H.M.,Horner,R.H.,Sugai,G.,Bullis,M.,Sprague,J.R.,Bricker,D.,and Kaufman, M.J. (1996). Integrated Approaches to Preventing Antisocial120

Behavior Patterns Among Schoolage Children and Youth. Journal of EmotionalandBehavioralDisorders,4,193256. Weare, K. (2004). Developing the Emotionally Literate School. London: Paul ChapmanPublishing. Weissberg,R.,Caplan,M.(1998).PromotingSocialCompetenceandPreventing Antisocial Behavior in Young Urban Adolescents. LSS Publication Series, No.9822. http://www.temple.edu/lss/htmlpublications/publications/pubs9822.htm Weissberg, R., Caplan, M. and Sivo, P. (1989). A New Conceptual Framework forEstablishingSchoolBasedSocialCompetencePromotionPrograms.In L. and B. Compas (Eds.), Primary Prevention and Promotion in the Schools (p.255296).NewburyPark:Sage. Wheelock,A.andDorman,G.(1988).Beforeitstoolate:DropoutPreventioninthe Middle Grades. Carrboro, N.C: Center for Early Adolescence and Boston MassachusettsAdvocacyCenter. Woolfolk,A.(2005).EducationalPsychology.Ninthed.Boston:AllynandBacon. Zaragoza, N., Vaughn, S. and McIntosh, R. (1991). Social Skills Interventions and Children with Behavior Problems: A Review. Behavioral Disorders, 16 (4),260275. Zeidner,M.,Roberts,R.andMatthews,G.(2002).CanEmotionalIntelligenceBe Schooled?ACriticalReview.EducationalPsychologist,37(4),215231. Zigler, E., Taussig, C., & Black, K. (1992). Early childhood intervention: A promisingpreventativeforjuveniledelinquency.AmericanPsychologist,47, 9971006. Zins, J., Weissberg, R., Wang, M. and Walberg, H. (2001). SocialEmotional Learning and School Success. Maximizing Childrens Potential by Integrating Thinking, Feeling, Behavior. The CEIC Review, 10, 6. http://www.temple.edu/lss/pdf/ceicreviews/CEICVol10No6.pdf

121

1 (whole schoolapproach) (School BasedSocialCompetencePromotionProgram(SCP) , . , 6 . : 1) , ,2) / 3) 4) 5) 6) . .( 1) . ( 25) . ( 6) . ,, , , , . , . (Weissberg&Caplan,1998). :E (. , , , )122

(. , ).

: , / .8: 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) . : , , ,, ,.) (Elias&Weissberg,2000,.190)

123

2 : ,,, (Weare,2004,.32) : , , , , , , , , , , , ,,,, (Weare,2004,.34) : , ,. , , , , , , 124

(Weare,2004,.35)

: (Weare,2004,.40). : , (Weare,2004,.45) : , , , , 125

, (Weare,2004,.46)

: , :, , , , (Weare,2004,.49)

126

3: / San DiegoCity. / (. , , , ). / /. , , . : O , . , . (Reif&Heimburge,1996,.214). /SanDiegoCity. , 3 (. , , , , ). , . , : , . , , , . , (Reif & Heimburge, 1996, . 217).

127

4 . . Matthew, Ethel. H Ethel Matthew, . Ethel, , Matthew. Matthew game boy, Ethel, gameboy., :,!!. Ethel . , : Ethel; Matthew; ; ; . , . (BethHanusosky,PerryElementarySchool,Perry,Ohio). . Perez : 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Jeanine, , . . Perez . Jeanine . .Perez:().,Jeanine, ; ;128

Lorna: , . , . .Perez:Lorna.,Jeanine; Charles: , .. Jeanine:, . .Perez:,Jeanine.,, . . .Jeanine; Milton:. . .Perez:Milton.M,Jeanine., ; Kyrie:. .Perez:,Kyrie.Jeanine. Jeanine: . , . . Perez: Jeanine. .; ,; Jeanine:. .Perez:; ara: , .. . Perez: Jeanine, , .(Woolfolk,2005,.488). , . : , . .129

. (Elksnin&Elksnin,2003,p.73). 5 1. , . , : , . , , . , . . , , . , . . , .130

, , , , . , . . . Premack . . (Woolfolk,2005,.213). 2. . . . . . . 131

, . ;. , , , . , , . . , . . , (Woolfolk,2005,,79). 3. , , , , , . , , , .

132

. . , , , ; . . . . . . . . (. ) . . . (Woolfolk,2005,.91)

133

. .

,. ) , . , , , .) , . ) , : .) , ) , ., , , , . .

134

, , , . ,. : . . . ., .. . , , . , (behaviour modification), . , , . , , , , ,. ,, . , . .135

. , , ,, . . , . : . . . , ,,,. , , , . . , . , . , . ., ,, . . , , , . . : . : . , , , .: , . ,. :

136

. : , .: . . : . : , , , , . : , , . , , . : , , . . , (cognitive social learning theory). . ,, , , . 1. .: , . : () , .: ,, .: . 137

minimum, . , , . 2. , (modeling).5: . .(. ) . , . . , , . . . ,, . , . , . 1. . ( ) , , . 138

. . . . , ,,,, . .. .. . . .. . , .. 2. , , : . . (), (). . . , , , . . . . , . () ,: .. .. .. .. .. ,139

. . Freud . . . . , (psychoeducational),: 1.Dreikurs Dreikurs , . ,, ,. 2.Gordon Gordon, . , . , , . ,. , , . , (active listening) . , Gordon, . , , . ., ., ., .,140

., .. 3.Glasser Glasser . ,,. , .Glasser,reality therapy. ,: .. . . . . . . . , , , . . . . .. . , Glasser . ),)). , . , . , ,. .141

Glasser , , . , ,,. . . : : . . . : .. : ., . : , (2), (3 ) :;. . ,:. : , 3 4 .. : ;.: ;. ,,. .142

:, :. . ;. , . , . : . . , . . : , , , , , . . , , , , . : , , . . ,. , 8. :, ., , . . ,,, , , , . .143

. C.Rogers.: . (selfactualization), . , . , . ,, , , Maslow,,( ),o . , alter ego , . , , . 1. C. Rogers , , . () , , , . . . , . , 144

. . . . , , . . ,: ., ., ., ., . , , . . . : . , ., .. , . . ( ) . , , 145

, . , , , , . 1. . , . () ,(), . , , . . . : . ., .. , , ) ,, . ) , , . , , , . , , . , , . 2.(modeling) (modeling) . 146

:) , , ) , ) ,) ,. , , , , . , , , . 3.. , (systematicdesensitization). , , . , . 4.(contigencycontracting) , , , . . . 5.(negativereinforcement) (. ), . , . 147

BIB Adamenco, B. . (1992). . , . : , .. , . . , .. (1991). . .,.ArtofText. , . (1991). . . .. , . (2002). . . , . Gutenberg . ,..(1992)..,.. , .. (1998). . .,.. Molnar,A. Lindquist, B.(1999). . .,.. Postic, M. (1995). . , . Gutenberg .

148

..,.

. . , , , , . . ,. 1. .,, , , . , , . , . (Borich, 1999). , 149

, ( , , .) . . : , , , , , . : ,, ,, (Walberg,1986). ,, . (Cohen/Manion,1981,,2007). , . , , , . , , , (,1990,,1985). , . . , . , , (Duck, 1999,,2000,Noddings,1991,Tarlow,1996). ,,150

. , , , , (Scheft, 1990). , , , , . . , , . , , . , , , , (, 1998, ,1999). . , , . , ,. , , . , . ,, . , , , , , . ) . . , 151

, , ,,,, ,, , . , , , , , , , . (:Daly/Kreiser,1992,,2000,,1999,Ladson, 1994,,1999,Munn,et.al,1990,,1994). ) . . , , , , ,,, , . , . , ., , , , (Fontana,1988). , , . . . . . ,, , .,152

. , , , . , (;), , . , (, 1994, Robertson,2000). ) . , , , , .. , . , , . . , (Ekman, 1982, , 1998). , . , (Bays, 1970). . , . , . , ,. . . (Argyle / Cook, 1976, , 1994, Robertson,1996).153

, . , (Roth, 2001). . , . , , (Cortis,1977,/,2000). ) , , . , . , , , . , . , , . , , (, 2008, Druliner / Prichard, 2003, , 2004, ,2000). ) . . , , , . , , 154

,, . , , (Blanchet,1997,,1985). , , ., , , , , . 2. (, 2005), . . , 2002, . . 587485, 82,6%. 1) , 32,6% o , , 14,6% , 14,2% . , . . , . (Edwards,1997,,1997).155

2) : ( 29,9%), (, ) . ( 13,8%), , ( 12,6%). H , , . , . , (Edwards, 1997, , 1997). , . , , , ( , ,,). 3) ,, : , , , , ( 39,3% 52,9%) ( 17% 81,1%). , , , , . , , , , . , , , ,, . , .156

4) , , : ( 62,2%), ( 17,7%), ( 11,7%), . , . . ,.(2005). .:. , . (2008). . . :. Argyle, M. / Cook, M. (1976). Gaze and mutual gaze. Cambridge: Cambridge UniversityPress. Bayes, M. (1970). An investigation of the behavioral cues of interpersonal warmth. Miami:UniversityofMiami. Blanchet, A. (1997). . (. . ). : . Borich, G. (1999). Effective teaching methods. Colombo, Ohio: Merrill Publishing UniversityPress. , . (1994). .:Artoftext. Cohen, L. / Manion, L. (1981). Perspectives on classroom and school. New York: Holt,RinehartandWinston. Cortis,G.(1977).Thesocialcontextofteaching.London:Openbooks. Daly, J./Kreiser, P. (1992). Affinity in the classroom. In V. Richmond / J. McCroskey (eds.), Power in the classroom, (pp. 121143). New Jersey: WiemannLawrenceErlbaumAssociates,Publishers. Druliner, J. / Prichard, H.(2003). We can handle this ourselves Learning to negotiateconflicts.InT.Jones/R.Compton(eds.),Kidsworkingitout.(pp. 89108).U.S.A.:JosseyBass.157

Duck,S.(1999).Relatingtoothers.Philadelphia:OpenUniversityPress. Edwards, C. (1997). Classroom discipline and management. Colombus, Ohio: Merril. Ekman,P.(1982).Emotioninthehumanface.Cambridge:CambridgeUniversity Press. , . (2000). / .,96,7083. Fontana,D.(1988).Psychologyforteachers.London:MacmillanPublishers. , . (1997). .:. , . (2007). . : . , . (1999). . :. , ., , . (2000). ,:. ,.(1998)..:Gutenberg. LadsonBillings,G.(1994).Thedreamkeepers:SuccessfulteachersforAfrican Americanchildren.SanFrancisco:JosseyBass. , . (1990). . : . , K. (2000). . ,30,87109. ,.(1985)..:. ,.(2004).. :. , . (1999). .:. Munn, P. / Johnstone, M. / Holling, C. (1990). Pupils perceptions of effective disciplinarians,BritishEducationalResearchJournal,16,2,191198. Noddings,N.(1991).Storiesindialogue:Caringandinterpersonalreasoning.In C.Witherell/N.Noddings(eds.),Storieslivestell:Narrativeanddialoguein Education,(pp.157170).NewYork:TeacherCollegePress. , . (1998). . :. , . (1994). , ,13,141156. Robertson, J. (1996). Understanding teacher student relationships, London: HoddenandStoughton.

158

Robertson,J.(2000).Managingfacetofacecommunicationintheclassroom.In D. Whitebread (ed.), The psychology of teaching and learning in the Primary School,(pp.4156).London:RoutledgeFalmer. Roth, W. M. (2001). Gestures: Their role in teaching and learning, Review of EducationalResearch,71,3,365392. ,.(2000). ,,7,6571. Scheff,T.(1990).Microsociology:Discourse,emotionandsocialstructure.Chicago: UniversityofChicagoPress. Tarlow, . (1996). Caring: A negotiated process that varies. In S. Gordon / P. Brenner/N. Noddings (eds)., Caregiving: Readings in knowledge, practice, ethics and politics, (pp. 5682). Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. Walberg, . (1986). Synthesis of research on teaching. In M. Wittrock (ed.), Handbook for research on teaching, (pp. 210223). New York: Macmillan.

159

. , (, 1999). . , , , , . ,. . , : : , , : , ,

160

: , , .(,1999). : , , , , (, 1996). , . , , . , , , , , , (, 2002). . , , 161

. , (,2000).: , : , . , (,2002). . , , , .,, (, , , ..) ,, (, , ..)(,1996). , , , . . (,2000). , ,. , , 162

. . . . , (,1991). . : , (Fontana,1996). , . : ,.. , .. . : . , . 163

, , , , (Fontana, 1998). : ,,. . (,2003). . : : (Comol,2000). : , (,199798). : , , ,. : . : . : , , (,1997).

164

: (,1997). : . : (,2001). : , , , , . , , ,. , ,, . ,, , (,2003). Rogers (1942, 1951) : : ,. : ,. : . , , 165

, . : . : , , . . ; .. ; ;(,2003). . . , . ,,,. , . , , , , 166

(Goleman,1998). , , ,., (,1993). , . :. :,15 .15 : . , (,2003). : . . . . . (Miller,2003). : . . . . .167

. . , .. ..(Miller,2003). : , . . . . , . . , . . . . . . . . , ..(Fontana,1998).168

, . ,, . , , , , . Goleman, Daniel (1998). . : . Cornol, L. (2000). Lookingat Homework Differently. The Elementary School Journal,100,5,(pp.529548). , . (1997). . : . Fontana,D.(1996)..:. Fontana,D.(1998)..: ,.(1993)..:. Miller, B. (2003). . . : . ,.(1999)..:. , . (2000). . :. , . (2003). . : . ,.(1996).. :Gutenberg. , . (199798). ..,.4,.320. , . (1991). .,1819,.2942. ,.(2000)..:.

169

, . (1997). . : . , . (1999). . : . Rogers,C.R.(1942).Counselingandpsychotherapy.Bonston:HoughtonMifflin. Rogers, C.R. (1951). Clientcentered therapy:its current practice, implications and theory.Boston:HoughtonMifflin. , . (2002). .:. , . (1996). . : , . (2001). . : . . (2003). .: , . (2002). . : Gutenberg

170

,Md,PhD /..

. . . ,. , , , .