!"#$!"% &'&(')*+,"

!"#$"% &'()%*+,'-!+*+,./,

0-"12'3 4+ #0!!3+% '!5+#''

im WERDEN6VERLAG&+!3,) 6 AUGSBURG 2001

© „Im!Werden!Verlag“, 2001,http://www.imwerden.deinfo@imwerden.de

3

"#$%$ I &'&(')*+, &(-$*.,+/%,&(*'0 (,1,-2 1'3 +4,*,4 -'&&++, 3' 1'#'%+*. IX %,5$ 1' -. X. .................... 4

"#$%$ II 1-+/%$*+, -6-+5$ & 7-$(2)4++ '78+, 9,-(. 3,)(,#2*'&(+ 1,-%.: 5*)/,0 -;&&5+: .................................................. 6

"#$%$ III 5*)<,*+, '#,"$, +"'-) -6-+5'%+9$,'#2"+ + &%)('&#$%$ +"'-,%+9$ .................................................................................................. 7

"#$%$ IV ;&'7+=. 4,<3; &.*'%2)4+ &%)('&#$%$+ 5*)<,*+, %#$3+4+-$ &%)('&#$%+9$ .................................................................................. 8

"#$%$ V ;&'7+=. 4,<3; &.*'%2)4+ %#$3+4+-$+ 5*)<,*+, )-'&#$%$ %#$3+4+-'%+9$ ................................................................................. 9

"#$%$ VI &'7.(+) 1-+ &.*'%2): )-'&#$%$ I %#$3+4+-'%+9$ ................................... 10

"#$%$ VII &'7.(+) 1-+ %*;5$: )-'&#$%$ I %#$3+4+-'%+9$ ......................................... 12

"#$%$ VIII &'7.(+) '( &4,-(+ %#$3+4+-$ 4'*'4$:$3' %/)(+) 5+,%$ %'0&5$4+ $*3-,) 6-2,%+9$ 7'"'#67&5'"' .................................. 14

"#$%$ IX '( %/)(+) 5+,%$ %'0&5$4+ $*3-,) 7'"'#67&5'"'3' 5'*9+*. 4+:$+#$ 6-2,%+9$ .............................................................................................. 15

"#$%$ : 5*)<,*+, %&,%'#'3$ III 6-2,%+9$ ........................................................................ 17

"#$%$ XI &'7.(+) '( 5'*9+*. %&,%'#'3$ III 3' *$>,&(%+) ($($- ........................... 18

"#$%$ XII *$>,&(%+, ($($- ............................................................................................................ 19

"#$%$ XIII %*;(-,**,, &'&(')*+, -;&&5'"' '78,&(%$'( 1'#'%+*. IX 3' 1'#'%+*. XIII %,5$ ................................................................................. 20

"#$%$ XIV '( 7$(.,%$ *$>,&(%+) 3' 5'*9+*.$#,5&$*3-$ )-'&#$%+9$ *,%&5'"' .......................................................................................... 25

"#$%$ XV 5*)<,*+, 7-$(2,% *,%&5'"', )-'&#$%$ + %$&+#+) ...................................... 26

"#$%$ XVI &;327$ 6"'!/$1$3*'0 -'&&++ 1'&#, ($($-&5'"' *$>,&(%+) .............. 27

"#$%$ XVII 7'-27$ 4,<3; &.*'%2)4+ $#,5&$*3-$ *,%&5'"' ..................................... 29

"#$%$ XVIII 7'-27$ 4,<3; 4'&5%'6 + (%,-263' &4,-(+ 5*)/) 6-+) 3$*+#'%+9$ 4'&5'%&5'"' ........................................................ 30

"#$%$ XIX +'$** I 3$*+#'%+9 5$#+($ ...................................................................................... 31

"#$%$ XX &'7.(+) 1-+ &.*'%2): +'$**$ 5$#+(. ........................................................... 32

"#$%$ XXI 3+4+(-+0 +'$**'%+9 3'*&5'0 .......................................................................... 34

"#$%$ XXII %$&+#+0 3+4+(-+,%+9 ............................................................................................ 38

"#$%$ XXIII %$&+#+0 %$&+#2,%+9 (,4*.0 ............................................................................ 40

"#$%$ XXIV %*;(-,**,, &'&(')*+, -;&&5'"' '78,&(%$'( 1'#'%+*. XIII 3' 1'#'%+*. XV %,5$ ................................................................................ 44

4

"#$%$ XXV 5*)<,*+, +'$**$ III %$&+#2,%+9$ ..................................................................... 52

"#$%$ XXVI 5*)<,*+, %$&+#+) +'$**'%+9$ ....................................................................... 61

"#$%$ XXVII =$-&(%'%$*+, +'$**$ IV %$&+#2,%+9$ "-'/*'"' ..................................... 65

"#$%$ XXVIII =$-&(%'%$*+, ?,'3'-$ +'$**'%+9$ ............................................................ 79

"#$%$ XXIX =$-&(%'%$*+, 7'-+&$ "'3;*'%$ ....................................................................... 83

"#$%$ XXX =$-&(%'%$*+, #<,3+4+(-+) ............................................................................... 88

"#$%$ :::I =$-&(%'%$*+, %$&+#+) +'$**'%+9$ >;0&5'"' ....................................... 90

"#$%$ XXXII 4,<3;=$-&(%+, ........................................................................................................ 97

"#$%$ XXXIII =$-&(%'%$*+, 4+:$+#$ ?,'3'-'%+9$ ...................................................... 105

"#$%$ XXXIV &'&(')*+, /$1$3*'0 -'&&++% 5'*=, XVI + % 1,-%'0 1'#'%+*, XVII %,5$ ....................................................................... 115

"#$%$ XXXV =$-&(%'%$*+, $#,5&,) 4+:$0#'%+9$ ......................................................... 120

"#$%$ XXXVI =$-&(%'%$*+, ?,'3'-$ $#,5&,,%+9$ ......................................................... 135

"#$%$ XXXVII '78+0 '7/'- %*;(-,**,"' &'&(')*+)4'&5'%&5'"' "'&;3$-&(%$ ....................................................................................................... 137

"#$%$ XXXVIII 3%',%#$&(+, ......................................................................................................... 143

"#$%$ XXXIX =$-&(%'%$*+, 1,(-$ %,#+5'"' ...................................................................... 149

"#$%$ XL %*;(-,**)) 3,)(,#2*'&(2 1,(-$ %,#+5'"' ................................................... 163

"#$%$ XLI =$-&(%'%$*+, +41,-$(-+=. ,5$(,-+*. I ..................................................... 173

"#$%$ XLII =$-&(%'%$*+, 1,(-$ II $#,5&,,%+9$ ................................................................ 175

"#$%$ XLIII =$-&(%'%$*+, $**. +'$**'%*. ..................................................................... 177

"#$%$ XLIV 1-$%#,*+, 7+-'*$ + $**. #,'1'#23'%*. ................................................ 182

"#$%$ XLV =$-&(%'%$*+, ,#+&$%,(. 1,(-'%*. .............................................................. 183

"#$%$ XLVI =$-&(%'%$*+, 1,(-$ III ?,3'-'%+9$ ............................................................... 188

"#$%$ XLVII #+(,-$(;-$ '( 1,(-$ %('-'"' 3' ,5$(,-+*. II ........................................... 190

"#$%$ XLVIII =$-&(%'%$*+, ,5$(,-+*. II .............................................................................. 193

"#$%$ XLIX %*;(-,**)) 3,)(,#2*'&(2 ,5$(,-+*. II ...................................................... 208

"#$%$ L =$-&(%'%$*+, +41,-$('-$ 1$%#$ 1,(-'%+9$ ................................................. 219

"#$%$ LI =$-&(%'%$*+, $#,5&$*3-$ I .................................................................................... 227

"#$%$ LII %*;(-,**)) 3,)(,#2*'&(2 +41,-$('-$ $#,5&$*3-$ I ............................... 237

"#$%$ LIII =$-&(%'%$*+, +41,-$('-$ *+5'#$) 1$%#'%+9$ (3' 1850 @.) .................. 238

5

"#$%$ I&'&(')*+, &(-$*., +/%,&(*'0 (,1,-2 1'3 +4,*,4 -'&&++, 3'

1'#'%+*. IX %,5$ 1' -. X.

%A@BCDEF DG HGIJK -LMMNN: OLJ, DGPNDGC LJ JL@L FEMJG, @QE LHGDPNOGRJMC ;IGBSMHNE @LIT,QL 5GMUNVMHL@L FLIC DGWLQNJMC XLBSYLE ILODLE MJEUDLE UILMJIGDMJOL, HGH XKQJL YNILHNEOLILJG NA $ANN O ,OILUK. *G ZJLF FEMJE N DG OLMJLH LJ DE@L [NOKJ E\E DGILQT @IKXTE, HLPEOTE,LWLJDNHN @IGXNJS, XIGJS O UBED MLMEQEV, DL JEUEIS ZJNF DGILQGF PGM LJ PGMG MJGDLONJMC JIKQDEEOEMJN JGHKR [NADS, ULJLFK PJL MNBSDLE @LMKQGIMJOL IKMMHLE DE QLUKMHGEJ NW IGAXLVDNPGJS;DEHLJLITE NA DNW QG[E LJHGAGBNMS LJ HLPEOLV [NADN N MJGBN AGDNFGJSMC AEFBEQEBNEF. *L OQIEODLMJN O ZJLV LXYNIDLV MJIGDE, HLJLIKR FT JEUEIS DGATOGEF ,OILUEVMHLR -LMMNER, DEXTBL @LMKQGIMJOG, DE XTBL MNBSDL@L LMEQBL@L DGILQG, N ULJLFK HLPEOTE DGILQT QON@GBNMSMOLXLQDL M OLMJLHG DG AGUGQ, AGDNFGBN R[DKR PGMJS DTDEYDEV -LMMNN N, MLXIGOYNMS NDL@QGXLBSYNFN JLBUGFN, YBN QGBSYE, LUKMJLYGBN ,OILUK 6[DKR N /GUGQDKR. 3IEODNELXIGALOGDDTE DGILQT, @IEHN N INFBCDE, ADGBN ZJNW HLPEODNHLO, [NOYNW O DTDEYDEV -LMMNN,MDGPGBG ULQ NFEDEF MHN]LO, ULJLF — MGIFGJLO, ULPEFK N MJIGDG DGATOGBGMS JL &HN]NER, JL&GIFGJNER. 1LMBE -L[QEMJOG :INMJLOG AQEMS MJLBHDKBLMS FDL@L IGADLUBEFEDDTW DGILQLO,QON@GOYNWMC O IGADTE MJLILDT, UIENFK\EMJOEDDL M OLMJLHG DG AGUGQ, NA $ANN O ,OILUK; MNBSDEEQIK@NW XTBL QON[EDNE @KDDLO N GOGILO. 5L@QG ZJL QON[EDNE ULKJNWBL, HLPEOTE DGILQT MWBTDKBN,JL O MJIGDE LXLADGPNBLMS CMDL UBEFC LMEQBLE, DG XLBSYLF UILMJIGDMJOE IGMHNDKOYEEMC: JLXTBN MBGOCDE.

5L@QG UINYBN MRQG MBGOCDE — DENAOEMJDL; NAOEMJDL JLBSHL JL, PJL LDN UINYBN M R@L!AGUGQG, M XEIE@LO 3KDGC, OTJEMDEDDTE LJJKQG HGHNF!JL MNBSDTF OIG@LF. 'DN ULMEBNBNMS ULIEHGF /GUGQDLFK 7K@K, 3DEMJIK, 3DEUIK N IEHGF, O DE@L OUGQGR\NF, QGBEE DG MEOEIE ULMEBNBNMSUL /GUGQDLV 3ONDE N LHLBL LAEIG +BSFEDS, DG OLMJLHE ULMEBNBNMS UL 'HE. -GAQEBCBNMS LDN DGDEMHLBSHL UBEFED, QIK@ LJ QIK@G DEAGONMNFTW; UBEFEDG QEBNBNMS DG ILQT; HG[QTV ILQ [NBLJQEBSDL DG MOLEF FEMJE, ULQ OBGMJSR MOLE@L ILQLDGPGBSDNHG NBN HDCAC, NFEB MOLN LXTPGN;MEBEDNC KHIEUBCBNMS, L@LIG[NOGBNMS, N JGHNE L@LIL[EDDTE MEBEDNC DGATOGBNMS @LILQGFN./GDNFGBNMS MBGOCDE UIENFK\EMJOEDDL AEFBEQEBNEF. 1LHBLDCBNMS XL[EMJOGF ]NANPEMHNF,COBEDNCF UINILQT:

@BGODTF XL[EMJOLF K DNW XTB 1EIKD, XL@ @ILFG N FLBDNN;ULHBLDCBNMS JGH[E MLBD^K ULQ IGADTFN NFEDGFN (3G[XL@G, %LBLMG), L@DR, OEJIK. %EINBN

O AG@ILXDKR [NADS, QKFGBN, PJL QKYN KFEIYNW FL@KJ EMJS, UNJS, N ULJLFK MPNJGBN LXCAGDDLMJSRK@L\GJS NW. 'X\EMJOEDDL@L XL@LMBK[EDNC, WIGFLO, [IE^LO K DNW DE XTBL; MJGIYNDT NBNILQLDGPGBSDNHN XTBN N [IE^GFN, UINDLMNBN [EIJOT.

%ME UILMJIGDMJOL DTDEYDEV ,OILUEVMHLV -LMMNN H MEOEIK, MEOEIL!OLMJLHK N MEOEIL!AGUGQKLJ [NBN\ MBGOCDMHNW XTBL AGDCJL UBEFEDGFN ]NDMHNFN; DG %LB@E, O DTDEYDEV 5GAGDMHLV@KXEIDNN, [NBN XLB@GIT, DGILQ JKIE^HL@L UBEFEDN; DG AGUGQE, UL *EFGDK N O DN[DNW PGMJCW/GUGQDLV 3ONDT, [NBG BNJOG, H R@K LJ DEE [NBN CJOC@N, DGILQ DENAOEMJDL@L UILNMWL[QEDNC.

(GH HGH MBGOCDMHNE UBEFEDG [NBN LJQEBSDTFN DEXLBSYNFN ILQGFN, IGAXILMGDT XTBN DGLXYNIDTW UILMJIGDMJOGW N MMLINBNMS FE[QK MLXLR, JL XTBN MBGXT, DE FL@BN QEVMJOLOGJSOFEMJE, AGLQDL, MLXNIGJS OQIK@ OME MOLN MNBT QBC LJULIG OIG@GF; DGUGQKJ OIG@N DG LQDL UBEFC,QIK@NE EFK DE ULFL@GRJ, N HG[QLE ULILADS ULQPNDCEJMC PK[LFK DGILQK. (GH MBGOCDMHNE UBEFEDG,

6

HLJLITE [NBN DG R@L!OLMJLHE, UL 3DEUIK, UL IEHGF, O DE@L OUGQGR\NF M OLMJLHG, N UL 'HE,QLB[DT XTBN UBGJNJS QGDS HLAGIGF, DGILQK, [NOYEFK DG 3LDK, %LB@E N O 5ITFK. *GILQ ZJLJXTB MFEYGD NA IGADTW UBEFED; FE[QK HLAGIGFN FL[DL XTBL JGH[E DGVJN BRQEV IGADTW OEI —WINMJNGDMHLV, EOIEVMHLV, FG@LFEJGDMHLV, CATPEMHLV, N @BGODTV DGPGBSDNH DGILQG, HG@GD,NMULOEQLOGB OEIK EOIEVMHKR. <NADS OEBN HLAGIT ULBK LMEQBKR: K DNW XTBN @LILQG, DL BEJLF[NJEBN LMJGOBCBN NW N LJHLPEOTOGBN O MJEUN.

"#$%$ II1-+/%$*+, -6-+5$ & 7-$(2)4+ + '78+, 9,-(. 3,)(,#2*'&(+

1,-%.: 5*)/,0 -;&&5+:

% JL OIEFC, HL@QG R[DTE MBGOCDMHNE UBEFEDG UBGJNBN QGDS HLAGIGF, MEOEIDTE DE FL@BNAG\N\GJSMC LJ DLIFGDDLO, [NJEBEV >OE^NN, *LIOE@NN N 3GDNN, HLJLITW MBGOCDE DGATOGBNOGIC@GFN N IKMSR. _JN OGIC@N ULHLINBN MEXE MBGOCD MEOEIDTW, [NOYNW O DTDEYDNW*LO@LILQMHLV N 1MHLOMHLV @KXEIDNCW, ULHLINBN JGH[E MLMEQDNE ]NDMHNE UBEFEDG. 9IEADEMHLBSHL OIEFEDN UBEFEDG ZJN, HGH MBGOCDMHNE, JGH N ]NDMHNE, MLXIGBNMS OFEMJE N OT@DGBNOGIC@LO, DL HL@QG ULMBE ZJL@L MJGBN KUIGOBCJSMC MGFN, JL DNHGH DE FL@BN FNIDL KBG[NOGJSMC;LUCJS HG[QTV ILQ MJGB [NJS LJQEBSDL N MNBLR IGAQEBTOGJSMC M QIK@NFN ILQGFN. (L@QG UBEFEDGMLXIGBNMS N MHGAGBN: „1LN\EF MEXE HDCAC, HLJLITV XT OBGQEB DGFN N MKQNB UL UIGOK“.1LIEYNOYN JGH, ULMBGBN LDN AG FLIE H OGIC@GF!IKMN MHGAGJS NF: „/EFBC DGYG OEBNHG N LXNBSDG,G ULICQHG O DEV DEJ: UINWLQNJE HDC[NJS N OBGQEJS DGFN“. *G ZJLJ ALO O 862 @LQK MLXIGBNMS JINHDCAC OGIC@L!IKMMHNW, JIN XIGJG — -RINH, &NDEKM N (IKOLI N UINYBN M ILQDTFN MOLNFN. -RINHKJOEIQNBMC O *LO@LILQE, K MBGOCD, [NOYNW UL +BSFEDR; &NDEKM — MIEQN ]NDMHL@L UBEFEDNDG 7EBLLAEIE; (IKOLI — K MBGOCD, [NOYNW O DTDEYDEV 1MHLOMHLV @KXEIDNN, O @LILQE +AXLIMHE.&HLIL &NDEKM N (IKOLI KFEIBN, N -RINH MJGB HDC[NJS LQND; OBGQEDNC E@L MJGBN DGATOGJSMC-KMSR. -RINH KFEI O 879 @LQK, LMJGONO FGBLBEJDE@L MTDG +@LIC, N HDC[NJS MJGB ILQMJOEDDNHE@L 'BE@.

& KJOEI[QEDNC -RINHG HDCAEF MIEQN MEOEIDTW UBEFED MBGOCDMHNW N ]NDMHNW DGPNDGEJMCIKMMHGC NMJLINC, ULJLFK PJL ZJNF ULBL[EDL LMDLOGDNE IKMMHLFK @LMKQGIMJOK. *EMHLBSHLMEOEIDTW UBEFED MBGOCDMHNW N ]NDMHNW MLEQNDNBNMS ULQ OBGMJSR LQDL@L HDCAC; PIEA ZJL K DNWUIEHIGJNBNMS FE[QLKMLXNC, MNBT NW MLXIGBNMS O LQDL, G ULZJLFK LDN MJGBN MNBSDEE OMEW QIK@NWUBEFED; HDCASC NW, UIEEFDNHN -RINHG, OLMULBSALOGBNMS ZJLR MNBLR N ULHLINBN MEXE OME QIK@NEUBEFEDG, HLJLITE, [NOC LJQEBSDL QIK@ LJ QIK@G, DE FL@BN MNBSDL N QLB@L MLUILJNOBCJSMC. (GHNFLXIGALF UBEFEDG, [NOYNE UIE[QE LJQEBSDL, MLEQNDNBNMS OFEMJE, MLMJGONBN LQND DGILQ IKMMHNV.%MBEQMJONE MLEQNDEDNC UBEFED O LQND DGILQ HDCASC ZJL@L DGILQG, ULBSAKCMS MLEQNDEDDTFNMNBGFN E@L, LJIG[GRJ MJEUDTE, HLPEOTE DGILQT, DE QGRJ NF @IGXNJS N UBEDCJS MBGOCDMHNEUBEFEDG, XIGJS M DNW QGDS, HGH XTOGBL UIE[QE. 4GBL JL@L, HDCASC ULBSAKRJMC MLEQNDEDDTFNMNBGFN UBEFED QBC JL@L, PJLXT UIEQUINDNFGJS ULWLQT DG "IEPEMHKR NFUEINR, DG5LDMJGDJNDLULBS; OMBEQMJONE ZJNW ULWLQLO AGOEBNMS N FNIDTE, JLI@LOTE MDLYEDNC M @IEHGFN;IKMMHNE MJGBN EAQNJS O 5LDMJGDJNDLULBS, ULADGHLFNBNMS JGF M WINMJNGDMJOLF UIGOLMBGODL@LOLMJLPDL@L NMULOEQGDNC N MJGBN UINDNFGJS E@L. (GHNF LXIGALF WINMJNGDMJOL CONBLMS NKMNBNBLMS MUEIOG DG R@E IKMMHNW OBGQEDNV, XBN[GVYNW H "IE^NN, G ULJLF LJMRQGIGMUILMJIGDNBLMS N UL OMEF ZJNF OBGQEDNCF.

+JGH, O QECJEBSDLMJN UEIOTW IKMMHNW HDCAEV FT AGFEPGEF JIN @BGODTE MJLILDT: 1) ULHLIEDNEUBEFED MBGOCDMHNW, MLEQNDEDNE NW ULQ LQDK OBGMJS; 2) XLISXK M MJEUDTFN, GANGJMHNFN DGILQGFN;3) OLVDT N MDLYEDNC M "IE^NER, OMBEQMJONE HLJLITW IGMUILMJIGDCEJMC WINMJNGDMJOL.

7

"#$%$ III5*)<,*+, '#,"$, +"'-) -6-+5'%+9$, '#2"+ + &%)('&#$%$

+"'-,%+9$

1IEEFDNH -RINHG 'BE@ MBTB O DGILQDTW UIEQGDNCW OE\NF, JL EMJS FKQITF, WNJITF.&LXIGOYN OLVMHL NA ULQOBGMJDTW EFK UBEFED MBGOCDMHNW N ]NDMHNW, DGDCOYN OGIC@LO, 'BE@ULYEB NA *LO@LILQG DG R@ N LXBL[NB QGDSR UBEFEDG MBGOCDMHNE, [NOYNE UL 3DEUIK N ULOUGQGR\NF O DE@L IEHGF M OLMJLHG N AGUGQG, JGH[E UL 7K@K, 3DEMJIK N LHLBL 5GIUGJMHNW @LI."LILQLH 5NEO, XTOYNV O AEFBE MBGOCDMHL@L UBEFEDN ULBCD, 'BE@ DGYEB OL OBGQEDNN QOLNWOGIC@LO, XIGJSEO $MHLBSQG N 3NIG, HLJLITE UINYBN E\E M -RINHLF, DL ULJLF LJUIGONBNMS DGR@ N AGMEBN O 5NEOE; 'BE@ KXNB NW N LMJGBMC MGF [NJS O 5NEOE, HLJLITV LPEDS EFK ULDIGONBMC.% 907 @LQK, MLXIGOYN OLVMHL NA OMEW ULQPNDEDDTW EFK UBEFED, LD WLQNB O BLQHGW 3DEUILF NFLIEF DG 5LDMJGDJNDLULBS, OACB M @IEHLO QGDS N AGHBRPNB M DNFN QL@LOLI L JLF, HGH IEYGJSQEBG FE[QK @IEHGFN N IKMMHNFN, HLJLITE XKQKJ [NJS O 5LDMJGDJNDLULBE QBC JLI@LOBN.

'BE@ KFEI O 912 @LQK; UIEEFDNHLF E@L XTB +@LIS, MTD -RINHLO, NAOEMJDTV MOLNFNDEKQGPDTFN ULWLQGFN DG @IEHLO N DEMPGMJDLR MFEIJNR; MBGOCDMHLE UBEFC QIEOBCDE, [NOYNEDG AGUGQE LJ 5NEOG, O DTDEYDEV %LBTDMHLV @KXEIDNN, KXNBN E@L AG JL, PJL LD WLJEB OACJS M DNWQOLVDKR QGDS (945 @.). 1IN +@LIE XTBN K[E O 5NEOE WINMJNGDE, XTBG K DNW ̂ EIHLOS &O. +BSN, GULJLFK DEKQNONJEBSDL, PJL [EDG +@LIEOG, 'BS@G, KUIGOBCOYGC ULMBE FK[G AG FGBLBEJMJOLFMTDG MOLE@L &OCJLMBGOG, ULEWGBG O 5LDMJGDJNDLULBS N UINDCBG WINMJNGDMJOL O 957 @LQK. 'BS@G,ULQLXDL 'BE@K, MBTBG O DGILQDTW UIEQGDNCW DELXTHDLOEDDL FKQILR: LDG LX`EWGBG AEFBR MOLRN ULOMRQK QEBGBG IGADL@L ILQG IGMULIC[EDNC, LMLXEDDL DGMPEJ MXLIG QGDN.

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`CONB FGJEIN, PJL 5NEO EFK DE DIGONJMC, G DIGONJMC XL@GJGC JLI@LOBER7LB@GINC 3KDGVMHGC. 4GJS UILMNBG E@L ULXTJS O 5NEOE JLBSHL QL EE MFEIJN, HLJLIGC MHLIL NULMBEQLOGBG. (L@QG, IGAQGOYN IKMMHNE OBGQEDNC JILNF E\E DEMLOEIYEDDLBEJDNF MTDLOSCFMOLNF: )ILULBHK — 5NEO, 'BE@K — AEFBR QIEOBCDMHKR N %BGQNFNIK — *LO@LILQ, &OCJLMBGOLJUIGONBMC O MOLR BRXNFKR 7LB@GINR. *L XLB@GIT UINDCBN E@L OIG[QEXDL, G M QIK@LV MJLILDTULQDCBMC DG DE@L @IEPEMHNV NFUEIGJLI +LGDD =NFNMHNV M FDL@LPNMBEDDTF OLVMHLF. *EMFLJICDG DELXTHDLOEDDKR WIGXILMJS, &OCJLMBGO DE FL@ LMNBNJS ZJL@L OLVMHG N QLB[ED XTB ULFNINJSMCM NFUEIGJLILF DG KMBLONN LMJGONJS 7LB@GINR. *G OLAOIGJDLF UKJN LD XTB KXNJ UEPEDE@GFNUIN QDEUILOMHNW ULIL@GW O 972 @LQK.

8

"#$%$ IV;&'7+=. 4,<3; &.*'%2)4+ &%)('&#$%$ + 5*)<,*+, %#$3+4+-$

&%)('&#$%+9$

3L MNW ULI XTBL UL LQDLFK HDCAR DG -KMN; JEUEIS, HGH MHLIL MJGBL NW JILE — )ILULBH,'BE@ N %BGQNFNI, — JL N DGPNDGRJMC FE[QK DNFN KMLXN^T. )ILULBH ULYEB DG 'BE@G, N JLJUL@NX O XNJOE M XIGJLF; AEFBC QIEOBCDMHGC XTBG UINMLEQNDEDG H 5NEOK. ;MBTWGO LX ZJLF,%BGQNFNI &OCJLMBGONP, HDCAS DLO@LILQMHNV, NMUK@GBMC N KYEB AG FLIE H OGIC@GF, G )ILULBHUINMLEQNDNB N *LO@LILQ H MOLNF OBGQEDNCF, DL %BGQNFNI OLAOIGJNBMC M OGIC@GFN, AGDCB LUCJS*LO@LILQ, 1LBL^H N ULYEB DG )ILULBHG. %BGQNFNI XTB O ZJL OIEFC E\E FLBLQ, N ULJLFK MNBSDLEOBNCDNE DG DE@L NFEB QCQC M FGJEINDLV MJLILDT, 3LXITDC; UIN )ILULBHE @BGODTF MLOEJDNHLFXTB OLEOLQG 7BKQ, HLJLITV UEIEQGBMC DG MJLILDK %BGQNFNIG, DGUK@GB MOLE@L HDCAC NUINMLOEJLOGB EFK LJQGJSMC O IKHN FBGQYEFK XIGJK, DL %BGQNFNI OEBEB KXNJS )ILULBHG. (GHNFLXIGALF, LUCJS DG -KMN LMJGBMC LQND HDCAS.

%BGQNFNI, [NOC M FGBLBEJMJOG DG MEOEIE, XTB FGBL ADGHLF M WINMJNGDMJOLF N HL@QG ULMFEIJN )ILULBHG KJOEIQNBMC O 5NEOE, JL ULHGAGB MEXC IEODLMJDTF UINOEI[ED^EF CATPEMHLVIEBN@NN, ULMJGONB NAKHIGYEDDTE NQLBT DG WLBFE, HKQG MLXNIGBMC DGILQ QBC [EIJOLUINDLYEDNV;LQDG[QT OAQKFGBN QG[E UINDEMJN PEBLOEHG O [EIJOK, HNDKBN [IEXNV, [IEXNV UGB DGWINMJNGDMHL@L FGBSPNHG, OGIC@G, DL LJE^ E@L DE OTQGB MTDG N UL@NX OFEMJE M DNF LJ IGA`CIEDDLVJLBUT CATPDNHLO. 7KQKPN MDGPGBG IEODLMJDTF CATPDNHLF, %BGQNFNI MBEQLOGB N CATPEMHNFLXTPGCF, OEB [NADS DEOLAQEI[DKR, NFEB FDL@L [ED. *L FGBL!ULFGBK CATPEMHGC IEODLMJSLMJTBG, N %BGQNFNI DGPGB QKFGJS L UEIEFEDE IEBN@NN; M IGADTW MJLILD UINWLQNBN H DEFKUIEQBL[EDNC DG ZJLJ MPEJ, ULJLFK PJL -KMS XTBG LHIK[EDG IGADLOEIDTFN DGILQGFN — [NQGFNK HLAGI, FG@LFEJGDGFN (O 7LB@GINN %LB[MHLV), WINMJNGDGFN. %BGQNFNI QLB[ED XTB MHBLDNJSMCDG MJLILDK WINMJNGDMJOG; XLCIE, HLJLITW LD ULMTBGB O IGADTE MJLILDT IGAKADGJS L IGADTWOEIGW, HGHGC BKPYE, @LOLINBN EFK: „4T DE FL[EF AGXTJS JLV HIGMLJT, HLJLIKR ONQEBN O5LDMJGDJNDLULBE: OMCHNV PEBLOEH, HGH LJOEQGEJ IGA MBGQHL@L, K[E DE XKQEJ XLBSYE UINDNFGJS@LISHL@L; JGH N FT AQEMS, O 5NEOE, XLBSYE DE LMJGDEFMC“; QIK@NE @LOLINBN EFK: „,MBN XT QKIEDXTB AGHLD @IEPEMHNV, JL XGXHG JOLC 'BS@G DE UINDCBG XT E@L; LDG XTBG FKQIEE OMEW BRQEV“.

*GPGBGMS OLVDG M @IEHGFN. %BGQNFNI ULYEB DG @IEPEMHNV @LILQ O 5ITFK 5LIMKDS (NBN:EIMLDEM, XTOYNV ULQBE DTDEYDE@L &EOGMJLULBC) N, HL@QG @LILQ QLB@L DE MQGOGBMC, QGB LXEJ,PJL EMBN OLASFEJ @LILQ, JL UINFEJ WINMJNGDMJOL; @LILQ MQGBMC, N %BGQNFNI ULMBGB H @IEPEMHNFNFUEIGJLIGF %GMNBNR N 5LDMJGDJNDK JIEXLOGJS MEXE O MKUIK[EMJOL MEMJIK NW, ̂ GIEODK $DDK, MK@ILALR, PJL EMBN DE UINYBRJ MEMJIT, JL LD OLASFEJ N 5LDMJGDJNDLULBS, HGH OACB 5LIMKDS.+FUEIGJLIT LJOEPGBN, PJL DE FL@KJ OTQGJS MEMJIT AG CATPDNHG; JL@QG %BGQNFNI ULMBGB MHGAGJSNF, PJL UINFEJ WINMJNGDMJOL; N QEVMJONJEBSDL, HL@QG $DDG UINEWGBG O 5LIMKDS, JL LD HIEMJNBMCML FDL@NFN XLCIGFN.

%LAOIGJCMS O 5NEO M MOC\EDDNHGFN @IEPEMHNFN, %BGQNFNI HIEMJNB MTDLOEV MOLNW N OEBEBNMJIEXNJS NQLBLO; QKWLOEDMJOL WLQNBL UL @LILQK N KPNBL DGILQ, ULMBE PE@L OEBNHNV HDCASLX`CONB, PJLXT DG QIK@LV QEDS OME DEHIE\EDTE HNEOBCDE YBN H IEHE HIEMJNJSMC, G HJL DE CONJMC,JLJ ULHG[EJ MEXC UILJNODNHLF HDCAC; OME HIEMJNBNMS. 1LMBE HIE\EDNC HNEOBCD QKWLOEDMJOLWLQNBL HIEMJNJS DGILQ DG MEOEIE QL *LO@LILQG N -LMJLOG. *L DG MEOEIE WINMJNGDMJOL UINDCBLMSDE JGH MHLIL, HGH DG R@E, @QE LDL XTBL K[E QGODL NAOEMJDL; CATPEMJOL QLB@L XTBL E\E MNBSDL O-LMJLOE N MJIGDGW LHIEMJDTW, DGMEBEDDTW ]NDMHNFN UBEFEDGFN; NA MBGOCDMHNW UBEFED OCJNPN,[NOYNE O MJLILDE LJ @BGODLV IEPDLV QLIL@N QDEUILOMHLV, HGH XTBN ULMBE OMEW ULHLIEDT, JGHULMBE OMEW UINDCBN N WINMJNGDMJOL. *G AGUGQE, O MJIGDE %LBTDMHLV, WINMJNGDMJOL XTBLIGMUILMJIGDEDL UIN KPGMJNN MGFL@L %BGQNFNIG, HLJLITV WLQNB JKQG M QKWLOEDMJOLF. (LJPGMULMBE HIE\EDNC DGILQG O 5NEOE DGPGBN LJXNIGJS QEJEV K BKPYNW BRQEV N LJQGOGJS QKWLOEDMJOK

9

QBC DGKPEDNC @IGFLJE, QBC KJOEI[QEDNC O OEIE.5ILFE ULWLQG DG 5LIMKDS %BGQNFNI UIEQUINDNFGB N QIK@NE ULWLQT: ULQPNDNB LHLDPGJEBSDL

JE MBGOCDMHNE UBEFEDG, HLJLITE UL LJQGBEDNR MOLEFK LJ @BGODL@L OLQDL@L UKJN QDEUILOMHL@LULBSALOGBNMS OMCHNF MBKPGEF, PJLXT LJHGATOGJSMC LJ UBGJE[G QGDN; XTBN OLVDT N M PK[NFNDGILQGFN, CJOC@GFN N XLB@GIGFN, DL OG[DEE OMEW XTBN LXLILDNJEBSDTE OLVDT M UEPEDE@GFN,HLJLITE PGMJL UINWLQNBN LUKMJLYGJS AEFBR, XNJS, KOLQNJS O UBED BRQEV. %LJ ULPEFK ZJN OLVDT%BGQNFNIG, HLJLITE LD OEB UILJNO UEPEDE@LO QBC AG\NJT LJ DNW AEFBN, LPEDS AGDNFGBN DGILQN LX DNW MLWIGDCBGMS UGFCJS O KHIGYEDDTW OLLXIG[EDNEF UIEQGDNCW. *GQLXDL OMULFDNJS, PJLQL LMDLOGDNC IKMMHL@L @LMKQGIMJOG MJIGDT ZJN XTBN OME@QGYDER N XEAAG\NJDLR [EIJOLRMJEUDTW OGIOGILO, ULQLXDTW UEPEDE@GF. 9JLX AG@LILQNJS QLIL@K OGIOGIGF DG -KMS, %BGQNFNIMJILNB @LILQHN UL @IGDN^E, NBN KHIGVDE, DGMEBCB NW BKPYNFN, WIGXIEVYNFN BRQSFN NAULQPNDEDDTW EFK UBEFED: JGH CMDT XTBN N DG UEIOTW ULIGW OT@LQT MLEQNDEDNC UBEFED O LQDL@LMKQGIMJOL, HLJLILE IGMULBG@GBL LX\NFN MNBGFN QBC AG\NJT MJIGDT.

%BGQNFNI KFEI 15 NRBC 1015 @LQG. =EIHLOS UINPBG E@L H BNHK MOCJTW HGH IGODLGULMJLBSDL@L;O DGILQE LMJGBGMS L DEF UGFCJS HGH L @LMKQGIE PIEAOTPGVDL QLXILF, FNBLMJNOLF.

"#$%$ V;&'7+=. 4,<3; &.*'%2)4+ %#$3+4+-$ + 5*)<,*+, )-'&#$%$

%#$3+4+-'%+9$

1LMBE %BGQNFNIG LMJGBLMS QOEDGQ^GJS MTDLOEV, N OLJ UL MFEIJN E@L DGPNDGRJMC KMLXN^T,JLPDL JGH [E HGH DGPGBNMS LDN UL MFEIJN &OCJLMBGOG, JLPDL JGH [E HGH O ZJL OIEFC OEBNMS LDNO QIK@NW @LMKQGIMJOGW MBGOCDMHNW — 1LBSMHLF, 9EYMHLF (7L@EFMHLF): N AQEMS ONQNF [EBGDNEMJGIYNW HDCAEV NA@DGJS, KFEIJONJS, NAKOEPNJS FBGQYNW XIGJSEO. &JGIYNV MTD %BGQNFNIG&OCJLULBH KXNB MDGPGBG MGFTW FBGQYNW XIGJSEO MOLNW — 7LINMG, HDCAC ILMJLOMHL@L, N "BEXG— FKILFMHL@L, HLJLITE HGAGBNMS EFK LUGMDEE QIK@NW, ULJLFK PJL N LJE^ NW LPEDS BRXNB, NQIK[NDG UL MFEIJN %BGQNFNIG AOGBG 7LINMG HDC[NJS O 5NEO, DL JLJ DE ML@BGMNBMC, DE [EBGCULQDCJS IKH DG MJGIYE@L XIGJG. 1LMBE 7LINMG N "BEXG &OCJLULBH KXNB N JIEJSE@L XIGJG,&OCJLMBGOG, HDCAC QIEOBCDMHL@L, N MJGB QKFGJS: „1EIEXSR OMEW XIGJSEO N UINFK LQND OMR OBGMJSDG -KMN“. *L )ILMBGO, HDCAS DLO@LILQMHNV, UIEQKUIEQNB E@L, MLXIGB OLVMHL NA OGIC@LO NDLO@LILQ^EO N IGAXNB &OCJLULBHG K #RXEPG. (LJ XE[GB H JEMJR MOLEFK 7LBEMBGOK, HLILBRULBSMHLFK, HLJLITV OMJKUNBMC AG DE@L N IGAXNB )ILMBGOG DG XEIE@GW 7K@G. )ILMBGO XE[GB O*LO@LILQ N WLJEB XTBL XE[GJS QGBSYE, AG FLIE, H OGIC@GF, DL DLO@LILQ^T DE UKMJNBN E@L NQGBN EFK QIK@LE OLVMHL, M HLJLITF LD LUCJS ULYEB DG &OCJLULBHG. (LJ FE[QK JEF KMUEBULMMLINJSMC M 7LBEMBGOLF, HLJLITV KYEB H MEXE O 1LBSYK, N &OCJLULBH OTYEB UILJNO )ILMBGOGM JLBUGFN UEPEDE@LO; ABGC XNJOG XTBG QGDG DG IEHE $BSJE, DG JLF FEMJE, @QE XTB KXNJ 7LINM.&OCJLULBH ULJEIUEB ULIG[EDNE, XE[GB N UILUGB XEA OEMJN; O DGILQE MLWIGDNBGMS L DEF MGFGCPEIDGC UGFCJS HGH L IKMMHLF 5GNDE:

UILAON\E EFK XTBL !"#$%%&', JL@QG HGH KXNJTE NF 7LINM N "BEX, UINPJEDDTE =EIHLOSR HBNHK MOCJTW, UIEQMJGOBCBNMS HGH LXIGAE^ XIGJMHLV BRXON.

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

10

*L 4MJNMBGO MHLIL KFEI, DE LMJGOC QEJEV; )ILMBGO OACB MEXE E@L AEFBN N OBGQEB, JGHNF LXIGALF,OMEFN IKMMHNFN OLBLMJCFN, HILFE 1LBL^HL@L HDC[EMJOG, HLJLILE %BGQNFNI &O[CJLV] LJQGBMTDK MOLEFK +ACMBGOK, G JEUEIS HDC[NB JKJ MTD ZJL@L +ACMBGOG 7ICPNMBGO. 7ICPNMBGO JGH[EOLLIK[NBMC XTBL UILJNO QCQN )ILMBGOG, DL KMULHLNBMC, HL@QG )ILMBGO QGB EFK QOG @LILQG(%NJEXMH N ;MOCJ).

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

)ILMBGO KFEI O 1054 @LQK, LMJGONO UL MEXE UGFCJS HDCAC KFDL@L N WIGXIL@L,IGMUILMJIGDNOYE@L WINMJNGDMJOL N @IGFLJDLMJS O DGILQE; LD FDL@L DGHKUNB HDN@, HLJLITE PNJGBPGMJL, QDEF N DLPSR; MLXIGB FDL@L UNM^LO, HLJLITE UEIEOLQNBN HDN@N M @IEPEMHL@L DGMBGOCDMHNV CATH N FDL@L UEIEUNMGBN HDN@; MJILNB ^EIHON, LUIEQEBCB H DNF MOC\EDDNHLO,HLJLITF QGOGB MLQEI[GDNE NA MLXMJOEDDTW QLWLQLO. 1IN DEF O *LO@LILQE XTBL MQEBGDL JL [E,PJL O 5NEOE UIN %BGQNFNIE: HDCAS OEBEB MLXIGJS QEJEV N KPNJS NW. )ILMBGOK UINUNMTOGRJMCUEIOTE UNMGDTE AGHLDT, JGH DGATOGEFGC „-KMMHGC 1IGOQG“.

"#$%$ VI&'7.(+) 1-+ &.*'%2): )-'&#$%$ I %#$3+4+-'%+9$

)ILMBGO LMJGONB UCJEITW MTDLOEV, N LUCJS ULMBE E@L MFEIJN ONQNF KMLXN^T, HGH UIE[QEONQEBN UL MFEIJN &OCJLMBGOG N %BGQNFNIG, DL JEUEIS UEIOGC KMLXN^G DE LHGDPNOGEJMCEQNDLOBGMJNEF LQDL@L XIGJG OMBEQMJONE NMJIEXBEDNC NBN XEAQEJDLV MFEIJN QIK@NW; MTDLOSC)ILMBGOG LMJGOBCRJ FDL@NW QEJEV, HLJLITE UILQLB[GRJ KMLXN^T LJ^LOMHNE N UEIEQGRJ NWMOLNF QEJCF; HDCASC IGAFDL[GRJMC OME XLBSYE N XLBSYE, N KMLXN^T FE[QK DNFN UILQLB[GRJMCFDL@L BEJ. _JN UILQLB[NJEBSDTE MMLIT N XTOGOYNE UL OIEFEDGF FNIDTE MDLYEDNC FE[QKFDL@NFN HDCASCFN QGRJ DGF OLAFL[DLMJS KADGJS, HGH ZJN HDCASC MFLJIEBN QIK@ DG QIK@G, AG PJLMMLINBNMS. 'JPE@L UILNMWLQNBL, PJL HGH MHLIL ULMBE @LMKQGIC LMJGOGBLMS DEMHLBSHL MTDLOEV,JL LDN DEUIEFEDDL DGPNDGBN MMLINJSMC N OLEOGJS QIK@ M QIK@LF?

;ADGEF, PJL DE XTBL LUIEQEBEDL AGHLDLF, HGH UL MFEIJN LJ^G FBGQYNF XIGJSCF OEMJN MEXCO LJDLYEDNN H MJGIYEFK. /GHLD DE LUIEQEBCB, PJL FBGQYNE XIGJSC LXCAGDT ULONDLOGJSMCMJGIYEFK OEBNHLFK HDCAR JLPDL JGH [E, HGH ULONDKRJMC EFK OME LMJGBSDTE ULQQGDDTE."LOLINBLMS, PJL FBGQYNE XIGJSC QLB[DT MBKYGJSMC MJGIYE@L, HGH LJ^G, MJGIYNV QLB[ED BRXNJSFBGQYNW, HGH QEJEV, DL ZJL XTBL LPEDS DELUIEQEBEDDL: HGH MHLIL FBGQYNF HGAGBLMS, PJL MJGIYNVLXWLQNJMC M DNFN DE HGH M MTDLOSCFN, PJL XLBSYE WLPEJ QLXIG MLXMJOEDDTF QEJCF, JL N MPNJGBNMEXC OUIGOE OLLIK[GJSMC UILJNO MJGIYE@L, G MIEQMJOG H JLFK LDN NFEBN: K HG[QL@L XTBL MOLEHDC[EMJOL, MOLC OLBLMJS, O HLJLILV LD IGMULIC[GBMC MLOEIYEDDL DEAGONMNFL LJ OEBNHL@L HDCAC;HILFE JL@L, ULQBE O MJEUCW HLPEOGBN WN\DTE LIQT, @LJLOTE OME@QG, UL UEIOLFK UINATOKMJGDLONJSMC ULQ ADGFEDG OIG[QKR\NW HDCAEV N ULBSALOGJSMC ZJNF MBKPGEF, PJLX LUKMJLYGJSIKMMHKR AEFBR.

%BGQEBN HDCASC IKMMHLR AEFBER OME MLLX\G, DE IGAQEBCCMS. &JGIYNV, NBN OEBNHNV, HDCASOBGQEB MJGIYNF HDC[EMJOLF, MJGIYNF MJLBLF, HGH JL@QG OTIG[GBNMS, 5NEOLF; QIK@NE HDCASCOBGQEBN QIK@NFN OLBLMJCFN UL MJGIYNDMJOK; DN OEBNHNV HDCAS, DN FBGQYNE HDCASC DE OBGQEBNMOLNFN OLBLMJCFN OEPDL N DE UEIEQGOGBN NW MOLNF QEJCF, DL HL@QG KFNIGB OEBNHNV HDCAS O

11

5NEOE, JL E@L FEMJL AGMJKUGB DE MJGIYNV E@L MTD, G MJGIYNV XIGJ, ILQDLV, QOLRILQDTV,JILRILQDTV, NBN MJGIYNV UBEFCDDNH, OLLX\E MJGIYNV O ^EBLF ILQE HDC[EMHLF, UINPEF NQIK@NE HDCASC UEIEQON@GBNMS JGHNF [E LXIGALF UL MJGIYNDMJOK NA LQDLV OLBLMJN O QIK@KR, NAWKQYEV O BKPYKR. _JG UEIEQON[HG DE FL@BG UILNMWLQNJS UIGONBSDL, N LJMRQG DLOTE MMLIT NOLVDT. 'XTHDLOEDDL JIEXLOGBLMS, PJLX HDCAS AGDNFGB OLBLMJS (! !)*+%, + -,-+%,: DGUINFEI,EMBN HDCAS KFNIGB, DE QLMJN@DKO MJGIYNDMJOG O ILQE N MJLBG HNEOMHL@L, JL MTD E@L DE FL@ XTJSULMBE OEBNHNF HDCAEF HNEOMHNF N LMJGOGBMC DGOME@QG OBGQEBS^EF LQDLV HGHLV!DNXKQS OLBLMJN.

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

(GH HGH DGMBEQDNHLF OEBNHL@L HDC[EDNC XTB MJGIYNV O ILQE N, MBEQLOGJEBSDL, QCQC NFEBOME@QG UIENFK\EMJOL UEIEQ UBEFCDDNHLF, JL -LMJNMBGO DE ULBKPNB MJGIYE@L MJLBG HNEOMHL@L;N JGH HGH OLBLMJN HDC[EMHNE DE XTBN DGMBEQMJOEDDT, JL -LMJNMBGO DE ULBKPNB QG[E N *LO@LILQG,@QE HDC[NB LJE^ E@L UIN [NADN )ILMBGOLOLV: LD QLB[ED XTB QLOLBSMJOLOGJSMC JEF, PJL QGQKJEFK QCQSC. 5L@QG LQND NA DNW, %CPEMBGO )ILMBGONP, HDCAS MFLBEDMHNV, KFEI, JL DG E@L FEMJLUEIEYEB FBGQYNV, +@LIS, NA %BGQNFNIG %LBTDMHL@L, DEMFLJIC DG JL PJL K %CPEMBGOG LMJGBNMSMTDLOSC, G %BGQNFNI %LBTDMHNV LJQGBN -LMJNMBGOK %BGQNFNILONPK. *L LD DE XTB QLOLBEDZJLR OLBLMJSR, DGXIGB MEXE QIK[NDK, KYEB M DER DG OLMJLH O MJEUS N LOBGQEB (FKJGIGHGDSR.'JMRQG MJGB LD WLQNJS OLVDLV DG LHIEMJDTE DGILQT, DL @IEHN LJIGONBN E@L; ULMBE DE@L LMJGBNMSMTDLOSC %LBLQGIS N %GMNBSHL.

4E[QK JEF O MJEUCW UILNALYBL LXTHDLOEDDLE JGF COBEDNE: UINYEB M OLMJLHG DLOTV WN\DTVHLPEOLV DGILQ — ULBLO^T, ULXEQNB UEPEDE@LO N MJGB, ULQLXDL NF, DGUGQGJS DG -KMS. %EBNHNVHDCAS +ACMBGO M XIGJSCFN ULYEB UILJNO ULBLO^EO, DL XTB IGAXNJ N UINXE[GB O 5NEO; HNEOBCDEULJIEXLOGBN K DE@L LIK[NC N BLYGQEV, PJLX LUCJS NQJN DG ULBLO^EO, DL LD NF LJHGAGB; JL@QGLDN OT@DGBN E@L. +ACMBGO ULBKPNB ULFL\S LJ ULBSMHL@L HLILBC

7LBEMBGOG &FEBL@L N AGDCB LUCJS 5NEO, DL DEDGQLB@L: LD ULMMLINBMC M XIGJLF MOLNF,&OCJLMBGOLF PEIDN@LOMHNF, HLJLITV OFEMJE M JIEJSNF XIGJLF, %MEOLBLQLF, OT@DGB E@L LUCJSNA 5NEOG, MGF MJGB AQEMS HDC[NJS, G %MEOLBLQ NA 1EIECMBGOBC UEIEYEB DG E@L FEMJL O 9EIDN@LO.&OCJLMBGO HDC[NB DEQLB@L O 5NEOE; ULMBE E@L MFEIJN +ACMBGO LUCJS UINYEB O -KMS M ULBSMHLRULFL\SR, %MEOLBLQ KMJKUNB EFK 5NEO, G MGF LMJGBMC O 9EIDN@LOE.

% ZJL OIEFC XTBL O [NOTW JLBSHL QOG MTDG )ILMBGOG, +ACMBGO N %MEOLBLQ, JILE QIK@NW —&OCJLMBGO, %CPEMBGO N +@LIS — KFEIBN, DL K DNW LMJGBNMS MTDLOSC, HLJLITF QCQSC DE WLJEBNQGOGJS OLBLMJEV DG -KMN. (L@QG QOLE NA ZJNW FLBLQTW HDCAEV — 'BE@ &OCJLMBGONP N 7LINM%CPEMBGONP — KYBN O (FKJGIGHGDS, OLAOIGJNBNMS LJJKQG M JLBUGFN ULBLO^EO N OT@DGBN QCQR%MEOLBLQG NA 9EIDN@LOG. %EBNHNV HDCAS +ACMBGO AGMJKUNBMC AG XIGJG N ULYEB M DNF DGUBEFCDDNHLO, M HLJLITFN MIGANBMC XBNA 9EIDN@LOG, DG *E[GJNDE *NOE. 1BEFCDDNHN XTBNULXE[QEDT, 7LINM %CPEMBGONP UGB O XNJOE, DL XTB KXNJ JGH[E N OEBNHNV HDCAS +ACMBGO (1077@.).

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—-RINH, %LBLQGIS N %GMNBSHL — JGH[E WLJEBN KJOEIQNJSMC DG %LBTDN; UL ZJLV UINPNDE

12

HDC[EDNE %MEOLBLQG, MJGINHG MBGXL@L, XTBL LPEDS XEMULHLVDL. *L K %MEOLBLQG XTB MTD,ADGFEDNJTV %BGQNFNI 4LDLFGW, BKPYNV NA HDCAEV QIEODEV -KMN, LMJGONOYNV UL MEXE MGFKRQLXIKR UGFCJS O DGILQE HGH LXIGAE^ HDCAC, UL JL@QGYDNF ULDCJNCF: LD XTB DGXL[ED, HG[QTVQEDS OMJGOGB QL MOEJG N WLQNB H LXEQDE, DE FL@ FLBNJSMC XEA MBEA, XTB @LMJEUINNFED, \EQI HQIK[NDE, H QKWLOEDMJOK, H XEQDTF, DL OFEMJE M JEF XTB WLILYNV WLACND, MGF MFLJIEB AG OMEF OQLFE N ULJLFK, DEMFLJIC DG \EQILMJS, O QLFE E@L OME@QG XTBL FDL@L OMCHL@L QLXIG; XTB BGMHLO,UILMJ O LXWL[QEDNN ML OMEFN, DE JEIUEB UTYDLMJN; XKQKPN DELXTHDLOEDDL WIGXI, XEMUIEMJGDDLOLEOGB M ULBLO^GFN, AG\N\GB LJ DNW IKMMHKR AEFBR, DL DE LQDG OLVDG AGDNFGBG E@L: HG[QTVQEDS ULMBE LXEQDN LD MGQNBMC QKFGJS M QIK[NDLR L QEBGW, ULJLF MKQNB [NJEBEV MOLE@LHDC[EMJOG, N MKQNB MUIGOEQBNOL; HL@QG QIK@NE HDCASC MMLINBNMS QIK@ M QIK@LF, 4LDLFGW MJGIGBMCFNINJS NW, LJOIG\GB JGHNF LXIGALF KMLXN^T.

"#$%$ VII&'7.(+) 1-+ %*;5$: )-'&#$%$ I %#$3+4+-'%+9$

1L MFEIJN %MEOLBLQG (MBKPNOYEVMC O 1093 @LQK), HNEOBCDE WLJEBN, PJLX OEBNHNF HDCAEFXTB 4LDLFGW, DL LD LX`CONB, PJL DE DGIKYNJ LXTPGC, UL HLJLILFK OEBNHLE HDC[EDNEUEIEWLQNBL H MJGIYEFK O ILQE. „,MBN C MCQK O 5NEOE, — @LOLINB LD, — JL XKQEJ K FEDC OLVDG M&OCJLULBHLF +ACMBGONPEF, ULJLFK PJL LJE^ E@L MNQEB O 5NEOE UIE[QE FLE@L LJ^G“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

1LJEIUEOYN DEKQGPK DG MEOEIE, 'BE@ ML@BGMNBMC DGHLDE^ EWGJS DG LX\NV M`EAQ HDC[EMHNVO #RXEPE. &`EWGOYNEMC HDCASC @LOLINBN: „/GPEF @KXNF IKMMHKR AEFBR, ULQDNFGC MGFN DGMEXC MMLIK? &JGDEF BKPYE [NJS EQNDLQKYDL N DE QGQNF ULBLO^GF IGADLMNJS IKMMHKR AEFBR“.3BC UIEHIG\EDNC OMCHNW MULILO HDCASC IEYNBN, PJLX HG[QTV OBGQEB JEF, PEF OBGQEB LJE^ E@L:ULZJLFK OEBNHNV HDCAS &OCJLULBH N 4LDLFGW LMJGBNMS UIN MOLEF, LQND O 5NEOE, QIK@LV O1EIECMBGOBE. 'BE@K M XIGJSCFN, 3GONQLF N )ILMBGOLF, LJQGBN OBGQEDNC LJ^G NW, JL EMJS9EIDN@LO M OCJNPGFN, -CAGDSR, 4KILFLF N (FKJGIGHGDSR; HDC[EMJOL %CGQNFNIL!%LBTDMHLEIGAQEBNBLMS: MLXMJOEDDGC %LBTDS LMJGBGMS AG 3GONQLF +@LIEONPEF, G AGUGQDGC PGMJS, "GBN^NC,NBN 9EIFDGC -KMS, LJQGDG XTBG -LMJNMBGONPGF — %LBLQGIR N %GMNBSHK (XIGJ NW -RINH K[EKFEI).

(GHNF LXIGALF, DG BRXE^HLF M`EAQE XTBG UIEHIG\EDG KMLXN^G DG OLMJLHE, O LXBGMJN9EIDN@LOMHLV, ULJLFK PJL QEJN &OCJLMBGOLOT, DEMUIGOEQBNOL OT@DGDDTE, ULBKPNBN JEUEISOBGQEDNC, NFEDDL JE AEFBN, HLJLITFN OBGQEB LJE^ NW, ULBKPNBN, JGHNF LXIGALF, O ILQK ADGPEDNELJ^LOMHLE. *L DE UIEHIGJNBNMS KMLXN^T DG AGUGQE, O LXBGMJN %BGQNFNIL!%LBTDMHLV,ULQEBEDDLV FE[QK 3GONQLF +@LIEONPEF N -LMJNMBGONPGFN. 3GONQ +@LIEONP XLCBMC, PJL-LMJNMCGONPN: LJDNFKJ K DE@L N E@L ULBLONDK, LMLXEDDL XLCBMC LD MGFL@L WIGXIL@L N

13

UIEQUINNFPNOL@L NA DNW, FBGQYE@L: %GMNBSHG; DGYBNMS BRQN, HLJLITE DG@LOLINBN EFK PJL-LMJNMBGONPN O MLRAE M 4LDLFGWLF WLJCJ OT@DGJS &OCJLULBHG NA 5NEOG N E@L, 3GONQG, NA%BGQNFNIG %LBTDMHL@L. 1ICFL M BRXE^HL@L M`EAQG 3GONQ AGEWGB O 5NEO H &OCJLULBHK,UIEQMJGONB EFK LUGMDLMJS, @ILANOYKR NF LXLNF LJ %GMNBSHG, DGUK@GB E@L, N JLJ ML@BGMNBMCMWOGJNJS %GMNBSHG N OTQGJS 3GONQK, HLJLITV ULOEA E@L O MOLN OBGQEDNC N JGF LMBEUNB.

(GH HGH ZJL ABLQEVMJOL XTBL MGFTF QEIAHNF DGIKYEDNEF HDC[EMHL@L IEYEDNC [NJS QIK[DL,HLJLILE LDN LX`CONBN O #RXEPE, JL 4LDLFGW M 'BE@LF N 3GONQLF &OCJLMBGONPGFN DEFEQBEDDLULYBN M OLVMHLF H 5NEOK DG &OCJLULBHG; DL FGPEWG 4LDLFGWG N FNJILULBNJ K@LOLINBN NWUIEHIGJNJS MMLIK M &OCJLULBHLF, N JGH HGH LD MHBGQTOGB OMR ONDK DG 3GONQG, JL HDCASC NULIKPNBN, EFK DGHGAGJS ULMBEQDE@L. &OCJLULBH OT@DGB 3GONQG, DL AGWLJEB OT@DGJS N-LMJNMBGONPEV, PJLX OACJS OMR %BGQNFNIL!%LBTDMHKR LXBGMJS MEXE, DL ZJL EFK DE KQGBLMS,ULJLFK PJL -LEJNMBGONPN LXLILDCBNMS WIGXIL. *GHLDE^ N OLVDT AG %BGQNFNIL!%LBTDMHKRLXBGMJS UIEHIG\EDT XTBN DG OJLILF HDC[EMHLF M`EAQE, XTOYEF O %NJNPEOE, XBNA 5NEOG, O1100 @LQK. /QEMS IEYEDL XTBL: K 3GONQG AG E@L ABLQEVMJOL LJDCJS %BGQNFNI %LBTDMHNV N LJQGJSMTDK OEBNHL@L HDCAC )ILMBGOK. (GHNF LXIGALF, UIN &OCJLULBHE DG QOKW M`EAQGW HDC[EMHNWLHLDPEDT XTBN KMLXN^T, UILNMWLQNOYNE DG OLMJLHE AG LXBGMJS 9EIDN@LOMHKR N DG AGUGQE AGLXBGMJS %BGQNFNIL!%LBTDMHKR. ;MLXN^T ZJN, HGH FT ONQEBN, DGPGBNMS UIN OEBNHLF HDCAE+ACMBGOE )ILMBGONPE OMBEQMJONE JL@L, PJL MTDLOSC DE DGMBEQLOGBN OLBLMJEV ULMBE LJ^LO MOLNW,G QCQN DE WLJEBN QGOGJS AEFEBS LMNILJEBTF UBEFCDDNHGF.

5L@QG JGHNF LXIGALF OME KMULHLNBLMS N DG OLMJLHE N DG AGUGQE. 4LDLFGW OLMULBSALOGBMCFNILF FE[QK HDCASCFN N K@LOLINB NW MLEQNDEDDTFN MNBGFN KQGINJS DG ULBLO^EO. %MBEQMJONEZJL@L UIEQUINDNFGBNMS QOG ULWLQG O MJEUN; OL OJLILV NA DNW, IKMMHNE HDCASC QLWLQNBN QL MGFL@L3LDG N DGDEMBN MNBSDLE ULIG[EDNE (!.#%&/, HGH DGATOGBN JL@QG ULBLO^EO. 1GFCJS LX ZJNWMBGODTW ULWLQGW MLWIGDNBGMS DG -KMN O ULZJNPEMHNW UIEQGDNCW, O HLJLITW UILMBGOBCBMC @BGODTV@EILV NW — 4LDLFGW.

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

(L@QG 4LDLFGW UINEWGB O 5NEO N MJGB OEBNHNF HDCAEF; &OCJLMBGONPN AGJGNBN DG OIEFCLXNQK, ULJLFK PJL NF DEBSAC XTBL NQJN UILJNO 4LDLFGWG, MGFL@L WIGXIL@L N MGFL@LFL@K\EMJOEDDL@L HDCAC, H HLJLILFK DGILQ UNJGB JGHLE MNBSDLE IGMULBL[EDNE. 'QND NA ULBL^HNWHDCAEV, NFEDDL HDCAS FNDMHNV, LMFEBNBMC DGPGJS OLVDK M 4LDLFGWLF, DL XTB OACJ O UBED;JGH[E QKIDL HLDPNB N HDCAS OLBTDMHNV )ILMBGO, MTD UIE[DE@L OEBNHL@L HDCAC &OCJLULBHG: LDDGPGB MMLINJSMC M MLMEQCFN MOLNFN, -LMJNMBGONPGFN, HDCASCFN @GBN^HNFN, OMJKUNB O MLRA MULBCHGFN, UIL@DGB [EDK MOLR, ODKPHK 4LDLFGWLOK; OEBNHNV HDCAS OT@DGB E@L NA %LBTDN;)ILMBGO OLILJNBMC XTBL M ULBHGFN, OED@IGFN N PEWGFN (XL@EF^GFN), DL XTB KXNJ UIN LMGQE@LILQG.

"#$%$ VIII&'7.(+) '( &4,-(+ %#$3+4+-$ 4'*'4$:$ 3' %/)(+) 5+,%$

14

%'0&5$4+ $*3-,) 6-2,%+9$ 7'"'#67&5'"'

1L MFEIJN 4LDLFGWG, MBKPNOYEVMC O 1125 @LQK, HNEOMHNV MJLB UICFL AGDCB K[E MJGIYNVMTD E@L 4MJNMBGO; MLUEIDNHLO LUCJS EFK XTJS DE FL@BL: LD XTB ULWL[ DG LJ^G, XTB BRXNFDGILQLF; HILFE JL@L, UBEFC 4LDLFGWLOL XTBL MNBSDEE OMEW QIK@NW UBEFED, NBN BNDNVHDC[EMHNW, MNBSDEE LXYNIDLMJSR N XL@GJMJOLF OLBLMJEV: 4MJNMBGO OBGQEB 5NEOLF,*LO@LILQLF N &FLBEDMHLF, O *LO@LILQE HDC[NB MTD E@L %MEOLBLQ, O &FLBEDMHE — QIK@LV,-LMJNMBGO; XIGJSC 4MJNMBGOLOT HDC[NBN: )ILULBH O 1EIECMBGOBE, %CPEMBGO O (KILOE, $DQIEVDG %LBTDN, 6INV O -LMJLOMHLV N &KAQGBSMHLV AEFBE. 1LBSAKCMS MOLER MNBLR, 4MJNMBGOUINLXIEB MEXE E\E HDC[EMJOL 1LBL^HLE: LD OACB O UBED OMEW HDCAEV ULBL^HNW N LJUIGONB NW O"IE^NR O NA@DGDNE, G O 1LBL^HE ULMGQNB MTDG MOLE@L +ACMBGOG.

&NBSDTE OBGQEDNCFN, 4LDLFGWLONPN UIN 4MJNMBGOE XTBN MNBSDT XIGJMHNF EQNDLQKYNEF,JL@QG HGH FE[^K &OCJLMBGONPGFN PEIDN@LOMHNFN UILNMWLQNBN KMLXN^T: UL MFEIJN 'BE@G N3GONQG &OCJLMBGONPEV LMJGOGBMC JIEJNV XIGJ, )ILMBGO &OCJLMBGONP, HLJLITV, UL LXTPGR, HGHMJGIYNV O UBEFEDN, N QLB[ED XTB HDC[NJS O 9EIDN@LOE, DL UBEFCDDNH E@L %MEOLBLQ 'BS@LONPOT@DGB E@L NA 9EIDN@LOG, N )ILMBGO QLB[ED XTB KQLOLBSMJOLOGJSMC MEOEIL!OLMJLPDTFNOBGQEDNCFN MOLE@L UBEFEDN — -CAGDSR N 4KILFLF; LJ DE@L ULYBN HDCASC ICAGDMHNE NFKILFMHNE. % (GBN^NN MTD %LBLQGIC -LMJNMBGONPG %BGQNFNIHL MLEQNDNB OME AEFBN ULQ LQDLRMOLER OBGMJNR.

1L MFEIJN 4MJNMBGOG %BGQNFNILONPG, MBKPNOYEVMC O 1132 @LQK, DGPNDGRJMC KMLXN^T N OMGFLF ULJLFMJOE 4LDLFGWG: N UIE[QE FT ONQEBN KMLXN^T FE[QK UBEFCDDNHGFN N QCQSFN, DLUIE[QE ZJN KMLXN^T UILNMWLQNBN LJJL@L, PJL QCQSC LXN[GBN UBEFCDDNHLO, DE QGOGBN NFOLBLMJEV, G JEUEIS, UL MFEIJN 4MJNMBGOG %BGQNFNILONPG, DGLXLILJ, KMLXN^T UILNMWLQCJ LJJL@L,PJL UBEFCDDNHN, MTDLOSC MJGIYE@L XIGJG, LXDGIK[NOGRJ ULUTJHK LJDCJS K FBGQYNW QCQEVMJGIYNDMJOL N MJLB HNEOMHNV.

1L MFEIJN 4MJNMBGOG, UL LXTPGR, O 5NEO UEIEYEB HDC[NJS NA 1EIECMBGOBC MJGIYNV ULDEF XIGJ )ILULBH; O 1EIECMBGOBS [E QLB[ED XTB UEIEVJN MBEQKR\NV AG )ILULBHLF XIGJ%CPEMBGO, DL OFEMJL JL@L )ILULBH UEIEOEB JKQG NA *LO@LILQG UBEFCDDNHG MOLE@L %MEOLBLQG4MJNMBGONPG; QCQSC, N LMLXEDDL MGFTV QECJEBSDTV NA DNW 6INV %BGQNFNILONP, OLMMJGBN AGZJL DG UBEFCDDNHLO, 4MJNMBGONPEV; OIG[QLR FE[QK 4LDLFGWLONPGFN OLMULBSALOGBNMS&OCJLMBGONPN PEIDN@LOMHNE, OMULFDNBN MOLR LXNQK, PJL BNYEDT XTBN MJGIYNDMJOG N 5NEOGMUEIOG O ULBSAK 4LDLFGWG, G ULJLF MTDLOEV E@L, N OLLIK[NBNMS; JGHNF LXIGALF, H KMLXN^EFE[QK UBEFCDDNHGFN N QCQSCFN O ULJLFMJOE 4LDLFGWG UINMLEQNDNBGMS E\E KMLXN^G FE[QK4LDLFGWLONPGFN N 'BS@LONPGFN (NXL O ULJLFMJOE &OCJLMBGOG )ILMBGONPG @BGODKR ILBS N@IGEJBNDNC MTDG E@L 'BE@G). _JLR [E KMLXN^ER, LMBGXBEDNEF MNB K 4LDLFGWLONPEV OLMULBSALOGBNMSHDCASC ULBL^HNE, OLAOIGJNBNMS NA "IE^NN N AGDCBN MOLN UIE[DNE OBGQEDNC.

5L@QG KFEI )ILULBH %BGQNFNILONP O 1139 @LQK N MJGIYNV DGQ DNF XIGJ E@L %CPEMBGO%BGQNFNILONP AGDCB 5NEO JL FNFL QCQEV DE FL@ UINDCJS DG MEXC @BGODLV ILBN: QCQC 6INVILMJLOMHNV DNHGH DE WLJEB QLUKMJNJS E@L QL ZJL@L. 1LBSAKCMS JGHNFN LXMJLCJEBSMJOGFN,%MEOLBLQ 'BS@LONP UILHDC[NB O 5NEOE QL MGFLV MFEIJN MOLEV N WLJEB, PJLX ULMBE DE@L HDC[NBAQEMS ILQDLV XIGJ E@L +@LIS 'BS@LONP. *L HNEOBCDE ZJL@L DE WLJEBN; LDN DE BRXNBN OLLX\E'BS@LONPEV HGH PK[NW HDCAEV N DE LJBNPGOYNWMC JGHNFN UINOBEHGJEBSDTFN HGPEMJOGFN, HGH4LDLFGW N FDL@NE NA E@L ULJLFHLO; HILFE JL@L, HDC[G O 5NEOE, %MEOLBLQ 'BS@LONP DE KFEBUINLXIEMJN DGILQDLV BRXON, ULAOLBCC PNDLODNHGF MOLNF UINJEMDCJS [NJEBEV. + OLJ HGH MHLIL%MEOLBLQ KFEI N XIGJ E@L +@LIS WLJEB HDC[NJS DG E@L FEMJE, JL HNEOBCDE LJHGAGBNMSULONDLOGJSMC EFK, DEMFLJIC DG JL PJL LD LXE\GB NF DGADGPNJS PNDLODNHLO, HGHNW LDN MGFNAGWLJCJ. 'DN LX`CONBN MOLNF HDCAEF +ACMBGOG 4MJNMBGONPG, HLJLITV OT@DGB 'BS@LONPEV NA5NEOG, UINPEF +@LIS 'BS@LONP XTB OACJ O UBED; ULMBE HNEOBCDE OTIGANBN MOLR DEDGONMJS H'BS@LONPGF JEF, PJL KXNBN +@LIC, WLJC LD K[E ULMJIN@MC O FLDGWN.

15

+ACMBGO 4MJNMBGONP MJGB HDC[NJS O 5NEOE, DL DE FL@ HDC[NJS ULHLVDL, ULJLFK PJL AGDCBMJGIYNV MJLB UL JL@QGYDNF ULDCJNCF DEAGHLDDL, FNFL QCQEV: QCQC 6INV ILMJLOMHNV QOG IGAGOT@LDCB E@L NA 5NEOG, N DGULMBEQLH +ACMBGO, PJLX NAXGONJSMC LJ DE@L, QLB[ED XTB UINAOGJS O5NEO MGFL@L MJGIYE@L QCQR MOLE@L, DEMULMLXDL@L %CPEMBGOG, ULHGCJSMC UIEQ DNF, LX`CONJS,PJL ML@IEYNB, LMFEBNOYNMS FNFL DE@L AGDCJS MJGIYNV MJLB. %CPEMBGO, QLOLBSDTV PEMJSRMJGIYNDMJOG, LJQGB OME KUIGOBEDNE +ACMBGOK, DL 6INV DE XTB QLOLBED ZJLR MQEBHLR N JIEXLOGBDEUIEFEDDL, PJLX O 5NEOE HDC[NB LQND %CPEMBGO, PJLXT +ACMBGOG UIN DEF DE XTBL. *G ZJLJIEXLOGDNE DNHJL DE WLJEB ML@BGMNJSMC, DN %CPEMBGO, DN +ACMBGO, DN HNEOBCDE, HLJLITE,KONQGOYN IGADN^K FE[QK +ACMBGOLF N 6INEF, LPEDS DEOABRXNBN ULMBEQDE@L. 6INV XTB IGAXNJN QLB[ED XTB LJHGAGJSMC LJ DGQE[QT LQLBEJS WIGXIL@L UBEFCDDNHG. %L OIEFC ZJLV KMLXN^TQCQN M UBEFCDDNHLF O ULMJLCDDLF MLRAE M +ACMBGOLF 4MJNMBGONPEF XTB OED@EIMHNV HLILBS"EVAG II, [EDGJTV DG MEMJIE E@L; ULMJLCDDTF [E MLRADNHLF 6INC %BGQNFNILONPG XTB @GBN^HNVHDCAS %BGQNFNIHL %LBLQGIEONP, KMUEOYNV JLBSHL WNJILMJSR N LXFGDLF, H HLJLITF UINXE@GBO HIGVDLMJN, KQEI[GJSMC DG MOLEF MJLBE UILJNO MLEQNDEDDTW MNB +ACMBGOG N "EVAT. %BGQNFNIHLKFEI, LMJGONO HDC[EMJOL MOLE DEIGAQEBSDTF MTDK )ILMBGOK UL UILAOGDNR 'MFLFTMB.

*EQLB@L ULMBE %BGQNFNIHG [NB N +ACMBGO 4MJNMBGONP: LD KFEI O 1154 @LQK. &JGIYE%CPEMBGO UINDCB H MEXE O MTDLOSC N O UIGONJEBN 5NEOMHL@L HDC[EMJOG OFEMJL +ACMBGOG QIK@L@LXIGJG E@L, -LMJNMBGOG, HDCAC MFLBEDMHL@L, ULMBE PE@L MHLIL KFEI. -LMJNMBGO, HDCAS QLXITV NDGXL[DTV, DE XTB ULWL[ DG XIGJG WIGXILMJSR N IGMULICQNJEBSDLMJSR; LD UILN@IGB MIG[EDNEUILJNO MJGIYE@L JL@QG FE[QK PEIDN@LOMHNFN HDCASCFN +ACMBGOG 3GOTQLONPG (QOLRILQDL@LXIGJG %MEOLBLQG 'BS@LONPG), XILMNB 5NEO N XE[GB O MJGIKR MOLR OLBLMJS —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

"#$%$ IX'( %/)(+) 5+,%$ %'0&5$4+ $*3-,) 7'"'#67&5'"' 3' 5'*9+*.

4+:$+#$ 6-2,%+9$

5GAGBLMS, PJL OLALXDLOCJMC MJGITE OIEFEDG, HL@QG LJE^ $DQIEC, 6INV, XLILBMC M LJ^LF4MJNMBGOG, +ACMBGOLF, DL OTYBL NDGPE. $DQIEV, IL[QEDDTV N OLMUNJGDDTV DG MEOEIE,UINWLQNB DG R@ OL OIEFC KMLXN^T LJ^G MOLE@L M +ACMBGOLF 4MJNMBGONPEF, HL@QG K[E EFK XTBLAG JINQ^GJS BEJ, LJBNPNBMC AQEMS XLBSYLR LJOG@LR, DL M MGFL@L DGPGBG ULHGATOGBDEIGMULBL[EDNE H R@K, N HL@QG LJE^ E@L 6INV, KJOEIQNOYNMS LHLDPGJEBSDL O 5NEOE, WLJEB,PJLX $DQIEV ULFEMJNBMC ULQBE DE@L O %TY@LILQE, JL $DQIEV OLUIEHN OLBE LJ^LOMHLV KYEB NA%TY@LILQG DG MEOEI N MJGB JGF HDC[NJS. (EUEIS, OLLIK[NOYNMS UILJNO 4MJNMBGOG +ACMBGONPG

16

OL NFC UIGO MOLNW AG MJGIYNDMJOL, $DQIEV DE ULOEB MGF OLVMHG H 5NEOK, N HL@QG ZJLJ @LILQ, HHLJLILFK K UIE[DNW HDCAEV XTBL DEUIELQLBNFLE MJIEFBEDNE, XTB OACJ E@L OLVMHLF N MLUEIDNHNA@DGD, JL $DQIEV DE UINEWGB O MJLBNPDTV @LILQ LJ^LOMHNV N QEQLOMHNV, LJQGB 5NEO XIGJK "BEXK,G MGF LMJGBMC DG MEOEIE, LJJKQG IGMULIC[GCMS QEBGFN DG R@E HGH MJGIYNV N MNBSDEVYNV HDCAS.

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

(GH, HL@QG $DQIEV XEA OLBN LJ^LOMHLV UINEWGB M R@G DG MEOEI, JL ILMJLO^T OACBN E@L H MEXEO HDCASC OLUIEHN IGMULIC[EDNR 6INC, HLJLITV WLJEB, PJLX $DQIEV LMJGBMC DG R@E, G MEOEIDGADGPGB FBGQYNF MOLNF MTDLOSCF — 4NWGNBK N %MEOLBLQK. *L $DQIEV DE LMJGBMC [NJS O-LMJLOE, G KJOEIQNB MOLE UIEXTOGDNE OL %BGQNFNIE (/GBEMMHLF, DG IEHE 5BCASFE), @LILQE DLOLF,DE UINOTHYEF IEYGJS QEBG MOLN DG OEPGW MGFLMJLCJEBSDL, O HLJLILF, MBEQLOGJEBSDL, OBGMJSHDC[EMHGC DE FL@BG OMJIEJNJS QBC MEXC UIEUCJMJONC; ULJLF $DQIEV OT@DGB NA MOLE@L HDC[EMJOGFBGQYNW XIGJSEO N UBEFCDDNHLO LJ KFEIYE@L MJGIYE@L XIGJG -LMJNMBGOG 6ISEONPG, OT@DGB NMJGITW XLCI LJ^LOMHNW; QEBGB LD ZJL, @LOLINJ BEJLUNME^, [EBGC XTJS MGFLOBGMJNEF. :LJEB LDXTJS MGFLOBGMJ^EF DE DG LQDLF MEOEIE, DL N OL OMEV -KMN N ULJLFK UEIEFEDNB LXIG\EDNE MOLEM QIK@NFN HDCASCFN. 3L MNW ULI FBGQYNE MFLJIEBN DG OEBNHL@L HDCAC JLBSHL HGH DG MJGIYE@L OILQE, G DE HGH DG @LMKQGIC, N ULJLFK LD QLB[ED XTB LXIG\GJSMC M DNFN UL!ILQMJOEDDLFK, HGH MXIGJSCFN JLBSHL, DE JIEXLOGB XEAKMBLODL@L ULONDLOEDNC. *L $DQIEV DGPGB MFLJIEJS DG QEBLNDGPE, N ZJL LXDGIK[NBLMS OLJ UL HGHLFK MBKPGR.

7IGJ E@L "BEX KFEI O 5NEOE; MTDLOSC HDCAC -LMJNMBGOG 4MJNMBGONPG, HDCASC MFLBEDMHNE,OTUILMNBN K $DQIEC 5NEO N LHIEMJDTE @LILQG MEXE, $DQIEV ML@BGMNBMC, N -LFGD -LMJNMBGONPMEB O 5NEOE, G FBGQYNE E@L XIGJSC — UL QIK@NF @LILQGF. *L MHLIL $DQIER QGBN ADGJS, PJL XIGJE@L "BEX KFEI DE MOLER MFEIJNR, N KHGAGBN DG DEHLJLITW XLCI HNEOMHNW HGH DG LJIGONJEBEVE@L. $DQIEV ULJIEXLOGB, PJLX -LMJNMBGONPN OTQGBN EFK ZJNW XLCI, DL JE DE ULMBKYGBNMS; JL@QG$DQIEV OEBEB NF NQJN OLD NA 5NEOMHLV LXBGMJN N LMLXEDDL MEIQNBMC DG LQDL@L NA DNW, 4MJNMBGOG-LMJNMBGONPG, MGFL@L WIGXIL@L, HLJLITV NA QEJMJOG DNHL@L DE XLCBMC, HILFE 7L@G LQDL@L.-LMJNMBGONPN DE ULMBKYGBNMS, DE OTYBN NA 5NEOG; FGBL JL@L, 4MJNMBGO LULALINB ULMBGDDNHG$DQIEEOG N OEBEB MHGAGJS OEBNHLFK HDCAR: „4T UINADGBN JEXC MJGIYNF, G JT MJGB LXWLQNJSMCM DGFN DE HGH M HDCASCFN, G HGH M ULQIKPDNHGFN: JGH 7L@ DGM IGMMKQNJ“. $DQIEV LUCJS ULMBGBXLBSYLE OLVMHL DG R@, DL DG ZJLJ IGA LDL QLB@L XEA OMCHL@L KMUEWG MJLCBL ULQ MJEDGFN%TY@LILQG, @QE AGMEB 4MJNMBGO -LMJNMBGONP, N, DGHLDE^, LXIGJNBLMS O XE@MJOL. &HLIL ULMBEZJL@L UINXBN[EDDTE H $DQIER BRQN, L[EMJLPEDDTE E@L MJIL@LMJSR, MLMJGONBN AG@LOLI N KXNBNE@L O 1174 @LQK.

&FEIJSR $DQIEC WLJEBN OLMULBSALOGJSMC DEQLOLBSDTE E@L UIGOBEDNEF XLCIE N ILMJLO^T,WLJEBN OTXIGJS MEXE JGHL@L HDCAC, HLJLITV XT DE ULQIG[GB $DQIER, G OEB MEXC UL MJGINDE; LDNOTXIGBN DE MTDG $DQIEEOG 6INC N DE XIGJSEO E@L 4NWGNBG N %MEOLBLQG, AGHLDDTW DGMBEQDNHLON UL MJGIYNDMJOK, N UL IGMULIC[EDNR 6INC 3LB@LIKHL@L: LDN OTXIGBN 4MJNMBGOG N )ILULBHG-LMJNMBGONPEV, UBEFCDDNHLO $DQIEEOTW LJ MJGIYE@L XIGJG, -LMJNMBGOG, QGODL KFEIYE@L,HLJLITE UL JL@QGYDNF ULDCJNCF DE NFEBN UIN [NADN QCQEV UIGOG DG UIEMJLB N, XKQKPN LXCAGDTAG MOLE OLAOTYEDNE XLCIGF N ILMJLO^GF, QLB[DT XTBN ULMJKUGJS OL OMEF UL NW [EBGDNR.-LMJNMBGONPN, NA@DGDDTE, HGH FT ONQEBN, $DQIEEF M MEOEIG, [NBN O 9EIDN@LOE OFEMJE M QCQSFNMOLNFN 4NWGNBLF N %MEOLBLQLF, JGH[E NA@DGDDTFN. 1LBKPNO UIN@BGYEDNE LJ XLCI N

17

ILEJLO^EO, LDN ULEWGBN DG MEOEI, DL QCQSC JGH[E ULEWGBN JKQG, DE [EBGC LJHGATOGJSMC LJ MOLNWUIGO. 7LCIE N ILMJLO^T DE WLJEBN N MBTYGJS L 6ISEONPGW — 4NWGNBE N %MEOLBLQE, DLOBGQNFNI^T UINDCBN H MEXE 4NWGNBG HGH MOLE@L AGHLDDL@L HDCAC.

%BGQNFNI^T QLB[DT XTBN MQEBGJS ZJL, ULJLFK PJL O MBKPGE JLI[EMJOG ILMJLO^EO LDN QLB[DTXTBN LJHGAGJSMC DE JLBSHL LJ UEIOEDMJOG, HLJLILE QGB NF $DQIEV, KJOEIQNOYN K DNW MOLEUIEXTOGDNE, DL QG[E N LJ DEAGONMNFLMJN, ULJLFK PJL ILMJLO^T, LABLXBEDDTE UILJNO DNW AGUIEQULPJEDNE, LHGAGDDLE NW @LILQK $DQIEEF, @LOLINBN: „%BGQNFNI — DGY UIN@LILQ, JGF [NOKJDGYN WLBLUT, HGFED\NHN, ML[[EF NW @LILQ N ULMGQNF K DNW MOLE@L ULMGQDNHG“. 7LCIE NILMJLO^T M MOLNFN HDCASCFN -LMJNMBGONPGFN LMGQNBN 4NWGNBG OL %BGQNFNIE; OBGQNFNI^TLXLILDCBNMS MEFS DEQEBS; DGHLDE^, QLOEQEDDTE QL HIGVDLMJN @LBLQLF, LJHGAGBNMS LJ 4NWGNBG,DL KQEI[NOGBN UL HIGVDEV FEIE DEAGONMNFLMJS, ULJLFK PJL MJGIYNV NA -LMJNMBGONPEV 4MJNMBGOMEB HDC[NJS O -LMJLOE; FBGQYNV E@L XIGJ )ILULBH — OL %BGQNFNIE.

*L OBGQNFNI^T DEQLB@L FL@BN XTJS ULHLVDT: QIK[NDG )ILULBHLOG, DGXIGDDGC O 6[DLV-KMN, @QE LD UIE[QE [NB, @IGXNBG DGILQ, HLJLITV LMLXEDDL XTB OTOEQED NA JEIUEDNC JEF, PJLMGF HDCAS MJGB @IGXNJS OEBNHLBEUDKR ̂ EIHLOS 7L@LILQN^T, ULMJILEDDKR OL %BGQNFNIE $DQIEEF7L@LBRXMHNF. %BGQNFNI^T [GBLOGBNMS ILMJLO^GF, DL JE DG MBLOGW XTBN JLBSHL AG DNW, G DGQEBE XTBN IGQT NW XEQE; JL@QG OBGQNFNI^T M@LOLINBNMS NAXGONJSMC LJ -LMJNMBGONPEV N UINAOGBNLUCJS 4NWGNBG. *G ZJLJ IGA 4NWGNB IGAXNB -LMJNMBGONPEV, OT@DGB NW N KJOEIQNB MOLV MJLB OL%BGQNFNIE, G XIGJ E@L %MEOLBLQ MEB O 1EIECMBGOBE /GBEMMHLF, JGH[E FBGQYEF @LILQE; MJGIYNV.-LMJLO, XTB ULHNDKJ. _JL XTBL O 1175 @LQK, G O MBEQKR\EF 1176 @LQK 4NWGNB KFEI.

"#$%$ :5*)<,*+, %&,%'#'3$ III 6-2,%+9$

1L MFEIJN 4NWGNBG OBGQNFNI^T N UEIECMBGO^T UINMC@DKBN XIGJK E@L %MEOLBLQK N QEJCFE@L (AQEMS O UEIOTV IGA KULFNDGEJMC L UINMC@E N QEJCF), DL ILMJLO^T N XLBSYGC PGMJS XLCILUCJS OTAOGBN H MEXE UIE[DE@L HDCAC MOLE@L 4MJNMBGOG -LMJNMBGONPG. %MEOLBLQ IGAXNB4MJNMBGOG, ULMBE PE@L -LMJLO LHLDPGJEBSDL QLB[ED XTB KMJKUNJS MOLE FEMJL %BGQNFNIK.%MEOLBLQ OEB MEXC JLPDL JGH [E, HGH XIGJ E@L $DQIEV 7L@LBRXMHNV. 'D DE QGB OLBLMJEVUBEFCDDNHGF, ULQPNDNB MEXE -CAGDS, *LO@LILQ, IGMULIC[GBMC 5NEOLF. % R[DLV -KMNUILQLB[GBNMS UIE[DNE KMLXN^T FE[QK 4LDLFGWLONPGFN N 'BS@LONPGFN. %MEOLBLQULQQEI[NOGB O 5NEOE MOLNW, 4LDLFGWLONPEV, DL DE WLJEB N LHLDPGJEBSDL@L DNABL[EDNC'BS@LONPEV, PJLX DE QGJS MBNYHLF XLBSYLV MNBT 4LDLFGWLONPGF; AGOLQNB MMLIT N FE[QKMGFNFN 4LDLFGWLONPGFN.

& 'BS@LONPGFN OEBN XLISXK AG 5NEO -LMJNMBGONPN MFLBEDMHNE, NA HLJLITW MJGIYNV, -RINH,XTB ULMG[ED %MEOLBLQLF O 5NEOE; DL MGFTF ADGFEDNJTF NA DNW UL WIGXILMJN XTB MTD4MJNMBGOG -LMJNMBGONPG :IGXIL@L 4MJNMBGO ;QGBLV, HDCAS JLILUE^HNV, XTOYNV, ULQLXDL LJ^K,LXIGA^LF MJGIL@L R[DLIKMMHL@L HDCAC: LD DE QKFGB LX KMNBEDNN MEXC N QEJEV MOLNW DG MPEJQIK@NW HDCAEV, DE QKFGB LX KFDL[EDNN MOLNW OLBLMJEV, DL AGXLBNBMC JLBSHL L JLF, HGH XTUILMBGONJS MEXC OLNDMHNFN ULQON@GFN, BRXNB IEYGJS MULIT XNJOGFN, O HLJLITW ONQEB MKQ7L[NV; M QIK[NDLR MOLER, MBGODLR JGH[E WIGXILMJSR, LD UEIEEA[GB NA LQDL@L HLD^G IKMMHNWOBGQEDNV O QIK@LV, COBCBMC OMRQK, @QE JLBSHL DK[DL XTBL AG\NJNJS MBGXL@L LJ MNBSDL@L NULQQEI[GJS .MJGINDK.

_JNF WGIGHJEILF MOLNF 4MJNMBGO 1-#2!' UIEQMJGOBCB UILJNOLULBL[DLMJS WGIGHJEIK%MEOLBLQG III, HLJLITV O MOLR LPEIEQS XTB LXIGA^LF XLBSYEV PGMJN ULJLFHLO MOLNW, HDCAEVMEOEIDTW XTB LPEDS LMJLIL[ED, DE LWLJDNH QL IEYNJEBSDTW QEVMJONV, QL IEYNJEBSDTW XNJO,HLJLITFN FL[DL XTBL OQIK@ OTN@IGJS, DL FL[DL OQIK@ N ULJEICJS, KMJKUPNO O JEW MBKPGCW, @QE

18

ONQEB KMUEW DEOEIDTV, DL ULMJLCDED O MJIEFBEDNCW H QLMJN[EDNR ^EBN, G ^EBS ZJG, HGH K DE@L,JGH N K ULJLFHLO E@L, — UINLXIEMJS HGH FL[DL XLBSYE OBGQEDNV, KMNBNJS MEXC DG MPEJ OMEWQIK@NW HDCAEV, ULQPNDNJS NW MEXE; ZJL!JL MJIEFBEDNE %MEOLBLQG III N ULJLFHLO E@L N XTBLMIEQMJOLF H KJOEI[QEDNR EQNDLOBGMJNC O -LMMNN.

(GH IGADNBNMS FE[QK MLXLR HDCASC NA IGADTW BNDNV 4LDLFGWLOG ULJLFMJOG —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

*L AQEMS, O "GBNPE, XTBN LPEDS MNBSDT XLCIE, MNBSDEE, PEF O QIK@NW HDC[EMJOGW IKMMHNW, N-LFGD, PJLX KJOEIQNJSMC AQEMS, QLB[ED XTB QEVMJOLOGJS UILJNO DNW [EMJLHNFN MIEQMJOGFN,NMJIEXBCJS NW. -LFGD XTB KXNJ O OLVDE M ULBCHGFN, LMJGONO UL MEXE QKIDKR UGFCJS FE[QKXLCIGFN @GBN^HNFN N MBGODKR — O UIEQGDNCW DGILQDTW AG MOLN ULQON@N O OLVDGW M ULBLO^GFN,CJOC@GFN N BNJOLR. 1L MFEIJN -LFGDG LMJGBLMS QOLE FGBLBEJDNW MTDLOEV — 3GDNNB N %GMNBSHE.7LCIE OT@DGBN NW N DGPGBN UINATOGJS DG (GBN^HLE HDC[EMJOL JL JL@L, JL QIK@L@L NA MLMEQDNWOBGQEJEBEV, N ULYBG XLISXG AG "GBNP FE[QK HDCASCFN IKMMHNFN — 4LDLFGWLONPGFN N'BS@LONPGFN, JGH[E FE[QK ULBCHGFN N OED@IGFN.

% JL [E OIEFC DG MEOEIL!AGUGQE, DG XEIE@GW 7GBJNVMHL@L FLIC, MIEQN QNHLV PKQN, UBGJNOYEVQGDS HDCASCF ULBL^HNF, KJOEIQNBNMS DEF^T. 4LDGW 4EVD@GIQ, ULBKPNOYNV ULJLF LJ UGUT MGDEUNMHLUG, MJGB LXIG\GJS JKAEF^EO BNOLDMHNW O HGJLBN^NAF; JGH HGH LDN LHGATOGBN MNBSDLEMLUILJNOBEDNE, JL JIEJNV ULMBE 4EVD@GIQG EUNMHLU, $BSXEIJ, ULMJILNOYNV @LILQ -N@K, LMDLOGBO 1201 @LQK LIQED -T^GIEV 4EPG, PJLX QEI[GJS JKAEF^EO ULMJLCDDL O ULONDLOEDNN NIGMUILMJIGDCJS OBGQEDNC IN[MHLV ^EIHON. 1LBL^HNE HDCASC XTBN JGH MBGXT, PJL DE FL@BNMLUILJNOBCJSMC IT^GICF N QLB[DT XTBN KMJKUNJS NF OME MOLN OBGQEDNC O #NOLDNN.

% JGHLF ULBL[EDNN DGWLQNBGMS -LMMNC O HLD^E HDC[EDNC %MEOLBLQG. 'D ULMBGB KUIGOBCJS-LMJLOLF MJGIYE@L MTDG 5LDMJGDJNDG, G UIEQ MFEIJSR MQEBGB IGMULIC[EDNE, PJLX 5LDMJGDJND,MJGOYN OEBNHNF HDCAEF, UEIEEWGB OL %BGQNFNI, G -LMJLO LJQGB OJLILFK MTDK, 6INR. *L5LDMJGDJND DE XTB QLOLBED JGHNF IGMULIC[EDNEF N JIEXLOGB LJ LJ^G, PJLX JLJ HILFE %BGQNFNIGQGB EFK N -LMJLO. %MEOLBLQ IGMMEIQNBMC, BNYNB 5LDMJGDJNDG OEBNHL@L HDC[EDNC N LJQGB E@LOJLILFK MTDK, 6INR, ULMBE PE@L KFEI O 1212 @LQK.

"#$%$ XI&'7.(+) '( 5'*9+*. %&,%'#'3$ III 3' *$>,&(%+) ($($-

5LDMJGDJND %MEOLBLQLONP DE FL@ MULHLVDL MDLMNJS JL@L, PJL MJGIYNDMJOL QLMJGBLMS FNFLDE@L FBGQYEFK XIGJK, N ULJLFK JLJPGM UL MFEIJN LJ^G DGPNDGRJMC FE[QK DNFN KMLXN^T. *L ZJNKMLXN^T MDGPGBG L@IGDNPNOGBNMS FEBHNFN QEVMJONCFN, QL JEW ULI ULHG DE OMJKUNB O QEBL HDCASR[DTV, ADGFEDNJTV 4MJNMBGO 4MJNMBGONP ;QGBLV, G OMJKUNBMC LD O QEBL LUCJS UL ULOLQK*LO@LILQG. ; 5LDMJGDJNDG N 6INC %MEOLBLQLONPEV XTB E\E JIEJNV XIGJ, )ILMBGO, HDC[NOYNVO 1EIECMBGOBE /GBEMMHLF. _JL XTB MGFTV QECJEBSDTV N UIEQUINNFPNOTV NA MTDLOEV %MEOLBLQGIII, LD DE KUKMHGB MBKPGC QEBGJS UINLXIEJEDNC. *LO@LILQ^T ULAOGBN E@L H MEXE HDC[NJS, G LDAGWLJEB KJOEIQNJS DGQ DNFN MOLR OBGMJS DGOME@QG. 3BC ZJL@L LD OTEWGB NA *LO@LILQG, AGMEB O(LI[HE N DE MJGB UILUKMHGJS O *LO@LILQ M`EMJDTW UINUGMLO, LJPE@L JGF MQEBGBMC @LBLQ.

19

*GUIGMDL DLO@LILQ^T KUIGYNOGBN E@L OLAOIGJNJSMC O *LO@LILQ: LD DNPE@L DE WLJEB MBKYGJS,AGQEI[NOGB XLCI N HKU^LO DLO@LILQMHNW. % ZJL OIEFC UINEA[GEJ O *LO@LILQ 4MJNMBGO ;QGBLV,MLATOGEJ OEPE N @LOLINJ: „*E XTJS (LI[HK *LO@LILQLF, G *LO@LILQK (LI[HLF!“ *LO@LILQ^T N4MJNMBGO ^EBLOGBN QIK@ QIK@K HIEMJ — DE IGMMJGOGJSMC DN O [NOLJE, DN O MFEIJN, N 4MJNMBGO@LOLINB: „#NXL LJT\K BRQEV N OLBLMJN DLO@LILQMHNE, BNXL @LBLOLR ULOGBR AG *LO@LILQ“. +QEVMJONJEBSDL OTMJKUNB UILJNO )ILMBGOG; JLJ DGPGB LJMJKUGJS DG OLMJLH. % MMLIE FE[QKMTDLOSCFN %MEOLBLQG III )ILMBGO QEI[GB MJLILDK XIGJG 6INC UILJNO 5LDMJGDJNDG; JEUEIS6INV XTB AG DE@L, G 4MJNMBGO OMJKUNB O MLRA M 5LDMJGDJNDLF.

*G IEHE #NUN^E UILNALYBG XNJOG, 4MJNMBGO ULXEQNB, AGMJGONB 6INC LJHGAGJSMC LJMJGIYNDMJOG N %BGQNFNIG N OFEMJL E@L ULMGQNB 5LDMJGDJNDG. *L 5LDMJGDJND DEQLB@L XTBOEBNHNF HDCAEF: O 1219 @LQK LD KFEI, N 6INV LUCJS ULBKPNB MJGIYNDMJOL N MEB OL %BGQNFNIE,G QEJN 5LDMJGDJNDG MJGBN HDC[NJS O -LMJLOE.

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`CONBN L DLOLF, DEMBTWGDDLF OIG@E.

"#$%$ XII*$>,&(%+, ($($-

% MJEUCW DG MEOEIL!AGUGQ LJ 5NJGC [NBN NAQGODG QOG HLPEOTW DGILQG — FLD@HKBT N JGJG. %UEIOLV PEJOEIJN XII OEHG LQND NA FLD@LBSMHNW WGDLO, (EFKPND, NAOEMJDTV XLBSYE ULQ NFEDEF9ND@NMWGDG, OEBNHL@L WGDG, DGPGB ULHLICJS MEXE QIK@NW WGDLO, MQEBGBMC FGBL!ULFGBKEQNDMJOEDDTF ULOEBNJEBEF LXLNW DGILQLO N AGFTMBNB ULMIEQMJOLF NW ULHLINJS MEXE OEMS FNI.% 1224 @LQK QOLE ULBHLOLQ^EO E@L UILYBN LXTPDTF UKJEF HLPEOTW LIQ — FE[QK 5GMUNVMHNFFLIEF N ;IGBSMHNFN @LIGFN,OLYBN O AEFBR ULBLO^EO N ULIGANBN NW. 1LBLOE^HNV WGD 5LJCD,JEMJS 4MJNMBGOG ;QGBL@L, MJGB KUIGYNOGJS ACJC N QIK@NW HDCAEV IKMMHNW ULQGJS EFK ULFL\S.5DCASC M`EWGBNMS O 5NEO DG MLOEJ N IEYNBN NQJN DGOMJIEPK JGJGIGF. 16 NRDC UILNALYBG FE[QKDNFN XNJOG DG IEHE 5GBHE; ULBLO^T, XTOYNE OFEMJE M IKMMHNFN, UEIOTE LXIGJNBNMS O XE@MJOLN QGBN ULXEQK JGJGIGF; ULIG[EDNE XTBL MJIGYDLE, HGHL@L DE XTOGBL LJ DGPGBG IKMMHLV AEFBN,UL@NXBL OLMSFEIL HDCAEV N MEFSQEMCJ XL@GJTIEV. (GJGIT ULYBN MBEQLF AG XE[GOYNFN IKMMHNFN,DL, LUKMJLYNOYN DEMHLBSHL OLBLMJEV, OLAOIGJNBNMS LJ 3DEUIG DGAGQ O MJEUN, N QLB@L ULMBEZJL@L DE XTBL L DNW MBTYDL DG -KMN.

/QEMS O 1228 @LQK KFEI 4MJNMBGO 4MJNMBGONP ;QGBLV, ULMBE PE@L DGPNDGRJMC LUCJS OLVDTN KMLXN^T AG "GBNP; OIG@N ML OMEW MJLILD ULQDCBNMS DG 3GDNNBG -LFGDLONPG. (IN IGAG LD QLB[EDXTB XIGJS "GBNP M XLR: QOG IGAG K OED@ILO, JIEJNV IGA K HDCAC 4NWGNBG PEIDN@LOMHL@L. 'JOIG@LO ODEYDNW LD KMUEB DGHLDE^ NAXGONJSMC, DL JIKQDL EFK XTBL MBGQNJS M OIG@GFNODKJIEDDNFN, M XLCIGFN, HLJLITE ULQDNFGBN HIGFLBK AG HIGFLBLV, MDLMCMS M E@L OIG@GFN,AGFTYBCC KXNJS E@L. % LXBGMJN 3DEUILOMHLV UILNMWLQNBN UL!UIE[DEFK KMLXN^T FE[QK4LDLFGWLONPGFN N 'BS@LONPGFN; ZJNFN KMLXN^GFN AGWLJEB OLMULBSALOGJSMC MGFTV QECJEBSDTVNA MEOEIDTW HDCAEV )ILMBGO %MEOLBLQLONP UEIECMBGOMHNV; LD KMUEB LUCJS KJOEIQNJSMC O*LO@LILQE, G JEUEIS AGQKFGB LOBGQEJS 5NEOLF N QEVMJONJEBSDL LOBGQEB NF, DL UILXTB DEQLB@L

20

DG R@E: M MEOEIG UINYBN MJIGYDTE OEMJN L OJLILF JGJGIMHLF DGYEMJONN.% 1227 @LQK KFEI 9ND@NMWGD; EFK DGMBEQLOGB MTD E@L ;@EQEV ('HJGV), HLJLITV LJQGB

UBEFCDDNHK MOLEFK 7GJTR MJIGDK FE[QK )NHLF (;IGBLF) N 3DEUILF, JL EMJS UIE[DNE HLPEOSCULBLOE^HNE. % 1236 @LQK ZJLJ 7GJTV, MLXIGOYN 300000 OLVMHG, OLYEB O AEFBR XLB@GIMHKR,LUKMJLYNB EE, G O MBEQKR\EF @LQK JGJGIT CONBNMS O ICAGDMHNW UIEQEBGW N ULJIEXLOGBN LJJGFLYDNW HDCAEV QEMCJNDT LJ OME@L, LJ BRQEV N LJ MHLJG. „5L@QG DNHL@L NA DGM DE LMJGDEJMC,JL@QG OME XKQEJ OGYE“, — LJOEPGBN HDCASC. 7GJTV OACB -CAGDS, LUKMJLYNB OMR MJIGDK, ULJLF,QON@GCMS QGBEE DG MEOEI, IGAXNB OLVMHL OEBNHL@L HDCAC 6INC K 5LBLFDT, M[E@ ZJLJ @LILQ,M[E@ 4LMHOK N 3 ]EOIGBC 1238 @LQG LMGQNB %BGQNFNI, LJHKQG OEBNHNV HDCAS OTEWGB DG %LB@KMLXNIGJS OLVMHL. 7 ]EOIGBC %BGQNFNI XTB OACJ N ML[[ED, UINPEF UL@NXBL OME MEFEVMJOLOEBNHLHDC[EMHLE. 'J %BGQNFNIG JGJGIT ULYBN QGBSYE, IGAQEBNOYNMS DG DEMHLBSHL LJICQLO,N UBEDNBN OMR MJIGDK 1LOLB[MHKR, O LQND ]EOIGBS FEMC^ OACBN PEJTIDGQ^GJS @LILQLO. 4 FGIJGJGJGIT OMJIEJNBNMS M OEBNHNF HDCAEF 6INEF, HLJLITV MJLCB DG IEHE &NJN; ULMBE ABLV XNJOTIKMMHNE ULBHN ULXE[GBN, MGF OEBNHNV HDCAS XTB KXNJ. 'J &NJN JGJGIT ULYBN H R@L!AGUGQK,OACBN (LI[LH N, DE QLYEQYN 100 OEIMJ QL *LO@LILQG, LMJGDLONBNMS, XLCMS UINXBN[EDNCOEMEDDE@L OIEFEDN, IGABNOG IEH, JGCDNC XLBLJ, N ULYBN H R@L!OLMJLHK, DG MJEUS. *G ZJLV QLIL@E7GJTV XTB AGQEI[GD MEFS DEQEBS K @LILQG 5LAEBSMHG, [NJEBN HLJLIL@L KULIDL LJXNOGBNMS NUEIEXNBN 4000 DEUINCJEBEV; JGJGIT OACBN DGHLDE^ 5LAEBSMH, NMJIEXNBN OMEW E@L [NJEBEV NUILAOGBN E@L ABTF @LILQLF.

% 1239 @LQK JGJGIT NA MJEUEV ULBLOE^HNW CONBNMS O R[DLV -LMMNN, ML[@BN 1EIECMBGOBS,9EIDN@LO, G O 1240!F MGF 7GJTV LMGQNB 5NEO; [NJEBN QLB@L N KULIDL AG\N\GBNMS ULQDGPGBSMJOLF XLCINDG 3NFNJINC,— UINMBGDDL@L H DNF HDCAEF 3GDNNBLF @GBN^HNF; DGHLDE^ 6QEHGXIC 7GJTR KQGBLMS LOBGQEJS 5NEOLF, ULMBE PE@L LD QONDKBMC DG AGUGQ N LUKMJLYNB %LBTDS,LJHKQG HDCAS 3GDNNB XE[GB O %ED@INR. 7LCIND 3NFNJINV, OACJTV O UBED O 5NEOE N UL\G[EDDTVAG WIGXILMJS, ONQC LUKMJLYEDNE IKMMHNW AEFEBS, MJGB @LOLINJS 7GJTR: „7KQEJ JEXE AQEMSOLEOGJS; OIEFC NQJN DG OED@ILO; EMBN [E E\E MJGDEYS FEQBNJS, JL JGF AEFBC MNBSDGC, MLXEIKJMCN DE UKMJCJ JEXC O DEE“. 7GJTV ULMBKYGBMC N O 1241 @LQK UEIEYEB 5GIUGJMHNE @LIT; JGJGITLUKMJLYNBN %ED@INR, &NBEANR, 4LIGONR, DL DE YBN QGBSYE, ULJLFK PJL MNBSDTE ULBHNPEYMHNE (XL@EFMHNE) N GOMJINVMHNE AG@LILQNBN NF QLIL@K. 7GJTV OLAOIGJNBMC O MOLNUINOLB[MHNE MJEUN, N MLMEQDCC -LMMNC QLB[DG XTBG UINADGJS E@L OBGQTPEMJOL, UBGJNJS EFKQGDS. & ZJNW ULI R[DGC, QDEUILOMHGC -KMS, OHLDE^ LUKMJLYEDDGC JGJGIGFN, LHLDPGJEBSDL MWLQNJML M^EDT, N [NADS IKMMHGC MLMIEQLJLPNOGEJMC DG MEOEIE.

"#$%$ XIII%*;(-,**,, &'&(')*+, -;&&5'"' '78,&(%$ '( 1'#'%+*. IX 3'

1'#'%+*. XIII %,5$

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

5G[QGC LXBGMJS NFEBG MOLE@L HDCAC, DEAGONMNFL@L O QEBGW ODKJIEDDE@L KUIGOBEDNC, DL

21

HDCASC ZJN OBGQEBN IKMMHLR AEFBER MLLX\G N FEDCBN MOLN HDC[EMJOG, ULQON@GCMS ULMJGIYNDMJOK H @BGODLFK MJLBK, HNEOMHLFK; OMBEQMJONE ZJL@L LXBGMJN DGWLQNBNMS O JEMDLV MOCAN:MFEIJS HNEOMHL@L HDCAC XTBG MLXTJNEF LQNDGHLOLV OG[DLMJN HGH QBC HNEOBCDNDG, JGH N QBCPEIDN@LO^G, N QBC MFLBSDCDNDG, N QBC LJQGBEDDL@L ILMJLO^G N DLO@LILQ^G, NXL LDG OBEHBG AGMLXLR UEIEFEDT O NW ILQDTW LXBGMJCW; MGFTE KMLXN^T HDC[EMHNE AG MJGIYNDMJOL, AG LXBGQGDNE5NEOLF, KHIEUBCBN MLADGDNE L EQNDMJOE AEFBN, ULJLFK PJL OMBEQMJONE NW QIK[NDT MEOEIDTEMJIEFNBNMS DG R@, R[DTE — DG MEOEI; DEMFLJIC DG L@ILFDLE IGMMJLCDNE LXBGMJEV IKMMHNW,DGUINFEI %LBTDN LJ -LMJLOG NBN *LO@LILQG, [NJEBN NW UINDNFGBN KPGMJNE O QEBGW QIK@ QIK@GXBG@LQGIC ZJLV DEIGAQEBSDLMJN HDC[EMHL@L ILQG.

9%#*,%+, "%$7$. *GAOGDNE HDCAC DG -KMN UINDGQBE[GBL JLBSHL PBEDGF -RINHLOG ULJLFMJOGN DE LJDNFGBLMS DN K HL@L NA DNW DN O HGHLF MBKPGE; MJGIYNV FE[QK DNFN DGATOGBMC OEBNHNFHDCAEF. 5DCAS XTB UINAOGD QBC JL@L, PJLXT HDC[NJS N OBGQEJS, UL MBLOGF BEJLUNMN; LD AGXLJNBMCLX KJOEI[QEDNN ULICQHG O AEFBE, L QEBE OLEDDLF, L AGHLDGW. 5DCAS LXTHDLOEDDL XTB @BGODTFOL[QEF OL OIEFC OLVDT N OEIWLODTF MKQSEV OL OIEFC FNIG, LD DGHGATOGB UIEMJKUDNHLO, E@LQOLI XTB FEMJLF MKQG, E@L MBK@N XTBN NMULBDNJEBCFN MKQEXDTW UIN@LOLILO. 5DCAS MLXNIGBQGDS M [NJEBEV MOLEV LXBGMJN; HILFE JL@L, O E@L ULBSAK YBN ULYBNDT, HLJLITE XIGBNMS UINUILQG[E JLOGILO, M LXONDEDDTW UIN IEYEDNN QEB MKQEXDTW; DGHLDE^, XLBSYLV QLWLQ HDCASCFUINDLMNBN UINDGQBE[GOYNE NF AEFBN, DGMEBEDDTE IGXGFN: DG ZJNW AEFBCW HDCASC KMJIGNOGBNMEXE QOLI^T, @QE MHBGQTOGBNMS OMCHL@L ILQG OE\N, DK[DTE O WLACVMJOE, — FEQ, ONDL, FEQS,[EBEAL N J. U. _JN AEFBN, QLMJGOBCOYNE FDL[EMJOL M`EMJDTW UINUGMLO, QGOGBN OLAFL[DLMJSHDCASCF K@L\GJS XEMUIEMJGDDL QIK[NDK, QKWLOEDMJOL, NDL@QG OMEW [NJEBEV @LILQMHNW.

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— ULJLFHN -RINHG PIEAOTPGVDL IGAFDL[GRJMC,OMBEQMJONE PE@L OME MHLBSHL!DNXKQS ADGPNJEBSDTE @LILQG N OLBLMJN DGWLQCJMC O KUIGOBEDNNMGFNW HDCAEV, G DE ULMGQDNHLO NW.

&DGPGBG, UIN UEIOTW HDCASCW, QIK[NDT DGULBDCRJMC UIENFK\EMJOEDDL OGIC@GFN, DL MHLILULJLF LDN COBCRJMC OULBDE JKAEFDTFN, WLJC QLMJKU O DNW ULMJLCDDL XTB LJHITJ OMCHLFKPK[EMJIGD^K, NAOEMJDLFK MOLER WIGXILMJNR. 3IK[NDG IGAQEBCBGMS DG MJGIYKR — XLBCI, NBNXLCI, MLOEJDNHLO, QKF^EO HDCAC UL UIENFK\EMJOK, N DG FBGQYKR — BRQEV FLBLQTW BEJGFN NULQON@GFN (@INQN, @INQSXG); O MLMJGO QIK[NDT OWLQNBG JGH[E MLXMJOEDDGC UINMBK@G HDCAC(LJILHN, QEJMHNE, UGMTDHN, QOLICDE). %LVMHL MLMJGOBCBLMS NA QIK[NDT N ULBHLO, MLXNIGEFTWNA LMJGBSDL@L DGILQLDGMEBEDNC, @LILQMHL@L N MEBSMHL@L; LULBPEDNC IGAQEBCBNMS DG HLDDN^K NUEWLJK N IGMULBG@GBNMS UCJSR oJQEBGFN: XLBSYLV ULBH, QOG HITBG — UIGOLE N BEOLE, UEIEQLOLVULBH N MJLIL[EOLV, HLJLIL@L LXCAGDDLMJS MLMJLCBG O DGXBRQEDNN AG DEUINCJEBEF.

>!0!-#. "LILQLF DGATOGBLMS L@LIL[EDDLE KHIEUBEDDLE FEMJL, KMJILEDDLE QBC AG\NJT LJDEUINCJEBC: MRQG O MBKPGE OIG[SE@L DGUGQEDNC KHITOGBLMS OME LHIEMJDLE DGILQLDGMEBEDNE MMEFEVMJOGFN N UL[NJHGFN. % MGFLF @LILQE [NB HDCAS NBN ULMGQDNH E@L, LHIK[EDDTV QIK[NDLR,ULQ MJEDGFN @LILQG MEBNBNMS BRQN UILFTYBEDDTE, MDGPGBG, IGAKFEEJMC, JE, HLJLITW NAQEBNC

22

OME@L DK[DEE XTBN QBC QIK[NDT, FGMJEIG LIK[EVDTE; ULJLF, EMBN @LILQ DGWLQNBMC DG OT@LQDLFFEMJE, DG XLBSYLV IEHE, DG JLI@LOLF UKJN, JL PNMBL [NJEBEV N XL@GJMJOL NW KOEBNPNOGBNMS; JGHCONBNMS XLBSYNE @LILQG DG -KMN: 5NEO, *LO@LILQ, 1LBL^H, &FLBEDMH, DL [NJEBN, MEBNOYNEMCULQBE QIK@NW DEXLBSYNW @LILQLO, AGDNFGBNMS LXTHDLOEDDL AEFBEQEBNEF; HGFEDDTE MJEDT K@LILQLO XTBN IEQHLMJSR, XLBSYER PGMJSR MJEDT XTBN QEIEOCDDTE.

5L@QG HDCAS UIEQUINDNFGB PJL!DNXKQS, JL O MLOEJ MOLV OFEMJE M QIK[NDLR UINATOGB N@LILQMHNW MJGI^EO; JGH XTBL UIN UEIOTW HDCASCW, DL ULJLF, ULMBE )ILMBGOG I. ONQNF, PJL HDCASCMLATOGRJ OMEW @LILQMHNW [NJEBEV DG OEPE N UIEQBG@GRJ NF HGHLE!DNXKQS UIEQUINCJNE,LXTHDLOEDDL ULWLQ; @IG[QGDE ML@BGYGRJMC NBN DE ML@BGYGRJMC. 'MLXEDDL ADGPEDNE OEPGULQDCBLMS OL OIEFC HDC[EMHNW KMLXN^, HL@QG @LILQG ULBKPNBN OLAFL[DLMJS OTXNIGJS FE[QKDEMHLBSHNFN HDCASCFN!MLUEIDNHGFN, OTXNIGJS JL@L, HJL XTB BGMHLOEE N KMJKUPNOEE; MNBG OEPGAGONMEBG JGH[E LJ FDL@LPNMBEDDLMJN N XL@GJMJOG [NJEBEV: XTBN MNBSDTE OEPG O 5NEOE,*LO@LILQE, 1LBL^HE, &FLBEDMHE, -LMJLOE; FGBEDSHNE [E @LILQG NBN UIN@LILQT MOLE@L OEPG DENFEBN, G NMULBDCBN JL, PJL IEYGJ OEPG XLBSYNW @LILQLO. 'MLXEDDL MNBSDL XTBL OEPE O*LO@LILQE %EBNHLF: OL!UEIOTW, UL XL@GJMJOK N FDL@LPNMBEDDLMJN [NJEBEV, OL!OJLITW, ULJLFKPJL HDCASC FEDCBNMS LPEDS PGMJL OMBEQMJONE KMLXN^, UILNMWLQNOYNW DG R@E, N DLO@LILQ^T FL@BNOTXNIGJS NA FDL@NW; O!JIEJSNW, JGH HGH @BGODGC M^EDG QEVMJONC XTBG DG R@E, HDCASC XNBNMS OMELHLBL 5NEOG N XBN[GVYNW H DEFK @LILQLO, JL DLO@LILQ^T FL@BN XEALUGMDL FEDCJS HDCAEV NAGHBRPGJS M DNFN ICQT, NBN QL@LOLIT: HDCASC, AGDCJTE DG R@E, DE NFEBN MIEQMJO N LWLJT WLQNJSM XLBSYNF OLVMHLF H QGBEHLFK *LO@LILQK N AGMJGOBCJS E@L [NJEBEV NMULBDCJS MOLR QLBR. *LDG MEOEIL!OLMJLHE, @QE EQNDMJOEDDTV XLBSYLV MJGITV @LILQ, NFEOYNV OEPE, -LMJLO, KUGB UINMTDLOSCW 6INC 3LB@LIKHL@L N LMJGBNMS LQDN FGBTE @LILQG, DE NFEOYNE UIE[QE OEPEV, JGF LOEPGW, LX KMBLONCW @LIL[GD M HDCASCFN, K[E DE MBTWGJS. <NJEBN @LILQMHNE IGAQEBCBNMS DGQEMCJHN, HG[QTV ULQ DGPGBSMJOLF MOLE@L QEMCJMHL@L, QEMCJMHNE AGONMEBN LJ MLJMHNW,DGPGBSDNHLO MLJED, G MLJMHNE O MOLR LPEIEQS AGONMEBN LJ JTMC^HL@L, NBN OLEOLQT @LILQLOL@L.

?!0.!62$. "LILQG XL@GJEBN LJ JLI@LOBN; JGH HGH MGFGC MNBSDGC JLI@LOBC O QIEODEV -LMMNNUILNAOLQNBGMS UG UILMJIGDMJOE FE[QK 7GBJNVMHNF N 9EIDTF FLICFN, DG ZJLF OLQDLF UKJN,HLJLITV MLEQNDCB &EOEIDKR ,OILUK M 6[DLR, JL MGFTFN XL@GJTFN @LILQGFN XTBN JE, HLJLITEDGWLQNBNMS DG LHLDEPDLMJCW ZJL@L UKJN, — 5NEO DG R@E N *LO@LILQ DG MEOEIE; 5NEOUIENFK\EMJOEDDL JLI@LOGB M "IE^NER, XTB MHBGQHLR R[DTW EOILUEVMHNW N GANGJMHNW JLOGILO,G *LO@LILQ JLI@LOGB M MHGDQNDGOMHNFN N @EIFGDMHNFN DGILQGFN; HILFE 5NEOG N *LO@LILQGE\E QOG @LILQG UL OT@LQDLFK ULBL[EDNR MOLEFK DG JLF [E UKJN OEBN XLBSYKR JLI@LOBR:&FLBEDMH N 1LBL^H. 7L@GJMJOL @LILQLO OTIG[GBLMS LMLXEDDL O FDL@LPNMBEDDLMJN N XL@GJMJOE^EIHOEV, HLJLITE XTBN ULPJN NMHBRPNJEBSDTFN JL@QG LX\EMJOEDDTFN AQGDNCFN.

@,2A8"!, %#0!-!%#8,2,%+,. % MEBGW [NBN NBN MOLXLQDTE AEFBEQEBS^T, NBN *,2$-A, IGXT,UINDGQBE[G\NE OBGQEBS^GF AEFEBS; MOLXLQDTE MEBSMHNE [NJEBN KUIGOBCBNMS MOLNFNMJGILMJGFN.

9#"!%!-#),2A8)6!. 5DCASC XTBN UINAOGDT QBC (0#6-&, QBC MKQG MUIGOEQBNOL@L,XEMUINMJIGMJDL@L, N ULJLFK LQDLR NA @BGODTW AGXLJ UEIOTW HDCAEV XTB KMJGO AEFMHNV, L HLJLILFLDN QKFGBN M QIK[NDLR, MJGI^GFN @LILQMHNFN N EUNMHLUGFN. )ILMBGOK I UINUNMTOGEJMC UNMGDTVKMJGO, NAOEMJDTV ULQ NFEDEF „-KMMHLV 1IGOQT“. _JLJ KMJGO UEIOTFN MJILHGFN MOLNFNKHGATOGEJ DG @LMKQGIMJOL, JLBSHL PJL ILQNOYEEMC, O HLJLILF E\E CMDT MBEQT UIE[DE@L XTJGUBEFED, HL@QG LDN [NBN ULILADS, HG[QTV ILQ LMLXL. (GH, O MBKPGE KXNVMJOG KXNV^G UL „-KMMHLV1IGOQE“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

23

KULJIEXBCBLMS NMUTJGDNE [EBEALF, OLQLR, G ULJLF OOEBNMS N MKQEXDTE ULEQNDHN.B,0"!6A. & MGFL@L DGPGBG MNBSDLE OBNCDNE DG MFC@PEDNE DIGOLO, DG IGMUILMJIGDEDNE BKPYNW

ULDCJNV O LX\EMJOE LHGAGBG DLOGC IEBN@NC — WINMJNGDMJOL. *L XBG@LQEJEBSDLE OBNCDNE MOLEWINMJNGDMJOL KMUEYDEE FL@BL LHGATOGJS DG R@E, @QE LDL UINDCBLMS MHLIEE, DG MEOEIE [E N DGMEOEIL!OLMJLHE CATPEMJOL E\E HIEUHL QEI[GBLMS: AQEMS UILULOEQDNHN WINMJNGDMJOGULQOEI@GBNMS FKPEDNPEMHLV MFEIJN, HGH, DGUINFEI, MO. #ELDJNV O -LMJLOE, MO. 5KHYG K OCJNPEV;AQEMS COBCBNMS OLBWOT N OLAFK\GBN DGILQ UILJNO DLOLV IEBN@NN, ULBSAKCMS LMLXEDDL]NANPEMHNFN XEQMJONCFN, @LBLQLF. 'QDG[QT OLBWO CONBMC O *LO@LILQE, MJGB @LOLINJS UEIEQDGILQLF, PJL OME ADGEJ, PJL FL[EJ WLQNJS UL OLQE, HGH ULMKWK; DGILQ ULOEINB EFK, N HL@QG EUNMHLUOTYEB DG UBL\GQS M HIEMJLF O IKHGW, JL DG E@L MJLILDE MJGB JLBSHL HDCAS M QIK[NDLR, OME [ELMJGBSDTE DLO@LILQ^T MJGBN DG MJLILDE OLBWOG; EUNMHLUG MUGMBG LJ UL@NXEBN JLBSHLIEYNJEBSDLMJS HDCAC, HLJLITV ULQLYEB H OLBWOK N IGAIKXNB E@L JLULILF; DGILQ, ONQC, PJLMJGITE XL@N DE KFEBN AG\NJNJS MOLE@L MBK@K, IGALYEBMC.

:INMJNGDMJOL JLI[EMJOLOGBL ONQNFL, DL O DGILQE, LMLXEDDL O DNAYEF E@L MBLE, CATPEMHNEUIEQGDNC N UIEQMJGOBEDNC XTBN E\E LPEDS MNBSDT: QKWLOEDMJOL ULMJLCDDL [GBKEJMC DGCATPEMHNE LXTPGN, DG QOKOEINE DGILQG, HLJLITV XTB DGULBLONDK WINMJNGDMHNF, G DGULBLONDKLMJGOGBMC UIN UIE[DNW OEILOGDNCW. ,MBN FT JEUEIS O DNAYEF MBLE DGILQLDGMEBEDNC OMJIEPGEFE\E FDL@L CATPEMHNW UIEQGDNV N UIEQMJGOBEDNV, JL PJL [E XTBL O XII OEHE?

5GMGJEBSDL KUIGOBEDNC IKMMHGC =EIHLOS AGONMEBG LJ HLDMJGDJNDLULBSMHL@L UGJINGIWG,HLJLITV ULMJGOBCB QBC DEE FNJILULBNJLO N UILNADLMNB LHLDPGJEBSDTE UIN@LOLIT O QEBGW^EIHLODTW. 4NJILULBNJT XTBN LXTHDLOEDDL @IEHN; NA IKMMHNW XTBN JLBSHL: UIN )ILMBGOE I— +BGINLD, IKMMHNV N ULMJGOBEDDTV MLXLILF IKMMHNW EUNMHLULO XEA OEQLFG UGJINGIWG; ULJLFUIN +ACMBGOE 4MJNMBGONPE — 5BNFEDJ, ULMJGOBEDDTV JGH[E O -LMMNN XEA OEQLFG UGJINGIWG,DL DEHLJLITE EUNMHLUT DE ML@BGYGBNMS DG E@L ULMJGOBEDNE. 1LMBE ZJLV ULUTJHN UGJINGIWUILQLB[GB UINMTBGJS FNJILULBNJG O 5NEO NA 5LDMJGDJNDLULBC, DL M ML@BGMNC OEBNHL@L HDCAC.4NJILULBNJ M MOLEV MJLILDT ULMJGOBCB EUNMHLULO OL OME EUGIWNN, DL LUCJS M ML@BGMNC JGFLYDNWHDCAEV; DLO@LILQ^T NAXNIGBN MOLNW GIWNEUNMHLULO, NBN OBGQTH, [IEXNEF. 3BC MLQEI[GDNC@BGODTW, NBN BRXNFTW, ̂ EIHOEV, JGH[E QLFLO GIWNEIEVMHNW DEHLJLITE HDCASC QGOGBN QEMCJKRPGMJS (QEMCJNDK) NA MOLNW QLWLQLO, QGOGBN MEBG, MBLXLQT, NDL@QG ^EBTE @LILQG.

3BC KUILPEDNC WINMJNGDMJOG DK[DL XTBL, PJLX LDL IGMUILMJIGDCBLMS DE MBLOLF JLBSHL, DLMGFTF QEBLF, PJLXT DLOTE IKMMHNE WINMJNGDE KONQGBN O BKPYNW BRQCW QEVMJONE WINMJNGDMJOGN O ZJLF QEVMJONN UINADGBN UIEOLMWLQMJOL DLOLV IEBN@NN DGQ MJGILR. (GHLE OBNCDNE DG FLBLQLEIKMMHLE LX\EMJOL UILNAOLQNBN FLDGWN, NA HLJLITW LMLXEDDL UILMBGONBNMS FLDGWN 5NEOMHL@L1EPEIMHL@L FLDGMJTIC. 'MDLOGJEBEF FLDGMJTIC XTB MO. $DJLDNV ILQLF NA @LILQG #RXEPG; LDXTB DG $]LDMHLV @LIE, ULMJIN@MC JGF, OLAOIGJNBMC O LJEPEMJOL N ULMEBNBMC O 5NEOE O UE\EIEDG XEIE@K 3DEUIG O HDC[EDNE +ACMBGOG )ILMBGONPG. &BKW L ULQON@GW E@L MKILOLV FLDGYEMHLV[NADN MHLIL IGADEMMC UL 5NEOK, N LHLBL DE@L MLXIGBGMS XIGJNC; NA ZJLV XIGJNN ADGFEDNJEEOMEW MOLNFN ULQON@GFN XTB MO. ?ELQLMNN, O IGDDEV FLBLQLMJN XILMNOYNV XL@GJTV QLFLJ^LOMHNV, QBC JL@L PJLXT [NJS MKILOLR FLDGMJTIMHLR [NADNR. &JGOYN N@KFEDLF 1EPEIMHL@LFLDGMJTIC ULMBE $DJLDNC, ?ELQLMNN XTB AG\NJDNHLF UINJEMDEDDTW, K MEXC O HEBSE WLQNB AGXLBSDTF FLDGWLF, UNMGB ULKPEDNC FLDGWGF N HDCASCF, UL DLPGF LJUIGOBCBMC MULINJS M [NQGFN;ADGFEDNJTV ULOMRQK, LD LJBNPGBMC MFNIEDNEF DELXTHDLOEDDTF. 5ILFE $DJLDNC N ?ELQLMNC1EPEIMHNV FLDGMJTIS OTMJGONB ICQ UILULOEQDNHLO WINMJNGDMJOG, EUNMHLULO, BEJLUNM^EO; ODEF ONQEBN, HGH UILWLQNB FLDGYEMHNV NMHKM LQND NA HDCAEV PEIDN@LOMHNW, &OCJLMBGO (&OCJLYG)3GOTQLONP, HGH LD IKXNB QILOG, XTB UINOIGJDNHLF N MBK[NB UIN JIGUEAE XIGJMHLV. 3BCMLQEI[GDNC MOLE@L N O ZJL K[E OIEFC FLDGMJTIN NFEBN DEQON[NFTE NFK\EMJOG; QL DGM QLYBGO ULQBNDDNHE @IGFLJG OEBNHL@L HDCAC 4MJNMBGOG %BGQNFNILONPG (1128!1132 @LQLO)DLO@LILQMHLFK 6ISEOK FLDGMJTIR DG OLBLMJS; ZJL QIEODEVYGC ULQBNDDGC @IGFLJG, QL DGMQLYEQYGC.

C0!86,5,%+,. & IGMUILMJIGDEDNEF WINMJNGDMJOG IGMUILMJIGDCBGMS N @IGFLJDLMJS: PEBLOEH

24

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— OEQS N EOIEN ADGBN EQNDL@L NMJNDDL@L 7L@G? _JL DK[DL XTBLLX`CMDNJS, N OLJ E\E UIN )ILMBGOE UEIOTV HNEOMHNV FNJILULBNJ NA IKMMHNW, +BGINLD, UNMGBLX ZJLF.

% 5NEO UINWLQNBN WINMJNGDE INFMHL@L NMULOEQGDNC; IKMMHNF BRQCF WLJEBLMS ADGJS, HGHGCIGADN^G FE[QK ZJNF NMULOEQGDNEF N @IEPEMHNF. + HGJLBNHN JL[E WINMJNGDE, G FE[QK JEF @IEHNNW DE BRXCJ, DGATOGRJ NW OEIK DEUIGOLR. + OLJ ULCONBNMS MLPNDEDNC, ULHGATOGOYNE ZJKDEUIGOLJK, FE[QK UILPNF N LJOEJ MO. ?ELQLMNC DG OLUILM OEBNHL@L HDCAC +ACMBGOG L OEIEBGJNDMHLV. +A ULKPEDNV, DGUNMGDDTW QBC HDCAEV, LMLXEDDL AGFEPGJEBSDL ULKPEDNE FNJILULBNJG*NHN]LIG %BGQNFNIK 4LDLFGWK, NA HLJLIL@L FT KADGEF LX LXIGAE [NADN ZJL@L ADGFEDNJL@LHDCAC. /GUNMTOGBNMS ULKPEDNC, HLJLITE @LOLINBN GIWNEIEN O ^EIHOGW OMEFK DGILQK: JGH,AGUNMGDL XTBL UILMJLE HIGJHLE ULKPEDNE DLO@LILQMHL@L EUNMHLUG #KHN <NQCJT L JLF, HGHQLB[ED OEMJN MEXC WINMJNGDND; AGUNMGDT LQKYEOBEDDTE, HIGMDLIEPNOTE UILULOEQN 5NINBBG,EUNMHLUG JKILOMHL@L, MLQEI[G\NE O MEXE LX`CMDEDNC UILMBGOBEDNC IGADTW EOGD@EBSMHNWMLXTJNV; ULKPEDNC MO. ?ELQLMNC 1EPEIMHL@L, NA HLJLITW FT KADGEF L DIGOGW JL@L OIEFEDN.

5ILFE ULKPEDNV, UINDGQBE[G\NW QKWLODTF BN^GF, QL DGM QLYBL ULKPEDNE, DGUNMGDDLE%BGQNFNILF 4LDLFGWLF QBC MOLNW QEJEV, HLJLITW LD KPNJ XTJS XBG@LPEMJNOTFN, UIGOLMKQDTFN,DNHL@L DE KXNOGJS, QEI[GJS MOLE MBLOL, DE AGITOGJS QLXIG O AEFBR, O QLFE AG OMEF MFLJIEJSMGFNF, PJLX @LMJN DE LMFECBN LXEQG; OTYEQYN DG OLVDK, DE DGQECJSMC DG OLEOLQ, G AG OMEFMFLJIEJS MGFNF; OL OIEFC QLIL@N DE QGOGJS MBK@GF MOLNF LXN[GJS [NJEBEV; BGMHGJS NDLMJIGD^EOOMCHL@L AOGDNC, ULJLFK PJL LDN IGADLMCJ QLXIKR N QKIDKR MBGOK; KPNJSMC OMEFK QLXILFK; OAGHBRPEDNE 4LDLFGW IGMMHGATOGEJ QEJCF L MOLNW JIKQGW. 'WLJG H UGBLFDNPEMJOK, HUKJEYEMJONCF O &OCJKR /EFBR IGMUILMJIGDNBGMS O ZJL OIEFC FE[QK IKMMHNFN BRQSFN, N OLJQLYBL QL DGM LUNMGDNE LQDL@L NA JGHNW UKJEYEMJONV, MLOEIYEDDL@L N@KFEDLF 3GDNNBLF. 'JZJL@L [E OIEFEDN QLYBL QL DGM MLPNDEDNE QIK@L@L 3GDNNBG: „1LMBGDNE 3GDNNBG /GJLPDNHG HHDCAR 6INR %BGQNFNILONPK 3LB@LIKHLFK“; MLPNDEDNE ZJL DGULBDEDL NAIEPEDNCFN [NJEVMHLVFKQILMJN JL@L OIEFEDN, MLXIGDDTFN, HGH @LOLINJ MGF GOJLI, NA FDL@NW HDN@.

&GFTE MJGINDDTE NMJLINPEMHNE UEMDN N MHGAHN, QLYEQYNE QL DGM K[E O NAFEDEDDLF ONQE,MLQEI[GJ IGMMHGAT L ULQON@GW XL@GJTIEV OIEFEDN MO. %BGQNFNIG, L XLISXE NW M MJEUDTFNDGILQGFN, HLJLIGC XLBSYE OME@L AGDNFGBG DGILQ. 1LMBE MO. %BGQNFNIG ZJG XLISXGUILQLB[GBGMS, XLBSYE OMEW HDCAEV UINLXIEB O DEV MBGOT %BGQNFNI 4LDLFGW, N ULZJLFK OBEJLUNMCW FT OMJIEPGEF MBEQT DGILQDTW ULZJNPEMHNW MHGAGDNV L ULQON@GW 4LDLFGWG UILJNOULBLO^EO. 'J ULAQDEVYE@L OIEFEDN QLYBL QL DGM O ̂ EBLMJN ULZJNPEMHLE MHGAGDNE L DEMPGMJDLFULWLQE MEOEIMHNW HDCAEV, +@LIC &OCJLMBGONPG M XIGJSCFN, DG ULBLO^EO — „&BLOL L ULBHK+@LIEOE“. 'MLXEDDGC WIGXILMJS ZJNW HDCAEV, NW IEODLMJS QLXTJS MEXE MBGOT O XLISXE MUL@GDTFN, NW OEBNHLQKYNE, UL HLJLILFK LDN DE AGWLJEBN ULHNDKJS O XEQE UILMJTW BRQEV,AGMBK[EDDGC ULZJLFK DGILQDGC BRXLOS H ZJNF HDCASCF, BRXLUTJDTE ULQILXDLMJN ULWLQG,DELXTHDLOEDDGC KQGPG O DGPGBE, DELXTHDLOEDDLE XEQMJONE O HLD^E, DGHLDE^, KQNONJEBSDLEMUGMEDNE +@LIC NA UBEDG — OME ZJL QLB[DL XTBL OLAXKQNJS ODNFGDNE DGILQG H MLXTJNR, HLJLILEN MJGBL UIEQFEJLF ULZJNPEMHL@L MHGAGDNC.

*GHLDE^, LJ LUNMTOGEFL@L OIEFEDN QLYBN QL DGM BEJLUNMN, JL EMJS UL@LQDTE AGUNMHN LMLXTJNCW; QLYBN LDN QL DGM O ONQE MXLIDNHLO, MLMJGOBEDDTW NA IGADTW BEJLUNMEV, DGUNMGDDTWO IGADTW FEMJGW IGADTFN BN^GFN, DL UIEQGDNE MLWIGDNBL DGF NFC QIEODEVYE@L BEJLUNM^G,FLDGWG 5NEOL!1EPEIMHL@L FLDGMJTIC UIEULQLXDL@L *EMJLIG. & ULBLONDT XI OEHG FT AGFEPGEFO BEJLUNMCW CODTE MBEQT, PJL MLXTJNC AGUNMTOGRJMC MLOIEFEDDNHGFN N QG[E LPEONQ^GFN; QL

25

ZJL@L [E OIEFEDN MLXTJNC AGUNMGDT UL KMJDTF UIEQGDNCF. 3L DGM QLYBN O ̂ EBLMJN N O LJITOHGWBEJLUNMN, DGUNMGDDTE O 5NEOE, *LO@LILQE, DG %LBTDN, O 1LBL^HE, O LXBGMJN 9EIDN@LOMHLV, OLXBGMJN -LMJLOMHLV NBN &KAQGBSMHLV. %BNCDNE ZJNW IGABNPDTW FEMJDLMJEV LJIGANBLMS DGWGIGHJEIE BEJLUNMDL@L IGMMHGAG: JGH, BEJLUNMN R[DTE — 5NEOMHGC N %LBTDMHGC — LJBNPGRJMC[NOLMJNR, ULBDLJLR IGMMHGAG, O DNW LUNMTOGRJMC DE JLBSHL QEVMJONC NMJLINPEMHNW BN^, DL NUINOLQCJMC IEPN NW, LJPE@L ZJN BN^G N COBCRJMC BRQSFN [NOTFN. *LO@LILQMHGC BEJLUNMSLJBNPGEJMC HIGJHLMJNR N MNBLR. -GMMHGA MKAQGBSMHL@L BEJLUNM^G MKW, DE NFEC MNBT DLO@LILQMHLVIEPN, N OFEMJE FDL@L@BG@LBNO XEA WKQL[EMJOEDDLMJN IEPN R[DLV.

-("." XIV'( 7$(.,%$ *$>,&(%+) 3' 5'*9+*. $#,5&$*3-$ )-'&#$%+9$

*,%&5'"'

5 MPGMJSR QBC -LMMNN, ULMBE 7GJTEOG DGYEMJONC LMJGOGBMC O [NOTW MGFTV QECJEBSDTV,UIEQUINNFPNOTV N IGMULICQNJEBSDSV NA MTDLOEV %MEOLBLQG III, )ILMBGO. ;ADGOYN L UL@NXEBNMJGIYE@L XIGJG "ELI@NC, LD UINEWGB NA 5NEOG OL %BGQNFNI, LPNMJNB ^EIHON LJ JIKULO, MLXIGBBRQEV, LMJGOYNWMC O [NOTW ULMBE JGJGI, KJEYNB NW. ' MLUILJNOBEDNN JGJGIGF DEPE@L XTBL NQKFGJS; DGQLXDL XTBL QIK@NF MIEQMJOLF UIEQLWIGDNJS LUKMJLYEDDKR MJIGDK LJ DLOL@LLUKMJLYEDNC, N )ILMBGO LJUIGONBMC O 'IQK H 7GJTR, HLJLITV IGMHNDKB MJGD MOLV DG XEIE@K%LB@N; PIEA DEMHLBSHL OIEFEDN OEBNHNV HDCAS ULEWGB H OEBNHLFK WGDK O (GJGINR, @QE N KFEI O1246 @LQK.

% JL OIEFC HGH DG OLMJLHE IKMMHNE HDCASC UINDK[QEDT XTBN UINADGJS DGQ MLXLR OBGMJSJGJGIMHNW WGDLO, EAQNJS H DNF O MJEUS HBGDCJSMC N LXQGINOGJS NW, AGUGQDTE IKMMHNE LXBGMJN,*LO@LILQ N 1MHLO, ULQOEI@GRJMC MNBSDTF DGUGQEDNCF M JIEW MJLILD: ML MJLILDT YOEQLO,BNOLDMHNW IT^GIEV N #NJOT. >OEQMHNV OBGQEJEBS 7NI@EI, ULXK[QGEFTV UGUMHNFN ULMBGDNCFN,OAQKFGB NQJN DG IKMMHNW HIEMJLOTF ULWLQLF QBC LXIG\EDNC NW O HGJLBN^NAF. % *LO@LILQE OZJL OIEFC HDC[NB MTD )ILMBGOLO $BEHMGDQI. ;ADGOYN, PJL YOEQT UINYBN O KMJSE +[LIT O*EOK, $BEHMGDQI M DEXLBSYLR 3IK[NDLR OTMJKUNB UILJNO DEUINCJEBC N 15 NRBC 1240 @LQGDGDEM EFK MNBSDLE ULIG[EDNE, AG PJL ULBKPNB UILAOGDNE *EOMHL@L. >OEQT KYBN, DL O JLF [E@LQK KEWGB NA *LO@LILQG N $BEHMGDQI, IGMMLINOYNMS M E@L [NJEBCFN, ULJLFK PJL OEB MEXC MDNFN, ULQLXDL LJ^K N QEQK. $ FE[QK JEF DEF^T BNOLDMHNE OACBN +AXLIMH, IGAXNBN UMHLONPEV NMJGBN OBGQEJS OL 1MHLOE OFEMJE M NAFEDDNHLF (OEIQNBLR +OGDLONPEF. *EF^T DEQLOLBSMJOLOGBNMS 1MHLOLF, DL MJGBN AGOLEOTOGJS N DLO@LILQMHNE LXBGMJN: O JINQ^GJN OEIMJGWLJ *LO@LILQG DE XTBL UILEAQG HKU^GF. % JGHLV XEQE DLO@LILQ^T LUCJS ULMBGBN AG $BEHMGDQILF)ILMBGONPEF; JLJ UINEWGB, LPNMJNB LJ DEF^EO N *LO@LILQMHKR LXBGMJS, N 1MHLO, N 5 GUIEBC1241 @LQG LQEI[GB DGQ DEF^GFN ADGFEDNJKR ULXEQK DG BSQK 9KQMHL@L LAEIG, ULPEFK LDG N MBTOEJBEQLOTF ULXLN\EF; DEF^T QLB[DT XTBN AGHBRPNJS FNI N LJMJKUNBNMS LJ OME@L NFNAGWOGPEDDL@L. 'MJGOGBNMS BNJLO^T, HLJLITW JLBUT LUKMJLYGBN DLO@LILQMHNE OBGQEDNC;$BEHMGDQI JIN IGAG ULIGANB NW.

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

1L MFEIJN LJ^G LD ULEWGB H 7GJTR OFEMJE M XIGJLF $DQIEEF, G FE[QK JEF O LJMKJMJONE NW

26

DG -KMN UILNALYBG OG[DGC UEIEFEDG: LQND NA FBGQYNW XIGJSEO NW, 4NWGNB UILAON\EF:LILXINJ, HDCAS FLMHLOMHNV, LJDCB K QCQN &OCJLMBGOG OEBNHLE HDC[EDNE N MGF AGMJKUNB E@LFEMJL. _JLJ ULMJKULH 4NWGNBG LPEDS AGFEPGJEBED, ULJLFK PJL FLMHLOMHNV HDCAS QEVMJOKEJ JKJJLBSHL UL UIGOK MNBSDL@L, UIEANIGC OME UIE[DNE ILQLOTE UIGOG: LD OLLIK[GEJMC UILJNO QCQN,DE XKQKPN MJGIYNF NA UBEFCDDNHLO. 4NWGNB MHLIL UL@NX O XNJOE M BNJLO^GFN E\E QLOLAOIG\EDNC MJGIYNW XIGJSEO NA 'IQT, @QE $BEHMGDQIG KJOEIQNB WGD DG MJLBE HNEOMHLF NDLO@LILQMHLF, $DQIER [E QGB OEBNHLE HDC[EDNE %BGQNFNIMHLE; QCQC &OCJLMBGO LMJGBMC N DGZJLJ IGA O MJLILDE, DL N $DQIEV DEQLB@L HDC[NB OL %BGQNFNIE: NA@DGDDTV JGJGIGFN O 1252@LQK, LD UINDK[QED XTB XE[GJS O >OE^NR, G OEBNHLE HDC[EMJOL %BGQNFNIMHLE ULBKPNB$BEHMGDQI *EOMHNV. 1LMBE $DQIEV OLAOIGJNBMC O LJEPEMJOL N ULBKPNB LJ XIGJG &KAQGBS.

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

1LBHN JGJGIMHNE K[E ULMBGDT XTBN UKMJLYNJS AG ZJL -LMMNR; JL@QG $BEHMGDQI, PJLXLJFLBNJS BRQEV LJ XEQT, ULEWGB O PEJOEIJTV IGA O 'IQK N KMUEB O MOLEF QEBE, DL ZJL XTBL K[EULMBEQDEE E@L QEBL: DG OLAOIGJDLF UKJN LD KFEI O "LILQ^E %LB[MHLF 14 DLCXIC 1263 @LQG,„FDL@L ULJIKQNOYNMS AG AEFBR IKMMHKR, AG *LO@LILQ N AG 1MHLO, AG OME OEBNHLE HDC[EDNE,LJQGOGC [NOLJ MOLV, AG UIGOLOEIDKR OEIK“. &LWIGDEDNE IKMMHLV AEFBN LJ JGJGIMHL@L DGYEMJONCDG OLMJLHE, ULQON@N AG OEIK N AEFBR UILJNO YOEQLO, DEF^EO N #NJOT DG AGUGQE QLMJGONBN$BEHMGDQIK MBGODKR UGFCJS DG -KMN, MQEBGBN E@L ONQDEE OMEW HDCAEV LJ 4LDLFGWG QL 3NFNJINC3LDMHL@L.

"#$%$ XV5*)<,*+, 7-$(2,% *,%&5'"',

)-'&#$%$ + %$&+#+)

$BEHMGDQIK *EOMHLFK DGMBEQLOGB UL MJGINDE XIGJ E@L )ILMBGO )ILMBGONP, HDCAS JOEIMHLV.*LOTV OEBNHNV HDCAS, ULMJKUGC O *LO@LILQE ULQLXDL MOLNF UIEQYEMJOEDDNHGF, OLAXKQNBUILJNO MEXC DLO@LILQ^EO, HLJLITE E@L OT@DGBN, DL LD DE WLJEB LMJGONJS ZJL@L QEBG JGH: MJGBMLXNIGJS ULBHN N ULMBGB O 'IQK M UILMSXLR L ULFL\N DG DLO@LILQ^EO, HLJLITW OTMJGONBUILJNODNHGFN JGJGI. :GD LJUIGONB K[E OLVMHL H )ILMBGOK, N *LO@LILQK @ILANBG XLBSYGC XEQG,DL LD XTB MUGMED ILQDTF XIGJLF )ILMBGOG, %GMNBNEF, HDCAEF HLMJILFMHNF, HLJLITV ULEWGB O'IQK, MHGAGB WGDK, PJL DLO@LILQ^T UIGOT, N OLILJNB M QLIL@N JGJGIMHLE OLVMHL. )ILMBGO M LQDNFNMOLNFN MNBGFN DE FL@ MBGQNJS M DLO@LILQ^GFN, QLB[ED XTB UINMBGJS H DNF M ULHBLDLF N MJGB KDNW HDC[NJS DG OMEV NW OLBE.

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

27

HDC[NJS. 1MHLONPN DE LYNXBNMS O MOLEF OTXLIE: LJBNPGCMS WINMJNGDMHNFN QLXILQEJEBCFN,3LOFLDJ LJBNPGBMC M JEF OFEMJE WIGXILMJSR, LXLILDCB 1MHLO LJ #NJOT N LJ DEF^EO,UIEQUINDNFGB KQGPDTE ULWLQT N ODKJIS AEFBN DEUINCJEBSMHLV. 'D KPGMJOLOGB N O ADGFEDNJLFULWLQE DLO@LILQ^EO O #NOLNNR ULQ DGPGBSMJOLF MEFN HDCAEV; K -GHLOLIG (%EAEDXEI@G) IKMMHNEOMJIEJNBNMS M DEFE^HNF OLVMHLF, G ULMBE MJIGYDL@L ULXLN\G, HGHL@L DE ONQGBN DN LJ^T, DNQEQT, IKMMHNE ULXEQNBN, ULJEICOYN, LQDGHL, FDL@L KXNJTFN.

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

"#$%$ XVI&;327$ 6"'!/$1$3*'0 -'&&++ 1'&#, ($($-&5'"' *$>,&(%+)

1LMBE JGJGIMHL@L DGYEMJONC MJGINDDGC -KMS, 5NEOMHGC LXBGMJS, ULJEICBG ULMBEQDNE MNBT:5NEO MQEBGBMC DNPJL[DTF @LILQLF, O HLJLILF EQOG DGMPNJTOGBLMS QLFLO M QOEMJN; LHIEMJDLMJNE@L UIEQMJGOBCBN UKMJTDR, UL HLJLILV IGAXILMGDT XTBN PEIEUG N HLMJN PEBLOEPEMHNE; BNJLO^TMOLXLQDL @KBCBN UL 1INQDEUILOSR, NMJIEXBCC N ULMBEQDEE, PJL LMJGBLMS ULMBE JGJGI;AG\N\GJSMC XTBL DEHLFK. *GILQ IGAXE@GBMC NBN O MEOEIL!OLMJLPDTE IKMMHNE LXBGMJN NBN DGAGUGQ, @QE O K@LBHE UINHGIUGJMHLF K^EBEBL E\E IKMMHLE HDC[EMJOL, ULQQEI[GDDLE ADGFEDNJTF3GDNNBLF -LFGDLONPEF.

*L N O ZJLF K@LBHE, DEMFLJIC DG JGJGIMHLE LUKMJLYEDNE, QLHGDPNOGBGMS MJGINDDGC KMLXN^GFE[QK 4LDLFGWLONPGFN N 'BS@LONPGFN; 4LDLFGWLONP 3GDNNB -LFGDLONP QLB[ED XTBXLILJSMC M 'BS@LONPEF -LMJNMBGOLF, MTDLF 4NWGNBG PEIDN@LOMHL@L. %L OIEFC JGJGIMHL@LDGYEMJONC LXG LDN, N 3GDNNB N -LMJNMBGO M LJ^LF, MHITOGBNMS O 1LBSYE, DL, HGH JLBSHL JGJGITMWBTDKBN, DGPGBN OLEOGJS QIK@ M QIK@LF; OLVDG ZJG HLDPNBGMS O 1249 @LQK XNJOLR DG IEHE &GDE,@QE -LMJNMBGO ULJEIUEB LJ 3GDNNBG MLOEIYEDDLE ULIG[EDNE M MLRADNHGFN MOLNFN, OED@IGFNN ULBCHGFN. (GH HLDPNBGMS ULMBEQDCC KMLXN^G FE[QK 4LDLFGWLONPGFN N 'BS@LONPGFN DG R@L!AGUGQE.

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„ABEE ABG PEMJS JGJGIMHGC“, @LOLINJ ULZJLFK MBKPGR BEJLUNME^ R[DTV.

*E FL@YN DNHGH ULFNINJSMC M FTMBSR, PJL QLB[DL LMJGJSMC ULQQGDDTF WGDG, 3GDNNB DGPGBWBLULJGJS, HGH XT MOEI@DKJS JGJGIMHLE N@L. & LQDNFN MIEQMJOGFN MOLE@L "GBNPG QG %LBTDN, @QEHDC[NB XIGJ 3GDNNBLO %GMNBSHL, ZJL@L MQEBGJS XTBL DEBSAC, — DGQLXDL XTBL OMJKUNJS O MLRAML OMEFN MLMEQDNFN EOILUEVMHNFN @LMKQGIMJOGFN N UIEQUINDCJS HIEMJLOTV ULWLQ DG JGJGI,

28

LX\NW OIG@LO OME@L WINMJNGDMJOG; DL L HIEMJLOLF ULWLQE O MLRAE M HGJLBNPEMHNFN QEI[GOGFNDEBSAC XTBL QKFGJS XEA MLEQNDEDNC M UGULR, N ULJLFK 3GDNNB AGOEB MDLYEDNC M -NFLF DGMPEJZJL@L MLEQNDEDNC. 1GUG LPEDS LXIGQLOGBMC, UINMBGB 3GDNNBK OEDE^ HLILBEOMHNV, UNMGB O IGADTEMJLILDT L DELXWLQNFLMJN HIEMJLOL@L ULWLQG UILJNO JGJGI; DL JGH HGH ULMBGDNC UGUMHNE DENFEBN DNHGHL@L MBEQMJONC, JL 3GDNNB MHLIL UIEIOGB MDLYEDNC MOLN M -NFLF, KQEI[GO, LQDGHL,JNJKB HLILBEOMHNV, N MJGB QKFGJS, HGH XT MLXMJOEDDTFN MIEQMJOGFN NAXGONJSMC LJ JGJGI. 3BCZJL@L LD DGPGB KHIEUBCJS @LILQG, DE ULAOLBCB WGDMHNF OLEOLQGF KJOEI[QGJSMC O DNALOSCW3DEMJIG N OMJKUNB O CODKR OLVDK M MBGXTF OLEOLQLR 5KIEFMLR; DL HL@QG OFEMJL 5KIEFMTUINYEB QIK@LV MNBSDTV OLEOLQG, 7KIKDQGV, JL 3GDNNB KONQGB DEOLAFL[DLMJS XLILJSMC MJGJGIGFN N UINDK[QED XTB UL NW JIEXLOGDNR IGALINJS KHIEUBEDNC MOLNW @LILQLO.

*L EMBN 3GDNNB DE NFEB KMUEWG O XLISXE M JGJGIGFN, AGJL XTB MPGMJBNO O OLVDGW M QIK@NFNMOLNFN MLMEQCFN. % ZJL OIEFC #NJOG DGPGBG KMNBNOGJSMC XBG@LQGIC LMBGXBEDNR IKMMHNWHDC[EMJO N EQNDLOBGMJNR, HLJLILE DGPGB KJOEI[QGJS O DEV HDCAS 4NDQLO@, OGIOGI WNJITV N[EMJLHNV, DE IGAXNIGOYNV MIEQMJO QBC QLMJN[EDNC MOLNW ^EBEV; DEMFLJIC DG JL, 3GDNNBMPGMJBNOL OLEOGB M DNF, N UL MFEIJN 4NDQLO@G MTD E@L %LNYEBH UINADGB MOLR AGONMNFLMJS LJXIGJG 3GDNNBLOG, %GMNBSHG OLBTDMHL@L. (GH [E KQGPDL YBG OLVDG M CJOC@GFN, HLJLITE DGHLDE^LXE\GBNMS MBK[NJS 3GDNNBK N MJILNJS @LILQG O AEFBE MOLEV. (GHNE KMUEWN UILMBGONBN 3GDNNBGMIEQN MLMEQEV, HLJLITE NMHGBN E@L MLRAG N ULFL\N; OMBEQMJONE ZJL@L 3GDNNB UINDNFGB KPGMJNEO XLISXE OED@ILO M PEWGFN AG $OMJINR, HLJLILV UIEMJLB XTB JL@QG UIGAQDEV; UL K@LOLIK MOED@EIMHNF HLILBEF MTD 3GDNNBLO -LFGD [EDNBMC DG MEMJIE KFEIYE@L GOMJINVMHL@L @EI^L@G?INQINWG N O UINQGDLE XIGB $OMJINR; DL OED@EIMHNV HLILBS LXFGDKB -LFGDG, DE QGB EFK ULFL\NUILJNO PEYMHL@L HLILBC 'JJLHGIG, N 3GDNNB QLB[ED XTB LJHGAGJSMC LJ DGQE[QT ULMGQNJS MTDGMOLE@L DG GOMJINVMHNV UIEMJLB.

5ILFE OLEDDTW ULQON@LO HLILBS 3GDNNB MBGONBMC JGH[E MOLER UIGONJEBSMJOEDDLRIGMULICQNJEBSDLMJNR: ULMBE JGJGIMHL@L LUKMJLYEDNC LD KMUEB UINOEMJN MOLR AEFBR O ̂ OEJK\EEMLMJLCDNE: DGMEBNB, LXMJILNB @LILQG, KMNBNB UILFTYBEDDLMJS, JLI@LOBR. *L QLB[DL AGFEJNJS,PJL 3GDNNB, [EBGC DGMEBNJS @LILQG MOLN, DGULBDNB NW, ULQLXDL MLMEQCF MOLNF, HDCASCFULBSMHNF, PK[EMJIGD^GFN: DEF^GFN, ULBCHGFN, GIFCDGFN, [NQGFN; LJ ZJL@L @LILQMHLEDGMEBEDNE "GBN^HL@L HDC[EMJOG, XL@GJLE N MNBSDLE, DL PK[QLE IKMMHLV DGILQDLMJN, DE NFEBLUGJINLJNAFG, DE FL@BL MLQEVMJOLOGJS H ULQQEI[GDNR DEAGONMNFLMJN "GBN^NN. 3GDNNB KFEIFE[QK 1264 N 1266 @LQGFN, ULPJN O LQDL OIEFC M $BEHMGDQILF *EOMHNF. 4E[QK ZJNFNADGFEDNJTFN MLOIEFEDDNHGFN EMJS MWLQMJOL, DL EMJS N OG[DLE IGABNPNE, ULHGATOGR\EE NFEDDL,PJL LQND XTB R[DTV, G QIK@LV MEOEIDTV HDCAS:

3GDNNB, LMHLIXBEDDTV KDN[EDNEF, HLJLILE LD UIEJEIUEB O 'IQE, DE FL@ ULFNINJSMC MFTMBSR L DELXWLQNFLMJN JGJGIMHL@L N@G; $BEHMGDQI, DE FEDEE 3GDNNBG WIGXITV N MBGODTVMOLNFN ULXEQGFN, DL XLBEE IGMPEJBNOTV, LMJLIL[DTV N XBG@LIGAKFDTV, UINADGB JC[HKRDELXWLQNFLMJS JLBSHL QGIGFN N ULHBLDGFN LJFGBNOGJS BRQEV MOLNW LJ XEQT JGJGIMHL@LDGYEMJONC; JL, PJL 3GDNNB QLB[ED XTB LJHGAGJSMC LJ MOLNW DGQE[Q MOEI@DKJS N@L, QLB[ED XTBMITJS MOLN HIEULMJN, MBK[NJ BKPYNF LUIGOQGDNEF ULOEQEDNC $BEHMGDQILOG.

1L MFEIJN HLILBC 3GDNNBG "GBN^HGC AEFBC IGAQEBNBGMS FE[QK JILNFN E@L MTDLOSCFN,#SOLF, 4MJNMBGOLF N >OGIDLF, G %LBTDS LMJGBGMS UL!UIE[DEFK AG QCQER NW, %GMNBSHLF-LFGDLONPEF. % #NJOE MTD 4NDQLO@LO, %LNYEBH, ULYEB O FLDGWN N LJQGB OME MOLN OBGQEDNC>OGIDK 3GDNBLONPK, [EDGJLFK DG E@L MEMJIE. *L >OGID MHLIL KFEI XEAQEJDTF, N BNJLO^TLUCJS OTAOGBN %LNYEBHG NA FLDGMJTIC QBC KUIGOBEDNC HDC[EMJOLF. %LNYEBH XTB KXNJ XIGJLF>OGIDG, #SOLF 3GDNBLONPEF, HLJLITV WLJEB UINLXIEMJN MEXE #NJOK, DL DE ULBKPNB KMUEWG OZJLF QEBE, N BNJLO^T OTXIGBN MEXE HDCAC NA MOLE@L DGILQG. +A HDCAEV OLMJLPDLV MJLILDT 3DEUIGMLUEIDNH 3GDNNBLO HDCAS 4NWGNB %MEOLBLQLONP PEIDN@LOMHNV OFEMJE M XLCINDLF MOLNF?ELQLILF MHLDPGBMC O 'IQE FKPEDNPEMHLR MFEIJNR, DE [EBGC NAFEDNJS WINMJNGDMJOK.

"#$%$ XVII

29

7'-27$ 4,<3; &.*'%2)4+$#,5&$*3-$ *,%&5'"'

1L MFEIJN OMEW MTDLOEV )ILMBGOG %MEOLBLQLONPG MJGIYNDMJOL, OEBNHLE HDC[EDNE%BGQNFNIMHLE, QLMJGBLMS MJGIYEFK MTDK MJGIYE@L NA DNW, 3NFNJINR $BEHMGDQILONPK, HDCARUEIECMBGOMHLFK. &BEQKC UINFEIK MOLNW UIEQYEMJOEDDNHLO, 3NFNJINV DGPGB M JL@L, PJL AGWLJEBKMNBNJSMC DG MPEJ *LO@LILQG, DL JLPDL JGH, HGH UIE[QE %GMNBNV )ILMBGONP HLMJILFMHLV, XLCMSKMNBEDNC MJGIYE@L XIGJG, )ILMBGOG )ILMBGONPG JOEIMHL@L, AGMJKUNBMC AG *LO@LILQ N LMJGDLONBMJIEFBEDNC )ILMBGOG, JGH JLPDL JEUEIS FBGQYNV XIGJ 3NFNJINC, $DQIEV $BEHMGDQILONP, HDCAS@LILQE^HNV, OLLIK[GEJMC UILJNO MJGIYE@L XIGJG N, FGBL JL@L, PJL WLPEJ LMJGDLONJS KMNBEDNEULMBEQDE@L, — WLPEJ QLXTJS MEXE MJGIYNDMJOL, NXL MJGITE ULDCJNC L UIGOE MJGIYNDMJOG JEUEISOME XLBEE N XLBEE LMBGXEOGRJ.

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

+ HDC[EDNE $DQIEC DE XTBL MULHLVDL, HDCASC IGAQEBNBNMS: LQDN QEI[GBN MJLILDK $DQIEC,QIK@NE XTBN UILJNO DE@L. % ZJL OIEFC, HL@QG MJGIYNE $BEHMGDQILONPN NMJL\GBN MOLN MNBT OKMLXN^E, KMNBNOGBLMS HDC[EMJOL 4LMHLOMHLE, HLJLITF OBGQEB FBGQYNV MTD *EOMHL@L, 3GDNNB._JLJ 3GDNNB MUEIOG XTB O MLRAE M $DQIEEF UILJNO 3NFNJINC, DL ULJLF, HL@QG 3NFNJINV XTBDNABL[ED N KFEI, 3GDNNB OFEMJE M MTDLF 3NFNJINC, +OGDLF UEIECMBGOMHNF, N 4NWGNBLF)ILMBGONPEF JOEIMHNF OLLIK[GEJMC UILJNO $DQIEC; JLJ [E MGFTV 3GDNNB KQGPDL OLEOGB MHDCAEF ICAGDMHNF, OACB E@L O UBED; DGHLDE^, 3GDNNBK KQGBLMS KMNBNJS MOLE HDC[EMJOL OG[DTFUINLXIEJEDNEF: UBEFCDDNH E@L, +OGD 3NFNJINEONP UEIECMBGOMHNV, KFNIGC XEAQEJDTF, LJHGAGBMOLE HDC[EMJOL 3GDNNBK, NXL MEOEIDTE HDCASC MFLJICJ JEUEIS DG MEXC HGH K[E DG ULBDLOBGMJDTWOBGQEBS^EO MOLEV LXBGMJN, HLJLILR FL@KJ IGMULIC[GJSMC UL UILNAOLBK, JL@QG HGH UIE[QELXBGMJN DGWLQNBNMS O LX\EF ILQLOLF OBGQEDNN N MKQSXG NW AGONMEBG LJ IGMULIC[EDNC ^EBL@LILQG HDC[EMHL@L.

%EBNHNV HDCAS $DQIEV $BEHMGDQILONP DE WLJEB QLUKMJNJS, PJLX FLMHLOMHNV HDCAS JGHNFLXIGALF KMNBNBMC XBG@LQGIC DLOTF ULDCJNCF N LXTPGCF, DL XEAKMUEYDL. % 1303 @LQK KFEI3GDNNB $BEHMGDQILONP FLMHLOMHNV. &JGIYNV MTD E@L 6INV JGH[E NFEB O ONQK, HGH XT JLBSHLKMNBNJS MOLE HDC[EMJOL: LD DE LJQGB 1EIECMBGOBC QCQE $DQIER N LJLIOGB 4L[GVMH LJ&FLBEDMHL@L HDC[EMJOG.

"#$%$ XVIII7'-27$ 4,<3; 4'&5%'6 + (%,-26 3' &4,-(+ 5*)/) 6-+)

3$*+#'%+9$ 4'&5'%&5'"'

5L@QG KFEI $DQIEV $BEHMGDQILONP O 1304 @LQK, JL OEBNHLE HDC[EDNE %BGQNFNIMHLEUINDGQBE[GBL UL MJGIYNDMJOK JOEIMHLFK HDCAR 4NWGNBK )ILMBGONPK, DL FT K[E ONQEBN, PJLFEMJL ILQLOTW MULILO FE[QK HDCASCFN AGMJKUNBL JEUEIS MLUEIDNPEMJOL UL UIGOK MNBT: 6INV

30

3GDNBLONP FLMHLOMHNV XTB JGH[E MNBED, EMBN E\E DE MNBSDEE 4NWGNBG JOEIMHL@L, N ULJLFKWLJEB XTJS MGF OEBNHNF HDCAEF OBGQNFNIMHNF. &LUEIDNHN LJUIGONBNMS O 'IQK ULHKUGJS CIBTHDG OEBNHLE HDC[EDNE; 4NWGNB LMNBNB DG ZJLF GKH^NLDE, DGQQGB XLBSYE N OLAOIGJNBMC OEBNHNFHDCAEF.

&EIQCMS DG 6INC N AG MLUEIDNPEMJOL, N AG JL, PJL 6INV N EFK DE LJQGOGB 1EIECMBGOBC,4NWGNB QOG IGAG DGUGQGB DG 6INC, ULQMJKUGB H 4LMHOE, DL XEA KMUEWG; ULQLXDLUIEQYEMJOEDDNHGF MOLNF, 4NWGNB MJGIGBMC JGH[E KMNBNJSMC DG MPEJ *LO@LILQG; DGFEMJDNHNE@L JEMDNBN DLO@LILQ^EO, G HL@QG JE DE WLJEBN MDLMNJS NW LXNQ, JL 4NWGNB UIEHIGJNB ULQOLAM`EMJDTW UINUGMLO O *LO@LILQ, UINDKQNB E@L ZJNF AGUBGJNJS 1500 @INOED, N DGFEMJDNHNJOEIMHNE UL!UIE[DEFK MJGBN UINJEMDCJS DLO@LILQ^EO.

6INV M MOLEV MJLILDT JGH[E WBLULJGB L JLF, HGH XT KMNBNJS MOLE HDC[EMJOL OMCHNFNMIEQMJOGFN: LD KXNB LJ^LOMHL@L UBEFCDDNHG, HDCAC ICAGDMHL@L, KQEI[GB AG MLXLV ICAGDMHKROLBLMJS 5LBLFDK, AGMJGONB XIGJSEO MOLNW OTEWGJS NA 4LMHOT O (OEIS, ADGPNJ, DE WLJEB QGJS NFKQEBLO. % JGHLF ULBL[EDNN DGWLQNBNMS QEBG, HL@QG O 1313 @LQK KFEI WGD (LWJG N UIEMJLB E@LAGDCB FLBLQLV UBEFCDDNH E@L ;AXEH. 4NWGNB QLB[ED XTB EWGJS O 'IQK, PJLX OACJS CIBTH LJDLOL@L WGDG; ZJNF LJMKJMJONEF IEYNBNMS OLMULBSALOGJSMC DLO@LILQ^T, PJLX M ULFL\SRFLMHLOMHL@L HDCAC NAXGONJSMC LJ UINJEMDEDNC JOEIMHL@L, HGH UIE[QE LJ UINJEMDEDNV LJ^G4NWGVBLOG, )ILMBGOG, NAXGONBNMS M ULFL\SR %GMNBNC HLMJILFMHL@L, LJ UINJEMDEDNC 3NFNJINC$BEHMGDQILONPG UEIECMBGOMHL@L NAXGONBNMS M ULFL\SR $DQIEC @LILQE^HL@L. *LO@LILQ^TULMBGBN O 4LMHOK AOGJS H MEXE HDCAC 6INC; JLJ ULEWGB H DNF N XTB UINDCJ M IGQLMJSR. *LDEQLB@L LDN IGQLOGBNMS: WGD UINMBGB AOGJS 6INC O 'IQK, N JLJ ULEWGB OFEMJE M ULMBGFNDLO@LILQMHNFN, G FE[QK JEF 4NWGNB OLAOIGJNBMC NA 'IQT N ULIGANB DLO@LILQ^EO, IEYNOYNWMCEFK UILJNONJSMC; *LO@LILQK @ILANBG XLBSYGC XEQG, HGH OQIK@ UINYEB 6INV FLMHLOMHNV NA'IQT.

6INV DEQGILF [NB O 'IQE: LD DE JLBSHL LUIGOQGBMC O LXONDEDNCW 4NWGVBLOTW, DL KFEBMXBNANJSMC M MEFEVMJOLF WGDG N [EDNBMC DG MEMJIE E@L 5LDPGHE, HLJLIKR UIN HIE\EDNN DGAOGBN$@G]SER. :GDMHNV ACJS OLAOIGJNBMC O -LMMNR M ULMBLF JGJGIMHNF 5GO@GQTEF N DGPGB OLVDK M4NWGNBLF. 1LMBEQDNV IGAXNB E@L O 40 OEIMJGW LJ (OEIN, O MEBE 7LIJEDEOE, OACB O UBED [EDKE@L, XIGJG 7LINMG, FDL@NW HDCAEV N XLCI; 6INV KXE[GB O *LO@LILQ; DLO@LILQ^T N UMHLONPNOACBN E@L MJLILDK N ULYBN M DNF DG 4NWGNBG; K %LB@N MLUEIDNHN OMJIEJNBNMS, DL XNJOT DEXTBL: LDN KMBLONBNMS NQJN O 'IQK N JGF IEYNJS MULI. % ZJL OIEFC [EDG 6ISEOG KFEIBG O(OEIN O UBEDK: UILDEMMC MBKW, PJL EE LJIGONBN. (GHLV MBKW XTB OT@LQED QBC 6INC; LD LJUIGONBMCO 'IQK M 5GO@GQTEF, FDL@NFN HDCASCFN, XLCIGFN N DLO@LILQ^GFN [GBLOGJSMC WGDK DG 4NWGNBG.5GO@GQSR MNBSDL ULQHIEUBCB ZJN [GBLXT, N 4NWGNB XTB OTAOGD H WGDK O 1319 @LQK; E@L LMKQNBNN KXNBN OGIOGIMHNF LXIGALF AG (EIEHLF, DEQGBEHL LJ 3EIXEDJG, HKQG WGD UEIEMEBNBMC QBC LWLJT.

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

"#$%$ XIX+'$** I 3$*+#'%+9 5$#+($

6INR O 4LMHOE DGMBEQLOGB JGH[E XIGJ, +LGDD 3GDNBLONP UL UILAOGDNR 5GBNJG (FEYLH,MKFHG QBC QEDE@). 'MJGBSDTE XIGJSC 5GBNJT KFEIBN E\E UIN [NADN 6INC, MBEQLOGJEBSDL, LD

31

OBGQEB 4LMHLOMHNF HDC[EMJOLF LQND. ;UIGOBCC 4LMHOLR UIN [NADN 6INC, HLJLITVXEMUIEMJGDDL XTB O LJBKPHGW, 5GBNJG KMUEB MQEBGJS QBC MOLE@L HDC[EMJOG OG[DLE UINLXIEJEDNE:E\E O 1299 @LQK FNJILULBNJ 4GHMNF LMJGONB LUKMJLYEDDTV 5NEO, @QE DE FL@ DGVJNXEALUGMDLMJN, N UEIEEWGB [NJS OL %BGQNFNI. 5GBNJG KFEB UINLXIEMJS IGMULBL[EDNE UIEEFDNHG4GHMNFLOG, 1EJIG, HLJLITV ULZJLFK [NOGB O 4LMHOE XLBSYE, PEF O QIK@NW FEMJGW, KFEI NUL@IEXED O DEV. %TXLI MOCJL@L FK[G HGAGBMC ODKYEDNEF 7L[NNF, N DLOTV FNJILULBNJ,?EL@DLMJ, K[E DE WLJEB LMJGONJS @ILXG N QLFG PKQLJOLI^EOG. _JL KJOEI[QEDNE UIEMJLBGFNJILULBNPSE@L O 4LMHOE NFEBL OG[DLE ADGPEDNE: LDL QGOGBL EV ONQ @BGODL@L @LILQG OMEVIKMMHLV AEFBN, NXL HDCAEV XTBL E\E FDL@L N LQND DE KMUEB E\E ULQPNDNJS MEXE OMEW QIK@NW, GFNJILULBNJ XTB LQND; HILFE JL@L, UIEMJLB FNJILULBNPNV MULMLXMJOLOGB OLAIGMJGDNR NLXL@G\EDNR 4LMHOT, NXL O DEE ML OMEW MJLILD UINEA[GBN BN^G, NFEOYNE DK[QK QL OEIWLODL@LMOCJNJEBC IKMMHLV =EIHON; DGHLDE^, FNJILULBNJ QLB[ED XTB QEVMJOLOGJS ULMJLCDDL O ULBSAKJL@L HDCAC, O @LILQE HLJLIL@L [NB. 3IK@NE HDCASC UIEQONQEBN MBEQMJONC KJOEI[QEDNCFNJILULBNPSE@L UIEMJLBG O 4LMHOE N MEIQNBNMS, DL ULFLPS XTBL K[E DEBSAC.

*L O JL OIEFC HGH FLMHLOMHNV HDCAS KJOEI[QEDNEF K MEXC FNJILULBNPSE@L UIEMJLBGUINLXIEJGB JGHNE OG[DTE OT@LQT, O (OEIN MBKPNBLMS UILNMYEMJONE, HLJLILE XTBL @NXEBSDL NQBC HDCAC, N QBC HDC[EMJOG. % 1327 @LQK UINEWGB JKQG WGDMHNV ULMLB 9LBWGD, NBN 8EBHGD, HGHE@L DGATOGRJ DGYN BEJLUNMN, QOLRILQDTV XIGJ ;AXEHG, N, UL LXTHDLOEDNR OMEW ULMBLOJGJGIMHNW, ULAOLBCB MEXE N BRQCF MOLNF OMCHL@L ILQG DGMNBNC. (OEINPN OTYBN NA JEIUEDNC,OMJGBN DG JGJGI N OMEW NW NMJIEXNBN OFEMJE M 9LBWGDLF. ;AXEH LPEDS IGMMEIQNBMC, KADGO LXKPGMJN 9LBWGDLOLV; ZJNF OLMULBSALOGBMC 5GBNJG, ULEWGB O 'IQK N OLAOIGJNBMC LJJKQG M 50 000JGJGIMHL@L OLVMHG; $BEHMGDQI XE[GB O 1MHLO, N (OEIMHLE HDC[EMJOL XTBL MJIGYDL LUKMJLYEDL.5GBNJG N XIGJ $BEHMGDQILO, 5LDMJGDJND 4NWGVBLONP, ULEWGBN O 'IQK: ;AXEH QGB OEBNHLEHDC[EDNE 5GBNJE, 5LDMJGDJNDK 4NWGVBLONPK QGB (OEIS N LJUKMJNB NW M UINHGALF NMHGJS HDCAC$BEHMGDQIG. 5DCASC N DLO@LILQ^T ULMBGBN O 1MHLO K@LOGINOGJS $BEHMGDQIG, PJLX EWGB O 'IQK,NDGPE OMEF NF UINQEJMC ULMJIGQGJS AG DE@L LJ JGJGI. $BEHMGDQI WLJEB EWGJS O 'IQK, DL UMHLONPNDE UKMJNBN E@L, @LOLIC:

„*E EAQN, @LMULQND, O 'IQK; PJLX DN MBKPGBLMS, KFIEF M JLXLR OFEMJE“. %NQC, PJL UMHLONPNLXE\GBNMS KFEIEJS AG $BEHMGDQIG, N XLCMS ULJEIUEJS DEKQGPK ULQ 1MHLOLF, 5GBNJG K@LOLINBFNJILULBNJG ?EL@DLMJG LJBKPNJS LJ =EIHON $BEHMGDQIG N OEMS 1MHLO, EMBN LDN DE NMULBDCJJIEXLOGDNC HDCAEV. &IEQMJOL ULQEVMJOLOGBL, $BEHMGDQI MHGAGB UMHLONPGF: „7IGJSC FLN NQIKASC! *E XKQS DG OGM UILHBCJNC IGQN FEDC; EQK OLD NA OGYE@L @LILQG N MDNFGR M OGM HIEMJDLE^EBLOGDNE“. 1MHLONPN ML MBEAGFN LJUKMJNBN $BEHMGDQIG O #NJOK, ULJLFK PJL LD UINYEBMC NFUL MEIQ^K MOLER QLXILJLR.

1LBJLIG @LQG UILXTB $BEHMGDQI O #NJOE N, HL@QG @ILAG UINKJNWBG, OLAOIGJNBMC H [EDE O1MHLO, [NJEBN HLJLIL@L UINDCBN E@L M PEMJSR N ULMGQNBN K MEXC DG HDC[EDNE. 3EMCJS BEJMULHLVDL HDC[NB $BEHMGDQI OL 1MHLOE, DL JLMHLOGB UL MOLEV ILQDLV (OEIN N XEMULHLNBMCDGMPEJ XKQK\DLMJN QEJEV MOLNW. „,MBN KFIK AQEMS, — @LOLINB LD, — JL PJL XKQEJ M QEJSFNFLNFN? %ME ADGRJ, PJL C OTXE[GB NA HDC[EMJOG FLE@L N KFEI DG PK[XNDE, JGH QEJN FLN XKQKJBNYEDT MOLE@L HDC[EMJOG“. 1MHLO [E UL ]LIFGF MOLE@L XTJG DE FL@ XTJS DGMBEQMJOEDDTFHDC[EMJOLF QBC MTDLOEV E@L. % 1336 @LQK $BEHMGDQI ULMBGB O 'IQK MTDG ?ELQLIG ULUTJGJSMC,DEBSAC BN HGH!DNXKQS KFNBLMJNONJS WGDG, N, KADGOYN, PJL EMJS DGQE[QG DG KMUEW, ULEWGB H ;AXEHK,OTFLBNB UIL\EDNE N OLAOIGJNBMC M CIBTHLF DG OEBNHLE HDC[EMJOL (OEIMHLE, HLJLILE5LDMJGDJND 4NWGVBLONP QLB[ED XTB EFK KMJKUNJS.

*L OLAOIG\EDNE $BEHMGDQIG MBK[NBL ADGHLF H OLALXDLOBEDNR XLISXT FE[QK 4LMHOLR N(OEISR: O 1339 @LQK 5GBNJG LJUIGONBMC O 'IQK; UL E@L ODKYEDNR $BEHMGDQI ULBKPNB UINHGACONJSMC JKQG [E N UL UINEAQE XTB KXNJ OFEMJE M MTDLF ?ELQLILF. 5GBNJG [E OLAOIGJNBMC NA'IQT M OEBNHNF UL[GBLOGDNEF N PEMJSR; (OEIMHLE HDC[EMJOL QLMJGBLMS LUCJS 5LDMJGDJNDK4NWGVBLONPK, HLJLITV DGATOGEJMC MLXNIGJEBEF N OLMMJGDLONJEBEF (OEIMHLV OLBLMJN.

1IE[QE HL@QG OEBNHNV HDCAS AGQKFTOGB KMNBNOGJSMC, JL DGWLQNB UIEUCJMJONE ZJLFK O QIK@NW

32

HDCASCW, DGPNDGC M ILQDTW XIGJSEO, DL JEUEIS FLMHLOMHNV HDCAS JGH KMNBNBMC, PJL MGFLOBGMJDTEULMJKUHN E@L O QIK@NW HDC[EMJOGW DE OMJIEPGBN DNLJHKQG MLUILJNOBEDNC; DN LQND HDCAS DE FL@MLUEIDNPGJS M 5GBNJLR DN O -LMMNN, DN O 'IQE, NXL DN K LQDL@L DE XTBL MJLBSHL QEDE@, HGH K5GBNJT. %EBSFL[N FLMHLOMHNE ULAOLBCBN MEXE IGADL@L ILQG DGMNBNC O -LMJLOE, IGAL@DGBNFDL@NW NA E@L [NJEBEV O QIK@NE MJIGDT; (OEIS JGH[E JEIUEBG DGMNBNC LJ 4LMHOT UL MFEIJN$BEHMGDQIG. *LO@LILQ^T, NAXGOBEDDTE 4LMHOLR LJ XEQT, HLJLILR @ILANBG NF (OEIS O XLISXEZJNW QOKW HDC[EMJO, XTBN ULMJLCDDL AG 4LMHOK; DL HGH MHLIL 5GBNJG LMNBNB (OEIS, JL MUEYNBULHGAGJS DLO@LILQ^GF, PJL UEIEFEDNBLMS JLBSHL NFC N PJL DN LQND MNBSDTV OEBNHNV HDCAS DEXKQEJ NW QIK@LF. ;[E QGODL DLO@LILQ^T UINOTHBN LJHKUGJSMC QEDS@GFN LJ OEBNHNW HDCAEV, MHLJLITFN DE FL@BN MBGQNJS, G QEDS@N JEUEIS XTBN LPEDS DK[DT HDCASCF, NXL M QEDS@GFN FL[DLXTBL OME MQEBGJS O 'IQE. 5GBNJG JIEXLOGB QEDE@ M DLO@LILQ^EO N AG LJHGA LUKMJLYNB NW OBGQEDNC,MJILNB MBLXLQT DG NW AEFBCW, ULMTBGB IGJS MOLR O 3ONDMHKR LXBGMJS, HLJLILR LPEDS QLIL[NBNDLO@LILQ^T, ULBKPGC LJJKQG MEIEXIL N QLIL@NE FEWG. *L EMBN O -LMJLOE, (OEIN N *LO@LILQE DEXTBN QLOLBSDT 5GBNJLR, JL LPEDS QLOLBSDT XTBN NF O 4LMHLOMHLV N %BGQNFNIMHLVOEBNHLHDC[EMHLV LXBGMJN: M DGPGBLF E@L HDC[EDNC DGMJKUNBG AQEMS OEBNHGC JNYNDG, L JGJGIGWDE XTBL MBTYDL; JNYNDG ZJG N ODEYDCC XEALUGMDLMJS QGBN HDCAR OLAFL[DLMJS AGDCJSMCKMJILEDNEF ULICQHG N ODKJIEDDEV XEALUGMDLMJN, NMJIEXBEDNEF OIEQDTW QBC LX\EMJOG BRQEV,[NOK\NW DG PK[LV MPEJ.

5GBNJG KFEB OLMULBSALOGJSMC LXMJLCJEBSMJOGFN, JEF, PJL UIN@LJLOBEDL XTBL QBC 4LMHOT3GDNNBLF N 6INEF, QGB MLOIEFEDDNHGF ULPKOMJOLOGJS UEIOTE QLXITE MBEQMJONC EQNDLOBGMJNCN ULJLFK UEIEYEB O ULJLFMJOL M NFEDEF UEIOL@L MLXNIGJEBC IKMMHLV AEFBN. &LXMJOEDDL, 5GBNJGAGOLEOGDNEF DE UINLXIEB DNPE@L N O ZJLF LJDLYEDNN DE FL[EJ DGATOGJSMC MLXNIGJEBEF AEFBNIKMMHLV, DL LD HLUNB QEDS@N N MHKUGB DEXLBSYNE HDC[EMJOG K HDCAEV NW, DGUINFEI 7EBLLAEIL,"GBNP.

"#$%$ XX&'7.(+) 1-+ &.*'%2): +'$**$ 5$#+(.

5GBNJG FLMHLOMHNV KFEI O 1341 @LQK, ULQEBNOYN MOLE HDC[EMJOL OFEMJE M NFEDNEFQON[NFTF FE[QK JIEFC MTDLOSCFN N [EDLR. &JGIYNV MTD E@L &NFELD OFEMJE ML OMEFN QIK@NFNHDCASCFN IKMMHNFN LJUIGONBMC O 'IQK, DL MLUEIDNPEMJOL QIK@NW HDCAEV M XL@GJTF N MNBSDTFHDCAEF FLMHLOMHNF XTBL DEOLAFL[DL, WGD LX`CONB &NFELDG OEBNHNF HDCAEF OBGQNFNIMHNF,N „OME HDCASC IKMMHNE QGDT XTBN ULQ IKHN &NFELDG“, @LOLICJ BEJLUNMN. +JGH, NMULBDNBLMS JL,PE@L XLCBNMS HDCASC E\E ML OIEFED 4MJNMBGOG :IGXIL@L: LDN UEIEMJGBN MPNJGJSMCULBDLUIGODTFN ILQMJOEDDNHGFN OEBNHL@L HDCAC N MJGBN E@L (!-0;*%+"#/+, ULQPNDEDDTFN.&TD 5GBNJT AGMJGONB HDCAEV ULPKOMJOLOGJS UEIEFEDK: QLHGAGJEBSMJOLF MBK[NJ UILAOGDNE>!0-&', HLJLILE LDN EFK QGBN; M DLO@LILQ^GFN ULMJKUGB LD JGH [E, HGH N UIEQYEMJOEDDNHN E@L:WLQNB H DNF OLVDLR N AGMJGONB QLIL@L HKUNJS FNI.

&L MJLILDT JGJGI OL OBGQEDNCW &NFELDG XTBL MULHLVDL JLPDL JGH [E, HGH N UIN LJ^E E@L;&NFELD UCJS IGA WLQNB O 'IQK N OMCHNV IGA OLAOIG\GBMC LJJKQG M XLBSYLR PEMJSR NUL[GBLOGDNEF. & OLMJLHG XTBL ULHLVDL, DL AGJL DG AGUGQE ULQDNFGBMC LUGMDTV OIG@:

JL XTBG #NJOG. 4T ONQEBN, PJL (EQNFND AGDCJ XTB ULQPNDEDNEF MEXE LXBGMJEV AGUGQDLV-LMMNN; MTD E@L 'BS@EIQ LXIGJNB ODNFGDNE N DG OLMJLPDKR. 'BS@EIQ, UL LJATOK BEJLUNM^G,XTB LPEDS KFED, @LOLINB DG IGADTW CATHGW, DE BRXNB AGXGO, G AGDNFGBMC QEBGFN QEDS N DLPS,XTB OLAQEI[ED, WFEBSDL@L DE UNB, LJ ZJL@L UINLXIEB OEBNHNV IGAKF N MFTMB, HLOGIMJOLF MOLNFFDL@NE AEFBN ULOLEOGB N KOEBNPNB MOLE HDC[EMJOL. 'BS@EIQ DGPGB OLVDK M &NFELDLF ULWLQLFULQ 4L[GVMH; DE DGQECMS LQLBEJS &NFELDG LQDNFN MOLNFN MNBGFN, 'BS@EIQ WLJEB UL@KXNJS4LMHLOMHLE HDC[EMJOL ULMIEQMJOLF JGJGI N LJUIGONB XIGJG MOLE@L H WGDK UILMNJS K DE@L ULFL\N

33

UILJNO &NFELDG. *L FLMHLOMHNV HDCAS UIEQMJGONB WGDK, HGH N QBC MGFNW JGJGI XKQEJ LUGMDLFL@K\EMJOL 'BS@EIQG, EMBN LD KMNBNJMC ULHLIEDNEF OLMJLPDLV -LMMNN; WGD ULMBKYGBMC,AGQEI[GB XIGJG 'BS@EIQLOG N OTQGB E@L &NFELDK, PJL AGMJGONBL 'BS@EIQG UILMNJS FNIG KFLMHLOMHL@L HDCAC. & QIK@LV MJLILDT, OG[DLR ULFL\SR QBC OLMJLPDLV -LMMNN XTBL JLLXMJLCJEBSMJOL, PJL 'BS@EIQ ULMJLCDDL LJOBEHGBMC DG AGUGQE LUGMDLR QBC DE@L XLISXLR MDEFE^HNF LIQEDLF O 1IKMMNN.

1MHLONPN O ZJL OIEFC OEBN ULMJLCDDL OLVDT M BNOLDMHNFN DEF^GFN; DE ULBKPGC ULFL\N LJOEBNHL@L HDCAC NA QGBEHLV 4LMHOT, LDN QLB[DT XTBN LXIG\GJSMC H XBN[GVYEFK OEBNHLFKHDCAR, BNJLOMHLFK, OACBN H MEXE O HDCASC 'BS@EIQLOG MTDG $DQIEC, DL JLJ DE MJGB [NJS K DNWMGF, G WLJEB KUIGOBCJS 1MHLOLF PEIEA DGFEMJDNHLO; UMHLONPN DE XTBN ZJNF QLOLBSDT N OT@DGBNBNJLOMHNW DGFEMJDNHLO, PEF DG[NBN MEXE DLOL@L OIG@G O #NJOE. *LO@LILQ XLILBMC ML YOEQGFN,HLJLITW HLILBS 4G@DKM LUCJS OAQKFGB UIEQUINDCJS HIEMJLOTV ULWLQ UILJNO *LO@LILQG M ̂ EBSRLXIG\GJS IKMMHNW O HGJLBN^NAF. 4G@DKM LOBGQEB XTBL 'IEYHLF, DL DLO@LILQ^T OACBN ZJLJ@LILQ LXIGJDL. %L OIEFC YOEQMHLV OLVDT DLO@LILQ^T, DK[QGCMS O ULFL\N UMHLONJCD, UINADGBNULBDKR DEAGONMNFLMJS 1MHLOG LJ *LO@LILQG: ULBL[EDL XTBL, PJL ULMGQDNHGF DLO@LILQMHNFOL 1MHLOE DN MNQEJS, DN MKQNJS, UMHLONPEV DG MKQ O *LO@LILQE DE OTATOGJS DN UL HGHNF QEBGF,1MHLOK DGATOGJSMC DE UIN@LILQLF, DL FBGQYNF XIGJLF *LO@LILQG. 'MJGBGMS AGONMNFLMJSJLBSHL O ^EIHLODLF LJDLYEDNN, NXL GIWNEUNMHLU DLO@LILQMHNV XTB OFEMJE N UMHLOMHNF, DL NJKJ ULBL[EDL, PJL MKQSC LJ OBGQTHN UL ^EIHLODTF QEBGF XKQEJ OL 1MHLOE UMHLONP [E, G DEDLO@LILQE^.

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

; XIGJG &NFELDLOG +LGDDG CONBMC MLUEIDNH O NMHGDNN OEBNHL@L HDC[EDNC %BGQNFNIMHL@L:JL XTB 5LDMJGDJND %GMNBSEONP, HDCAS MKAQGBSMHNV, UILNMWLQNOYNV UL LQDNF NAOEMJNCF LJ$DQIEC )ILMBGONPG, XIGJG $BEHMGDQIG *EOMHL@L, UL QIK@NF — LJ $DQIEC $BEHMGDQILONPG, MTDG*EOMHL@L. 5LDMJGDJND DE NFEB DNHGHL@L UIGOG DG OEBNHLE HDC[EDNE, ULJLFK PJL DN LJE^, DNQEQ E@L DE XTBN OEBNHNFN HDCASCFN, DL LD NMHGB OEBNHL@L HDC[EDNC DE UL MJGITF ILQLOTFUIGOGF, G UL DLOLFK LXTPGR, UL HLJLILFK OMCHNV HDCAS MPNJGB MEXC O UIGOE, HL@QG XTB LJOG[ED,XL@GJ N MNBED. 5LDMJGDJND XTB LJOG[ED, DL DE XTB JGH XL@GJ N MNBED, HGH FLMHLOMHNV HDCAS,HLJLITV ULJLFK ULBKPNB CIBTH O 'IQE N KQEI[GBMC OEBNHNF HDCAEF, DEMFLJIC DG JL PJL XL@GJTEDLO@LILQ^T, DEQLOLBSDTE FLMHLOMHNFN HDCASCFN, WBLULJGBN O 'IQE AG 5LDMJGDJNDG.

% UIGOBEDNE +LGDDG, HILJHL@L, JNWL@L N FNBLMJNOL@L HDCAC, HGH DGATOGEJ E@L BEJLUNME^,UILNALYBL O 4LMHOE MBEQKR\EE AGFEPGJEBSDLE MLXTJNE. 5L@QG DG MEOEIE HDCASC UEIEMJGBNUEIEEA[GJS NA LQDL@L HDC[EMJOG O QIK@LE, G LMJGOGBNMS OME@QG O LQDLF, JL OFEMJE M DNFN KMEBGMSN QIK[NDG, LJPE@L XLCIE QLB[DT XTBN UINLXIEMJN XLBSYEE ADGPEDNE HGH ULMJLCDDTE ADGJDTEN XL@GJTE LXTOGJEBN HDC[EMJOG, FL@YNE UEIEQGOGJS MOLE ADGPEDNE N QEJCF MOLNF. 7LBSYEEADGPEDNE QLB[ED XTB UINLXIEMJN N JTMC^HNV HGH OLEOLQG @LILQLOTW ULBHLO, NFEOYNVXBN[GVYEE, DEULMIEQMJOEDDLE LJDLYEDNE H [NJEBCF @LILQG: LD FL@ JEUEIS LJUIGOBCJS MOLROG[DKR QLB[DLMJS UIN DEMHLBSHNW HDCASCW MICQK XEA MFEDT, FL@ UEIEQGJS EE MTDK. ,\E UIN&NFELDE "LIQLF XLCIND $BEHMEV 1EJILONP :OLMJ ULQDCB HIGFLBK UILJNO OEBNHL@L HDCAC, XTBNA@DGD, BNYED MOLNW OLBLMJEV; OME JIN XIGJG, HDCASC &NFELD, +LGDD N $DQIEV, ULHBCBNMS DEUINDNFGJS H MEXE FCJE[DL@L XLCINDG, DN QEJEV E@L; N, DEMFLJIC DG JL, $BEHMEV 1EJILONP CONBMCJTMC^HNF O HDC[EDNE +LGDDG, DL O 1357 @LQK $BEHMEV 1EJILONP XTB JGVDL KXNJ, N ULYEB MBKW,PJL KXNBN E@L QIK@NE XLCIE; O @LILQE LJ ZJL@L OMJGB MNBSDTV FCJE[, N XLBSYNE XLCIE FLMHLOMHNE

34

QLB[DT XTBN LJ`EWGJS O -CAGDS; DL, HL@QG OME KJNWBL, OEBNHNV HDCAS UEIEAOGB H MEXE LUCJS NA-CAGDN QOLNW XLCI: 4NWGNBG N ACJC E@L, %GMNBNC %GMNBSEONPG %EBSCFNDLOG, HLJLITV ULBKPNBQLB[DLMJS JTMC^HL@L.

"#$%$ XXI3+4+(-+0 +'$**'%+9 3'*&5'0

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`EWGJSH DLOLFK OEBNHLFK HDCAR, O DLOLE HDC[EMJOL, @QE DNPJL DE XTBL NF NAOEMJDL N LXEMUEPEDL;LDN DGPGBN MJGIGJSMC QLXTJS CIBTH MOLEFK HDCAR. 4GBRJHG 3NFNJINV LJUIGONBMC O 'IQK, DLJGF DEBSAC XTBL DNPE@L QLXNJSMC UIN MNBSDLV MFKJE, HL@QG LQND WGD MFEDCB QIK@L@L; DGHLDE^'IQG IGAQEBNBGMS FE[QK QOKFC WGDGFN — $XQKBLF, NFEDEF HLJLIL@L UIGONB MNBSDTV OEBSFL[G4GFGV, N 4RINQLF. 4LMHLOMHNE XLCIE LJUIGONBN ULMBLO H ULMBEQDEFK, N LD QGB CIBTH3NFNJINR. 7LCIE ULMGQNBN DG HLDEV OMEW JIEW FGBLBEJDNW HDCAEV MOLNW — 3NFNJINC, +OGDG NQOLRILQDL@L XIGJG NW %BGQNFNIG $DQIEEONPG N OTMJKUNBN M DNFN DG 3NFNJINC5LDMJGDJNDLONPG; ZJLJ HDCAS DE FL@ UILJNONJSMC FLMHLOMHNF ULBHGF N ULHNDKB %BGQNFNI.'QNDDGQ^GJNBEJDNV 3NFNJINV FLMHLOMHNV AGDCB MJGINDDKR MJLBN^K OEBNHLHDC[EMHKR, N HL@QGUINEWGB MRQG H DEFK ULMLB LJ WGDG $XQKBG M CIBTHGFN, JL LD UINDCB E@L M PEMJSR N LJUKMJNB MQGIGFN. _JL IGMMEIQNBL 4RINQG, HLJLITV, PJLX LJLFMJNJS 3NFNJINR FLMHLOMHLFK, UINMBGBDLOTV CIBTH DG %BGQNFNI 3NFNJINR MKAQGBSMHLFK. (LJ LXIGQLOGBMC N MEB DG QIK@LV IGA OL%BGQNFNIE, DL MNQEB LPEDS DEQLB@L, ULJLFK PJL 3NFNJINV FLMHLOMHNV LUCJS UINYEB DG DE@L MXLBSYNF OLVMHLF, OT@DGB NA %BGQNFNIG, LMGQNB O &KAQGBE N AGMJGONB LJHGAGJSMC LJ OEBNHL@LHDC[EDNC. 1LMBE, HL@QG 3NFNJINR 5LDMJGDJNDLONPK OTMBGBN O JIEJNV IGA CIBTH NA 'IQT, JLLD K[E DE WLJEB OMJKUGJS O XLISXK M 4LMHOLR N QG[E OTQGB QLPS MOLR AG EE HDCAC.

'JQEBGOYNMS LJ MLUEIDNHG, 3NFNJINV FLMHLOMHNV JLJPGM [E QGB ULPKOMJOLOGJS MOLR MNBKHDCASCF MBGXEVYNF: LD UINOEB O MOLR OLBR HDCAC ILMJLOMHL@L, G HDCAC MJGILQKXMHL@L N@GBN^HL@L OT@DGB NA NW HDC[EMJO. 4E[QK JEF FLILOGC CAOG MNBSDL LUKMJLYNBG -LMMNR, KFEIBLFDL@L HDCAEV, O JLF PNMBE FLBLQLV XIGJ 3NFNJINC FLMHLOMHL@L +OGD; OEBNHNV HDCASUINMLEQNDNB E@L KQEB H MOLEFK, PJL UILNALYBL MLOEIYEDDL MULHLVDL, JL@QG HGH O QIK@NWHDC[EMJOGW AG OTFLILPDTE KQEBT FE[QK HDCASCFN ULYBN KMLXN^T; JGH, OMJGBG KMLXN^G FE[QK3NFNJINEF 5LDMJGDJNDLONPEF MKAQGBSMHNF N XIGJLF E@L 7LINMLF AG *N[DNV *LO@LILQ.9EJTIDGQ^GJNBEJDNV OEBNHNV HDCAS FLMHLOMHNV OMJKUNBMC AG 3NFNJINC N AGMJGONB 7LINMGKMJKUNJS EFK *N[DNV. (KJ LD 3EVMJOLOGB DE LQDNF MOEJMHNF LIK[NEF, DL N QKWLODTF, NXLFNJILULBNJ $BEHMEV ULMJLCDDL ULQQEI[NOGB ULBNJNHK FLMHLOMHL@L HDCAC N MJGIGBMC KJOEIQNJSE@L MNBK: LD LJDCB EUNMHLUNR DN[E@LILQMHKR K MKAQGBSMHL@L OBGQTHN; N O JL [E OIEFC ULMBLFLJ FLMHLOMHL@L HDCAC CONBMC O *N[DEF UIEULQLXDTV &EI@NV, N@KFED -GQLDE[MHNV; LD ULAOGB7LINMG 5LDMJGDJNDLONPG O 4LMHOK, N HL@QG JLJ DE ULMBKYGBMC, JL &EI@NV UL UINHGAKFNJILULBNJG N OEBNHL@L HDCAC FLMHLOMHL@L AGUEI OME ^EIHON O *N[DEF.

4LMHOG WLJEBG KJOEIQNJS MOLE OBNCDNE N O (OEIMHLF HDC[EMJOE, ULBSAKCMS JGFLYDNFNKMLXN^GFN, DL JOEIMHLV HDCAS 4NWGNB $BEHMGDQILONP, QECJEBSDTV N MFEBTV, DE WLJEB KMJKUNJS

35

4LMHOE XEA XLISXT. -GAKFEEJMC, LD DE FL@ UILJNONJSMC MLXMJOEDDTFN MNBGFN N ULJLFKLXIGJNBMC H ACJR MOLEFK (MEMJINDK FK[K) 'BS@EIQK BNJLOMHLFK; MBEQLOGJEBSDL, DG ZJK OJLIKRXLISXK (OEIN M 4LMHOLR FT QLB[DT MFLJIEJS, MLXMJOEDDL, HGH DG XLISXK FLMHLOMHL@L HDCAC MBNJLOMHNF UL ULOLQK JOEIMHL@L HDCAC. ; 'BS@EIQG, UL MBLOGF BEJLUNM^G, XTB JGHLV LXTPGV,PJL DNHJL DE ADGB, DN MOLN, DN PK[NE, HKQG LD AGFTYBCEJ ULWLQ; ZJLR!JL WNJILMJNR LD N AGXIGB@LILQG N OLBLMJN, N 3NFNJINV FLMHLOMHNV KADGB L AGFTMBGW 'BS@EIQG, HL@QG K[E JLJ MJLCB DG@IGDN^E M XIGJLF 5EVMJKJLF, FLBLQTF MTDLF E@L %NJLOJLF, MOLNFN MTDLOSCFN, 4NWGNBLFJOEIMHNF N ULBHGFN MFLBEDMHNFN. 3NFNJINV DE KMUEB MLXIGJS OLVMHG, OEBEB UL[EPS ULMGQTFLMHLOMHNE N AGUEIMC O HGFEDDLF 5IEFBE, JLBSHL PJL ULMJILEDDLF. 'BS@EIQ DE FL@ OACJS5IEFBC, DL MJIGYDL LUKMJLYNB LHIEMJDLMJN 4LMHOT, N 3NFNJINV QLB[ED XTB ULFNINJSMC M4NWGNBLF, KMJKUNO EFK OME K DE@L AGWOGPEDDLE. *L HL@QG 'BS@EIQ KYEB, LJOBEHGEFTV DG AGUGQEDEF^GFN, JL FLMHLOMHNV HDCAS, LJQLWDKOYN, OLLIK[NBMC LUCJS UILJNO JOEIMHL@L N LUKMJLYNBE@L HDC[EMJOL; 4NWGNB LUCJS XILMNBMC O #NJOK, 'BS@EIQ LUCJS OFEMJE M DNF LMGQNB 4LMHOK,DL, KADGO, PJL DG ULFL\S EV MLXNIGEJMC OLVMHL O 1EIEFTYBE, AGHBRPNB UEIEFNINE M 3NFNJINEFN OLAOIGJNBMC DGAGQ.

*E ONQC XLBSYLV ULBSAT LJ MLRAG M 'BS@EIQLF, 4NWGNB ULEWGB O 'IQK N OTOEA LJJKQGCIBTH DG OEBNHLE HDC[EDNE %BGQNFNIMHLE, DL 3NFNJINV OACB OL %BGQNFNIE N UL OMEF @LILQGFZJL@L HDC[EMJOG UINMC@K M [NJEBEV DE UEIEQGOGJSMC 4NWGNBK; N QEVMJONJEBSDL, OBGQNFNI^TDE UKMJNBN H MEXE ZJL@L HDCAC. 9JLX LJDCJS K 4NWGNBG OMCHKR DGQE[QK DG 'IQK, 3NFNJINV MGFULEWGB JKQG, AGQGINB JGF OMEW, UL[GBLOGD XTB OEBNHNF HDC[EDNEF %BGQNFNIMHNF N LJUK\ED MXLBSYLR PEMJSR; O ZJL [E OIEFC DGWLQNBMC O 'IQE MTD 4NWGNBG JOEIMHL@L +OGD, DGXBRQGOYNVAG OT@LQGFN LJ^G; ZJLJ +OGD AGQLB[GB AQEMS 10000 IKXBEV; 3NFNJINV FLMHLOMHNV AGUBGJNBQLB@ N OACB +OGDG M MLXLV O 4LMHOK, @QE LD MNQEB, ULHG LJE^ DE OTHKUNB E@L. (GHNF LXIGALF,JOEIMHLV HDCAS UINDK[QED XTB AGQLB[GJS O 'IQE, G FLMHLOMHNV NFEB MIEQMJOG OTHKUNJS E@L:ADGPNJ, XLISXG XTBG DEIGODGC, N FLMHLOMHNV HDCAS HGH XL@GJEVYNV NFEB OME@QG OLAFL[DLMJSOLMJLI[EMJOLOGJS DGQ MLUEIDNHGFN. *E ULBKPNO ULFL\N LJ 'IQT, 4NWGNB O JIEJNV IGA ULOEB'BS@EIQG DG 4LMHOK; DG ZJLJ IGA 3NFNJINV UIN@LJLONBMC, OMJIEJNB 'BS@EIQG M MNBSDTF OLVMHLFK #RXKJMHG, AGMJGONB E@L XE[GJS N AGHBRPNB UEIEFNINE.

*L KMLXN^T O (OEIN N ODKJIEDDNE MFKJT O 4LMHOE ULOEBN LUCJS H OLVDE FLMHLOMHL@L HDCACM JOEIMHNF. 4NWGNB JOEIMHLV MMLINBMC M MOLNF ILQMJOEDDNHLF, KQEBSDTF HDCAEF HGYNDMHNF;JLJ, DE XKQKPN O MLMJLCDNN XLILJSMC M (OEISR MLXMJOEDDTFN MNBGFN, UINXE@GB ULQULHILONJEBSMJOL 3NFNJINC FLMHLOMHL@L; M QIK@LV MJLILDT, N 4NWGNB DGYEB ODKJIN MGFLV4LMHOT OIG@LO 3NFNJINR. % 1374 @LQK KFEI JTMC^HNV %GMNBNV %GMNBSEONP %EBSCFNDLO, NOEBNHNV HDCAS DE DGADGPNB QIK@L@L DG ZJL OG[DLE FEMJL. &TD ULHLVDL@L +OGD, OEILCJDLDGQECOYNVMC ULBKPNJS LJ^LOMHLE FEMJL N LXFGDKJTV O MOLEV DGQE[QE, M@LOLINBMC M QIK@NFDEQLOLBSDTF, HKU^LF *EHLFGJLF, LXG XE[GBN H JOEIMHLFK HDCAR N KMUEBN ULXKQNJS E@L MDLOGNMHGJS OEBNHL@L HDC[EDNC %BGQNFNIMHL@L.

4NWGNB LJUIGONB NW O 'IQK, G MGF ULEWGB O #NJOK, N HL@QG *EHLFGJ OTDEM EFK CIBTH NA'IQT, JL LD LX`CONB OLVDK FLMHLOMHLFK HDCAR. *L LD LXFGDKBMC O MOLNW IGMPEJGW: DN JGJGIT,DN #NJOG EFK DE ULFL@BN; LMG[QEDDTV O (OEIN 3NFNJINEF, LD QLB[ED XTB AGHBRPNJS FNI DGOMEV OLBE FLMHLOMHL@L HDCAC; DEAGONMNFTV OEBNHNV HDCAS JOEIMHLV, DE KJIGPNOGC JNJKBG„OEBNHNV HDCAS“, LXCAGBMC MPNJGJS MEXC FBGQYNF XIGJLF 3NFNJINC, IGODTF KQEBSDLFKFLMHLOMHLFK, %BGQNFNIK $DQIEEONPK: HL@QG OEBNHNV HDCAS FLMHLOMHNV NBN XIGJ E@L OTMJKUCJO ULWLQ, JL N JOEIMHLV HDCAS LXCAGD MGQNJSMC DG HLDC; EMBN ULYBRJ OLEOLQ, JL N LD LXCAGDULMBGJS MOLNW OLEOLQ; 4NWGNB QLB[ED XTB ML@BGMNJSMC, PJLX HDC[EMJOL 5GYNDMHLE XTBLDEAGONMNFL LJ (OEIMHL@L. %G[DLE KMBLONE ULMJGDLOBEDL LJDLMNJEBSDL JGJGI; NA DE@L K[E ONQDL,HGHGC XLBSYGC UEIEFEDG UILNALYBG OL OA@BCQE HDCAEV DG JGJGIMHNE LJDLYEDNC. „7KQEF BN FTO FNIE M JGJGIGFN, — @LOLINB 3NFNJINV, — QGQNF BN OTWLQ NBN DE QGQNF — ZJL AGONMNJ LJDGM: EMBN JGJGIT ULVQKJ DG DGM NBN DG JEXC, JL DGF XNJSMC OFEMJE; EMBN FT ULVQEF DG DNW, JL NJEXE NQJN M DGFN OFEMJE“.

36

*GHLDE^, 4NWGNB QLB[ED XTB LJHGAGJSMC LJ MLRAG M #NJOLR N QG[E LXCAGBMC OLEOGJS MDER, EMBN LDG DGUGQEJ DG FLMHLOMHL@L HDCAC. +OGD %EBSCFNDLO, KEWGOYNV O 'IQK, OAQKFGBXTBL ULJLF OLAOIGJNJSMC O LJEPEMJOL, DL DG QLIL@E XTB MWOGPED, UINOEQED O 4LMHOK NJLI[EMJOEDDL HGADED. *GILQ, HLJLIL@L JLBUT UINMKJMJOLOGBN UIN HGADN, UBGHGB „L XBG@LILQMJOEE@L N L OEBNPEMJOE E@L“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

5DC[EMJOL 4LMHLOMHLE ULMJLCDDL KMNBNOGBLMS, JL@QG HGH 'IQG ONQNFL LMBGXEOGBGOMBEQMJONE ODKJIEDDNW MFKJ, KMLXN^ N DNPJL[DTE WGDT, ULQPNDEDDTE FL@K\EMJOEDDTFOEBSFL[GF, MOEI@GEFTE NFN, JEICBN OME XLBEE N XLBEE MOLE ADGPEDNE, UEIEMJGOGBN ODKYGJSMJIGW. 'J MJIGWG UEIEQ JGJGIGFN DGPGB LJOTHGJS IKMMHNV DGILQ N ULJLFK, PJL ML OIEFED 5GBNJTUEIEMJGB NMUTJTOGJS NW DGYEMJONC N LUKMJLYEDNC; OLAFK[GBL ̂ EBLE ULHLBEDNE, HLJLILFK PK[QXTB JIEUEJ LJ^LO UIEQ NFEDEF JGJGIMHNF; FLMHLOMHNV HDCAS, DGWLQNOYNVMC OL ^OEJE BEJ, OMGFLF ULBDLF IGAONJNN MNB, XTB UIEQMJGONJEBEF ZJL@L DLOL@L ULHLBEDNC. & FGBLBEJMJOGUINOTH 3NFNJINV QEVMJOLOGJS NDGPE, DE[EBN QEVMJOLOGBN QEQ, QCQC N LJE^ E@L; O QEJMJOE MLIK[NEF O IKHGW QLXTB LD MEXE OEBNHLE HDC[EDNE %BGQNFNIMHLE; ULJLF, OTILMYN, DE OTUKMHGBNA IKH LIK[NC, OTQEI[GB LUGMDKR XLISXK M #NJOLR, (OEISR, -CAGDSR N OTYEB NA DEEULXEQNJEBEF M ULBDTF MLADGDNEF MOLNW MNB. *EKQNONJEBSDL, PJL JGHLV HDCAS IEYNBMC UEIOTVULQDCJS LIK[NE UILJNO JGJGI.

5DCASC UL@IGDNPDTW HDC[EMJO, -CAGDMHL@L N *N[E@LILQMHL@L, UEIEMJGBN JEIUEBNOL MDLMNJSJGJGIMHNE DGUGQEDNC N UIL@LDCBN IGAXLVDNHLO; OEBNHNV HDCAS FLMHLOMHNV AGXLJBNOL MJLIL[NBLJ DNW XEIE@G 'HN; UL LHLDPGDNN XLISXT M #NJOLR N (OEISR LD OUEIOTE ULMBE JGJGIMHL@L N@GDGPGB DGMJKUGJEBSDLE QON[EDNE DG OLMJLH, DG MJIGDK OLB[MHNW XLB@GI, NBN DG 5GAGDS, N AGMJGONBHDCAEV EE AGUBGJNJS MEXE QGDS. % 1377 @LQK FLMHLOMHNE N DN[E@LILQMHNE OLVMHG XTBN ULIG[EDTJGJGIMHNF ^GIEONPEF $IGU\ER DG IEHE 1SCDE UL MGFLDGQECDDLMJN OLEOLQ, DL ZJG MGFGCMGFLDGQECDDLMJS K[E ULHGATOGBG, PJL DG -KMN UEIEMJGBN XLCJSMC JGJGI N ULBKPNBN OT@LQDLEULDCJNE L MOLNW MLXMJOEDDTW MNBGW. % MBEQKR\EF 1378 @LQK 4GFGV LJUIGONB HDCAC 7E@NPG MXLBSYNF OLVMHLF DG 3NFNJINC FLMHLOMHL@L, DL JLJ OTYEB DGOMJIEPK H 7E@NPK N ULIGANB E@LDG IEHE %L[E.

*GHLDE^, O 1380 @LQK 4GFGV IEYNBMC QONDKJSMC MGF ML OMEFN MOLNFN MNBGFN, PJLX DGHGAGJS3NFNJINC; )@GVBL BNJLOMHNV LXE\GB JGH[E MLEQNDNJSMC M DNF; OEBNHNV HDCAS ICAGDMHNV 'BE@,HLJLIL@L UL@IGDNPDLE HDC[EMJOL XLBSYE OMEW QIK@NW MJIGQGBL LJ JGJGI, NMUK@GDDTV MLRALF'IQT M #NJOLR, DE DGQECMS, PJLX 3NFNJINV LMFEBNBMC OMJKUNJS M DNFN O XLISXK, OLYEB O

37

UEIE@LOLIT M 4GFGEF N )@GVBLF. *L 3NFNJINV DE NMUK@GBMC: MLXIGOYN HGH FL[DL XLBSYEOLVMHG O MOLNW LXBGMJCW N O LXBGMJCW HDCAEV ULQIKPDTW, ULQHIEUBEDDTV DIGOMJOEDDLXBG@LMBLOEDNEF N KOE\GDNEF MO. &EI@NC, N@KFEDG JILN^HL@L, 3NFNJINV OTMJKUNB O ULWLQ,UEIEUIGONBMC AG 3LD N 8 MEDJCXIC UIN KMJSE *EUICQOT, DG 5KBNHLOLF ULBE, QGB JGJGIGF XNJOK,HLJLIGC XTBG IEYEDG O ULBSAK IKMMHNW AGMGQDTF LJICQLF, DGWLQNOYNFMC ULQ DGPGBSMJOLF HDCAC%BGQNFNIG $DQIEEONPG N XLCINDG %LBTDMHL@L!7LXILHG.

5KBNHLOMHGC ULXEQG XTBG NA PNMBG JEW ULXEQ, HLJLITE XBNAHL @IGDNPGJ M JC[HNFULIG[EDNEF; ULXEQNJEBEV UL@NXBL JGH FDL@L, PJL BEJLUNME^ @LOLINJ: „'MHKQEBG MLOEIYEDDLOMC AEFBC IKMMHGC OLEOLQGFN N MBK@GFN N OMCHNF OLNDMJOLF, N LJ ZJL@L XTB MJIGW XLBSYLV ULOMEV IKMMHLV AEFBE“. 4GFGV, OLAOIGJNOYNMS O 'IQK, MLXIGB LUCJS XLBSYLE OLVMHL, M JEF PJLXNQJN DG FLMHLOMHL@L HDCAC, DL XTB LMJGDLOBED QIK@NF OIG@LF: DG DE@L DGUGB WGD AGCN^HNV(AGKIGBSMHNV) (LWJGFTY, OT@DGB E@L N LOBGQEB /LBLJLR 'IQLR.

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

(LWJGFTY LMGQNB 4LMHOK, DE FL@ OACJS EE MNBLR, OACB HLOGIMJOLF N LUKMJLYNB, DL, KADGOYN,PJL OEBNHNV HDCAS MLXNIGEJ ULBHN DG MEOEIE, G XIGJ E@L %BGQNFNI $DQIEEONP MJLNJ M OLVMHLFDG AGUGQE, JLJPGM KYEB DGAGQ. *EMPGMJSEF 4LMHOT MUEYNB OLMULBSALOGJSMC JOEIMHLV HDCAS4NWGNB N ULEWGB O 'IQK AG CIBTHLF; ZJL AGMJGONBL 3NFNJINC LJUIGONJS O 'IQK MTDG MOLE@L%GMNBNC M XLCIGFN; (LWJGFTY XTB KQLXIED, DL QBC ZJL@L 3NFNJINV QLB[ED XTB DGBL[NJSJC[EBKR QGDS DG MOLN LXBGMJN, N XEA JL@L K[E LUKMJLYEDDTE.

5ILFE JGJGI ULMBE 5KBNHLOMHLV XNJOT 3NFNJINV OLEOGB M 'BE@LF ICAGDMHNF; MNBLR DEBSACXTBL UINDKQNJS H FNIK ZJL@L MFEBL@L N BRXNFL@L MOLNF DGILQLF HDCAC, N ULJLFK LJUIGONBMC O-CAGDS JILN^HNV N@KFED MO. &EI@NV, LD JNWNFN N HILJHNFN IEPGFN MHBLDNB 'BE@G H FNIK M4LMHOLR. 7TBN MMLIT K 3NFNJINC N M QOLRILQDTF XIGJLF E@L %BGQNFNILF $DQIEEONPEF; QLDGM QLYBN BRXLUTJDTE QL@LOLIT FE[QK QOLRILQDTFN XIGJSCFN, ULHGATOGR\NE UEIEFEDK OLJDLYEDNCW FE[QK HDCASCFN; FBGQYNV XIGJ LXCATOGEJMC QEI[GJS HDC[EDNE MJGIYE@L PEMJDLN @ILADL, MBK[NJS EFK XEA LMBKYGDNC, G MJGIYNV LXE\GEJMC HLIFNJS E@L UL E@L MBK[XE: UIE[DNEILQMJOEDDTE LJDLYEDNC AGFEDCRJMC MBK[EXDTFN. %BGQNFNI LXCAGBMC DE QLFL@GJSMCFLMHLOMHLV LJPNDT 3NFNJINEOLV N OEBNHL@L HDC[EDNC %BGQNFNIMHL@L DE JLBSHL UIN [NADNMGFL@L 3NFNJINC, DL N UIN MTDLOSCW E@L; OUEIOTE QCQC UINADGB MJGIYNDMJOL UBEFCDDNHG NLXCAGBMC MBK[NJS EFK. 1LQLXDL UIEQYEMJOEDDNHGF MOLNF, 3NFNJINV WLQNB OLVDLR DGDLO@LILQ^EO N OACB M DNW QEDS@N AG FNI; UINPNDLR ULWLQG XTBN IGAXLN DLO@LILQMHLV OLBSDN^TDG %LB@E. 1MHLONPN UILQLB[GBN OLEOGJS M DEF^GFN.

3NFNJINV, UILAOGDDTV 3LDMHNF AG HKBNHLOMHKR ULXEQK, KFEI O 1389 @LQK, E\E JLBSHL 39BEJ LJ IL[QEDNC. 3EQ, QCQN N LJE^ 3NFNJINC O JNYNDE UIN@LJLONBN MIEQMJOL H XLISXE LJHITJLVM JGJGIGFN; 3NFNJINV KFEB OLMULBSALOGJSMC ZJNFN MIEQMJOGFN, KFEB IGAOEIDKJSUIN@LJLOBEDDTE MNBT N QGJS NF OLOIEFC DGQBE[G\EE KULJIEXBEDNE. 7L@GJLE MLXTJNCFNHDC[EDNE 3NFNJINC, UILJEHYEE M DGPGBG QL HLD^G O KULIDLV N OG[DLV XLISXE, BE@HL AGJFNBLXEQDTE MLXTJNCFN HDC[EDNC UIEQYEMJOEDDNHLO; HKBNHLOMHGC ULXEQG MNBSDL ULIGANBGOLLXIG[EDNE MLOIEFEDDNHLO, DGQLB@L LMJGBGMS O UGFCJN ULJLFMJOG, N ULXEQNJEBS 4GFGC

38

ULBKPNB ULQBE $BEHMGDQIG *EOMHL@L MGFLE ONQDLE FEMJL FE[QK HDCASCFN DLOLV MEOEIL!OLMJLPDLV -KMN. %G[DTE MBEQMJONC QECJEBSDLMJN 3NFNJINC LXDGIK[NOGRJMC O E@L QKWLODLFAGOE\GDNN; O DEF OMJIEPGEF DEMBTWGDDLE UIE[QE IGMULIC[EDNE: FLMHLOMHNV HDCASXBG@LMBLOBCEJ MJGIYE@L MOLE@L MTDG %GMNBNC OEBNHNF HDC[EDNEF %BGQNFNIMHNF, HLJLILEALOEJ MOLER OLJPNDLR; 3LDMHLV K[E DE XLNJMC MLUEIDNHLO QBC MOLE@L MTDG DN NA (OEIN, DN NA&KAQGBC N DE MJEMDCEJMC JEF, PJL WGD FL[EJ QGJS CIBTH HLFK!DNXKQS NA DNW.

"#$%$ XXII%$&+#+0 3+4+(-+,%+9

&TD 3LDMHL@L, %GMNBNV 3NFNJINEONP, O MGFLF DGPGBE HDC[EDNC MOLE@L ULHGAGB, PJL @BGODLR^EBSR E@L XKQEJ KOEBNPEDNE MOLE@L HDC[EMJOG DG MPEJ QIK@NW, MLXNIGDNE IKMMHLV AEFBN. 9EIEA@LQ ULMBE JL@L HGH ULMLB (LWJGFTYEO ULMGQNB E@L DG OEBNHLHDC[EMHNV MJLB OL %BGQNFNIE,%GMNBNV ULEWGB O 'IQK N HKUNB JGF CIBTH DG HDC[EMJOL *N[E@LILQMHLE, HLJLILE DEAGQLB@LUEIEQ JEF OTUILMNB MEXE O 'IQE [E 7LINM 5LDMJGDJNDLONP, QOLRILQDTV QEQ FLMHLOMHL@L HDCACUL FGJEIN; M QIK@LV MJLILDT, %GMNBNV UIEHBLDNB DG MOLR MJLILDK XLCI DN[E@LILQMHNW, HLJLITEN OTQGBN EFK MOLE@L HDCAC. 1L JLFK [E CIBTHK HILFE *N[DE@L %GMNBNV UINLXIEB "LILQE^,4KILF, 4E\EIK, (GIKMK. *L K 7LINMG DN[E@LILQMHL@L LMJGOGBLMS QOLE UBEFCDDNHLO, MTDLOSC3NFNJINC 5LDMJGDJNDLONPG, MBEQLOGJEBSDL, ILQDTE QCQSC UL FGJEIN FLMHLOMHLFK HDCAR.1LMBEQDNV DE LMJGONB NW MULHLVDL HDC[NJS O &KAQGBSMHLV LXBGMJN, LDN OTXE[GBN LJJKQG O'IQK QLXNOGJSMC CIBTHLO DG LJPNDK MOLR N QLB@L XEMULHLNBN %GMNBNC OFEMJE M MTDLOSCFN7LINMG 5LDMJGDJNDLONPG; ULJLFHN NW DE LJMJGOGBN LJ MOLNW UINJCAGDNV N UIN MTDE %GMNBNC,DL UIN ODKHE E@L OME QLB[DT XTBN OMJKUNJS O MBK[XK FLMHLOMHKR. %GMNBNV WLJEB XTBLUINLXIEMJN JGH[E N OBGQEDNC *LO@LILQG %EBNHL@L O LXBGMJN &EOEIDLV 3ONDT; ZJL EFK DEKQGBLMS, AGJL LD KJOEIQNB MOLE OBNCDNE OL 1MHLOE, HLJLITV M ZJNW ULI DGPNDGEJ UINDNFGJSHDCAEV LJ IKHN OEBNHL@L HDCAC FLMHLOMHL@L. % (OEIN UL MFEIJN 4NWGNBG $BEHMGDQILONPG,ADGFEDNJL@L MLUEIDNHG 3LDMHL@L, ADGFEDNJL@L KMJGDLOBEDNEF ODKJIEDDE@L ULICQHG O MOLEFHDC[EMJOE, DGPGBNMS KMLXN^T: DGMBEQDNH 4NWGNBG OEBNHNV HDCAS JOEIMHLV UL LXTPGR WLJEBUINOEMJN O MOLR QLBR FBGQYNW XIGJSEO. %EBNHNV HDCAS FLMHLOMHNV DE FL@ OLMULBSALOGJSMCKMLXN^GFN JOEIMHNFN UL UINPNDE QEB JGJGIMHNW N BNJLOMHNW.

% HLD^E XIV OEHG QBC $ANN ULOJLINBNMS OIEFEDG 9ND@NMWGDG: MTD DEXL@GJL@L PG@GJGVMHL@LHDCASHG (NFKI, NBN (GFEIBGD, DGPGB O ULBLONDE OEHG ULUIN\E MOLE FEBHNF @IGXE[LF NIGAXLCFN, G O 1371 @LQK OBGQEB K[E AEFBCFN LJ 5GMUNVMHL@L FLIC QL 4GDSP[KINN. ,FK XTBLXCAGD (LWJGFTY UIEMJLBLF /LBLJLV 'IQT, DL DE WLJEB XTJS XBG@LILQDTF, OLLIK[NBMC UILJNO(GFEIBGDG, ULJEIUEB ULIG[EDNE N UINDK[QED XTB MUGMGJSMC XE@MJOLF O BEMGW XLB@GIMHNW, N(GFEIBGD OLYEB O IKMMHNE UIEQEBT, OACB ,BE^, UBEDNB E@L HDCAC, LUKMJLYNB LHIEMJDKR MJIGDK.*GUGQEDNE DE XTBL DEPGCDDLE, N %GMNBNV 3NFNJINEONP NFEB OIEFC UIN@LJLONJSMC; LD MLXIGBXLBSYLE OLVMHL N MJGB DG @IGDN^GW MOLE@L HDC[EMJOG, DG XEIE@K 'HN. *L LD DE QL[QGBMC OIG@G:UILMJLCOYN 15 QDEV O AEFBE -CAGDMHLV, LUKMJLYNOYN LXG XEIE@G 3LDG, (GFEIBGD OTYEB NAIKMMHNW UIEQEBLO O JLJ MGFTV QEDS, HL@QG FLMHONPN OMJIEJNBN LXIGA 7L@LILQN^T, UINDEMEDDTVNA %BGQNFNIG; LXIGA ZJLJ LMJGBMC M JEW ULI O 4LMHOE, O ;MUEDMHLF MLXLIE HGH @BGODEVYGCMOCJTDC MJLBN^T.

1LMBE IGA@ILFG (GFEIBGDLOG /LBLJGC 'IQG QLB@L DE XTBG LUGMDG FLMHLOMHLFK HDCAR.*EMHLBSHL WGDLO UEIEFEDNBLMS O DEV, G %GMNBNV DE QKFGB DE JLBSHL EAQNJS MGF H DNF DG ULHBLD,DL QG[E DE ULMTBGB DNHL@L; DG JIEXLOGDNE QGDN LJOEPGB, PJL HDC[EMJOL E@L MJGBL XEQDL BRQSFN,DE DG HLF OACJS OTWLQG, JL@QG HGH JGJGIMHGC QGDS YBG O HGADK OEBNHLHDC[EMHKR; DGHLDE^,LXIG\EDNE M JGJGIGFN UEIEFEDNBLMS: DGQ ULMBGFN N HKU^GFN LIQTDMHNFN DGPGBN MFECJSMC OLXBGMJCW FLMHLOMHNW, FMJNJS NF AG UIE[DEE IGADTFN UINJEMDEDNCFN.

% ZJL OIEFC, HGH OL OIEFC 4GFGEOL, OMEFN QEBGFN O 'IQE AGUIGOBCB HDCAS ,QN@EV; QLB@L

39

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

'MBGXBEDDTE JGJGIT FL@BN OIEQNJS -LMMNN JLBSHL ODEAGUDTFN IGAXLVDNPEMHNFNDGUGQEDNCFN; LUGMDEE XTBG #NJOG, HLJLIGC QLFL@GBGMS AGOLEOGDNV UILPDTW. )@GVBL,K@IL[GEFTV DEFE^HNF LIQEDLF, ULQ ULHILONJEBSMJOL HLJLIL@L LJQGBMC %NJLOJ, UINFNINBMC MQOLRILQDTF XIGJLF. % ZJL OIEFC YEB OG[DTV QBC %LMJLPDLV ,OILUT OLUILM L JLF, HJL XKQEJFK[EF FLBLQLV ULBSMHLV HLILBEOT )QON@N, QLPEIN HLILBC #RQLONHG; ULBSMHNE OEBSFL[NAGMJGONBN )QON@K LJQGJS MOLR IKHK )@GVBK BNJLOMHLFK, ULJLFK PJL JLJ LXE\GB UINDCJSHGJLBN^NAF MGF N ML OMEF BNJLOMHNF DGILQLF N MLEQNDNJS DGOEHN MOLN OBGQEDNC, J. E. #NJOK N-KMS, M 1LBSYER. 'D NMULBDNB LXE\GDNE, AGMJGONB JEW BNJLO^EO, HLJLITE E\E DE UINDCBNWINMJNGDMJOG UL UIGOLMBGODLFK NMULOEQGDNR, UINDCJS E@L UL BGJNDMHLFK, DL OMBEQMJONE ZJL@LO LXBGMJCW BNJLOMHL!IKMMHNW MJGBN JEUEIS QIK@ ULQBE QIK@G QOG OIG[QEXDTW NMULOEQGDNC, PJLULMBK[NBL DELQLBNFTF UIEUCJMJONEF H ODKJIEDDEFK UILPDLFK MBNCDNR AGUGQDLV, BNJLOMHLV-LMMNN M 1LBSYER, WLJC )@GVBL N UIEEFDNHN E@L MNBSDL MJGIGBNMS ULQQEI[GJS ODEYDEE NWMLEQNDEDNE.

*L EMBN )@GVBK N ULBCHGF WLJEBLMS UINMLEQNDNJS #NJOK H 1LBSYE, JL BNJLO^GF DE WLJEBLMSULJEICJS MOLEV MGFLMJLCJEBSDLMJN, N LDN ULQQEI[NOGBN AGFTMBT %NJLOJG, HLJLITV, AGMJGONO)@GVBG UINADGJS MEXC OEBNHNF HDCAEF BNJLOMHNF O AGONMNFLMJN LJ 1LBSYN, JC@LJNBMC ZJLRAGONMNFLMJSR N WLJEB ULBKPNJS QBC MEXC DEAGONMNFKR HLILBEOMHKR HLILDK. _JLJ!JL %NJLOJ,MJIEFCMS, M LQDLV MJLILDT, H MGFLMJLCJEBSDLMJN N HLILBEOMHLFK JNJKBK O #NJOE, M QIK@LV —MJIEFNBMC KOEBNPNJS MOLN OBGQEDNC DG OLMJLHE DG MPEJ LXBGMJEV IKMMHNW, DEMFLJIC DG JL PJLILQDGC QLPS E@L, &L]SC, XTBG AGFK[EF AG %GMNBNEF 3NFNJINEONPEF, OEBNHNF HDCAEFFLMHLOMHNF. % &FLBEDMHE O ZJL OIEFC UILNMWLQNBN KMLXN^T FE[QK HDCASCFN OMBEQMJONEOMELX\E@L JL@QG MJIEFBEDNC OEBNHNW HDCAEV AGMJGONJS MBK[NJS MEXE KQEBSDTW, MBGXEVYNW._JNF OLMULBSALOGBMC %NJLOJ N AGWOGJNB &FLBEDMH LXFGDLF, OTMJGONOYN MEXC ULMIEQDNHLFFE[QK E@L HDCASCFN; MJGIYNV NA ZJNW HDCAEV, 6INV, M ULFL\SR ICAGDMHL@L OEBNHL@L HDCAC'BE@G LJDCB XTBL &FLBEDMH K %NJLOJG, DL DEDGQLB@L; HL@QG 6INV KEWGB O 4LMHOK UILMNJS%GMNBNC 3NFNJINEONPG L ULFL\N, %NJLOJ ULQMJKUNB H &FLBEDMHK N LOBGQEB NF LHLDPGJEBSDL MULFL\SR JGFLYDNW XLCI.

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`CONB OLVDK JEMJR; JIN IGAG ULBHN FLMHLOMHNE MWLQNBNMS M BNJLOMHNFN,DL XNJOT DE XTBL, ULJLFK PJL N %NJLOJ N %GMNBNV LJBNPGBNMS LQNDGHLOLR LMJLIL[DLMJSR.%NJLOJ XTB, JGHNF LXIGALF, KQEI[GD LJ QGBSDEVYNW AGFTMBLO DG OLMJLPDKR -LMMNR; IEHG ;@IG,DG HLJLILV OMJIEJNBMC LD O ULMBEQDNV IGA M OEBNHNF HDCAEF FLMHLOMHNF, DGADGPEDG XTBG@IGDN^ER FE[QK BNJLOMHNFN N FLMHLOMHNFN OBGQEDNCFN; JGH ZJG @IGDN^G XTBG XBNAHG LJ4LMHOT! *L AQEMS XTB ULMBEQDNV UIEQEB IGMUILMJIGDEDNC BNJLOMHNW OBGQEDNV O IKMMHNWLXBGMJCW.

40

%GMNBNV 3NFNJINEONP KFEI O 1425 @LQK. "BGODTFN MLOEJDNHGFN E@L XTBN MDGPGBG XLCIND?EQLI $DQIEEONP 5LYHG, G ULJLF MTD E@L +OGD.

"#$%$ XXIII%$&+#+0 %$&+#2,%+9 (,4*.0

%GMNBNV 3NFNJINEONP LMJGONB LQDL@L FGBLBEJDE@L MTDG, %GMNBNC, ULQ LUEHLR FGJEIN E@L&L]SN %NJLOJLODT. 3L MNW ULI DE XTBL KMLXN^ O ILQE HDCAEV FLMHLOMHNW: FT ONQEBN, PJLQOLRILQDTV XIGJ 3LDMHL@L, %BGQNFNI $DQIEEONP, XEA XLISXT KMJKUNB MJGIYNDMJOL UBEFCDDNHK%GMNBNR 3NFNJINEONPK, DL ZJLJ XIGJ 3LDMHL@L XTB, OL!UEIOTW, XIGJ QOLRILQDTV, OL!OJLITW,DE FL@ AGDCJS MJGIYE@L MJLBG UL !)*+%,: LJE^ E@L DE XTB OEBNHNF HDCAEF FLMHLOMHNF NOBGQNFNIMHNF; K %GMNBNC [E 3NFNJINEONPG XTBN ILQDTE XIGJSC, NA HLJLITW MJGIYNV UL DEFXTB 6INV 3NFNJINEONP AOEDN@LILQMHNV N @GBN^HNV ("GBNPG HLMJILFMHL@L).

_JLJ HDCAS, MPNJGC MEXC UL MJGINDE ULBDLUIGODTF DGMBEQDNHLF MJGIYNDMJOG, LJHGAGBMCUINADGJS MJGIYNDMJOL UBEFCDDNHG %GMNBNC %GMNBSEONPG, LJHGAGBMC UINADGJS DLOTV ULICQLHUIEMJLBLDGMBEQNC LJ LJ^G H MTDK. *EMFLJIC DG JL, FLBLQLV %GMNBNV DGPGB HDC[NJS O 4LMHOE,NXL K 6INC DE XTBL MIEQMJO MNBLR OTJEMDNJS E@L LJJKQG. 9JLX NAXE[GJS OLVDT, QCQC NUBEFCDDNH ML@BGMNBNMS EWGJS O 'IQK N ULBL[NJSMC DG IEYEDNE WGDG; O 'IQE XBG@LQGIC BLOHLMJNXLCINDG FLMHLOMHL@L +OGDG 3NFNJINEONPG %MEOLBL[MHL@L WGD LX`CONB, PJL OEBNHNF HDCAEFQLB[ED XTJS %GMNBNV, DL 6INV DE WLJEB KMULHLNJSMC DG WGDMHLF IEYEDNN N, OLAOIGJCMS QLFLV,[QGB JLBSHL XBG@LUINCJDL@L QBC MEXC MBKPGC DGPGJS XLISXK M UBEFCDDNHLF. _JLJ MBKPGV MHLILUIEQMJGONBMC.

%GMNBNV %GMNBSEONP, XKQKPN O 'IQE, QGB LXE\GDNE XLCINDK MOLEFK %MEOLBL[MHLFK[EDNJSMC DG E@L QLPEIN, DL UL UINEAQE O 4LMHOK FGJS OEBNHL@L HDCAC &L]SC %NJLOJLODG DNHGHDE ML@BGMNBGMS DG ZJLJ XIGH N DGMJLCBG, PJLX MTD LXIKPNBMC DG HDC[DE 4GISE )ILMBGODE, ODKPHE%BGQNFNIG $DQIEEONPG. (L@QG IGMMEI[EDDTV XLCIND +OGD 3NFNJINEONP LJ`EWGB NA 4LMHOT HHDCAR 6INR N DGPGB ULQDNFGJS E@L DG UBEFCDDNHG; O JL [E OIEFC MTDLOSC 6INC, UINEWGOYNEDG MOGQSXK H OEBNHLFK HDCAR, XTBN LMHLIXBEDT &L]SER %NJLOJLODLR, N ZJL ULMBK[NBLUIEQBL@LF H OLVDE. %GMNBNV %GMNBSEONP, UIGAQDLOGOYNV MOLR MOGQSXK, OLOME DE XTB @LJLO HOLVDE, OTMJKUNB UILJNO QCQN M DGMHLIL MLXIGDDTFN DEMJILVDTFN JLBUGFN, XTB IGAXNJ DG@LBLOKN OACJ O UBED.

6INV OMJKUNB O 4LMHOK N MEB DG MJLBE OEBNHLHDC[EMHLF, UBEFCDDNHK [E %GMNBNR LJQGB OKQEB 5LBLFDK UL MLOEJK BRXNF^G MOLE@L, XLCINDG 4LILALOG, DL HGH MHLIL %GMNBNV UINEWGB OZJLJ @LILQ, JL DGPGB UINATOGJS H MEXE LJLOMRQK BRQEV, N LJLOMRQK DGPGBN MJEHGJSMC H DEFKHDCASC, XLCIE, QOLICDE, ULJLFK PJL, @LOLINJ BEJLUNME^, DE UINOTHBN LDN MBK[NJS @GBN^HNFHDCASCF: QIK[NDG JGH K[E UINOTHBG JEUEIS H UIEEFMJOK UIEMJLBG LJ LJ^G H MTDK, PJL MJGIYNVO ILQE, QCQC, MPNJGBMC HGHNF!JL PK[NF HDCAEF, MBK[NJS HLJLILFK XTBL KDNANJEBSDL, JL@QG HGHFLBLQLV MTD ULHLVDL@L OEBNHL@L HDCAC K[E MPNJGBMC OEBNHNF HDCAEF. ;ONQGOYN, PJL LHLBL%GMNBNC O 5LBLFDE MLXIGBLMS XLBSYLE OLVMHL, M HLJLITF DE MBGQNJS, MTDLOSC 6INC, %GMNBNV5LMLV N 3NFNJINV >EFCHG, O UINUGQHE QLMGQT N ABLMJN KXNBN XLCINDG 4LILALOG AG JL, PJLUINMLOEJLOGB LJ^K NW OLAOIGJNJS %GMNBNR %GMNBSEONPK MOLXLQK N QGJS KQEB. ;XE@GC LJ^LOMHL@L@DEOG, KXNV^T KEWGBN NA 4LMHOT; JL@QG 6INV, ONQC MEXC LMJGOBEDDL@L OMEFN, ULMBGB HUBEFCDDNHK AOGJS E@L LXIGJDL DG OEBNHLE HDC[EDNE, G MGF KEWGB O "GBNP, MLUILOL[QGEFTVJLBSHL UCJSR PEBLOEHGFN. 'D AGHBRPNB M %GMNBNEF %GMNBSEONPEF QL@LOLI, O HLJLILF LXCAGBMCDE UINDNFGJS H MEXE MTDLOEV — 5LML@L N >EFCHK N UINADGB UBEFCDDNHG MJGIYNF XIGJLF.

1LDGQECOYNMS DG LXE\GDNE QCQN, %GMNBNV LJUIGONB OLVMHL UILJNO 5LML@L N >EFCHN, DLJE IGAXNBN FLMHONPEV; KADGOYN, PJL 6INV DE MQEI[GB LXE\GDNC, PJL ULBHN E@L ULFL@GBN 5LMLFKN >EFCHE, OEBNHNV HDCAS LUCJS DGPGB OLVDK M QCQER, HLJLIGC LUCJS HLDPNBGMS QBC DE@LDEMPGMJBNOL: LD UINDK[QED XTB XE[GJS NA 4LMHOT N MLXNIGBMC K[E O 'IQK, HGH OQIK@ KADGB L

41

MHLILULMJN[DLV MFEIJN 6INC N L JLF, PJL MTD ULMBEQDE@L, %GMNBNV 5LMLV, AGDCB UIEMJLBFLMHLOMHNV UL DLOLFK LXTPGR, ULJLFK PJL UL MJGINDE MJGIYNDMJOL O ILQE UL MFEIJN 6INCUINDGQBE[GBL %GMNBNR %GMNBSEONPK HGH MTDK MJGIYE@L XIGJG. *L 5LMLV, LMJGOBEDDTV QG[E NILQDTFN XIGJSCFN, >EFCHLR N 3NFNJINEF 5IGMDTF, DE FL@ KQEI[GJSMC O 4LMHOE. #NYEDDTVN OEBNHL@L HDC[EDNC, N KQEBG MOLE@L — /OEDN@LILQG, 5LMLV DE UEIEMJGOGB LQDGHL [ OLEOGJS M%GMNBNEF %GMNBSEONPEF, LUKMJLYGC E@L LXBGMJN; DGHLDE^ XTB IGAXNJ, OACJ O UBED N LMBEUBED.

%L OIEFC ZJLV KMLXN^T KFEIBN N JIN LMJGBSDTE MTDG 3LDMHL@L, QCQSC %GMNBSEOT; QOLE NADNW KFEIBN XEAQEJDT, G JIEJNV, $DQIEV, LMJGONB QOLNW MTDLOEV: +OGDG, HDCAC FL[GVMHL@L, N4NWGNBG, HDCAC OEIEVMHL@L.

7LISXG OEBNHL@L HDCAC M QOLRILQDTFN XIGJSCFN OLALXDLONBGMS UL ULOLQK QEB JGJGIMHNW.% 1437 @LQK WGD ;BK!4GWFEJ, NA@DGDDTV NA /LBLJLV 'IQT XIGJLF MOLNF, AGMEB O LUKMJEBLV LJIKMMHNW DGXE@LO 5GAGDN, ULMJGONB MEXE @LILQ DG DLOLF FEMJE N O 1439 @LQK CONBMC DEPGCDDLULQ 4LMHOLR. %EBNHNV HDCAS DE KMUEB MLXIGJSMC M MNBGFN N KEWGB AG %LB@K; WGD MJLCB 10 QDEVULQ 4LMHOLR, OACJS EE DE FL@, DL DGQEBGB FDL@L ABG IKMMHLV AEFBE. % 1445 @LQK JGJGIT ;BK!4GWFEJLOT LUCJS ULCONBNMS DG IKMMHNW @IGDN^GW, N OEBNHNV HDCAS OTYEB UILJNO DNW MDEXLBSYNF OLVMHLF, OME@L JTMCPN M ULBJLIT, ULJLFK PJL ULBHN QIK@NW HDCAEV DE KMUEBNMLXIGJSMC; ULQBE &KAQGBC MLYBNMS IKMMHNE M JGJGIGFN N ULJEIUEBN MNBSDLE ULIG[EDNE, MGFOEBNHNV HDCAS ULUGBMC O UBED N XTB LJOEQED O 5GAGDS. (GJGIT DE ULYBN QGBSYE, N WGD LJUIGONBULMBG H >EFCHE, HLJLITV UINDCB E@L M XLBSYLR PEMJSR N LJUIGONB M DNF OFEMJE O 5GAGDSMOLE@L ULMBG K@LOGINOGJS ;BK!4GWFEJG, PJLXT DE LJUKMHGB %GMNBNC DG OEBNHLE HDC[EDNE. *LJGH HGH ULMBT ZJN QLB@L DE UINEA[GBN O 5GAGDS, JL WGD, QKFGC, PJL ULMLB E@L KXNJ >EFCHLR,OLYEB O UEIE@LOLIT M MOLNF UBEDDNHLF N ML@BGMNBMC LJUKMJNJS E@L O 4LMHOK AG NAOEMJDKRMKFFK QEDE@; HILFE JL@L, M %GMNBNEF OTEWGBL FDL@L JGJGI, HLJLITW LD UINDCB O MOLR MBK[XK.

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„/GPEFUINOEB JGJGI DG IKMMHKR AEFBR N @LILQG M OLBLMJCFN LJQGB NF O HLIFBEDNE? (GJGI N CATH NWBRXNYS MOEIW FEIT, G WINMJNGD JLFNYS XEA FNBLMJN; ALBLJL, MEIEXIL N OMCHLE NFEDNE LJQGEYSJGJGIGF; DGHLDE^, AGPEF LMBEUNB HDCAC %GMNBNC 6ISEONPG?“

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

42

DG >EFCHK H 4LMHOE, G M QIK@LV MJLILDT YBN JKQG [E NA #NJOT HDCAS %GMNBNV )ILMBGONPMEIUKWLOMHLV M JLOGIN\GFN MOLE@L NA@DGDNC. >EFCHG OFEMJE M HDCAEF +OGDLF FL[GVMHNFOTMJKUNB UILJNO %GMNBNC, DL O E@L LJMKJMJONE 4LMHOG JGH [E ODEAGUDL N BE@HL XTBG AGWOGPEDGUINOEI[ED^GFN ULMBEQDE@L, HGH UIE[QE UINOEI[ED^GFN >EFCHN, HLJLITV, KADGOYN L ULJEIEMJLBN^T, DE XNOYNMS M %GMNBNEF, KXE[GB O 5GI@LULBS N AGHBRPNB FNI M %GMNBNEF O 1447 @LQK,LJHGAGOYNMS LJ OEBNHL@L HDC[EDNC N LJ DEHLJLITW MOLNW OLBLMJEV.

*L FNI DE XTB UILQLB[NJEBED; OEAQE: O %EBNHLF *LO@LILQE N 5GAGDN, FE[QK HDCASCFNKQEBSDTFN N O MJEDGW MGFLV 4LMHOT — >EFCHG AGOLQNB HIGFLBT, WLJEB OLAXKQNJSDEIGMULBL[EDNE H %GMNBNR. (LJ LJQGB MOLE QEBL DG MKQ QKWLOEDMJOK, HLJLILE LJUIGONBL H>EFCHE @ILADLE ULMBGDNE. 1LMBGDNE ZJL AGFEPGJEBSDL JEF, PJL O DEF QKWLOEDMJOL OLLIK[NBLMSUICFL UILJNO MJGIL@L ULICQHG UIEMJLBLDGMBEQNC; KHLICC LJ^G >EFCHNDG, HDCAC 6INC, AG JL,PJL LD DE UL UIGOK NMHGB OEBNHL@L HDC[EDNC ULQ UBEFCDDNHLF, QKWLOEDMJOL @ILANBL UILHBCJNEF>EFCHE, EMBN LD DE XKQEJ NMULBDCJS KMBLONV QL@LOLIG, AGHBRPEDDL@L NF M OEBNHNF HDCAEF.>EFCHG DE ULMBKYGBMC KOE\GDNV QKWLOEDMJOG N DEMHLBSHL IGA OLALXDLOBCB OLVDK; BNYEDDTVMOLE@L KQEBG, (GBNPG HLMJILFMHL@L, LD MHITBMC O *LO@LILQE %EBNHLF N UILQLB[GB LJJKQGDGUGQGJS DG AEFBN OEBNHLHDC[EMHNE; DGHLDE^, O 1453 @LQK LD KFEI O *LO@LILQE LJ LJIGOT,UINMBGDDLV NA 4LMHOT. &TD >EFCHN, +OGD, KYEB O #NJOK, @QE QGBN EFK OLBLMJN.

*L HILFE >EFCHN O 4LMHLOMHLF HDC[EMJOE LMJGOGBNMS E\E QIK@NE KQEBSDTE HDCASC, LJHLJLITW %GMNBNV WLJEB NAXGONJSMC; LD DGPGB M MLRADNHG >EFCHNDG, HDCAC +OGDG FL[GVMHL@L,HLJLITV DE ULMBKYGBMC FNJILULBNJG, QOG IGAG AOGOYE@L E@L DG ULFL\S H OEBNHLFK HDCAR UILJNOJGJGI; FL[GVMHNV HDCAS DE FL@ XLILJSMC M FLMHLOMHNF, KXE[GB O #NJOK, N KQEB E@L UINMLEQNDEDH 4LMHOE. 1LJLF OEBNHNV HDCAS AG HGHKR!JL DENAOEMJDKR DGF HIGFLBK OEBEB MWOGJNJS O 4LMHOEN AGJLPNJS XIGJG [EDT MOLEV, MEIUKWLOMHL@L HDCAC %GMNBNC )ILMBGONPG, HLJLIL@L KQEB JGH[EXTB UINMLEQNDED H 4LMHOE. (GHNF LXIGALF, NA OMEW KQEBLO 4LMHLOMHL@L HDC[EMJOG LMJGBMCJLBSHL LQND — %EIEVMHNV, @QE HDC[NB 4NWGNB $DQIEEONP, OEQYNV MEXC JGH MULHLVDL, PJL DEFL@ OLAXKQNJS DNHGHL@L LUGMEDNC ML MJLILDT OEBNHL@L HDCAC. (GH HLDPNBGMS KMLXN^G FE[QKHDCASCFN FLMHLOMHNFN, ULJLFHGFN 5GBNJT. %FEMJL JL@L PJLX IGAQILXNJS, LMBGXNJS ZJLHDC[EMJOL, LJDCJS K DE@L UINLXIEJEDNC UIE[DNW HDCAEV, LDG HLDPNBGMS JEF, PJL %GMNBNV%GMNBSEONP, OLOME DE UIEOLMWLQNOYNV MOLNW UIEQYEMJOEDDNHLO BNPDTFN QLMJLNDMJOGFN N HJLFK E\E MBEULV OULMBEQMJONN, KDNPJL[NB KQEBT (HILFE LQDL@L) O 4LMHLOMHLF HDC[EMJOE NKQEI[GB UINLXIEJEDNC LJ^LOMHNE N QEQLOMHNE: JGH DLOTV ULICQLH OE\EV K[E XTB HIEULH O4LMHLOMHLF HDC[EMJOE, JGH LJOTHBN AQEMS ULONDLOGJSMC KQEBSDTF HDCASCF FNFL MTDG OEBNHL@LHDCAC.

*L O JL OIEFC HGH O 4LMHLOMHLF HDC[EMJOE UILNMWLQNBG ZJG KMLXN^G FE[QK UIGODKHGFN5GBNJT, KMLXN^G UEIOGC N ULMBEQDCC, O ZJL OIEFC PJL [E QEBGBN OEBNHNE HDCASC, QGODNEMLUEIDNHN FLMHLOMHNW, HDCAS ICAGDMHNV N JOEIMHLV? 'JPE@L LDN DE OLMULBSALOGBNMS KMLXN^ERN DE ULMJGIGBNMS KMNBNJSMC DG MPEJ 4LMHOT? 'DN XTBN JGH MBGXT, PJL NF DE UINWLQNBL N DGFTMBS ULQLXDLE UIEQUINCJNE, NF LMJGOGBLMS DG OTXLI — ULQPNDNJSMC FLMHLOMHNF NBNBNJLOMHNF OEBNHNF HDCASCF, MFLJIC UL JLFK, HLJLITE NA DNW OLASFKJ OEIW. 5L@QG KMNBEDNE4LMHLOMHL@L HDC[EMJOG XTBL UINLMJGDLOBEDL KMLXN^ER FE[QK ULJLFHGFN 5GBNJT, ICAGDMHNVHDCAS ULPEB DK[DTF UINFHDKJS H #NJOE N AGHBRPNB M %NJLOJLF QL@LOLI, O HLJLILF LJQGBMCEFK DG MBK[XK; HDCASC 1ILDMHNV, *LOLMNBSMHNV, 'QLEOMHNV N %LILJTDMHNV MQEBGBN JL [EMGFLE. (GHNF LXIGALF, PE@L M LQDLV MJLILDT DE KMUEOGBN MQEBGJS HDCASC FLMHLOMHNE, JL M QIK@LVQLHGDPNOGBN BNJLOMHNE, LJDNFGC DEAGONMNFLMJS K HDCAEV OLMJLPDLV -KMN, AGMJGOBCC NW OMJKUGJSH MEXE O MBK[XK. *L HL@QG %NJLOJ KFEI N #NJOG LMBGXEBG LJ FE[QLKMLXNV, JL@QG JLJ [E ICAGDMHNVHDCAS +OGD ?EQLILONP UINFHDKB H 4LMHOE N, KFNIGC, LJQGB FGBEDSHL@L MTDG DG IKHN OEBNHLFKHDCAR %GMNBNR: ULMBEQDNV UEIEOEA FGBRJHK OFEMJE M MEMJILR H MEXE O 4LMHOK, G O -CAGDS NQIK@NE @LILQG HDC[EMJOG ULMBGB MOLNW DGFEMJDNHLO. + JOEIMHLV OEBNHNV HDCAS JGH[E MDGPGBGHLBEXGBMC FE[QK MLRALF FLMHLOMHNF N BNJLOMHNF, DL ULQ HLDE^ UIEQULPEB MLRA M %GMNBNEF(EFDTF.

43

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

1LDCJDL, PJL UIN JGHNW LXMJLCJEBSMJOGW #NJOG DE FL@BG OLMULBSALOGJSMC FLMHLOMHNFNKMLXN^GFN, ULFEYGJS %GMNBNR (EFDLFK MLXIGJS FLMHLOMHNE KQEBT N KMNBNJS MOLR OBGMJS OMLMEQDNW HDC[EMJOGW. % ULMBEQDEE OIEFC MOLEV [NADN %GMNBNV QKFGB DGDEMJN LHLDPGJEBSDTVKQGI *LO@LILQK %EBNHLFK; JLBSHL GIWNEUNMHLU DLO@LILQMHNV +LDG, ULBSALOGOYNVMC OMELX\NFKOG[EDNEF, KMUEB KQEI[GJS E@L LJ ULWLQG, K@LOGINOGC LXIGJNJS OME MOLE ODNFGDNE DG JGJGI,OIG@LO WINMJNGDMJOG, HLJLITE QEVMJONJEBSDL DE UEIEMJGOGBN DGUGQGJS DG IKMMHNE LXBGMJN.

% 1462 @LQK KFEI %GMNBNV %GMNBSEONP, LMJGONO UIEMJLB OEBNHLHDC[EMHNV MJGIYEFK MTDK+LGDDK, HLJLIL@L E\E UIN [NADN MOLEV LX`CONB OEBNHNF HDCAEF N MLUIGONJEBEF: OME @IGFLJTUNMGBNMS LJ NFEDN QOLNW OEBNHNW HDCAEV. 3NFNJINV 3LDMHLV UEIOTV IEYNBMC XBG@LMBLONJSMJGIYE@L MTDG OEBNHNF HDC[EDNEF %BGQNFNIMHNF, ULJLFK PJL DE XLCBMC EFK MLUEIDNHLO DNNA (OEIN, DN NA *N[DE@L; %GMNBNV 3FNJINEONP DE IEYNBMC XBG@LMBLONJS MTDG MOLE@LKJOEIQNJEBSDL %BGQNFNILF, ADGC L UINJCAGDNCW XIGJG MOLE@L 6INC. %GMNBNV (EFDTV DE JLBSHLXBG@LMBLOBCEJ MJGIYE@L MTDG MOLE@L LJPNDLR, OEBNHNF HDC[EDNEF, DL MPNJGEJ LXBGMJS OEBNHL@LHDC[EMJOG %BGQNFNIMHL@L DEIGAITODL MLEQNDEDDLR M 4LMHLOMHNF HDC[EMJOLF, OMBEQMJONEPE@L %BGQNFNI N QIK@NE @LILQG E@L LXBGMJN MFEYNOGEJ M @LILQGFN FLMHLOMHNFN. 5ILFE +LGDDGK %GMNBNC LMJGBLMS E\E PEJOEIL MTDLOEV: 6INV, $DQIEV 7LBSYLV, 7LINM N $DQIEV 4EDSYLV,HLJLITF OMEF LD QGB KQEBT, DL MJGIYNV, +LGDD, ULBKPNB @LILQLO @LIGAQL XLBSYE, PEF OMELMJGBSDTE XIGJSC OFEMJE, DE @LOLIC K[E L ADGPEDNN @LILQLO N OEBNPNDE LXBGMJEV. (GHNF LXIGALF,MJGIYEFK QGDT XTBN OME MIEQMJOG QEI[GJS FBGQYNW ULQ MOLEV IKHLR.

44

"#$%$ XXIV%*;(-,**,, &'&(')*+, -;&&5'"' '78,&(%$ '( 1'#'%+*. XIII 3'

1'#'%+*. XV %,5$

>2#6%&, $62,%+$ !7%#*,%%!.! 60,/,%+. & ULBLONDT XIII QL ULBLONDT XV OEHG @BGODTECOBEDNC XTBN, OL!UEIOTW, LJQEBEDNE -LMMNN AGUGQDLV LJ OLMJLPDLV: AGUGQDGC, NMJL\EDDGCKMLXN^GFN N LUKMJLYEDDGC HLPEOTFN LIQGFN, DE FL@BG MLWIGDNJS MOLEV MGFLMJLCJEBSDLMJN,MLXIGJSMC O LQDL ^EBLE MLXMJOEDDTFN MIEQMJOGFN N QLB[DG XTBG ULQPNDNJSMC HDCASCFBNJLOMHNF, G ULJLF OFEMJE M #NJOLR MLEQNDNBGMS M 1LBSYER, "GBN^HLE [E HLILBEOMJOLDEULMIEQMJOEDDL ULQPNDNBLMS 1LBSYE. -KMS MEOEILOLMJLPDGC, NFEOYGC XLBEE MOE[NW MNB, MHLJLITFN DEQGODL OTMJKUNBG DG NMJLINPEMHKR M^EDK N JLJPGM [E UINLXIEBG CODTV UEIEOEMDGQ AGUGQDLR, — -KMS MEOEIL!OLMJLPDGC FL@BG MGFLMJLCJEBSDL, MLXMJOEDDTFN MIEQMJOGFNMLXIGJSMC, MLMJGONJS LQDL @LMKQGIMJOL.

-GAKFEEJMC, EV ULFL@BN O ZJLF IGADTE XBG@LUINCJDTE LXMJLCJEBSMJOG: DGYEMJONE 7GJTEOLDE ULOJLICBLMS, JGJGIT LJHLPEOGBN QGBEHL, WGDT, ULBKPGC QGDS N QGIT LJ HDCAEV, DE UINDNFGBNDNHGHL@L KPGMJNC OL ODKJIEDDNW QEBGW -LMMNN, OLOME DE ULDNFGBN JL@L, PJL JGF QEBGEJMC: OFEMJLJL@L PJLX ULQQEI[GJS KMLXN^T, DE QGOGJS MNBSDEVYNF HDCASCF KMNBNOGJSMC DG MPEJ QIK@NW, LDNULMJKUGBN DGLXLILJ, UINDNFGBN N LJUKMHGBN LJ MEXC M OEBNHLR PEMJSR N M UL[GBLOGDNCFNHDCAEV, HLJLITE QGOGBN NF XLBSYE QEDE@, DE UIEQK@GQTOGC, PJL ZJL MGFTE LUGMDTE QBC DNWHDCASC. *G AGUGQE LUGMDTW MLMEQEV JGH[E DE XTBL K MEOEILOLMJLPDLV -KMN: #NJOG DE ULYBGQGBSYE ;@IT, DE FL@BG LOBGQEJS DN *LO@LILQLF, DN 1MHLOLF, NXL MDGPGBG MQEI[NOGBGMSDEFE^HNF LIQEDLF, G ULJLF KMLXN^GFN N AGJIKQDNJEBSDTFN LJDLYEDNCFN H 1LBSYE. *GHLDE^,H MPGMJSR QBC MEOEIL!OLMJLPDLV -KMN, O )ILMBGOE %MEOLBLQLONPE N E@L ULJLFMJOE LDG NFEBGHDCAEV QECJEBSDTW N XBG@LIGAKFDTW, DEKHBLDDL MJIEFNOYNWMC H LQDLV ^EBN — KMNBNJSMC DGMPEJ QIK@NW, UINFTMBNJS H MOLEFK LJQEBSDLFK HDC[EMJOK HGH FL[DL XLBSYE OLBLMJEV, AGMJGONJSQIK@NW HDCAEV MQEBGJSMC NA ILQMJOEDDNHLO MBK@GFN.

% MJGILV, R@L!AGUGQDLV -KMN FT ONQEBN, PJL HDCASC OBGQEBN AEFBER MLLX\G, ̂ EBTF ILQLF,UEIEFEDCC OLBLMJN UL MJGIYNDMJOK, O DLOLV [E, MEOEIL!OLMJLPDLV -KMN WLJC %BGQNFNI M MOLERLXBGMJSR N MPNJGEJMC MLXMJOEDDL OEBNHNF HDC[EDNEF, DL OEBNHNE HDCASC DE [NOKJ XLBEE ODEF, LMJGRJMC O MOLEV OLJPNDE: JOEIMHNE — O (OEIN, FLMHLOMHNE — O 4LMHOE; O MJGINDK ILQHDC[EMHNV MLWIGDCB MOLE EQNDMJOL N ULJLFK NFEB LQDL@L MJGIYE@L, OEBNHL@L HDCAC; JEUEIS [EZJL@L EQNDMJOG XLBSYE DEJ, N ULJLFK COBCEJMC DEMHLBSHL OEBNHNW HDCAEV: JGH DGATOGEJMCFLMHLOMHNV HDCAS, N JOEIMHLV, N ICAGDMHNV, N DN[E@LILQMHNV. % MJGINDK, UIN EQNDMJOEHDC[EMHL@L ILQG, OEBNHLFK HDCAR DGMBEQLOGB DE MTD E@L, DL MJGIYNV UL DEF O ^EBLF ILQE,QCQC NFEB UIENFK\EMJOL UEIEQ UBEFCDDNHLF, NFEB QBC UBEFCDDNHG ADGPEDNE LJ^G; EMBN N XTBNULUTJHN UBEFCDDNHLO, MTDLOEV LJ MJGIYE@L XIGJG, LJDNFGJS MJGIYNDMJOL K QCQEV, FBGQYNWXIGJSEO LJ^LOMHNW, JL ULUTJHN ZJN XTBN DEKQGPDT, OMJIEPGBN DELQLXIEDNE O LX\EMJOE HGHQEBL UIEMJKUDLE, @IEWLODLE; JEUEIS [E DG MEOEIE OME ZJN MJGITE UIEQGDNC LMBGXEBN: UBEFCDDNHNM KMUEWLF OLLIK[GRJMC UILJNO QCQEV, LJDNFGRJ K DNW OEBNHLE HDC[EDNE %BGQNFNIMHLE,FBGQYNE XIGJSC LJDNFGRJ MJGIYNDMJOL K MJGIYNW; OEBNHNE HDCASC MJGIGRJMC UEIEQGJS OEBNHLEHDC[EDNE MOLNF MTDLOSCF, FNDKC XIGJSEO, MJGIGRJMC AGMJGONJS ULMBEQDNW LJHGAGJSMC LJ MOLNWUIGO O ULBSAK UBEFCDDNHG. (GH HGH LJ MJGITW ILQLOTW UIEQMJGOBEDNV N DGAOGDNV E\E DELMOLXLQNBNMS, DLOTE E\E DE OTIGXLJGBNMS LJPEJBNOL, JL KULJIEXBCRJMC MJIGDDTE OTIG[EDNC:QCQC, DGUINFEI, LXCATOGEJMC MPNJGJS UBEFCDDNHG MJGIYNF XIGJLF, LJ^LF! 3CQSC, IGAKFEEJMC,UILJNOCJMC, DE WLJCJ LJHGATOGJSMC LJ MOLNW UIGO, DL NW MLUILJNOBEDNE DGUIGMDL, NXL UILJNODNW NQEJ JEUEIS ^EBLE LX\EMJOL, PJL JGH CMDL LXDGIK[NBLMS OL OIEFC XLISXT %GMNBNC%GMNBSEONPG M QCQER 6INEF: OME IGJDTE BRQN XILMNBNMS H FLBLQLFK %GMNBNR O 5LBLFDK, DE

45

[EBGC MBK[NJS @GBN^!HLFK HDCAR, QCQE, MJGIYEFK O ILQE; QKWLOEDMJOL OLLIK[GEJMC UILJNOULMJKUHG 6ISEOG, HGH UILJNO @IEWG, MIGODNOGEJ E@L M @IEWLF UIGLJ^G $QGFG, AGWLJEOYE@L XTJSIGODTF 7L@K. (GHNF LXIGALF, DLOTV ULICQLH UIEMJLBLDGMBEQNC KJOEIQNBMC DG MGFLF QEBE, DLDE UL AGHLDK; FT JEUEIS ADGEF, PJL ULMBE NFUEIGJLIG DGMBEQDNH — MJGIYNV MTD E@L, NXL JGHLOAGHLD NFUEINN, DL O XV OEHE AGHLDG DE XTBL, N ULJLFK, PJLX KUILPNJS UIEMJLBLDGMBEQNE AGMTDLF, OEBNHNV HDCAS QLB[ED XTB UINXE@GJS H MGFLFK 3EBK; JGH, %GMNBNV %GMNBSEONP UIN[NADN MOLEV DGAOGB MTDG MOLE@L +LGDDG OEBNHNF HDCAEF, UINMLEQNDCC NFC E@L H MOLEFKMLXMJOEDDLFK OL OMEW @IGFLJGW.

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

„1L MBLOK N XBG@LMBLOEDNR FGJEIN DGYEV“. (GHLE ADGPEDNE FGJEIEV NFEBL IEBN@NLADLELMDLOGDNE: „QEI[N FGJS MOLR O PEMJN N FGJEIMJOE, HGH 7L@ MHGAGB“, @LOLICJ HDCASC MTDLOSCF OAGOE\GDNCW; ULZJLFK N QKWLOEDMJOL OL NFC IEBN@NN ULQJOEI[QGBL ZJN UINHGAGDNC.

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

1LQ 1266 @LQLF BEJLUNME^ K[E @LOLINJ, PJL UINJEMDEDNC JGJGIMHNE LMBGXEBN; ULJLF DEDGWLQNF K[E XLBSYE NAOEMJNV L XGMHGHGW DG MEOEIE: ULMBE 1375 @LQG DE KULFNDGEJMC XLBEE LUEIEPNMBEDNN — ADGH, PJL WGDT UL IGADTF UINPNDGF DGPGBN LHGATOGJS ULBDKR QLOEIEDDLMJSOEBNHNF HDCASCF N PJL ULMBEQDNE OACBN DG MEXC QLMJGOHK QGDN O 'IQK. (GHNF LXIGALF, PIEAKQGBEDNE XGMHGHLO, PNMBEDDNHLO N MXLI\NHLO QGDN, H HLD^K XIII OEHG HDCASC LMOLXL[QGBNMSMLOEIYEDDL LJ JGJGIMHL@L OBNCDNC DG MOLN ODKJIEDDNE IGMULIC[EDNC, DL N OL OIEFC UINMKJMJONCXGMHGHLO FT DE NFEEF LMDLOGDNC UIEQULBG@GJS XLBSYL@L OBNCDNC NW DG ODKJIEDDEE KUIGOBEDNE.

5GH MHLIL NMPEABN JGJGIMHNE PNMBEDDNHN, JL UIEHIGJNBGMS N DEMUIGOEQBNOGC ULQKYDGC QGDS,IGADGC QBC OMEW, MBEQLOGJEBSDL, BE@HGC QBC XL@GJTW, JC[EBGC QBC XEQDTW; HDCASC MJGBN XIGJSQGDS UL 8+2,, JL EMJS UL MIEQMJOGF UBGJEBS\NHLO; QGDS XIGBGMS M 8!D (HLBNPEMJOL AEFBN,LXIGXGJTOGEFLE NAOEMJDTFN MIEQMJOGFN, DGUINFEI M ULFL\SR JIEW BLYGQEV) N M UILFTMBLO,HLJLITE UINIGODNOGBNMS H MLWE (DGUINFEI, DEOLQ MPNJGBMC AG MLWK, HKADN^G JGH[E); O MBKPGEDK[QT, UIN AGUILMGW NA 'IQT, XIGBGMS QGDS N M PBEDLO QIK[NDT, MFLJIC UL NW QLWLQGF. 5ILFEOTWLQG, NBN QGDN, O 'IQK XTBN E\E QIK@L@L ILQG NAQEI[HN DG JGJGI, !0-&%8"+, )$.!8)+ +(0!)!0&, HGH JL@QG @LOLINBN. (GHLO XTB CF (LJ JGJGIMHL@L MBLOG — CF — QLIL@G) —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

:0;<+%#. 5DCASC DG MEOEIE UEIEMJGRJ UEIEWLQNJS NA LQDL@L HDC[EMJOG O QIK@LE, ULMJLCDDL

46

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„XLCIGF N MBK@GFDGYNF OLBSDTF OLBC“. 5GH KMNBNBLMS ADGPEDNE XLCI FLMHLOMHNW, ONQDL NA JL@L, PJL OEBNHNEHDCASC DN[E@LILQMHNV, JOEIMHLV NMHGBN ILQMJOEDDTW MLRALO M DNFN. *L ZJL KMNBEDNE DE XTBLLUGMDL QBC OEBNHL@L HDCAC: DN LQDG ADGJDGC ]GFNBNC QLB@L DE MLWIGDCBG MOLE@L FL@K\EMJOG,NXL HL QOLIK FLMHLOMHLFK XEMUIEMJGDDL UINEA[GBN DLOTE ADGJDTE N XL@GJTE OTWLQ^T N JEMDNBNMJGITW; PEF MNBSDEE MJGDLONBMC FLMHLOMHNV HDCAS, JEF XLBSYEE PNMBL BRQEV DGWLQNBLOT@LQDTF OMJKUGJS H DEFK O MBK[XK; UINJLF [E ZJN UINYEBS^T, BRQN DLOTE, LHIK[EDDTEDLOTFN BN^GFN, DLOTFN COBEDNCFN, DE NFEBN DG PJL LUEIEJSMC, DE FL@BN QEVMJOLOGJS LXQKFGDDLN QIK[DL.

&HLIL DGPGBN MJEHGJSMC LJLOMRQK O 4LMHOK HDCASC, BNYEDDTE MOLNW OBGQEDNV, N-RINHLONPN IKMMHNE, N "aQNFNDLONPN BNJLOMHNE, N LJJEMDCBN MJGITW FLMHLOMHNW XLCI LJ UEIOTWFEMJ; HDCASC -RINHLONPN UINEA[GBN BNYEDDTE K[E MOLNW HDC[EMJO, KQEBLO; AG DNFN LMJGOGBLMSDEMHLBSHL AEFEBS O ZJNW KQEBGW, AEFEBS IGAQILXBEDDTW N QILXNOYNWMC OME XLBEE N XLBEE MKFDL[EDNEF QEJEV HDC[EMHNW, HLJLITE OME ULBKPGBN KPGMJHN O LJ^LOMHLF OBGQEDNN;"EQNFNDLONPN [E BNJLOMHNE UINEA[GBN OLOME XEA AEFEBS N ULBKPGBN NW UL FNBLMJN OEBNHNWHDCAEV FLMHLOMHNW; OME ZJN HDCASC, MBEQLOGJEBSDL, DE XTBN MNBSDT, DE XTBN LUGMDT. /G MBK[XKMOLR QIK[NDDNHN ULBKPGBN LJ OEBNHNW HDCAEV OLBLMJN N MEBG O HLIFBEDNE. 5ILFE QIK[NDT OMLMJGO OLVMHG OWLQNBN UL!UIE[DEFK ULBHN NA @LILQMHL@L N MEBSMHL@L DGILQLDGMEBEDNC.

>!0!-#. % @LILQGW, HLJLITE HGH MJLBSDTE @LILQG OEBNHLHDC[EMHNE AGDNFGRJ JEUEIS @BGODLEFEMJL, O 4LMHOE, (OEIN, -CAGDN, *N[DEF, &KAQGBE, QG[E O ADGFEDNJLF %BGQNFNIE, FT DEOMJIEPGEF XLBSYE OEPEV N JL@L KPGMJNC @LIL[GD O QEBGW, HGHLE OMJIEPGBN UIE[QE O 5NEOE,9EIDN@LOE, &FLBEDMHE, -LMJLOE; KMLXN^T FE[QK HDCASCFN UILQLB[GRJMC UL!UIE[DEFK, DL@LILQG DE UINDNFGRJ O DNW KPGMJNC HGH UIE[QE, NW @LBLMG DE MBTYDL; DN LQND HDCAS DE MLXNIGEJOEPG QBC LX`COBEDNC @LIL[GDGF L ULWLQE NBN L HGHLF!DNXKQS QIK@LF OG[DLF QEBE, DN LQNDHDCAS DE AGHBRPGEJ DN L PEF QL@LOLIG M DNFN. 1LQ NFEDEF OEPG JEUEIS BEJLUNM^T IGAKFERJDEAGHLDDLE FCJE[DLE MLXIGDNE DGILQG, MLXIGOYNWMC BEJLUNM^T DGATOGRJ FCJE[DNHGFN,HIGFLBSDNHGFN. 'PEDS QKIDL LJATOGRJMC FLMHLOMHNE BEJLUNM^T N L OEPEOLF XTJE *LO@LILQG,LXDGIK[NOGRJ H DEFK LJOIG\EDNE. 4T ONQEBN, PJL DLO@LILQ^T, DE XKQKPN O MLMJLCDNN AG\N\GJSMOLR OLBSDLMJS MNBLR LJ OEBNHNW HDCAEV, OTHKUGBN EE QEDS@GFN; AG QEDS@N OEBNHNE HDCASCLMJGOBCBN DLO@LILQ^EO [NJS UL MJGINDE, ULQJOEI[QGC ZJK MJGINDK QL@LOLIGFN, NA HLJLITW MGFTVQIEODNV, QLYEQYNV QL DGM, LJDLMNJMC HL OIEFEDGF OEBNHL@L HDCAC )ILMBGOG )ILMBGONPG;QL@LOLIT ZJN AGHBRPGBNMS LJ NFEDN OBGQTHN, ULMGQDNHG, JTMC^HL@L, MLJMHNW, LJ OMEW MJGIEVYNWN LJ OMEW FEDSYNW, LJ OME@L *LO@LILQG; HDCAS IGAQGOGB UIGONJEBSMJOEDDTE FEMJG *LO@LILQMHLVLXBGMJN JLBSHL DLO@LILQ^GF; XEA ULMGQDNHG DE IGAQGOGB FEMJ N @IGFLJ; DE FL@ KUIGOBCJS*LO@LILQLF, DE DGWLQCMS O *LO@LILQE; XEA ONDT, UL MOLEFK UILNAOLBK DE FL@ DNHL@L BNYNJSQLB[DLMJN; DE FL@ MKQNJS DNHL@L XEA ULMGQDNHG. ;[E QGODL, UL OMEF OEILCJDLMJCF OL OJLILVPEJOEIJN XII OEHG, DLO@LILQ^T MJGBN MGFN MEXE OTXNIGJS ULMGQDNHG N JTMC^HL@L N ULFEMJNBNULMGQDNHG ULQBE HDCAC UIN MKQE N IGAQGPE FEMJ, WLJC UIN ZJLF HDCAS DE ULJEICB OBNCDNC UINNAXIGDNN ULMGQDNHG N DE BNYNBMC UIGOG JIEXLOGJS E@L MFEDT, LX`CONOYN JLBSHL ONDK E@L. %UIE[DEE OIEFC OEBNHNE HDCASC, DE NFEC OLAFL[DLMJN MGFN [NJS NBN PGMJL XTOGJS O *LO@LILQE,

47

ULMTBGBN JKQG OFEMJL MEXC LQDL@L NA ILQMJOEDDTW MEXE HDCAEV, DL ULJLF OEBNHNE HDCASC,LMLXEDDL FLMHLOMHNE, ULMTBGBN O *LO@LILQ DGFEMJDNHLO MOLNW NA XLCI.

% @LILQGW R@L!AGUGQDLV -KMN O ZJL OIEFC HILFE IKMMHL@L DGILQLDGMEBEDNC ONQNF DEF^EO,[NQLO N GIFCD; OL OIEFC BNJLOMHL@L OBGQTPEMJOG [NQT ULBKPNBN AQEMS XLBSYNE OT@LQT; JL@QG[E IKMMHNE @LILQG DGPGBN ULBKPGJS UIGOL DEFE^HLE, FG@QEXKI@MHLE, UL HLJLILFK @LIL[GDELMOLXLQNBNMS NA!ULQ OEQLFMJOG OLEOLQ, MKQEV N OMCHNW PNDLODNHLO OEBNHLHDC[EMHNW N OL OMEWQEBGW IGMUIGOBCBNMS UEIEQ MOLNF DGPGBSDNHLF, HLJLITV DLMNB DGAOGDNE OLVJG. 1LBL^H,NFEOYNV LQNDGHNV XTJ M *LO@LILQLF %EBNHNF N QIK@NFN MJGITFN IKMMHNFN @LILQGFN,MLWIGDCEJ ZJLJ XTJ N UIN HDCASCW BNJLOMHNW: LD AGHBRPGEJ QL@LOLIT M -N@LR, M FG@NMJILFBNOLDMHNF; UL @IGFLJE HLILBC 5GANFNIG XLCIE, FE\GDE, QOLICDE N OME [NJEBN ULBL^HNE QLB[DTXTBN MLXNIGJSMC QBC IGMMK[QEDNC L @LILQMHNW QEBGW DG JLF [E MGFLF FEMJE, @QE UIE[QE NAQGODGMWLQNBNMS; FE\GDE, QOLICDE N PEIDS DE FL@BN MLXNIGJS MEVFLO XEA XLCI; HGADK XEIE@BN MLLX\GOTXLIDTE NA OMEW @LILQMHNW MLMBLONV, NA XLCI, FE\GD, QOLICD N PEIDN.

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

E#7#"+. % HLD^E UEIOLV ULBLONDT XV OEHG O UEIOTV IGA OMJIEPGEF DGAOGDNE "#7#"!6,NFEDDL ICAGDMHNW. 1LQ ZJNF NFEDEF K UIEQHLO DGYNW IGAKFEBNMS OLLX\E BRQN XEAQLFLODTE,XEMMEFEVDTE, UINDK[QEDDTE QLXTOGJS MEXE UILUNJGDNE IGXLJLV K PK[NW BRQEV; JGHNF LXIGALF,HGAGH ADGPNB JL [E MGFLE, PJL IGXLJDNH, XGJIGH, N O ZJLF LJDLYEDNN HGAGHN UILJNOLULBG@GBNMS7,/8"+/ 2F-$/, NFER\NF ULMJLCDDLE FEMJL [NJEBSMJOG N MLXMJOEDDLMJS. &LMEQMJOL M MJEUSR,DE XEMUBLQDLR, DL UINOLBSDLR QBC [NJSC, LILYGEFLR ITXDTFN IEHGFN, OBEHBL JKQG MGFTWLJOG[DTW NA ZJNW XEAQLFLODNHLO, HGAGHLO, H DNF UINMLEQNDCBNMS N ULDEOLBE OME JE, HLJLITFDEBSAC XTBL LMJGJSMC O LX\EMJOE, HLJLITW AGHLD UIEMBEQLOGB AG XEMULICQLPDKR, UIEMJKUDKR[NADS, DGHLDE^, XE@BTE WLBLUT. +A JGHNW!JL BRQEV LXIGALOGBLMS OLEDDLE UL@IGDNPDLEDGMEBEDNE, NAOEMJDLE UIENFK\EMJOEDDL ULQ NFEDEF HGAGHLO. 5GAGHN ZJN NFEBN OG[DLEADGPEDNE, ULJLFK PJL, HGH BRQN LJOG[DTE, LDN UILBG@GBN UKJN H DGMEBEDNR UKMJTW MJEUDTWUILMJIGDMJO; OTWLQ O HGAGHN XTB BE@LH IKMMHLFK PEBLOEHK, ULJLFK PJL, KWLQC O MJEUS, LD DEKWLQNB O PK[KR MJLILDK, DE UEIEMJGOGB XTJS UIGOLMBGODTF IKMMHNF PEBLOEHLF, N O MJEUN MIEQNHGAGHLO LD DGWLQNB MOLNW [E; HGAGHN UINADGOGBN DGQ MLXLR OBGMJS UIGONJEBSMJOG IKMMHL@L, DLULONDLOGBNMS JLBSHL EFK JL@QG, HL@QG ZJL XTBL NF OT@LQDL; O XLBSYEV AGONMNFLMJN LJUIGONJEBSMJOG DGWLQNBNMS JE HGAGHN, HLJLITE [NBN DEQGBEHL LJ @IGDN^, ULQ IKHGFNUIGONJEBSMJOG, O FEDSYEV — JE, HLJLITE KQGBCBNMS O @BKXS MJEUEV, DL JGHNW O LUNMTOGEFLEOIEFC E\E DE FL@BL XTJS FDL@L, ULJLFK PJL O MJEUCW E\E XTBN MNBSDT JGJGIT.

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

48

JHGDN. *G R@E 5NEO, DEMFLJIC DG LUKMJLYEDNE JGJGIMHLE, UL KQLXMJOK ULBL[EDNC N UL MJGILVUINOTPHE UINOBEHGB H MEXE HKU^LO NDLMJIGDDTW, NJGBSCDMHNW. *EF^T EAQNBN DG %LBTDS N O"GBN^NR; @GBNPGDE N ULQLBS^T JLI@LOGBN O 4LBQGONN, 7EMMGIGXNN, %ED@INN; IKMMHNE HKU^TEAQNBN JGH[E JLI@LOGJS O &KQGH (&KIL[) N ?ELQLMNR (5G]K), O "IE^NR N (KI^NR.

*G MEOEIL!OLMJLHE *N[DNV *LO@LILQ XBG@LQGIC MOLEFK OT@LQDLFK ULBL[EDNR K[E DGPNDGEJXTJS NAOEMJED HGH XL@GJTV JLI@LOTV @LILQ, OMBEQMJONE PE@L MKAQGBSMHNE HDCASC N UEIEDEMBN ODE@L MOLV MJLB; O *N[DNV HILFE JGJGI UINEA[GBN JLI@LOGJS N GIFCDE; GIFCDE N BNJLOMHNEHKU^T UINEA[GBN JGH[E O 4LMHOK; JGJGIMHNE HKU^T UINEA[GBN O IKMMHNE @LILQG LXTHDLOEDDLOFEMJE M ULMBGFN. "BGODTF UIEUCJMJONEF QBC JLI@LOBN, HILFE JGJGIMHNW LUKMJLYEDNV, XTBNE\E IGAXLN, UILNAOLQNOYNEMC O XLBSYNW IGAFEIGW, LMLXEDDL UL %LB@E; ZJN IGAXLNUILNAOLQNBNMS UIENFK\EMJOEDDL DLO@LILQ^GFN.

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

*L EMBN JGH XTBL K HDCAEV, JL PE@L [E FT QLB[DT NMHGJS K UILMJTW BRQEV? ; DNW, HILFEMGFLV UILMJLV N DELXWLQNFLV IKWBCQN, DEBSAC XTBL DNPE@L MTMHGJS, NXL OME, PJL ULBKPYE NULQLIL[E, WIGDNBLMS O ^EIHOGW HGH FEMJGW, DGNFEDEE ULQOEI@GOYNWMC UL[GIGF NIGA@IGXBEDNCF. _JL LJMKJMJONE FEXEBN, QLFGYDNW KHIGYEDNV N KQLXMJO ULFL@GBL DGYNFUIEQHGF IGODLQKYDEE UEIEDLMNJS PGMJTE UL[GIT N DEUINCJEBSMHNE DGYEMJONC: EMBN [NADS NMOLXLQG XTBN MUGMEDT, JL LX LMJGBSDLF DEPE@L XTBL FDL@L JK[NJS, QLIL@L@L XTBL JGH FGBL,PJL E@L BE@HL XTBL KDEMJN M MLXLR, DEXLBSYNE [E QEIEOCDDTE QLFG BE@HL XTBL ODLOS ULMJILNJSUL DELXTHDLOEDDLV QEYEONADE FGJEINGBG.

B,0"!6A. 1IE[QE KULFNDGBLMS L MNBSDLF MLUILJNOBEDNN, HLJLILE WINMJNGDMJOL OMJIEJNBLDG MEOEIE LJ ]NDMHL@L CATPEMJOG, LJ OLBWOLO; JEUEIS [E JGHL@L MLUILJNOBEDNC FT XLBSYE DEONQNF: WINMJNGDMJOL IGMUILMJIGDCEJMC FE[QK HGIEBGFN DG MEOEIL!AGUGQE, FE[QK ATICDGFN,NBN UEIFCHGFN, DG MEOEIL!OLMJLHE. $ULMJLBLF ATICD XTB MO. &JE]GD, HLJLITV UIN@LJLONBMC HMOLEFK ULQON@K JEF, PJL NALXIEB GAXKHK N UEIEOEB DK[DEVYNE QBC XL@LMBK[EDNC HDN@N DG CATHATICDMHNV. 5GH MO. &JE]GD AGXLJNBMC L DLOLLXIG\EDDTW, HLJLITW XTB UEIOTF EUNMHLULF,ONQDL NA „1BGPG AEFBN 1EIFMHLV“ UL DEF, ULFE\EDDL@L O [NJNN E@L: „(EUEIS FT BNYNBNMSAG\NJDNHG, HLJLITV 7L@K FLBNBMC L QKYGW DGYNW, G UEIEQ HDCAEF N OEBSFL[GFN XTB DGYNFAG\NJDNHLF, NAXGOBCB DGM LJ DGMNBNV, IGXLJT N PNDLODNPEMHNW @IGXE[EV; MGFN DLO@LILQ^TIGAXLVDNHN MBLO E@L MBKYGBNMS N DE OLEOGBN DGM“.

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

(GH HGH 5NEO N OLLX\E R[DGC -KMS ULJEICBG MOLE @BGODLE ADGPEDNE, HLJLILE UEIEYBL H-KMN MEOEIDLV, JL N @BGODTE UGMJTIN IKMMHLV =EIHON, FNJILULBNJT, QLB[DT XTBN LXIGJNJS

49

LMLXLE ODNFGDNE DG MEOEI N JGFLYDNW HDCAEV: LDN DGPNDGRJ EAQNJS JKQG UL DEMHLBSHK IGA, GFNJILULBNJ 4GHMNF LHLDPGJEBSDL UEIEEWGB DG [NJSE NA 5NEOG OL %BGQNFNI. 1IEEFDNH4GHMNFG, MO. 1EJI, ILQLF IKMMHNV NA %LBTDN, NAXIGB MOLNF UIEXTOGDNEF 4LMHOK N JEF FDL@LMULMLXMJOLOGB KMNBEDNR EE DG MPEJ OMEW QIK@NW HDC[EMJO; 1EJI EAQNB O 'IQK N XTB JGF UINDCJM XLBSYLR PEMJSR, NXL JGJGIT KOG[GBN MBK[NJEBEV OMEW IEBN@NV; HL@QG DGBL[EDG XTBG QGDSDG IKMMHNW, QKWLOEDMJOL XTBL LMOLXL[QEDL LJ DEE, N WGDT QGOGBN DGYNF FNJILULBNJGF CIBTHN,NBN @IGFLJT, HLJLITFN ULQJOEI[QGBGMS MOLXLQG QKWLOEDMJOG LJ OMCHNW ULXLILO O ULBSAK JGJGI.1IEEFDNHLF MO. 1EJIG XTB @IEH ?EL@DLMJ; HGH QL MNW ULI FNJILULBNJT QLB[DT XTBN LXIG\GJSLMLXEDDLE ODNFGDNE DG MEOEI N DGHLDE^ KJOEIQNJSMC AQEMS, JGH JEUEIS LDN QLB[DT XTBNLXIGJNJS LQNDGHLOLE [E ODNFGDNE N DG R@L!AGUGQ, NXL AQEMS IKMMHNE LXBGMJN MLEQNDNBNMS JEUEISULQ OBGMJSR LQDL@L FL@K\EMJOEDDL@L HDCAC — BNJLOMHL@L; OLJ ULPEFK ?EL@DLMJ DE IGA EAQNBDG %LBTDS N [NB JGF QLB@LE OIEFC. 1IEEFDNHLF ?EL@DLMJG XTB MO. $BEHMEV NA ADGJDL@LFLMHLOMHL@L ILQG 1BE\EEOTW, HLJLITE OTEWGBN O 4LMHOK NA 9EIDN@LOG. $BEHMEV FDL@L ULFL@GBFLMHLOMHNF HDCASCF, LMLXEDDL 3NFNJINR 3LDMHLFK, UIN KJOEI[QEDNN NW FL@K\EMJOG, ULJLFKPJL HDCASC, HLJLITE LMFEBNOGBNMS UILJNONJSMC FLMHLOMHNF HDCASCF, NFEBN UILJNO MEXC NFNJILULBNJG; JGH, $BEHMEV DGBL[NB UILHBCJNE DG DEHLJLITW HDCAEV, HLJLITE LXE\GBN OEBNHLFKHDCAR FLMHLOMHLFK OTMJKUNJS OFEMJE M DNF UILJNO JGJGI N DE NMULBDNBN LXE\GDNC; DGBL[NBUILHBCJNE DG MFLBEDMHL@L HDCAC, HLJLITV ULFL@GB — 'BS@EIQK UILJNO 4LMHOT; HILFE ZJLVQECJEBSDLMJN ODKJIN -LMMNN MO. $BEHMEV EAQNB O 'IQK N MOLNF OBNCDNEF DG WGDG MUGMGB -LMMNRLJ XEQT, HLJLILR @ILANBN EV JGJGIT.

*L EMBN FNJILULBNJ OMEC -KMN, FLMHONP, [NOYNV O 4LMHOE, JGH ULFL@GB FLMHLOMHLFK HDCARKMNBNOGJSMC, JL, HLDEPDL, ZJL DE FL@BL DIGONJSMC BNJLOMHNF HDCASCF; LJ ZJL@L K DNW ILQNBLMS[EBGDNE NFEJS QBC ULQOBGMJDTW NF IKMMHNW LXBGMJEV LMLXL@L FNJILULBNJG O 5NEOE, HLJLITVXT DGWLQNBMC ULQ NW OBNCDNEF. 'BS@EIQ [GBLOGBMC HLDMJGDJNDLULBSMHLFK UGJINGIWK, PJLFNJILULBNJ $BEHMEV ULFL@GEJ FLMHLOMHLFK HDCAR O E@L AGOLEOGJEBSDTW AGFTMBGW, DE EAQNJ O#NJOK N 5NEO, LMOLXL[QGEJ LJ UINMC@N UEIEXE[PNHLO NA #NJOT O 4LMHOK; 'BS@EIQ JIEXLOGBQIK@L@L FNJILULBNJG QBC ULQOBGMJDTW EFK N MLRADTW IKMMHNW HDC[EMJO. % 5LDMJGDJNDLULBENMULBDNBN ZJL JIEXLOGDNE N ULMJGONBN FNJILULBNJLF QBC R@L!AGUGQDLV -KMN 5NUINGDG, ILQLFNA R[DTW MBGOCD, DL M JEF PJLXT UL MFEIJN UIEMJGIEBL@L $BEHMEC LD XTB FNJILULBNJLF N OMEC-KMN; ULJLF, LQDGHL, UL MFEIJN MO. $BEHMEC, O 5LDMJGDJNDLULBE ML@BGMNBNMS ULMJGONJS LMLXL@LFNJILULBNJG QBC 4LMHOT, 1NFEDG; UL MFEIJN ULMBEQDE@L 5NUINGD MLEQNDNB ULQ MOLER OBGMJSRLXE IKMMHNE ^EIHON, PJL XTBL BE@HL MQEBGJS, HL@QG OEBNHNV HDCAS FLMHLOMHNV %GMNBNV3NFNJINEONP [NB ML@BGMDL M JEMJEF MOLNF %NJLOJLF BNJLOMHNF. *L HL@QG ULMBEQLOGB FE[QKDNFN IGAITO, JL UIEEFDNHK 5NUINGDLOK, @IEHK ?LJNR, DEOLAFL[DL MJGBL KQEI[GJS AG MLXLR5NEO: %NJLOJ DGMJLCB, PJLX O 1415 @LQK MLXLI R@L!AGUGQDTW IKMMHNW EUNMHLULO MGF MLXLRULMOCJNB O HNEOMHNE FNJILULBNJT "IN@LINC =GFXBGHG, KPEDL@L XLB@GINDG, NXLHLDMJGDJNDLULBSMHNV UGJINGIW DE ML@BGYGBMC DG ZJL. =GFXBGH KFEI O 1419 @LQK; O ZJL OIEFCOIG[QG H 4LMHOE LMJTBG O %NJLOJE, OME ODNFGDNE E@L XTBL UL@BL\EDL QEBGFN ULBSMHNFN, N LDDE WBLULJGB LX NAXIGDNN UIEEFDNHG =GFXBGHK, OMBEQMJONE PE@L ?LJNV LUCJS ULBKPNB OKUIGOBEDNE =EIHLOS R[DLIKMMHKR.

1L MFEIJN ?LJNC KMLXN^T OEBNHL@L HDCAC FLMHLOMHL@L %GMNBNC %GMNBSEONPG M QCQER NULJLF M QOLRILQDTFN XIGJSCFN QLB@L FEYGBN DGADGPEDNR DLOL@L FNJILULBNJG; DGHLDE^ XTBNAXIGD ICAGDMHNV EUNMHLU +LDG; DL HL@QG LD UINEWGB O 5LDMJGDJNDLULBS QBC ULMJGOBEDNC, JLDGYEB, PJL JGF K[E ULMOC\ED XTB QBC -LMMNN FNJILULBNJ +MNQLI, @IEH. +MNQLI, UINEWGOYN O4LMHOK, MJGB MLXNIGJSMC DG MLXLI, MLAOGDDTV O +JGBNN QBC MLEQNDEDNC ^EIHOEV OLMJLPDLV NAGUGQDLV. &GFLE K[E FEMJL MLXLIG O MJIGDE DEUIGOLMBGODLV OLAXKQNBL ULQLAIEDNE O 4LMHOE.%EBNHLFK HDCAR %GMNBNR %GMNBSEONPK DE WLJEBLMS, PJLX +MNQLI EWGB O +JGBNR; HL@QG [E LDDE FL@ LJHBLDNJS FNJILULBNJG LJ ZJL@L UKJEYEMJONC, JL MHGAGB EFK: „&FLJIN [E, UINDLMN HDGF QIEODEE XBG@LPEMJNE, HGHLE FT UINDCBN LJ MO. %BGQNFNIG, G DLOL@L, PK[L@L DE UINDLMN,FT DE UINFEF“. +MNQLI LXE\GB HIEUHL MJLCJS O UIGOLMBGONN, DL DE NMULBDNB MOLE@L MBLOG, DG

50

MLXLIE ?BLIEDJNVMHLF ULQUNMGB MLEQNDEDNE M AGUGQDLR =EIHLOSR N OLAOIGJNBMC O 4LMHOK OAOGDNN UGUMHL@L BE@GJG, OEBEB DG BNJKI@NN ULFNDGJS UGUK OFEMJL UGJINGIWLO OLMJLPDTW, G ULMBEBNJKI@NN PNJGJS DGILQK @IGFLJK L MLEQNDEDNN ^EIHOEV, L UINDCJNN INFMHL@L KPEDNC DGMPEJUILNMWL[QEDNC &O. 3KWG N QIK@NE DLONADT. (L@QG OEBNHNV HDCAS OEBEB ULMGQNJS E@L ULQ MJIG[K,G MGF MLAOGB QKWLOEDMJOL N OEBEB EFK IGMMFLJIEJS QEBL; QKWLOEDMJOL IEYNBL, PJL +MNQLIULMJKUGEJ DEML@BGMDL M XL[EMJOEDDTFN UIGONBGFN N UIEQGDNCFN, G FE[QK JEF LD KMUEB XE[GJSNA AGHBRPEDNC.

1LMBE MOEI[EDNC +MNQLILOG +LDG ICAGDMHNV XTB ULMJGOBED O FNJILULBNJT MLXLILFIKMMHNW EUNMHLULO; OUILPEF, OEBNHNV HDCAS QGB ADGJS @IEPEMHLFK NFUEIGJLIK, PJL IKMMHGC=EIHLOS ZJNF DNMHLBSHL DE IGAITOGEJ JEMDLV MOCAN MOLEV M @IEPEMHLR =EIHLONR N OME@QG XKQEJMLWIGDCJS UIGOLMBGONE. & ZJNW ULI FNJILULBNJT K DGM ULMJLCDDL NAXNIGBNMS NA IKMMHNWGIWNEIEEO N DE ULMTBGBNMS DG ULMOC\EDNE O 5LDMJGDJNDLULBS H UGJINGIWK. 1IN FNJILULBNJE+LDE UILNALYBL LHLDPGJEBSDLE LJQEBEDNE R@L!AGUGQDLV IKMMHLV =EIHON LJ MEOEIL!OLMJLPDLV;M ZJNW ULI XTBN ULMJLCDDL QOG LMLXTW FNJILULBNJG — LQND O 4LMHOE, QIK@LV O 5NEOE.

'JDLMNJEBSDL OBGMJN FNJILULBNJG O @IGFLJE, MLMJGOBEDDLV DL OAGNFDLFK ML@BGMNR OEBNHL@LHDCAC %GMNBNC 3NFNJINEONPG N FNJILULBNJG 5NUINGDG, ULBL[EDL, PJL OME BN^G,UINDGQBE[G\NE H =EIHON, ULQPNDCRJMC MKQK FNJILULBNJG; NA ZJLV @IGFLJT KADGEF, PJLFNJILULBNJ NFEB MOLNW XLCI N MBK@, HLJLITE O MBKPGE OLVDT OTMJKUGBN O ULWLQ ULQ DGPGBSMJOLFLMLXL@L FNJILULBNPSE@L OLEOLQT, DL ULQ ADGFEDEF OEBNHLHDC[EMHNF; MBK@ OEBNHLHDC[EMHNWN BRQEV, UBGJC\NW QGDS O HGADK OEBNHLHDC[EMHKR, FNJILULBNJ DE NFEB UIGOG MJGONJS OMOC\EDDNHN NBN O QSCHLDT, ULJLFK PJL ZJNF DGDLMNBMC K\EIX MBK[XE N HGADE: AQEMS UINPNDG,ULPEFK O QKWLODLE AOGDNE ULMJKUGBN JLBSHL BRQN NA JL@L [E AOGDNC. +A MBK@ MOLNW FNJILULBNJULMTBGB QBC KUIGOBEDNC MOLNFN MEBGFN (O OLBLMJEBN), QBC MKQG ^EIHLODL@L (O QEMCJDNHN).

4NJILULBNJT QBC LXMK[QEDNC OG[DTW OLUILMLO MLATOGBN MLXLIT NA EUNMHLULO; EUNMHLUTO MOLNW EUGIWNCW MLATOGBN MLXLIT NA ULQOEQLFMJOEDDL@L NF QKWLOEDMJOG; HILFE JL@L,FNJILULBNJT QBC NMUIGOBEDNC DIGOMJOEDDLMJN O DGILQE UNMGBN ULMBGDNC H QKWLOEDMJOK NFNICDGF. 'MLXEDDLE ODNFGDNE DE JLBSHL FNJILULBNJLO IKMMHNW, DL N UGJINGIWLOHLDMJGDJNDLULBSMHNW OL OJLILV ULBLONDE XIV OEHG LXIGJNBN DG MEXC *LO@LILQ N 1MHLOOMBEQMJONE ULCONOYEVMC JGF EIEMN MJIN@LBSDNHLO; EIEJNHN LJOEI@GBN DELXWLQNFLMJSMOC\EDDNHLO, KUIEHGC ULMBEQDNW O QKIDLF ULOEQEDNN; KJOEI[QGBN, PJL FNICDE FL@KJ KPNJSOEIE, PJL DE QLB[DL FLBNJSMC AG KFEIYNW; EIEMS ZJG UIEHIGJNBGMS O UEIOLV ULBLONDE XV OEHG.

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

4LDGMJTIN O LUNMTOGEFLE OIEFC NFEBN E\E JL OG[DLE ADGPEDNE, PJL XTBN UILOLQDNHGFN@IG[QGDMHLV [NADN O QNHNW UKMJTDCW: FLDGWN IGMPN\GBN BEMG, AGOLQNBN UGYDR, UINOBEHGBN HMEXE DGILQLDGMEBEDNE; FLDGMJTIN XTBN @LMJNDN^GFN QBC MJIGDDNHLO, OL OIEFC @LBLQG HLIFNBNXEQDTW. &IEQMJOG H JLFK FLDGMJTIN ULBKPGBN LJ MOLNW MEB N QEIEOEDS, HLJLITE QGINBN NF HDCASCN QIK@NE XL@GJTE BRQN — DG ULFND QKYGF MOLNF N MOLNW ILQNJEBEV, HGH JL@QG OTIG[GBNMS.*EMFLJIC DG KHLIEDNOYNVMC LXTPGV LJQGOGJS MEBG N QEIEODN FLDGMJTICF, K[E OLADNHGB OLUILM:MBEQKEJ BN FLDGWGF OBGQEJS NFN? + FNJILULBNJ 5NUINGD QKFGB, PJL DE MBEQKEJ. &DGPGBG O

51

FLDGMJTICW HG[QTV FLDGW NFEB MOLE LMLXLE WLACVMJOL, DL M HLD^G XIV OEHG DGPGBL OOLQNJSMCLX\EE [NJNE.

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

(GHNF LXIGALF, DGILQ [NB O ULMJLCDDLF MJIGWE UIEQ MOLNFN N PK[NFN, DE XTBLXEALUGMDLMJN, XEA HLJLILV DE FL@KJ KMUEOGJS DN UILFTYBEDDLMJS, DN JLI@LOBC, N [NADS DEKHIGYGBGMS DN DGKHLR, DN NMHKMMJOLF. 1IN ZJLV XEQDLMJN [NADN XTBN QLMJKUDT PEBLOEHK LQDN@IKXTE KQLOLBSMJONC, HLJLITE DE FL@BN MULMLXMJOLOGJS MFC@PEDNR DIGOLO, G JLBSHL OEBN HKMNBEDNR DEMHILFDLMJN, HLJLIGC OTIG[GBGMS N DG QEBE, N O MBLOGW. <ED\NDG QBC MLWIGDEDNCMHILFDLMJN QLB[DG XTBG NAXE@GJS LX\EMJOG, UIEQGOYE@LMC JGHNF KQLOLBSMJONCF; LJMRQGKHLIEDNBMC LXTPGV, PJL [EDT N QLPEIN ADGPNJEBSDTW N XL@GJTW BRQEV KHITOGBNMS O JEIEFGW,DE ULCOBCCMS O FK[MHNW LX\EMJOGW, LJPE@L FK[PNDT E\E XLBEE @IKXEBN O MOLNW DIGOGW, NXL DEMQEI[NOGBNMS UINMKJMJONEF [ED\NDT. 'XBNPEDNC DIGOGF OIEFEDN MBTYGBNMS NA KMJ MOCJTWFK[EV, LJYEBSDNHLO, DL BRQEV, HLJLITW XKQNB NW @LBLM, LPN\GB LJ @ICAN [NJEVMHLV, XTBLDEFDL@L; QBC DEFDL@NW NAXIGDDTW FLDGMJTIS, ̂ EIHLOS MBK[NBN UINRJLF, MUGMEDNEF LJ @IKXLMJNDIGOLO, KJEYEDNEF O XEQGW [NADN, DL QBC XLBSYNDMJOG EQNDMJOEDDTF IGAOBEPEDNEF NKJEYEDNEF O XEQGW [NADN LMJGOGBMC USCDTV UNI, MLUILOL[QGOYNVMC XIGDSR N QIGHGFN, G NDL@QGN KXNVMJOGFN.

C0!86,5,%+,. 1IN JGHLF MLMJLCDNN LX\EMJOG BNJEIGJKIG DE FL@BG UIL^OEJGJS. *N@QE DEOMJIEPGEF FT NAOEMJNV LX LXIGALOGDDLMJN HDCAEV N OEBSFL[. *L @IGFLJDLMJS UL!UIE[DEFKMLWIGDCBGMS O MLMBLONN QKWLODLF; EUNMHLUT UILQLB[GBN @LOLINJS DGILQK ULKPEDNC O ̂ EIHOGW.+A ZJNW UILULOEQDNHLO LMLXEDDL AGFEPGJEBED XTB &EIGUNLD, EUNMHLU OBGQNFNIMHNV: LD O MOLNWUILULOEQCW UINATOGB H ULHGCDNR, KHGATOGC DG MJIGYDTE XEQMJONC, KQIKPGOYNE -KMS. 'MLXEDDLAGFEPGJEBSDL NA MBLO E@L JL, @QE LD @LOLINJ UILJNO UINOTPHN UINUNMTOGJS LX\EMJOEDDTEXEQMJONC [ED\NDGF, HLJLITW MPNJGBN OEQSFGFN, N @KXNJS NW AG ZJL.

'J OIEFEDN QL OIEFEDN COBCBNMS BRQN, HLJLITE DE JLBSHL MBLOLF, DL N QEBLF, MOCJLR,NMULBDEDDLR PKQEM [NADNR, OLAXK[QGBN OMELX\EE ODNFGDNE, XBG@LJOLIDL QEVMJOLOGBN DGLX\EMJOL; ULQON@N ZJNW MOCJTW FK[EV AGUNMTOGBNMS N UEIEQGOGBNMS O DGMJGOBEDNE ULJLFMJOK;UKJEYEMJOEDDNHN HL &OCJTF 4EMJGF LUNMTOGBN PKQEMG UINILQT N NMHKMMJOG, HLJLITE LDNOMJIEPGBN DG UKJN. 5ILFE UKJEYEMJONV HL &OCJTF 4EMJGF QLYBL QL DGM LUNMGDNE UKJEYEMJONCOL ?BLIED^NR, MLMJGOBEDDLE LQDNF NA MUKJDNHLO FNJILULBNJG +MNQLIG; QIK@LV MUKJDNH+MNQLIG, FLDGW &NFELD &KAQGBE^, MLMJGONB LUNMGDNE ?BLIEDJNVMHL@L MLXLIG.

1ILQLB[GBN UEIEOLQNJS M @IEPEMHL@L, DL XLBSYGC PGMJS ZJNW UEIEOLQLO MQEBGDG XTBG DE O-LMMNN, G DG $]LDMHLV @LIE, O IKMMHLF N MEIXMHLF FLDGMJTICW.

9JL HGMGEJMC QL BNJEIGJKIT MOEJMHLV, JL QL DGM QLYBN LJ LUNMTOGEFL@L OIEFEDNNMJLINPEMHNE UEMDN, MHGAGDNC N BEJLUNMN. (GH, O UEMDE IGMMHGAGDG MFEIJS >EOHGBG O (OEIN;ZJG UEMDC AGFEPGJEBSDG JEF, PJL O DEV LUNMTOGEJMC ULOEQEDNE JGJGIMHNW XGMHGHLO O @LILQGWIKMMHNW. 5GH UIE[QE MLQEI[GDNEF NMJLINPEMHNW UEMED N MHGAGDNV MBK[NBN ULQON@N HDCAEV NXL@GJTIEV UILJNO UEPEDE@LO N ULBLO^EO, JGH JEUEIS M XIII OEHG MLQEI[GDNEF MHGAGDNV MBK[NJ

52

XLISXG M JGJGIGFN DG OLMJLHE, M DEF^GFN N #NJOLR DG AGUGQE. &HGAGDNC, LJDLMC\NEMC H XLISXEM JGJGIGFN, DGPNDGRJMC ICAGDMHNF MHGAGDNEF L DGYEMJONN 7GJTC, LUNMTOGRJMC ULQON@N N@NXEBS ICAGDMHNW HDCAEV, @NXEBS HDC@NDN ,OUIGHMNN, HLJLIGC, KMBTWGO LX KXNEDNN FK[G MOLE@L,HDCAC ?EQLIG, 7GJTEF, XILMNBGMS OFEMJE M FGBRJHLR!MTDLF M OTMLHNW WLILF N KXNBGMS QLMFEIJN; IGMMHGATOGEJMC L DELXTHDLOEDDLV WIGXILMJN N @NXEBN XLCINDG ICAGDMHL@L 5LBLOIGJG.&LMJGONBLMS DEMHLBSHL MHGAGDNV L ADGFEDNJLV 5KBNHLOMHLV XNJOE, NA HLJLITW LQDL DLMNJ CODTEMBEQT ULQIG[GDNC „&BLOK L ULBHK +@LIEOE“; DL DN LQDL NA ZJNW MEOEIDTW MHGAGDNV DE FL[EJMIGODNJSMC ULZJNPEMHNFN HIGMLJGFN M „&BLOLF L ULBHK +@LIEOE“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

% XLISXE DG AGUGQDTW @IGDN^GW ML YOEQGFN, DEF^GFN N #NJOLR UILMBGONBNMS QOG HDCAC —$BEHMGDQI *EOMHNV N 3LOFLDJ 1MHLOMHNV, ULZJLFK ULQON@N NW LUNMGDT O LMLXTW KHIGYEDDTWMHGAGDNCW. #EJLUNMN UL!UIE[DEFK MLMJGOBCBNMS O IGADTW @LILQGW — O -LMJLOE, (OEIN, 4LMHOE,*LO@LILQE N 1MHLOE.

"#$%$ XXV5*)<,*+, +'$**$ III %$&+#2,%+9$

&PGMJBNOTV ULJLFLH ^EBL@L ICQG KFDTW, QECJEBSDTW, XEIE[BNOTW UIEQHLO, +LGDD IIIOMJKUNB DG FLMHLOMHNV UIEMJLB, HL@QG MLXIGDNE IKMMHLV AEFBN O LQDL @LMKQGIMJOL FL@BLULPNJGJSMC K[E LHLDPEDDTF. 'X\EMJOL JGH LXIGALOGBLMS, PJL OBGMJN @LMKQGIEOLV DNLJHKQG DEFL@BL XTJS MNBSDL@L UILJNOLQEVMJONC — DN ML MJLILDT QKWLOEDMJOG, DN ML MJLILDT XLCI, DNML MJLILDT @LILQLO. *LO@LILQ, (OEIS, KQEBT HDC[EMJOG 4LMHLOMHL@L, [QGBN JLBSHL UEIOL@LQON[EDNC ML MJLILDT OEBNHL@L HDCAC FLMHLOMHL@L, PJLX ULQPNDNJSMC EFK; 'IQG UGQGBG MGFGMLXLR LJ IGAQEBEDNC N KMLXN^. *G AGUGQE HLILBS ULBSMHNV N OEBNHNV HDCAS BNJLOMHNV AGDCJODKJIN IGAQLILF FE[QK 1LBSYER N #NJOLR, AGDCJ NAODE QEBGFN 1IKMMNN, 7L@EFNN, %ED@INN,OBGMJS E@L L@IGDNPEDG OEBSFL[GFN N MEVFLF, N LD DE FL[EJ FEYGJS 4LMHOE KMNBNOGJSMC, DEFL[EJ XLILJSMC M EE FL@K\EMJOEDDTF DEL@IGDNPEDDTF @LMKQGIEF N KMJKUGEJ EFK ̂ EBTE LXBGMJN.+LGDDK III UINDGQBE[NJ PEMJS AG JL, PJL LD KFEB ULBSALOGJSMC MOLNFN MIEQMJOGFN N MPGMJBNOTFNLXMJLCJEBSMJOGFN, O HLJLITW LD CONBMC NMJNDDTF UIGODKHLF %MEOLBLQG III N 5GBNJT, NMJTFHDCAEF MEOEIDLV -KMN: IGMPEJBNOLMJS, FEQBEDDLMJS, LMJLIL[DLMJS, MNBSDLE LJOIG\EDNE LJ FEIIEYNJEBSDTW, HLJLITFN FL[DL XTBL FDL@L OTN@IGJS, DL N FDL@L ULJEICJS, N UIN ZJLF MJLVHLMJSO QLOEQEDNN QL HLD^G IGA DGPGJL@L, WBGQDLHILONE — OLJ LJBNPNJEBSDTE PEIJT O WGIGHJEIE+LGDDG III.

C!"!0,%+, I!6.!0!-# + J$)"+. %GMNBNV (EFDTV HGH MHLIL NAXGONBMC LJ LUGMDTW NBNXEMULHLVDTW HDCAEV, JGH DGPGB JC@LJNJSMC, PJL *LO@LILQ DE OLAQGEJ EFK QLMJLVDLV PEMJN, NJLBSHL KOE\GDNE GIWNEUNMHLUG +LDT QG MHLIL ULJLF MBKPNOYGCMC MFEIJS ULFEYGBN EFK DGDEMJN*LO@LILQK ULMBEQDNV KQGI. 9E@L DE KMUEB MQEBGJS LJE^, JL @LJLO XTB NMULBDNJS MTD. *LO@LILQ^TULDNFGBN LUGMDLMJS MOLE@L ULBL[EDNC, ONQEBN, PJL UILJNO +LGDDG III DE XKQEJ NF ULFL\N DNLJ HL@L NA MEOEIDTW IKMMHNW HDCAEV, N ULJLFK QLB[DT XTBN NMHGJS ULFL\N O QIK@LV MJLILDE.5ILFE OEBNHL@L HDCAC FLMHLOMHL@L, JEUEIS MNBSDL@L, MULHLVDL@L, AGFTYBCOYE@L DGDEMJNULMBEQDNV KQGI *LO@LILQK, XTB E\E OEBNHNV HDCAS BNJLOMHNV, HLJLITV DGATOGBMC JGH[E N

53

IKMMHNF, N DE ULDGUIGMDK, ULJLFK PJL ULQ E@L OBGMJSR DGWLQNBNMS OME HDC[EMJOG R@L!AGUGQDLV-KMN; H ZJLFK HDCAR LJ`EA[GBN NA MEOEIL!OLMJLPDLV -KMN OME HDCASC DEQLOLBSDTE, BNYEDDTEOLBLMJEV, K@IL[GEFTE HDCAEF FLMHLOMHNF; H DEFK LXIGJNBNMS N DLO@LILQ^T O ULMBEQDNV,IEYNJEBSDTV PGM. *L OEBNHNV HDCAS BNJLOMHNV N OFEMJE HLILBS ULBSMHNV XTB HGJLBNH;LJBL[NJSMC LJ FLMHLOMHL@L, UIGOLMBGODL@L HDCAC N ULQQGJSMC BNJLOMHLFK, HGJLBNHK, HGAGBLMSXLBSYEV PGMJN DLO@LILQ^EO NAFEDLR UIGOLMBGONR.

+ UIE[QE DE LQND IGA OEBNHNE HDCASC BNJLOMHNE UIEQBG@GBN MOLE ULHILONJEBSMJOL*LO@LILQK; NW UIEQBL[EDNC XTBN LJOEI@GEFT, NXL LJ 4LMHOT DE XTBL E\E JL@QG JGHLVLUGMDLMJN, DL JEUEIS DGYBNMS BRQN, LMLXEDDL FE[QK OEBSFL[GFN, HLJLITE MPNJGBNDELXWLQNFTF ULQQGJSMC BNJLOMHLFK OEBNHLFK HDCAR, PJLX MLWIGDNJS MOLV UIE[DNV XTJ. %L@BGOE ZJNW BRQEV, UIEQGDDTW #NJOE, MJLCBN 7LIE^HNE, QEJN KFEIYE@L ULMGQDNHG +MGHG; FGJSNW 4GI]G, [ED\NDG M MNBSDTF WGIGHJEILF, NFEBG XLBSYLE OBNCDNE DGQ QEJSFN N AGUIGOBCBGOMEF.

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

*EMFLJIC DG ZJL, BNJLOMHGC MJLILDG OME E\E XTBG MNBSDG N UIN@LJLONBGMS AG\N\GJSMC, DLHL@QG OAQLIL[GB WBEX, JL UILMJLV DGILQ ULQDCBMC DG OEBSFL[, KHLICC NW, AGPEF LDN UINOEBNOEBNHL@L HDCAC DG *LO@LILQ; OMBEQMJONE ZJL@L GIWNEUNMHLU ?EL]NB M ADGJDTFN BRQSFN ULEWGBXNJS PEBLF +LGDDK, HLJLITV IGMULBL[NBMC MJGDLF DG KMJSE >EBLDN; OEBNHNV HDCAS ML@BGMNBMCQGJS FNI DLO@LILQ^GF M KMBLONEF, PJLX LDN AGUBGJNBN EFK 15 500 IKXBEV N LXCAGBNMS DELJQGOGJSMC OUEIEQ #NJOE, DE XIGJS H MEXE LJJKQG HDCAEV N GIWNEUNMHLULO MOLNW ULMTBGJS DGULMOC\EDNE JLBSHL O 4LMHOK.

% MJGITE @LQT, UIN LMBGXBEDNN OBGMJN HDC[EMHLV O *LO@LILQE OMBEQMJONE ULMJLCDDLVXLISXT FDL@NW HDCAEV!MLUEIDNHLO, LXIGALOGBNMS AQEMS UGIJNN, JGH[E ULMJLCDDL XLILOYNEMCFE[QK MLXLR; XLCIND, NFEOYNV MIEQMJOG UBGJNJS FDL@LPNMBEDDTF 6,*%+"#/ (HINHKDGF DGOEPE), FL@ LJOG[NJSMC DG OME, FL@ LJOG[NJSMC OLLIK[EDDLR IKHLR FMJNJS AG MOLN LMHLIXBEDNC;NDL@QG ^EBTE KBN^T, ^EBTE PGMJN @LILQG (HLD^T) OIG[QLOGBN QIK@ M QIK@LF, LJMJGNOGC JL@LNBN QIK@L@L OEBSFL[K; MNBG IEYGBG MULIT, UIEQOLQNJEBS ULXEQNOYEV MJLILDT QLMJN@GBQLB[DLMJN ULMGQDNHG N O ZJLF AOGDNN ULAOLBCB MEXE FMJNJS JEF @IG[QGDGF, HLJLITE XTBNUILJNO DE@L. 9JL LMJGOGBLMS ULXE[QEDDTF N MBGXTF? 4LBPGJS N [QGJS XBG@LUINCJDTWLXMJLCJEBSMJO, [QGJS KMNBEDNC MOLEV MJLILDT, [QGJS OLAFL[DLMJN MLXNIGJSMC DG OEPE OXLBSYLF PNMBE, DNABL[NJS MLUEIDNHLO N ULMJKUNJS M DNFN UL NW [E UINFEIK.

(GH XTOGBL UIE[QE, HL@QG OEBNHNV HDCAS XTB QGBEHL, G DGFEMJDNHLO FGBL MBKYGBNMS. *LJEUEIS, HL@QG OEBNHNV HDCAS WLJEB N FL@ OLMMJGDLONJS MOLE ADGPEDNE OEIWLODL@L MKQSN, JEUEISMJLILDE K@DEJEDDLV DE DK[DL XTBL QLB@L QL[NQGJSMC KQLXDL@L . MBKPGC H DNABL[EDNR OIG@LOMOLNW: LDG FL@BG JIEXLOGJS AG\NJT N MKQG LJ OEBNHL@L HDCAC. (GH, HL@QG ULMGQDNH $DGDSND MDEHLJLITFN QIK@NFN XLCIGFN DGUGB DG OIG[QEXDTW EFK BRQEV N QG[E DG ̂ EBTE KBN^T, UL@IGXNBNW N ULXNB DEMHLBSHL PEBLOEH, JL LXN[EDDTE ULMBGBN [GBLOGJSMC DG DE@L O 4LMHOK. %MBEQMJONEZJNW [GBLX +LGDD O 1475 @LQK UINEWGB O *LO@LILQ N ULJIEXLOGB DG MKQ LXONDEDDTW; MKQ XTB UL

54

MJGILV ]LIFE, O UINMKJMJONN OBGQTHN N MJGITW ULMGQDNHLO, N DGVQEDL, PJL LXONDEDDTEQEVMJONJEBSDL ONDLODT; JL@QG OEBNHNV HDCAS OEBEB MHLOGJS NW N LJUIGONJS O 4LMHOK. 4DL@NFULDIGONBLMS NMHGJS AG\NJT LJ LXNQ DG MKQE OEBNHLHDC[EMHLF, N HL@QG +LGDD OLAOIGJNBMC O4LMHOK, JL N JKQG DLO@LILQ^T DGPGBN EAQNJS H DEFK DG MKQ. +LGDD ONQEB, PJL UINYBL OIEFCDGDEMJN ULMBEQDNV KQGI.

'QDG[QT UINEWGBN O 4LMHOK QOLE ULMBLO DLO@LILQMHNW N DGAOGBN +LGDDG .!8;-#0,/, JL@QGHGH UIE[QE DLO@LILQ^T DGATOGBN OEBNHL@L HDCAC JLBSHL .!8(!-+%!/. +LGDD OLMULBSALOGBMCZJNF N JLJPGM ULMBGB MUILMNJS DLO@LILQ^EO: DG HGHLF LMDLOGDNN LDN DGATOGRJ E@L @LMKQGIEF,HGHL@L WLJCJ @LMKQGIMJOG, WLJCJ BN, PJLX K DNW XTB LQND MKQ @LMKQGIEO? *LO@LILQ^T LJOEPGBN,PJL LDN DE WLJCJ DNPE@L DLOL@L, WLJCJ, PJLX OME LMJGOGBLMS UL MJGINDE. *L +LGDD @LOLINB: „)DE WLJEB K DNW @LMKQGIMJOG, MGFN UINMTBGBN, G JEUEIS AGUNIGRJMC, OTMJGOBCRJ FEDC B[E^LF“— N LX`CONB ULWLQ ULQ *LO@LILQ. *G ZJLJ IGA +LGDD LMGQNB *LO@LILQ XEA XNJOT; OBGQTHG?EL]NB CONBMC UILMNJS FNIG, MUIGYNOGB, HGH OEBNHNV HDCAS WLPEJ [GBLOGJS MOLR LJPNDK.„:LJNF @LMKQGIMJOG O %EBNHLF *LO@LILQE JGHL@L [E, HGHLE K DGM O 4LMHOE, — LJOEPGB +LGDD,— OEPEOLFK HLBLHLBK O *LO@LILQE DE XTJS, N @LMKQGIMJOL OME DGF QEI[GJS“. *LO@LILQ^T,ULQKFGOYN, ML@BGMNBNMS N 13 CDOGIC 1478 @LQG UINMC@DKBN +LGDDK HGH MGFLOBGMJDLFK @LMKQGIR.*LO@LILQ, LQDGHL, DE OQIK@ FL@ AGXTJS MOLV UIE[DNV XTJ: UILNMWLQNBN OLBDEDNC, OMBEQMJONEHLJLITW DEMHLBSHL JTMCP BKPYNW @IG[QGD XTBN UEIEOEQEDT O @LILQG OLMJLPDLV -LMMNN, G DGNW FEMJL O *LO@LILQ UEIEMEBEDT QEJN XLCIMHNE N HKU^T NA 4LMHOT N QIK@NW OLMJLPDTW @LILQLO.5LBLDNC DLO@LILQMHGC %CJHG, ULBSAKCMS LJQGBEDDTF ULBL[EDNEF MOLNF, WLJEBG JGH[E XTJSDEAGONMNFLR, ULAOLBNBG MEXE O DEHLJLITW MBKPGCW DE MBKYGJSMC OEBNHL@L HDCAC:

O 1489 @LQK +LGDD LJUIGONB UILJNO DEE XLBSYLE OLVMHL ULQ DGPGBSMJOLF HDCAC 3GDNNBG8EDN; OCJPGDE UINDK[QEDT XTBN ULHLINJSMC N OTQGBN JILNW @BGODTW AGPND\NHLODEULONDLOEDNC, HLJLITE N XTBN ULOEYEDT, LMJGBSDTE [E BKPYNE BRQN XTBN OTMEBEDT NULBKPNBN ULFEMJSC DG R[DLV @IGDN^E @LMKQGIMJOG, G HKU^T ULMEBEDT O 3FNJILO. 1MHLO KQEI[GBDG OIEFC MOLR MJGINDK, ULJLFK PJL ULMJLCDDL MJGIGBMC K@L[QGJS OEBNHLFK HDCAR, ULHLIDLMJSRKJNYGJS @DEO E@L.

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

C!"!0,%+, ?6,0+. %ULBDE DEAGONMNFTF OEBNHNF HDC[EDNEF XTBG (OEIS; EE OEBNHNV HDCAS4NWGNB 7LINMLONP DGWLQNBMC O FNIE N MLRAE M +LGDDLF QL HLD^G 1484 @LQG; O ZJL OIEFC O4LMHOE KADGBN, PJL JOEIMHLV HDCAS DGPGB QEI[GJS QIK[XK M 5GANFNILF BNJLOMHNF N [EDNBMCDG E@L ODKPHE; O QL@LOLIE M HLILBEF 4NWGNB LXCAGBMC MJLCJS M DNF AGLQDL UILJNO OMEW XEANMHBRPEDNC. _JL LXMJLCJEBSMJOL XTBL CODTF DGIKYEDNEF LXCAGJEBSMJO, AGHBRPEDDTW UIE[QEM FLMHLOMHNF HDCAEF, N ULJLFK ULMBEQDNV LX`CONB 4NWGNBK OLVDK, HLJLIGC DGPGBGMSLUKMJLYEDNEF (OEIMHLV LXBGMJN; (OEIS LQDG DE FL@BG OLEOGJS M 4LMHOLR, BNJLOMHGC ULFL\SDE COBCBGMS, N 4NWGNB UINDK[QED XTB UILMNJS FNIG. +LGDD QGB FNI, ULJLFK PJL DE BRXNBDNPE@L QEBGJS M LQDL@L IGAG, G UIN@LJLOBCB OEIDTV KMUEW NMULQOLBS. 7LCIE JOEIMHNE DGPGBNUEIEEA[GJS O 4LMHOK DG MBK[XK H +LGDDK, DE FL@YN MDLMNJS LXNQ LJ DE@L, ULJLFK PJL O MULIGWAG AEFBN FE[QK FLMHONPGFN N JOEINPGFN EMBN FLMHONPN LXN[GBN, JL JOEINPN DE DGWLQNBNDNHGHLV KUIGOT, EMBN [E JOEINPN LXN[GBN, JL +LGDD M XIGDSR N K@ILAGFN ULMTBGB H JOEIMHLFKHDCAR, LJOEJGF E@L DE OEINB, MKQK XTJS DE ULAOLBCB. 4NWGNB 7LINMLONP LUCJS AGOEB MDLYEDNCM #NJOLR; O 4LMHOE KADGBN LX ZJLF N MJGBN MLXNIGJS OLVMHL; NMUK@GDDTV 4NWGNB DGUIGMDLUINMTBGB XNJS PEBLF +LGDDK, JLJ DE WLJEB DNPE@L MBTYGJS N LMGQNB (OEIS; 4NWGNB DLPSRKXE[GB O #NJOK, N (OEIS UINMC@DKBG +LGDDK O 1485 @LQK.

55

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

3)%!H,%+$ K!#%%# " 0!-%&/ 40#)A$/. & QIK@NFN KQEBSDTFN HDCASCFN FLMHLOMHNFN,ILQDTFN XIGJSCFN MOLNFN, +LGDD [NB FNIDL QL 1472 @LQG, HL@QG KFEI MJGIYNV NA DNW UL DEF6INV %GMNBSEONP QFNJILOMHNV; +LGDD UINMLEQNDNB E@L KQEB H 4LMHOE, DE QGOYN DNPE@LXIGJSCF; JE IGMMEIQNBNMS, DG ZJLJ IGA, LQDGHL, QEBL HLDPNBLMS UEIEFNINEF, UINPEF +LGDD QGBXIGJSCF DEHLJLITE OLBLMJN. *L ULJLF DEKQLOLBSMJONC OLALXDLONBNMS, HL@QG OEBNHNV HDCASDGIKYNB UIGOL XLCI, PBEDLO QIK[NDT, UEIEWLQNJS MOLXLQDL LJ LQDL@L HDCAC H QIK@LFK; LQND NAHDCAEV, DGWLQNOYNWMC O MBK[XE +LGDDG, 'XLBEDMHNV!#THL, DEQLOLBSDTV OEBNHNF HDCAEF,LJ`EWGB, UL LXTPGR, NA 4LMHOT H XIGJK +LGDDLOK HDCAR 7LINMK OLBL^HLFK. *L OEBNHNV HDCASOEBEB JGVDL MWOGJNJS 'XLBEDMHL@L N O LHLOGW LJOEAJN O 4LMHOK. 5DCAS 7LINM, KMBTWGO LX ZJLF,ULMBGB H XIGJK $DQIER K@BN^HLFK M [GBLXLR DG MJGIYE@L XIGJG, N KQEBSDTE IEYNBN AG\N\GJSMOLN UIGOG. &LXIGOYN XLBSYLE OLVMHL, LDN QONDKBNMS H BNJLOMHNF @IGDN^GF, PJLX JGF KQLXDEEUEIEMTBGJSMC M HLILBEF 5GANFNILF; OLVMHL NW MNBSDL LUKMJLYNBL IKMMHNE LXBGMJN, PIEAHLJLITE UILWLQNBL. /GDCJTV OLVDLR JGJGIMHLR, OEBNHNV HDCAS DE FL@ IGAOBEHGJS MOLNW MNBE\E OLVDLR M XIGJSCFN N ULJLFK NMULBDNB OME NW JIEXLOGDNC. 9EIEA QEMCJS BEJ ULMBE ZJL@L,LMEDSR 1491 @LQG, +LGDD OEBEB XIGJSCF LJUIGONJS OLEOLQ MOLNW DG ULFL\S HITFMHLFK WGDK,DG PJL NFEB ULBDLE UIGOL UL QL@LOLIGF; HDCAS 7LINM ULMBGB MOLN ULBHN, DL HDCAS $DQIEV DEULMBGB. /G ZJL LMBKYGDNE OEBNHNV HDCAS OEBEB MWOGJNJS $DQIEC, HL@QG JLJ UINEWGB O 4LMHOK;MTDLOSC E@L XTBN JGH[E MWOGPEDT N AGHBRPEDT O LHLOT, KQEB UINMLEQNDED H 4LMHOE.

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`EWGJS LJ LQDL@L HDCAC H QIK@LFK, XTB LHIK[EDHDCASCFN, HLJLITE WLILYL ULFDNBN, PJL LDN LQDL@L UILNMWL[QEDNC M OEBNHNF HDCAEF N LPEDSDEQGODL XTBN E\E HDCASCFN OBGQEJEBSDTFN. _JN HDCASC N XLCIE AGFEJNBN, PJL ULMBE XIGHG DG&L]SE +LGDD UEIEFEDNB M DNFN LXIG\EDNE, LHIK[NB MEXC DEXTOGBTF UIE[QE OEBNPNEF,

56

AGMJGONB NW QEI[GJSMC O ULPJNJEBSDLF LJ DE@L LJQGBEDNN, MJGB OATMHGJEBED N MJIL@, LJPE@L NULBKPNB UILAOGDNE "ILADL@L. 5DCASC N XLCIE UINUNMGBN JGHKR UEIEFEDK &L]SE N MNBSDL EEDEOABRXNBN. _JG DEBRXLOS LMLXEDDL LXDGIK[NBGMS, HL@QG OLADNH OLUILM L UIEMJLBLDGMBEQNN.

% 1490 @LQK KFEI +LGDD 4LBLQLV, MJGIYNV MTD OEBNHL@L HDCAC, LD XTB K[E [EDGJ DG ,BEDE,QLPEIN @LMULQGIC FLBQGOMHL@L &JE]GDG, N LMJGONB FGBLBEJDE@L MTDG 3NFNJINC. *L K MJGIL@LOEBNHL@L HDCAC +LGDDG XTB MTD LJ &L]SN, %GMNBNV, N OLJ IL[QGBMC OLUILM: HLFK DGMBEQLOGJSOEBNHLE HDC[EDNE, MTDK NBN ODKHK? %IG[QEXDTE &L]SE OEBSFL[N MJGBN DG MJLILDK ,BEDT NMTDG EE 3NFNJINC, N MDGPGBG NF KQGBLMS LQEI[GJS ULXEQK:

%GMNBNV, LXONDEDDTV O AG@LOLIE UILJNO LJ^G, XTB ULMG[ED ULQ MJIG[K; UINOEI[ED^T E@L,BRQN OME DEADGJDTE, HGADEDT; OEBNHNV HDCAS KQGBNBMC N LJ [EDT, HLJLIKR MJGB ULQLAIEOGJS OABTW KFTMBGW, N JLI[EMJOEDDL OEDPGB ODKHG 3NFNJINC DG OEBNHLE HDC[EDNE. *L JLI[EMJOLOIG@LO &L]SN XTBL DEUILQLB[NJEBSDL:

LDG KMUEBG LUCJS MXBNANJSMC M FK[EF, N MBEQMJONEF XTBL, PJL MJIGYDGC LUGBG ULMJN@BG QOEMGFTE ADGJDTE ]GFNBNN, LMLXEDDL XBNAHNE H OEBNHLFK HDCAR N ULJLFK XLBEE QIK@NWOIG[QEXDTE &L]SE, — HDCAEV 1GJINHEEOTW, BNJLOMHNW OTWLQ^EO, ULJLFHLO "EQNFNDG, NILQMJOEDDNHLO NW, HDCAEV -CULBLOMHNW!&JGILQKXMHNW, ULJLFHLO %MEOLBLQG III: -CULBLOMHLFKLJIKXNBN @LBLOK, 1GJINHEEOTW, LJ^G N MTDG, ULMJIN@BN O FLDGWN. 1LMBE ZJL@L OEBNHNV HDCASMJGB LXDGIK[NOGJS DEIGMULBL[EDNE HL ODKHK 3NFNJINR, MXBNANBMC M MTDLF %GMNBNEF, LX`CONBE@L MDGPGBG OEBNHNF HDCAEF *LO@LILQG N 1MHLOG, G ULJLF ULMGQNB ULQ MJIG[K 3NFNJINC NFGJS E@L ,BEDK, G %GMNBNC UILOLA@BGMNB OEBNHNF HDCAEF N MGFLQEI[^EF OMEC -KMN.

@(#-,%+, )#)#08"!.! +.#. 5ILFE OBNCDNC DG QEBG ODKJIEDDNE &L]SC ?LFNDNPDG, HGH@LOLICJ, JIEXLOGBG LJ FK[G, PJLX LD UEIEMJGB XTJS JGJGIMHNF QGDDNHLF. (GJGIMHLE ^GIMJOL OZJL OIEFC QEBNBLMS DG JIN DEAGONMNFTE LIQT — /LBLJKR, 5GAGDMHKR N 5ITFMHKR. :GD /LBLJLV'IQT $WFGJ DE XTB QLOLBED +LGDDLF AG JL, PJL JLJ DE EWGB H DEFK M ULHBLDLF N DE KQLOBEJOLICBE@L JIEXLOGDNCF LJDLMNJEBSDL QGDN; UINJLF [E ULBSMHNV HLILBS 5GANFNI, DE NFEC MIEQMJOUICFL XLILJSMC M +LGDDLF, ULQMJIEHGB $WFGJG, PJLX JLJ DGUGQGB DG 4LMHLOMHLE @LMKQGIMJOL NJGHNF LXIGALF LJOBEHGB ODNFGDNE +LGDDG LJ AGUGQG DG OLMJLH.

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„/GPEF XLNYSMC MFEIJN? — @LOLINB EFK %GMMNGD, — OEQS JT DE XEMMFEIJED; G XEA ILHKDEJ MFEIJN DN PEBLOEHK, DN UJN^E, DN AOEIR; QGV FDE, MJGINHK, OLVMHL O IKHN: KONQNYS, KHBLDRBN C BN^L MOLE UIEQ JGJGIGFN!“ +LGDD ULEWGB LUCJS H OLVMHK N AGOEB UEIE@LOLIT M WGDLF; O ZJLOIEFC ULBKPNB LD @IGFLJK LJ %GMMNGDG, HLJLITV LUCJS O MNBSDTW OTIG[EDNCW KOE\EOGB E@L DEMBKYGJSMC BRQEV, MLOEJKR\NW NAXE@GJS XNJOT. +LGDD UIEIOGB UEIE@LOLIT, G FE[QK JEFDGMJKUNBG LMEDS, IEHG ;@IG MJGBG, N JGHNF LXIGALF LJHITOGBGMS OLAFL[DLMJS JGJGIGFUEIEUIGONJSMC DG QIK@LV XEIE@; +LGDD OEBEB MOLEFK OLVMHK LJMJKUGJS H 7LILOMHK, LXE\GC QGJSXNJOK JGJGIGF O LHIEMJDLMJCW ZJL@L @LILQG; OLVMHL DE LJMJKUGBL, G XE[GBL, ULIG[EDDLE MJIGWLF,DL JGJGIT DE UIEMBEQLOGBN E@L, NXL DGPGBNMS BRJTE FLILAT, HLJLITE LJDCBN K UBLWL LQEJTWJGJGI OMCHKR OLAFL[DLMJS NQJN QGBEE DG MEOEI, @QE E\E LDN QLB[DT XTBN MIG[GJSMC M OLVMHLFFLMHLOMHNF. 16 DLCXIC $WFGJ KYEB DGAGQ O MJEUN, @QE O DGPGBE 1481 @LQG XTB DGMJN@DKJ OIGMUBLWN KXNJ +OGHLF, WGDLF (RFEDMHLV 'IQT.

@!F7 N!8"6& 8 E0&/!/. (GHNF LXIGALF, ULMBEQDNV @ILADTV QBC 4LMHOT WGD /LBLJLV 'IQTUL@NX LJ LQDL@L NA ULJLFHLO 9ND@NMWGDLOTW; ULMBE $WFGJG LMJGBNMS MTDLOSC, HLJLITF JGH[EMK[QEDL XTBL UL@NXDKJS LJ JGJGIMHL@L LIK[NC. ,\E O HDC[EDNE %GMNBNC (EFDL@L MJGBG NAOEMJDG

57

5ITFMHGC 'IQG, MLMJGOBEDDGC ,QN@EEF NA KBKMLO PEIDLFLIMHNW, DL MTDLOSC ,QN@EEOT UL@NXBNO KMLXN^GW, N ILQLDGPGBSDNHLF HITFMHNW WGDLO XTB $AN!"CIEV, LJ HLJLIL@L OME E@L ULJLFHNDGATOGBNMS "VIECFN. &TD $AN!"VIEEO, 4ED@BN!"NIEV, UL UINPNDE [EMJLHLV DGMBEQMJOEDDLVOIG[QT M WGDGFN /LBLJLV 'IQT ULPEB ULBEADTF QBC MEXC MXBNANJSMC M OEBNHNF HDCAEFFLMHLOMHNF, PJLX OFEMJE QEVMJOLOGJS UILJNO LX\NW OIG@LO; O MBKPGE NA@DGDNC LJ ZJNW OIG@LO4ED@BN!"VIEV OT@LOLINB MEXE KXE[N\E K FLMHLOMHL@L @LMKQGIC, HLJLITV LWLJDL UINDNFGB HMEXE JGJGIMHNW WGDLO QBC KOEBNPEDNC MOLE@L OLVMHG. 4ED@BN!"NIEV QLB[ED XTB @LJLONJS MEXEKXE[N\E DG OMCHNV MBKPGV N ULJLFK E\E, PJL O 1475 @LQK 5ITF XTB AGOLEOGD JKIHGFN; 4ED@BN!"NIEV LMJGBMC WGDLF, DL O HGPEMJOE ULQIKPDNHG MKBJGDLOG N XLCBMC, PJL O 5LDMJGDJNDLULBEFL@KJ HL@QG!DNXKQS MFEDNJS E@L. %IG[QG $WFGJLOTW MTDLOEV M 4ED@BN!"VIEEF UILQLB[GBGMS,N FLMHLOMHNE OLVMHG WLQNBN DG ULFL\S HITFMHNF; O 1502 @. 4ED@BN!"NIEV DGUGB DG ULMBEQDE@L$WFGJLOG MTDG, >N@!$WFEJG, N DGDEM E@L 'IQE JC[EBTV, LHLDPGJEBSDTV KQGI; >N@!$WFEJKXE[GB O 1LBSYK N JGF KFEI O JEFDN^E. (GH LHLDPNBLMS MK\EMJOLOGDNE /LBLJLV 'IQT.

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

J!'%& 8 O+)6!F + O+6!%+,F. *L OG[DEE XTBN QEBG DG AGUGQE, @QE FLMHLOMHNV OEBNHNVHDCAS OUEIOTE ULMBE JC[EBTW OIEFED %NJLOJLOTW DGPNDGEJ DGMJKUGJEBSDLE QON[EDNE NOTMHGATOGEJ FTMBS, PJL OME AGUGQDTE IKMMHNE OLBLMJN QLB[DT UINDGQBE[GJS EFK HGH ULJLFHKMO. %BGQNFNIG, G DE HDCASCF BNJLOMHNF. *E NFEC MIEQMJO OEMJN LJHITJLV OLVDT M 4LMHOLR,HLILBS 5GANFNI O MDLYEDNCW MOLNW M *LO@LILQLF N 'IQLV LXDGIK[NOGB CODKR OIG[QK H +LGDDKN ZJNF AGMJGOBCB ULMBEQDE@L UINDNFGJS MOLN FEIT, NMHGJS MLRADNHLO UILJNO #NJOT: JGH,LJUIGOBCC ULMBLO MOLNW O 5ITF, LD LXTHDLOEDDL DGHGATOGB NF MJGIGJSMC, PJLX 4ED@BN!"NIEVDE AGHBRPGB FNIG M 5GANFNILF. 1LOLQ H DEUINCADEDDTF MJLBHDLOEDNCF FE[QK #NJOLR N4LMHOLR ULQGOGBN FEBHNE UL@IGDNPDTE HDCASC, XLBSYER PGMJSR ULJLFHN PEIDN@LOMHNW, NAHLJLITW LQDN DGWLQNBNMS O AGONMNFLMJN LJ 4LMHOT, QIK@NE — LJ #NJOT; UILQLB[GC MJGITEILQLOTE KMLXN^T, LDN XEMUIEMJGDDL MMLINBNMS FE[QK MLXLR, UEIEWLQNBN NA BNJLOMHL@LULQQGDMJOG O FLMHLOMHLE; JGH ULMJKUGBN HDCASC %LILJTDMHNE, XEBEOMHNE.

5GANFNI [GBLOGBMC, DL OLVDT DE XTBL QL MGFLV MFEIJN E@L, MBKPNOYEVMC O 1492 @LQK;1LBSYG N #NJOG IGAQEBNBNMS FE[QK E@L MTDLOSCFN: )DK $BSXIEWJK QLMJGBGMS 1LBSYG,$BEHMGDQIK — #NJOG. +LGDD DEFEQBEDDL ULMBGB OLEOLQ MOLNW DG #NJOK, DGMJLCB, PJLX N 4ED@BN!"NIEV ULMBGB JKQG [E MOLNW JGJGI. #NJOE XTBL JIKQDL LJXNOGJSMC LJ +LGDDG N LJ 4ED@BN!"VIEC OFEMJE; OEBSFL[N EE MJGBN QKFGJS L FNIE M 4LMHOLR N, PJLXT MHBLDNJS +LGDDG H KMJKUHGF,IEYNBN UIEQBL[NJS EFK XIGPDTV MLRA LQDLV NA QLPEIEV E@L M OEBNHNF HDCAEF $BEHMGDQILF.+LGDD LJOEPGB, PJL DE WLPEJ MBTYGJS L MOGJLOMJOE QL AGHBRPEDNC FNIG, G QBC ZJL@L #NJOGQLB[DG KMJKUNJS EFK OME E@L UINLXIEJEDNC, HLJLITE KOEBNPNOGBNMS OME XLBEE N XLBEE, NXLHDCASC DE UEIEMJGOGBN UEIEWLQNJS NA BNJLOMHL@L ULQQGDMJOG O FLMHLOMHLE M MOLNFN LJPNDGFN NOLEOLQT +LGDDLOT DE UEIEMJGOGBN AGXNIGJS @LILQG $BEHMGDQILOT; DGHLDE^ BNJLOMHNV HDCASUINMBGB O 4LMHOK OEBNHNW ULMBLO N AGHBRPNB FNI DG OMEV OLBE +LGDDLOLV; @LILQ %CASFG,HDCASC DLOLMNBSMHNE, LQLEOMHNE, OLILJTDMHNE N XEBEOMHNE LJLYBN H 4LMHOE M OLJPNDGFN; OQL@LOLIDLV @IGFLJE FLMHLOMHNV HDCAS XTB DGUNMGD @LMKQGIEF OMEC -KMN: +LGDD UEIOTV DGPGB

58

KULJIEXBCJS ZJLJ JNJKB OL ODEYDNW MDLYEDNCW, PJL LPEDS DE DIGONBLMS OEBNHNF HDCASCFBNJLOMHNF N HLILBCF ULBSMHNF, NFEOYNF AG MLXLR FDL@L IKMMHNW OBGQEDNV.

% 1495 @LQK $BEHMGDQI [EDNBMC DG ,BEDE, QLPEIN +LGDDLOLV, UINPEF QGB JEMJR LXE\GDNEDE UINDK[QGJS [EDT H UINDCJNR INFMHL!HGJLBNPEMHL@L NMULOEQGDNC; +LGDD JIEXLOGB JGH[E,PJLX $BEHMGDQI KMJILNB QBC ,BEDT QLFLOKR UIGOLMBGODKR ^EIHLOS O MGFLF QOLI^E, DL$BEHMGDQI DE WLJEB NMULBDCJS ZJL@L JIEXLOGDNC, JGH[E UEIEMJGB DGATOGJS JEMJC @LMKQGIEFOMEC -KMN N DE WLJEB, PJLX UIN ,BEDE LMJGOGBNMS FLMHLOMHNE XLCIE. %ME ZJL ULOEBL H IGAFLBOHEFE[QK JEMJEF N ACJEF, G OLALXDLONOYNVMC UEIEWLQ HDCAEV NA BNJLOMHL@L ULQQGDMJOG OFLMHLOMHLE ULOEB H LJHITJLV OLVDE: JGH, UEIEYEB HDCAS 7EBSMHNV DG JLF LMDLOGDNN, PJLUIGOLMBGODTE JEIUCJ O #NJOE XLBSYKR DK[QK LJ HGJLBNHLO; AG 7EBSMHNF UEIEYBN M XL@GJTFNOLBLMJCFN HDCASC, QL MNW ULI XTOYNE AGHBCJTFN OIG@GFN OEBNHL@L HDCAC FLMHLOMHL@L, G NFEDDLHDCAS %GMNBNV +OGDLONP, ODKH >EFCHN, N MTD UINCJEBC >EFCHNDG, +OGDG $DQIEEONPGFL[GVMHL@L, HDCAS &EFED +OGDLONP; >EFCPNP ULQQGBMC M MOLNFN OLBLMJCFN — -TBSMHLF N*LO@LILQLF &EOEIMHNF, HDCAS &EFED ULQQGBMC M 9EIDN@LOLF, &JGILQKXLF, "LFEBEF, #RXEPEF;ULQQGBNMS N QIK@NE HDCASC, FEDEE ADGPNJEBSDTE, — OME UL UINPNDE @LDEDNC AG OEIK. +LGDDULMBGB LX`CONJS $BEHMGDQIK, PJL UINDCB O MBK[XK FL[GVMHL@L M >EFCPNPEF, N O JL [E OIEFCULMBGB MHBGQDKR @IGFLJK, NBN LX`COBEDNE OLVDT.

%LVDG DGPGBGMS MPGMJBNOL QBC 4LMHOT. 14 NRBC 1500 @LQG FLMHLOMHLE OLVMHL ULQDGPGBSMJOLF HDCAC 3GDNNBG 8EDN OMJIEJNBLMS K 3LIL@LXK[G, DG IEPHE %EQILYE, M BNJLOMHNFOLVMHLF, HLJLILE XTBL ULQ DGPGBSMJOLF @EJFGDG HDCAC 5LDMJGDJNDG 'MJIL[MHL@L; XBG@LQGICJGVDLV AGMGQE, IEYNOYEV QEBL, FLMHLOMHNE OLEOLQT LQEI[GBN IEYNJEBSDKR ULXEQK: @EJFGDHDCAS 'MJIL[MHNV N QIK@NE BNJLOMHNE OLEOLQT ULUGBNMS O UBED; AG OEQILYMHLR ULXEQLRMBEQLOGBG ULXEQG ULQ 4MJNMBGOBEF, @QE BNJLO^T ULJEICBN JGH[E FDL@L BRQEV. 1LMBE ZJL@LOLVDG UILQLB[GBGMS E\E DEMHLBSHL BEJ; O DEV UINDCB KPGMJNE BNOLDMHNV FG@NMJI %GBSJEI ]LD1BEJJEDXEI@, HLJLITV XBG@LQGIC MOLEV GIJNBBEINN IGAXNB UMHLOMHLE N FLMHLOMHLE OLVMHL ULQ+AXLIMHLF, DL ULJLF IKMMHNE LJFEJNBN EFK MNBSDTF ULIG[EDNEF ULQ (EBFEQLF; O JIEJSEFMIG[EDNN, DG XEIE@GW LAEIG &FLBNDG, DEF^T, DEMFLJIC DG FGBLPNMBEDDLMJS MOLR MIGODNJEBSDLM IKMMHNFN, XNBNMS LJPGCDDL, KMJLCBN DG FEMJE, N 1BEJJEDXEI@ ML MBGOLR LJMJKUNB H MOLNF@IGDN^GF, DL ML MBGOLR XEMULBEADLR, NXL LIQED DE FL@ XLILJSMC M 4LMHLOMHNF @LMKQGIMJOLFQG[E O MLRAE M 1LBSYER N #NJOLR. $BEHMGDQI BNJLOMHNV, MQEBGOYNVMC UL MFEIJN XIGJG, )DG$BSXIEWJG, N HLILBEF ULBSMHNF, QLB[ED XTB UILMNJS FNIG K JEMJC; UIN ULMIEQDNPEMJOEOED@EIMHL@L ULMBG AGHBRPEDL XTBL UEIEFNINE DG YEMJS BEJ — LJ 25 FGIJG 1503 QL 25 FGIJG1509 @LQG; $BEHMGDQI KMJKUNB JEMJR AEFBN OMEW HDCAEV, ULQQGOYNWMC 4LMHOE, — MJGILQKXMHL@L,>EFCPNPG N QIK@NW. % JL [E OIEFC AGHBRPEDL XTBL UEIEFNINE N M #NOLDMHNF LIQEDLF.

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

E!%*+%# + 7#6,5#%+, K!#%%# III. &PGMJBNOTV OL OME UILQLB[EDNE [NADN MOLEV, +LGDDUEIEQ MFEIJSR XTB L@LIPED UEPGBSDLR OEMJNR, PJL ULQIKPDNH E@L, WGD HGAGDMHNV 4G@FEJ!$FNDS,MOEI@DKB ZJL ULQIKPDNPEMJOL; +LGDD DE FL@ DGHGAGJS NAFEDDNHG: LD KFEI 27 LHJCXIC 1505 @LQGDG 67 @LQK LJ IL[QEDNC, UEIE[NO OJLIKR [EDK MOLR, ADGFEDNJKR &L]SR, QOKFC @LQGFN. %AGOE\GDNN MOLEF +LGDD ULQEBNB OLBLMJN FE[QK UCJSR MTDLOSCFN: %GMNBNEF, 6INEF,

59

3NFNJINEF, &NFELDLF N $DQIEEF, DL MJGIYEFK %GMNBNR QGB 66 @LILQLO, N UINJLF MGFTWADGPNJEBSDTW, JL@QG HGH OMEF LMJGBSDTF PEJOEITF MTDLOSCF OFEMJE QGB JLBSHL 30 @LILQLO;UIGOL PEHGDNJS FLDEJK ULBKPNB JLBSHL LQND OEBNHNV HDCAS. *GHLDE^, +LGDD III O MOLEV QKWLODLVLHLDPGJEBSDL IEYGEJ OLUILM L OTFLILPDTW KQEBGW. „,MBN HJL!DNXKQS NA MTDLOEV FLNW, —@LOLINJ LD, — KFIEJ, DE LMJGONO DN MTDG, DN ODKHG, JL KQEB E@L OEMS NQEJ MTDK FLEFK %GMNBNR,G FEDSYNE XIGJSC O ZJLJ KQEB DE OMJKUGRJMC“. 9JLX KJOEIQNJS DLOTV ULICQLH UIEMJLBLDGMBEQNC,+LGDD UIN [NADN MOLEV AGMJGONB MTDLOEV MOLNW %GMNBNC N 6INC AGHBRPNJS QL@LOLI, ULHLJLILFK 6INV LXCAGBMC O MBKPGE MFEIJN %GMNBNC DE NMHGJS OEBNHL@L HDC[EDNC ULQ MTDLFE@L.

J%;)0,%%$$ -,$),2A%!8)A K!#%%# III: 6&7!6 +%!8)0#%%&D /#8),0!6. 1IEHIG\EDNEQGDN, NBN 6&D!-#, O 'IQK, UINLXIEJEDNE LXYNIDTW N XL@GJTW AEFEBS, ODKJIEDDEE MULHLVMJONE,XBG@LUINCJMJOLOGOYEE FNIDTF UILFTMBGF N JLI@LOBE, —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— AG JL, PJL DE OTBEPNB LQDL@L JGJGIMHL@L HDCASHG.

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

60

UIGOLMBGODL@L QKWLOEDMJOG, HLJLILE ULJLFK MDGPGBG N DE FL@BL KMUEYDL XLILJSMC M EIEJNHGFN.&BGOG XBG@LPEMJNOLV [NADN N FKQILMJN QOLNW @BGODTW EIEJNHLO DLO@LILQMHNW —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

+LMN] &GDND, MTD FLMHLOMHL@L MBK[NBL@L PEBLOEHG, E\E QL QOGQ^GJNBEJDE@L OLAIGMJG KMUEBNMUTJGJS MOLN MNBT O XEAFLBODLF NDLPEMJOE, G ULJLF ULMJKUNB O FLDGMJTIS 1G]DKJNC7LILOMHL@L. +AXIGDDTV UL MFEIJN 1G]DKJNC O N@KFEDT 7LILOMHL@L FLDGMJTIC, +LMN] K[E DEXTB QLOLBED E@L KMJGOLF N WLJEB OOEMJN MJIL[GVYNV; HL@QG XIGJNC DE ML@BGMNBGMS DG ZJL, JL+LMN] LMJGONB 1G]DKJNEO FLDGMJTIS N LMDLOGB MLXMJOEDDTV O BEMGW OLBLHLBGFMHNW M MGFTFMJIL@NF LX\E[NJEBSDTF KMJGOLF. (GHL@L!JL PEBLOEHG, DEKJLFNFL@L O ULQON@GW, MJIL@L@L H MEXEN QIK@NF, MULMLXDL@L DEKHBLDDL MJIEFNJSMC H MOLEV ^EBN, DEMFLJIC DN DG HGHNE UIEUCJMJONC,OTAOGB "EDDGQNV DG XLISXK M EIEMSR, HLJLIGC KMNBNOGBGMS OME XLBEE N XLBEE. % 1489 @LQK XTBULMOC\ED O FNJILULBNJT JGVDTV MLKFTYBEDDNH EIEJNHLO MNFLDLOMHNV GIWNFGDQINJ /LMNFG;UL MONQEJEBSMJOK +LMN]G %LBL^HL@L, O QLFGW, DG QLIL@GW, DG ITDHE OME — NDLHN N FNICDE —M MLFDEDNEF IGMMK[QGBN L OEIE, LMDLOTOGCMS DG MBLOGW EIEJNHLO; +LMN] UNMGB UILJNO DNWLXBNPNJEBSDTE MBLOG, MLXIGDNE HLJLITW NAOEMJDL ULQ NFEDEF C0!86,)+),2$, JIEXLOGB, PJLXGIWNEIEN LJHGAGBNMS LJ OMCHL@L MLLX\EDNC M FNJILULBNJLF /LMNFLR; ULMBEQDNV UINDK[QEDXTB LJIEPSMC LJ FNJILULBNN; DL EIEMS DE LMBGXEOGBG, ULJLFK PJL DGWLQNBG MEXE ULQULIK O MGFLFQOLI^E, O OEBNHLV HDC@NDE ,BEDE, DG MJLILDE HLJLILV XTBN MGFTE FL@K\EMJOEDDTE OEBSFL[N.3EVMJOKC UILJNO EIEJNHLO, MBEQLOGJEBSDL, UILJNO ,BEDT, +LMN], EMJEMJOEDDL, QLB[ED XTBMJGJS DG MJLILDK &L]SN N EE MTDG, JLI[EMJOL HLJLITW DGQ ,BEDLR N EE UINOEI[ED^GFNDELXWLQNFL QGOGBL JLI[EMJOL UIGOLMBGODTF DGQ EIEJNHGFN. +LMN] DGYEB QLMJKU H OEBNHLFKHDCAR N KXEQNB E@L UINDCJS MJIL@NE IEYNJEBSDTE FEIT UILJNO EIEJNHLO: O HLD^E 1504 @LQGMLAOGD XTB MLXLI, MBEQMJONEF HLJLIL@L XTBL JL, PJL @BGODTE NA EIEJNHLO XTBN ML[[EDT, QIK@NEIGALMBGDT O AGJLPEDNE. %UILPEF, KQGI, DGDEMEDDTV EIEMN MLXLILF 1504 @LQG, WLJC XTB MNBED,LQDGHL DE XTB LHLDPGJEBSDTF, HGH KONQNF OULMBEQMJONN.

5ILFE XLISXT UILJNO EIEMN [NQLOMJOKR\NW +LMN] %LBL^HNV KPGMJOLOGB E\E O IEYEDNNOG[DL@L OLUILMG L JLF, MBEQKEJ BN FLDGMJTICF OBGQEJS DGMEBEDDTFN NFEDNCFN. %LUILM ZJLJMJGDLONBMC OME OG[DEE N OG[DEE, ULJLFK PJL MBK[NBTE, NBN IGJDTE, BRQN, HLJLITW PNMBLUIGONJEBSMJOL MJGIGBLMS KOEBNPNOGJS, ULBKPGBN MOLE MLQEI[GDNE LJ DGMEBEDDTW AEFEBS, LJDGMBEQMJOEDDTW (LJPND) N [GBKEFTW @LMKQGIEF OL OIEFEDDLE OBGQEDNE (ULFEMJNV); @LMKQGIRDK[DL XTBL, PJLX JGHNW AEFEBS, HLJLITE LD FL@ IGAQGOGJS O ULFEMJSC, XTBL HGH FL[DL XLBSYEO E@L IGMULIC[EDNN; OFEMJE M JEF @LMKQGIR DK[DL XTBL, PJLX MBK[NBTE BRQN DE KFEDSYGBNMOLNW LJPND, DE KFEDSYGBN, JGHNF LXIGALF, N MIEQMJO H MK\EMJOLOGDNR N MBK[XE, G IGJDTEBRQN KFEDSYGBN NW, ULJLFK PJL NFEBN LXTPGV IGAQGOGJS PGMJS MOLNW AEFEBS DG ULFND QKYN ULFLDGMJTICF. %LUILM L JLF, MBEQKEJ BN FLDGMJTICF OBGQEJS MEBGFN, XTB ULQDCJ DG MLXLIEADGFEDNJTF LJYEBSDNHLF *NBLF &LIMHNF (JGH DGAOGDDTF UL LXNJEBN E@L DG IEHE &LIE, O 15OEIMJGW LJ 5NINBBLOG 7EBLAEIMHL@L FLDGMJTIC). *NB JIEXLOGB, PJLX FLDGWN [NBN UL UKMJTDCFN HLIFNBNMS MOLNFN JIKQGFN; LD MFLJIEB DG FLDGMJTIN HGH DG LX\EMJOG BRQEV, LJIEHYNWMC LJFNIG N ULJLFK DE FL@K\NW AGDNFGJSMC DNPEF FNIMHNF. *NBG ULQQEI[NOGBN UKMJTDDNHNXEBLAEIMHNE, DL +LMN] %LBL^HNV MFLJIEB DG FLDGMJTIS HGH DG LX\EMJOL, NA HLJLIL@L QLB[DTOTWLQNJS UIGONJEBN ^EIHLODTE. „,MBN K FLDGMJTIEV MEB DE XKQEJ, — @LOLINB +LMN], — JLHGH PEMJDLFK N XBG@LILQDLFK PEBLOEHK ULMJINPSMC? ,MBN DE XKQEJ PEMJDTW MJGI^EO, JL LJHKQGOACJS GIWNEIEEO?“ 4DEDNE +LMN]G %LBL^HL@L UIEOLAFL@BL DG MLXLIE, N OEBNHNV HDCAS LMJGONB

61

QEBL, DL OLUILM DE AGJNW, HGH KONQNF ULMBE.5ILFE ZJNW QEB IKMMHGC =EIHLOS AGDNFGBGMS UIN +LGDDE III FEIGFN QBC NMUIGOBEDNC

DIGOMJOEDDLMJN QKWLOEDMJOG N QBC UILMOE\EDNC E@L; DLO@LILQMHNV GIWNEUNMHLU "EDDGQNV,KADGOYN UL LUTJK OL OIEFC ULCOBEDNC EIEMN [NQLOMJOKR\NW, HGH DELXWLQNFL UILMOE\EDNEQBC ULQQEI[GDNC UIGOLMBGONC, ULQDCB OLUILM L DELXWLQNFLMJN KPNBN\ QBC QKWLOEDMJOG.

"#$%$ XXVI5*)<,*+, %$&+#+) +'$**'%+9$

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aIXEIYJEVDG, HLDPNB JL,PJL DGPGJL XTBL LJ^LF E@L, N OBGMJSR MOLER DGQ ULQQGDDTFN UIEOLMWLQNB OMEW FLDGIWLO O^EBLF MOEJE, NFEB DEL@IGDNPEDDKR OBGMJS DGQ [NADSR, NFK\EMJOLF BRQEV MOEJMHNW N QKWLODTW;NA MLOEJDNHLO E@L, XLCI, DNHJL DE MFEB UILJNOLIEPNJS NBN UILJNONJSMC E@L UINHGAGDNR. 1EIOLEFEMJL FE[QK XLCIGFN AGDNFGB MDGPGBG HDCAS %GMNBNV :LBFMHNV, DL, HGH ONQDL, LD ULYEB ULMBEQGF 1GJINHEEOTW, ULJLFK PJL MHLIL XTB AGHBRPED O JRISFK; XLCINDK 7EIMEDR LJIEAGBNCATH AG JL, PJL LD OAQKFGB [GBLOGJSMC DG OEBNHL@L HDCAC N DG UEIEFEDT, UILNAOEQEDDTE, ULE@L FDEDNR, &L]SER; FNJILULBNJ %GIBGGF XTB MOEI@DKJ.

*L XTB E\E [NO MTD ADGFEDNJL@L LJ^G N MGF ADGFEDNJTV MOLNF OTMLHLKFNEF, DG HLJLILE[GBLOGBMC +LGDD III, HDCAS %GMNBNV 1GJINHEEO, ULMJIN[EDDTV UIN +LGDDE III ULQ NFEDEF%GMMNGDG, UILAON\E EFK XTBL E!8!'. %EBNHNV HDCAS %GMNBNV, OEILCJDL MPNJGC E@L XEAOIEQDTFQBC MEXC, ULAOLBNB EFK [NJS O 4LMHOE, O &NFLDLOE FLDGMJTIE, N BGMHGB E@L HGH MJGI^G KFDL@L,DGPNJGDDL@L N ADGJDL@L UL MOLEFK UILNMWL[QEDNR. +DLPEMJOL DE KHILJNBL 1GJINHEEOG, LDUILQLB[GB L[EMJLPEDDKR XLISXK M +LMN]LF %LBL^HNF, HLJLITV DE UEIEMJGOGB KJOEI[QGJS,PJL UILJNO LMJGOYNWMC EIEJNHLO, [NQLOMJOKR\NW, QLB[DT XTJS UINDCJT MGFTE MJIL@NE FEIT.4LDGWN 5NINBBLOG N OLBL@LQMHNW FLDGMJTIEV N OL @BGOE NW %GMMNGD 5LMLV LUILOEI@GBN ZJLFDEDNE +LMN]G. +LMN] KFEI O 1515 @LQK; %GMMNGD 5LMLV UEIE[NB E@L N UILQLB[GB OLEOGJS ME@L FDEDNCFN; JGH, LD UILQLB[GB KJOEI[QGJS, PJL FLDGMJTICF DE QLB[DL OBGQEJS MEBGFN,UINPEF DGYEB MEXE EQNDLFTYBEDDNHG O ADGFEDNJLF 4GHMNFE "IEHE. %EBNHNV HDCAS %GMNBNVUILMNB G]LDMHNE FLDGMJTIN ULMBGJS EFK KPEDL@L FLDGWG, MULMLXDL@L NMUIGONJS MJGITE

62

UEIEOLQT ^EIHLODTW HDN@ N MQEBGJS DLOTE, N OMBEQMJONE ZJLV UILMSXT UINEWGB O 4LMHOK4GHMNF, GBXGDMHNV @IEH, UKJEYEMJOLOGOYNV UL ,OILUE, KPNOYNVMC O 1GIN[E, ?BLIED^NN,%EDE^NN. 4GHMNF LHGAGB XLBSYNE KMBK@N IKMMHLFK UILMOE\EDNR: UEIEOLQNB, NMUIGOBCB HDN@N,UNMGB UILJNO IGADTW MKEOEINV, UILJNO MLPNDEDNV, HLJLITE IGMUILMJIGDCBN O DGILQE IGADTEMHGAHN, DGHLDE^, MXBNANOYNMS M %GMMNGDLF 5LMTF, UNMGB L JLF, PJL DE MBEQKEJ FLDGWGF OBGQEJSMEBGFN. *L 4GHMNF N %GMMNGD DE KMUEBN QGJS MNBT MOLEFK FDEDNR, ULJLFK PJL LXG ULQOEI@BNMSXEQE UL QEBK L IGAOLQE OEBNHL@L HDCAC.

%EBNHNV HDCAS %GMNBNV XTB [EDGJ DG &LBLFLDNQE NA ILQG &GXKILOTW N DE NFEB LJ DEEQEJEV. (GHNF LXIGALF, UIEMJLB QLB[ED XTB QLMJGJSMC ULMBE DE@L XIGJK E@L 6INR +OGDLONPK.*L %GMNBNV [NB LPEDS DEQIK[DL M ZJNF XIGJLF N MPNJGB E@L N QIK@L@L XIGJG, $DQIEC,DEMULMLXDTFN H KUIGOBEDNR @LMKQGIMJOLF. 5ILFE JL@L, EMBN BRQN, HLJLITE DE BRXNBN %GMNBNC,IGQLOGBNMS, PJL FEMJL E@L AGMJKUNJ HDCAS DE MJLBSHL MJIL@NV, KFDTV N QECJEBSDTV, JL BRQN,OMEF LXCAGDDTE %GMNBNR, QLB[DT XTBN [QGJS QBC MEXC XLBSYLV XEQT O MBKPGEXEMULJLFMJOEDDLV MFEIJN OEBNHL@L HDCAC, NXL OME UIEQGDDTE EFK BRQN OLAXKQNBN H MEXEMNBSDKR OIG[QK O BRQCW, DEQLOLBSDTW NF, G O JLF PNMBE N OIG[QK XIGJSEO OEBNHLHDC[EMHNW.4E[QK MGFTFN UIEQGDDTFN %GMNBNR BRQSFN DGWLQNBMC N FNJILULBNJ 3GDNNB, OACJTV DGFNJILULBNR NA N@KFDLO +LMN]LOG %LBL^HL@L FLDGMJTIC N K[E UL ZJLFK MGFLFK DEUINCJDTV%GMMNGDK 5LMLFK N OMEV E@L MJLILDE. 3GDNNB IGAIEYNB OEBNHLFK HDCAR IGAOEMJNMS M&LBLFLDNQLR N [EDNJSMC OL OJLILV IGA DG ,BEDE %GMNBSEODE, QLPEIN BNJLOMHL@L OTWLQ^G HDCAC"BNDMHL@L. _JLJ ULMJKULH %GMNBNC, IGAKFEEJMC, OLAXKQNB DLOLE MNBSDLE DE@LQLOGDNE O BRQCW,K[E N UIE[QE NF DEQLOLBSDTW; MNBSDL OLLIK[NBMC UILJNO IGAOLQG %GMMNGD 5LMLV, N 4GHMNF"IEH E@L ULQQEI[NOGB. #NYNOYNMS XBG@LMHBLDDLMJN OEBNHL@L HDCAC OMBEQMJONE ZJL@LMLUILJNOBEDNC IGAOLQK, %GMMNGD N 4GHMNF XTBN LXONDEDT O ^EIHLODTW UIEMJKUBEDNCW N LXGAGJLPEDT; %GMMNGD KFEI O AGJLPEDNN, 4GHMNF UEIE[NB N OEBNHL@L HDCAC, N FNJILULBNJG.

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

#RXNF^EF ULHLVDL@L HLILBC $BEHMGDQIG XTB HDCAS 4NWGNB "BNDMHNV, UILOEQYNV QLB@LEOIEFC AG @IGDN^ER, KFEOYNV OEAQE UINLXIEMJN IGMULBL[EDNE KFLF, LXIGALOGDDLMJSR,NMHKMMJOLF O QEBE IGJDLF. &NBSDGC UINOCAGDDLMJS HLILBC $BEHMGDQIG H "BNDMHLFK, FL@K\EMJOLN XL@GJMJOL ULMBEQDE@L OLAXKQNBN AGONMJS N OIG[QK O LMJGBSDTW UGDGW BNJLOMHNW. *LOTV HLILBS&N@NAFKDQ XTB K[E UIEQKXE[QED UILJNO HDCAC 4NWGNBG N CODL MHBLDCBMC DG MJLILDK OIG@LOE@L. (L@QG "BNDMHNV KQGBNBMC LJ QOLIG O MOLN NFEDNC N AGOEB UEIEMTBHK M OEBNHNF HDCAEFFLMHLOMHNF, HLJLITV LXE\GB EFK ULFL\S DG OMEW E@L DEUINCJEBEV. % 1507 @LQK DGPGBNMSDEUINCJEBSMHNE QEVMJONC OMJKUBEDNC FLMHLOMHNW ULBHLO O BNJLOMHKR AEFBR; "BNDMHNV OLBDLOGB-KMS N MLEQNDNBMC M OLVMHGFN %GMNBSEOTFN; &N@NAFKDQ DE ONQEB OLAFL[DLMJN HLDPNJS M KMUEWLFZJK OLVDK N IEYNBMC UIEHIGJNJS EE OG[DTF UL[EIJOLOGDNEF M MOLEV MJLILDT, NFEDDL KMJKUNB%GMNBNR O OEPDLE OBGQEDNE UINLXIEJEDNC +LGDDG III. %EPDTV FNI, NBN -!"!%*#%+,, HGH JL@QGDGATOGBN, XTBL AGHBRPEDL O MEDJCXIE 1508 @LQG, UINPEF "BNDMHNF N NW UINCJEBCF OT@LOLIEDXTB MOLXLQDTV OTEAQ NA #NJOT O 4LMHOK.

1LDCJDL, PJL 4NWGNB "BNDMHNV DE FL@ XTJS QLOLBED ZJNF FNILF: LD ULJEIUEB ULBDKR

63

DEKQGPK O MOLNW AGFTMBGW, UINDK[QED XTB ULHNDKJS ILQDKR MJIGDK, LJHGAGJSMC LJ XL@GJTWOBGQEDNV, AG HLJLITE OEBNHNV HDCAS FLMHLOMHNV DE FL@ OLADG@IGQNJS E@L DN LXYNIDTFNOLBLMJCFN, DN OG[DTF ADGPEDNEF UIN QOLIE MOLEF. %LJ ULPEFK QGILONJTV, BLOHNV N QECJEBSDTV"BNDMHNV ;ULJIEXBCB OME KMNBNC H OLAOIG\EDNR MEXE UIE[DE@L ULBL[EDNC, QBC PE@L QLB[DGXTBG MBK[NJS DLOGC OLVDG 4LMHOT M #NJOLR. 'XMJLCJEBSMJOG XTBN XBG@LUINCJDT; $BSXIEWJ,FGIH@IG] XIGDQEDXKI@MHNV N OFEMJE FG@NMJI (EOJLDMHL@L LIQEDG, @LJLONBMC H OLVDE M HLILBEFULBSMHNF; NFUEIGJLI, QIK@NE HDCASC DEFE^HNE N BNOLDMHNE ULQQEI[NOGBN $BSXIEWJG. 1LOLQLFH OLVDE ULMBK[NB MBKW L DEUINCJDLMJCW, HLJLITF ULQOEI@GEJMC MEMJIG OEBNHL@L HDCAC ,BEDG O#NJOE, N MJGIGDNE HLILBC &N@NAFKDQG OLAXKQNJS HITFMHNW JGJGI UILJNO 4LMHOT. %LVDGDGPGBGMS O 1512 @LQK; JIN IGAG %GMNBNV LMG[QGB &FLBEDMH, JLBSHL O 1514 @LQK 29 NRBC ZJLJHIEUHNV @LILQ UINDK[QED XTB H MQGPE. "BNDMHNV DGQECBMC, PJL OEBNHNV HDCAS LJQGMJ EFK&FLBEDMH, DL LXFGDKBMC O MOLEV DGQE[QE N, ONQC, PJL EFK DEPE@L XLBSYE [QGJS LJ 4LMHOT,AGOEB MDLYEDNC M HLILBEF &N@NAFKDQLF, HLJLITV LWLJDL UINDNFGB E@L LUCJS H MEXE O MBK[XK,DL UEIE@LOLIT ZJN XTBN LJHITJT, "BNDMHNV MWOGPED N O LHLOGW LJOEAED O 4LMHOK. (LI[EMJOLOACJNC &FLBEDMHG XTBL ULFIGPEDL MNBSDTF ULIG[EDNEF, HLJLILE ULJEIUEBN FLMHLOMHNE OLVMHGK 'IYN 8 MEDJCXIC 1514 @LQG: AQEMS HDCAS 5LDMJGDJND 'MJIL[MHNV, DGPGBSMJOLOGOYNV MDLOGULBHGFN BNJLOMHNFN, LJLFMJNB FLMHONPGF AG OEQILYMHLE ULIG[EDNE. *L HLILBS DE FL@ NAOBEPSQBC MEXC DNHGHLV ULBSAT NA LIYNDMHLV ULXEQT, DE FL@ OLAOIGJNJS MEXE &FLBEDMHG,UINLXIEJEDNE HLJLIL@L QBC %GMNBNC MBK[NBL QLMJGJLPDTF OLADG@IG[QEDNEF AG OME ULJEIN.1LMBE LIYNDMHLV XNJOT OLVDG UILQLB[GBGMS E\E MEFS BEJ XEA OMCHL@L AGFEPGJEBSDL@L KMUEWGM LXENW MJLILD. *GHLDE^ O 1522 @LQK AGHBRPEDL XTBL UEIEFNINE, UINPEF &FLBEDMH LMJGBMC AG4LMHOLR QL AGHBRPEDNC OEPDL@L FNIG, DL OEPDL@L FNIG FE[QK 4LMHOLR N #NJOLR DE KONQCJDN YEMJDGQ^GJTV, DN UEIOGC PEJOEIJS MEFDGQ^GJL@L OEHG NFEDDL XBG@LQGIC &FLBEDMHK, HLJLITVLXE MJLILDT FL@BN KMJKUNJS DGOEHN JLBSHL O MGFLV HIGVDLMJN.

J!'%& 8 E0&/!/ + E#7#%AF. %L OIEFC BNJLOMHLV OLVDT %GMNBNV XTB O MLRAE M $BSXIEWJLF,HKI]RIMJLF XIGDQEDXKI@MHNF N OEBNHNF FG@NMJILF (EOJLDMHL@L LIQEDG, HLJLILFK ULFL@GBQEDS@GFN QBC OLVDT M 1LBSYER; HLILBS &N@NAFKDQ M MOLEV MJLILDT DE \GQNB QEDE@, PJLXULQDNFGJS DG 4LMHOK HITFMHNW JGJGI. &JLBSHL OT@LQDTV QBC +LGDDG III MLRA M 5ITFLFHLDPNBMC O DGPGBE HDC[EDNC MTDG E@L: 4ED@BN!"NIEV DE XLCBMC XLBEE LMJGJHLO /LBLJLV 'IQT,DE ONQGB XEMULHLVMJOG ML MJLILDT (KI^NN, O 4LMHOE OFEMJL ADGFEDNJL@L MOLNF FL@K\EMJOLFN MPGMJSEF +LGDDG HDC[NB FLBLQLV MTD E@L, LHIK[EDDTV LUGMDLMJCFN, DE FL@YNV E\E ODKYNJSOGIOGIGF KOG[EDNC N MJIGWG; UINJLF 4ED@BN!"NIEV KMJGIEB, LMBGXEB N XTB LHIK[ED JLBULRWN\DTW MTDLOEV, ILQMJOEDDNHLO N HDCAEV. _JG WN\DGC JLBUG M [GQDLMJSR XILMNBGMS DG&N@NAFKDQLOT ULQGIHN, LXE\GC EFK AG DNW LUKMJLYNJS FLMHLOMHNE OBGQEDNC, DL HITF^GF XTBLE\E OT@LQDEE XIGJS ULQGIHN M LXLNW @LMKQGIMJO. 4LMHLOMHL@L N #NJLOMHL@L, LXE\GJS MOLRULFL\S JLFK, HJL XLBSYE QGMJ, LXE\GJS ULFL\S, G DG MGFLF QEBE, OACO QEDS@N M LXLNW,LUKMJLYGJS OBGQEDNC LXLNW, ULBSAKCMS NW OAGNFDLR OIG[QLR. & ZJNW ULI MDLYEDNC LXLNW@LMKQGIMJO M HITF^GFN UIEQMJGOBCRJ AGQGINOGDNE IGAXLVDNHLO, HLJLITE DE MQEI[NOGRJMCDNHGHNF QL@LOLILF, DNHGHNFN HBCJOGFN.

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

64

JIEXLOGDNC: HGHGC [E ULMBE JL@L FL@BG XTJS QIK[XG K MKBJGDG M @LMKQGIEF FLMHLOMHNF?4T ONQEBN, PJL UEIEQ MGFLR MFEIJSR +LGDDG III HGAGDMHNV WGD 4G@FEJ!$FNDS NAFEDNB

4LMHOE, N ULJLFK UEIOTF QEBLF %GMNBNC XTBL MFNINJS FCJE[DNHG. 1EIOTV ULWLQ FLMHLOMHL@LOLVMHG ULQ 5GAGDS XTB DEKQGPED; DL HL@QG O 4LMHOE DGPGBN @LJLONJSMC HL OJLILFK, 4G@FEJ!$FNDS UINMBGB UILMNJS FNIG DG UIE[DNW KMBLONCW, ULBKPNB E@L N MLWIGDCB QL MGFLV MFEIJNMOLEV, ULMBEQLOGOYEV O 1518 @LQK. 4G@FEJ!$FNDS KFEI, DE LMJGONO QEJEV, N IL[QGBMC OLUILM— HLFK XTJS WGDLF O 5GAGDN? %LUILM OG[DTV N JIKQDTV UL LJDLYEDNCF H 5ITFK, ULJLFK PJLMTD N UIEEFDNH 4ED@BN!"NIEC, 4G@FEJ!"NIEV, MNBSDL WBLULJGB L JLF, PJLX OME JGJGIMHNEOBGQEDNC DGWLQNBNMS O IKHGW LQDL@L ILQG "NIEEO HITFMHNW, PEFK, IGAKFEEJMC, 4LMHOG QLB[DGXTBG UIEUCJMJOLOGJS OMEFN MNBGFN. %EBNHNV HDCAS %GMNBNV LJQGB 5GAGDS ILQLOLFK DEUINCJEBR"NIEEO, >N@!$BER, ODKHK $WFGJLOK, [NOYEFK O -LMMNN. *L >N@!$BEV OLAXKQNB H MEXEDEIGMULBL[EDNE O OEBSFL[GW HGAGDMHNW, HLJLITE MLMJGONBN UILJNO DE@L AG@LOLI, MDEMBNMS M5ITFLF, N HL@QG O 1521 @LQK XIGJ 4G@FEJ!"NIEEO, &GNU!"NIEV, CONBMC M HITFMHNF OLVMHLF K5GAGDN, JL @LILQ MQGBMC EFK XEA MLUILJNOBEDNC, N >N@!$BEV QLB[ED XTB KEWGJS O 4LMHOK. % JL[E OIEFC 4G@FEJ!"NIEV KMJIEFNBMC H XEIE@GF 'HN, LUILHNDKB FLMHLOMHNW OLEOLQ N QLMJN@ QLMGFLV 4LMHOT, G M QIK@LV MJLILDT DLOTV HGAGDMHNV WGD, &GNU!"NIEV, LUKMJLYNOYN LXBGMJN*N[E@LILQMHKR N %BGQNFNIMHKR, MLEQNDNBMC M XIGJLF. %EBNHNV HDCAS, AGMJN@DKJTV OIGMUBLW,KEWGB NA 4LMHOT DG %LBLH #GFMHNV MLXNIGJS OLVMHL; OUILPEF, WGD, LXCAGDDTV MOLNF KMUEWLFLQDLV DEPGCDDLMJN, DE FL@ QLB@L LMJGOGJSMC ULQ 4LMHOLR N KQGBNBMC H -CAGDN; DE FL@YN OACJSN ZJL@L @LILQG, LD OTYEB NA IKMMHNW OBGQEDNV, OTOEQYN NA DNW L@ILFDLE HLBNPEMJOL UBEDDTW.4LMHLOMHNV HDCAS DE FL@ LJLFMJNJS HITFMHLFK WGDK, FL@ JLBSHL UIEQUINDCJS FEITLMJLIL[DLMJN UILJNO XKQK\NW DGUGQEDNV, DL FL@ MUIGONJSMC M XBN[GVYNF MLMEQLF MOLNF,HGAGDMHNF WGDLF: "NIEV XTBN NA@DGDT NA 5GAGDN, N OEBNHNV HDCAS ULMBGB JKQG WGDLF ,DGBEC,XIGJG >N@!$BEEOG.

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„,MBNWLJNJE UIL[NJS O MJGINDE, JL QLB[DT NMULBDNJS QOE FLN OLBN: PJLX K OGM OEPG DE XTBL N HLBLHLBOEPEOLV XTB XT MDCJ, QG XTJS K OGM QOLNF FLNF DGFEMJDNHGF: NDGPE FDL@L K FEDC MNBT @LJLOLV,N HILOLUILBNJNE OAT\EJMC DG JEW, HJL @LMKQGIEOLV OLBN DE NMULBDNJ“. 1MHLONPN UILUBGHGBNOEMS ZJLJ QEDS N OMR DLPS, G DG IGMMOEJE QIK@L@L QDC MLXIGBN O ULMBEQDNV IGA OEPE N MHGAGBNULMBGDDNHK OEBNHLHDC[EMHLFK: „%LBED 7L@ QG @LMKQGIS O @LILQE 1MHLOE, O DGM N O HLBLHLBEDGYEF; FT DG @LMKQGIC IKH ULQDCJS DE WLJNF“. 13 CDOGIC 1510 @LQG MDCBN OEPEOLV HLBLHLB K&O. (ILN^T (MLXLIDGC ^EIHLOS OL 1MHLOE) N ULOEABN H OEBNHLFK HDCAR O *LO@LILQ; JINMJGMEFEVMJO BKPYNW BRQEV OTOEQEDL XTBL NA 1MHLOG O 4LMHOK, DG NW FEMJL UINEWGBN JINMJG [EHKUEPEMHNW MEFEVMJO NA QEMCJN FLMHLOMHNW @LILQLO.

-CAGDS XTBG UINMLEQNDEDG JGH[E XEA XLBSYNW AGJIKQDEDNV. 4T ONQEBN, PJL +LGDD IIIIGMULIC[GBMC -CAGDSR OL OIEFC FGBLBEJMJOG OEBNHL@L HDCAC EE +OGDG +OGDLONPG. %GMNBNVUILQLB[GB IGMULIC[GJSMC ER JGHNF [E LXIGALF. 5L@QG OEBNHNV HDCAS ICAGDMHNV OTILM, JLKONQGB MEXC DE XLBSYE HGH DGFEMJDNHLF OEBNHL@L HDCAC FLMHLOMHL@L; EFK LMJGOGBLMS DG OTXLI:NBN QLXILOLBSDL MLVJN DG MJEUEDS MBK[EXDL@L HDCAC, NBN ULUTJGJSMC OLAOIGJNJS MEXE UIE[DEEADGPEDNE; LD IEYNBMC DG ULMBEQDEE. %GMNBNR FLMHLOMHLFK QGBN ADGJS, PJL OEBNHNV HDCASICAGDMHNV OLYEB O MDLYEDNC M HITFMHNF WGDLF; JL@QG %GMNBNV O 1517 @LQK OTAOGB E@L O 4LMHOK,@QE E@L MWOGJNBN N ULMGQNBN ULQ MJIG[K, DL O 1521 @LQK, ULBSAKCMS DGYEMJONEF 4G@FEJ!"NIEC,ICAGDMHNV HDCAS KMUEB KXE[GJS NA 4LMHOT N MHITJSMC O #NJOK. & ICAGD^GFN, HLJLITE

65

LJBNPGBNMS MFEBTF, XEMULHLVDTF WGIGHJEILF, XTBL ULMJKUBEDL JGH [E, HGH M DLO@LILQ^GFN NUMHLONPGFN: FDL@LPNMBEDDTFN JLBUGFN UEIEMEBCBN NW O QIK@NE LXBGMJN.

% AEFBE MEOEIMHLV, UINADGOGC DGQ MLXLR OEIWLODKR OBGMJS FLMHLOMHL@L HDCAC, OBGQEBN QOG%GMNBNC, LQND — &EFEDLONP, ODKH +OGDG FL[GVMHL@L, HDCAS MJGILQKXMHNV, N QIK@LV —+OGDLONP, ODKH >EFCHN, HDCAS *LO@LILQG &EOEIMHL@L. _JN HDCASC QGODL K[E UNJGBN QIK@ HQIK@K DEUINFNINFKR DEDGONMJS N, DE MFEC AGJEOGJS CODTW KMLXN^, QLDLMNBN QIK@ DG QIK@GOEBNHLFK HDCAR FLMHLOMHLFK. >EFCPNPK KQGBLMS OT@DGJS MOLE@L OIG@G NA E@L LJPNDT, HLJLIGCXTBG UINMLEQNDEDG H 4LMHOE; DL MHLIL ULMBE JL@L >EFCPNP MGF XTB ULAOGD O 4LMHOK NAGHBRPED O JEFDN^K, LXONDEDDTV O MDLYEDNCW M #NJOLR.

1LMBEQDNV MLXNIGJEBS IKMMHLV AEFBN, OEBNHNV HDCAS %GMNBNV +OGDLONP, KFEI O 1533 @LQK,LMJGOC QOLNW FGBEDSHNW MTDLOEV, +LGDDG N 6INC; MJGIYEFK, +LGDDK, HLJLIL@L LJE^XBG@LMBLONB DG OEBNHLE HDC[EDNE, XTBL JLBSHL JIN @LQG.

"#$%$ XXVII=$-&(%'%$*+, +'$**$ IV %$&+#2,%+9$ "-'/*'"'

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

4LMHLOMHNE MFKJT OLAXKQNBN DGQE[QT O HLILBE ULBSMHLF &N@NAFKDQE: LD UEIEFEDNB JLD OMDLYEDNCW M FGBLBEJDNF @LMKQGIEF FLMHLOMHNF, N O 1534 @LQK DGPGBGMS OLVDG M #NJOLR. %LVDGZJG, OEQYGCMC M UEIEFEDDTF MPGMJSEF, DE LADGFEDLOGDG XTBG DNPEF OG[DTF N HLDPNBGMSUEIEFNINEF O 1537 @LQK. % 4LMHOE MUEYNBN ZJNF UEIEFNINEF, PJLX NFEJS OLAFL[DLMJSKUIGONJSMC M 5GAGDSR N 5ITFLF. %MBEQMJONE MFEDT WGDLO, OMBEQMJONE IGADTW UILJNOLULBL[DTWOBNCDNV, IKMMHL@L N HITFMHL@L, O 5GAGDN LXIGALOGBNMS UGIJNN, NA HLJLITW HG[QGC [QGBGKQLXDL@L MBKPGC DNABL[NJS UGIJNR UILJNODKR. % JL OIEFC HL@QG 4LMHOG XTBG AGDCJG BNJLOMHLR

66

OLVDLR, HITFMHGC MJLILDG O 5GAGDN KONQEBG KQLXDTV MBKPGV MOEI@DKJS FLMHLOMHL@L ULQIKPDNHG,DGBEC; MLMJLCBMC AG@LOLI, ,DGBEV XTB KXNJ, N WGDLF UILOLA@BGYED &G]G!"NIEV, ^GIEONPHITFMHNV, HLJLITV JLJPGM [E MJGB DGUGQGJS DG IKMMHNE OBGQEDNC, G K@ILAT HITFMHL@L WGDGKQEI[NOGBN UIGONJEBSMJOL FLMHLOMHLE LJ IEYNJEBSDTW QEVMJONV UILJNO 5GAGDN.

C0#62,%+, 4!$08"!,. % JGHLF ULBL[EDNN DGWLQNBNMS QEBG, HL@QG MHLDPGBGMS UIGONJEBSDN^GO GUIEBE 1538 @LQG, N UIGOBEDNE AG UILQLB[NOYNFMC FGBLBEJMJOLF OEBNHL@L HDCAC QLB[DLXTBL UEIEVJN JEUEIS O IKHN XLCI. 1L LJMJIGDEDNN 1GJINHEEOTW, -CULBLOMHNW N :LBFMHNWUEIOLE FEMJL FE[QK OEBSFL[GFN FLMHLOMHNFN AGDNFGBN HDCASC >KVMHNE, ULJLFHN JEWMKAQGBSMHL!DN[E@LILQMHNW HDCAEV, HLJLITE XTBN BNYEDT MOLNW LJPND OEBNHNF HDCAEF%GMNBNEF 3NFNJINEONPEF, JGH QLB@L DE WLJEBN ULHLINJSMC MOLEV KPGMJN N JLBSHL UIN +LGDDEIII OMJKUNBN O MBK[XK FLMHLOMHKR. &ULMLXDLMJN, ZDEI@NC N PEMJLBRXNE XTBN DGMBEQMJOEDDTFNO ZJLF ADGFEDNJLF ILQE; @BGOLR E@L O LUNMTOGEFLE OIEFC XTB HDCAS %GMNBNV %GMNBSEONP,HLJLITV UIN OEBNHLF HDCAE %GMNBNN LJBNPNBMC AG\NJLR &FLBEDMHG LJ #NJOT, UINPEFLXDGIK[NB MULMLXDLMJS MOLR H FEIGF IEYNJEBSDTF N MKILOTF. % MEQSFLV QEDS UL HLDPNDE,BEDT >KVMHNE K[E IGMULICQNBNMS DGMPEJ EE BRXNF^G: HDCAS 'OPNDG!(EBEUDEO!'XLBEDMHNVN MEMJIG E@L, FGFHG FGBEDSHL@L OEBNHL@L HDCAC, XTBN MWOGPEDT N AGJLPEDT, N AGJLPEDNE ZJLXTBL JGH [EMJLHL, PJL 'XLBEDMHNV DE FL@ UEIEDEMJN E@L. 1ILJNO >KVMHL@L!-RINHLONPGULQDCBMC XTBL HDCAS +OGD 7EBSMHNV, ILQDC, MBEQLOGJEBSDL, 1GJINHEEOTF, DL >KVMHNE XTBNMNBSDEE: DEMFLJIC DG JL PJL DG MJLILDE 7EBSMHL@L MJLCB FNJILULBNJ 3GDNNB, 7EBSMHNV XTBAGHBRPED; FNJILULBNJ LMJGBMC DEJILDKJTF, DL DEDGQLB@L: HL@QG HDCAS %GMNBNV >KVMHNV KFEIN ADGPEDNE E@L UEIEYBL H XIGJK E@L HDCAR +OGDK, JL DLOTV UIGONJEBS MOEI@DKB 3GDNNBG, DGFEMJL HLJLIL@L XTB OLAOEQED +LGMG]. _JLJ FNJILULBNJ DEQLB@L LMJGOGBMC DG MJLILDE >KVMHL@L:O 1540 @LQK LD KMUEB IGMULICQNJSMC JGH, PJL HDCAS 7EBSMHNV XTB LMOLXL[QED, N >KVMHNV,AGMJN@DKJTV OIGMUBLW, QLB[ED XTB ULHNDKJS UIGOBEDNE, HLJLILE UEIEYBL JEUEIS H 7EBSMHLFKN FNJILULBNJK +LGMG]K. 1IGONJEBN ULMUEYNBN LMOLXLQNJS NA JEFDN^T QOLRILQDL@L XIGJG+LGDDLOG, HDCAC %BGQNFNIG MJGIN^HL@L, MTDG DEMPGMJDL@L $DQIEC, N OLAOIGJNJS EFK LJ^LOMHNVKQEB. *EMFLJIC DG ZJL, MJLILDG NW OME XTBG MBGXG O MIGODEDNN M MJLILDLR >KVMHL@L,UINOEI[ED^T HLJLIL@L MLMJGONBN AG@LOLI: >KVMHNV O DGPGBE 1542 @LQG CONBMC NA %BGQNFNIGO 4LMHOK M OLLIK[EDDTF LJICQLF; 7EBSMHNV XTB MWOGPED, AGJLPED DG 7EBLLAEIL N JGFKFEI\OBED, @BGODTE MLOEJDNHN E@L IGALMBGDT; FNJILULBNJ +LGMG] MOEI@DKJ M XEMPEMJNEF, NDG E@L FEMJL OLAOEQED 4GHGINV. +OGD >KVMHNV DEQLB@L [NB ULMBE ZJL@L; OBGMJS UEIEYBG OIKHN H ILQMJOEDDNHK E@L HDCAR $DQIER 4NWGVBLONPK >KVMHLFK. _JLFK DLOLFK UIGONJEBRULHGAGBMC LUGMED ?EQLI &EFEDLONP %LILD^LO, HLJLITV KMUEB UINXBNANJSMC H FLBLQLFK@LMKQGIR N ULDIGONJSMC EFK; O UINMKJMJONN +LGDDG >KVMHNE N MLOEJDNHN NW DGUGBN DG%LILD^LOG, PKJS!PKJS DE KXNBN E@L N ULMBGBN O QGBSDRR MMTBHK, DEMFLJIC DG UILMSXT OEBNHL@LHDCAC.

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— OLJ PEF LHGDPNOGBLMS 3EBL; K IEXEDHG!MNILJT LJDNFGBN BRQEV MGFTWH DEFK XBNAHNW, HLJLITW LD BRXNB; UEIEQ DNF DG@BL LMHLIXBCBN NW, ULJLF AGJLPGBN, AGFKPNOGBN;UEIEQ DNF >KVMHNE N QIKASC NW ULAOLBCBN MEXE LMHLIXBCJS UGFCJS LJ^G E@L N FGJEIN, NXL FTADGEF, HGH OEBSFL[N DE BRXNBN OEBNHL@L HDCAC %GMNBNC N OJLIKR [EDK E@L. +LGDD JEF XLBEELMHLIXBCBMC ZJNF, PJL WLILYL ULDNFGB MOLE ADGPEDNE, ULDNFGB, PJL LD @LMKQGIS, NXL JE [EMGFTE BRQN, HLJLITE JGH LMHLIXBCBN E@L, UK@GBN, DE LXIG\GC DNHGHL@L ODNFGDNC DG E@L MBEATN UILMSXT, — JE MGFTE BRQN UIN NAOEMJDTW ^EIEFLDNCW, DGUINFEI UIN ULMLBSMHLF UINEFE,

67

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— QSCHLO.

C0+%$)+, =#08"!.! )+);2# + <,%+)A4# K!#%%!6#. %TDEMYN NA MOLE@L QEJMJOG @LISHLEPKOMJOL OIG[QT H BRQCF, HLJLITE ULWN\GBN E@L UIGOG N DEKOG[NJEBSDL LXWLQNBNMS M DNF,MFLJIC ULZJLFK ULQLAINJEBSDL DG OMEW OEBSFL[ MOLNW, +LGDD JLBSHL N QKFGB L JLF, HGH XTKUILPNJS MOLR OBGMJS. % DGPGBE 1547 @LQG, XKQKPN 16 BEJ, +LGDD HLILDLOGBMC, DL FGBL ZJL@L— UINDCB JNJKB ̂ GIC, M HLJLITF MLEQNDNBLMS ULDCJNE L OBGMJN XLBEE LXYNIDLE, PEF M UIE[DNFJNJKBLF OEBNHL@L HDCAC. &HLIL ULMBE +LGDD [EDNBMC; OTXLI E@L UGB DG QEOKYHK NA LQDL@L NAMGFTW ADGJDTW N QIEODNW FLMHLOMHNW XLCIMHNW ILQLO, NFEDDL DG $DGMJGMNR -LFGDLODK, QLPSKFEIYE@L -LFGDG 6ISEONPG /GWGISNDG!5LYHNDG, UIEQHLO HLJLIL@L FT ONQEBN DG UEIOLF FEMJEO HDC[EDNE %GMNBNC 3NFNJINEONPG, G XIGJ E@L XLCIND 4NWGNB 6ISEONP XTB LQDNF NA XBNAHNWBRQEV H LJ^K +LGDDLOK OEBNHLFK HDCAR %GMNBNR.

C!<#0& /!8"!68"+,; @+2A6,8)0 + Q-#H,6. % ]EOIGBE 1547 @LQG XTBG ^GIMHGC MOGQSXG;O GUIEBE XTBN QOG MNBSDTW UL[GIG O 4LMHOE, G 21 NRDC OMUTWDKB JGHLV MJIGYDTV UL[GI,HGHL@L E\E DNHL@QG DE XTOGBL O 4LMHOE, DGILQK M@LIEBL 1700 PEBLOEH! =GIS M ̂ GIN^ER, XIGJLFN XLCIGFN KEWGB O MEBL %LILXSEOE. *L ZJNF XEQG DE HLDPNBGMS: XLCIE MHGAGBN ̂ GIR, PJL 4LMHOKML[@BN ABLDGFEIEDDTE BRQN, ML[@BN PGILQEVMJOLF; ̂ GIS OEBEB IGATMHGJS QEBL; XLCIE MLXIGBNDGILQ DG UBL\GQS N MJGBN MUIGYNOGJS: HJL AG[N@GB 4LMHOK? % JLBUE AGHINPGBN, PJL AG[N@GBNOLBYEXMJOLF HDC@NDC $DDG "BNDMHGC M MOLNFN MTDLOSCFN. 9EIDS @LOLINBG ZJL ULJLFK, PJL"BNDMHNE, ILQMJOEDDNHN ^GIC UL FGJEIN, XTBN MGFTFN XBNAHNFN H DEFK BRQSFN; UINMBK@G"BNDMHNW, ULBSAKCMS MNBLR @LMULQ MOLNW, UINJEMDCBG UILMJLV DGILQ, G "BNDMHNE EE DE KDNFGBN.-LQDLV QCQC ^GIMHNV, HDCAS 6INV %GMNBSEONP "BNDMHNV, KMBTYGOYN L MEXE N L FGJEIN MOLEVJGHNE IEPN O DGILQE, ULMUEYNB MHITJSMC O ;MUEDMHNV MLXLI, DL XLCIE, ABLXCMS DG "BNDMHNW AGNW MNBK UIN ̂ GIE, ULQL[@BN PEIDS; JG XILMNBGMS O MLXLI, KXNBG "BNDMHL@L, UEIEXNBG FDL[EMJOLE@L BRQEV, IGA@IGXNBG QOLI; FGBL JL@L, JLBUT PEIDN CONBNMS O MEBE %LILXSEOE K QOLI^G ̂ GIMHL@LM HINHLF, PJLX @LMKQGIS OTQGB NF XGXHK MOLR HDC@NDR $DDK "BNDMHKR N QIK@L@L MTDG EE,4NWGNBK. +LGDD O LJOEJ OEBEB MWOGJNJS HINHKDLO N HGADNJS; DG LMJGBSDTW DGUGB MJIGW, N LDNIGAXE[GBNMS.

1L[GI N DGILQDLE OLBDEDNE UILNAOEBN MNBSDLE OUEPGJBEDNE DG FLBLQL@L ^GIC, MJIGMJDGCUINILQG HLJLIL@L XTBG NFEDDL MULMLXDG XTMJIL UINDNFGJS OUEPGJBEDNC. +A FLBLQL@L PEBLOEHG,UIEQGDDL@L KQLOLBSMJONCF, LD MQEBGBMC DGXL[ED, MEISEAED, DEKJLFNF O AGDCJNCW QEBGFN@LMKQGIMJOEDDTFN. *E QLOEICC UL!UIE[DEFK BRQCF ADGJDTF, LD UINXBNANB H MEXE MOC\EDDNHGUINQOLIDL@L 7BG@LOE\EDMHL@L MLXLIG &NBSOEMJIG N $BEHMEC ?EQLILONPG $QGYEOG, BL[DNPE@LMOLE@L, PEBLOEHG LPEDS DEADGPNJEBSDL@L UILNMWL[QEDNC. &NBSOEMJI HGH BN^L QKWLODLE, HGHPEBLOEH, LJBNPGOYNVMC UIEQ QIK@NFN DIGOMJOEDDLR PNMJLJLR, NFEB LMLXEDDL MNBSDLE OBNCDNE

68

DG KBKPYEDNE DIGOMJOEDDLMJN +LGDDG. 1ILYBL @LQG QOG ULMBE UL[GILO; +LGDD, UTBHNV, DEKFEOYNV MQEI[NOGJS MOLNW FTMBEV N PKOMJO, AGWLJEB JLI[EMJOEDDL, UIEQ ̂ EBTF DGILQLF, UIEQ^EBLR -LMMNER LX`CONJS, PJL LD MGF DGPGB UIGONJS @LMKQGIMJOLF, G ULJLFK UIE[DNE XEMULICQHNN DGMNBNC, 2TOYNE MBEQMJONEF KUIGOBEDNC XLCIMHL@L, DE ULOJLICJMC XLBEE. 3BC ZJL@L O 1550@LQK LD UINHGAGB UINEWGJS O 4LMHOK OTXLIDTF NA @LILQLO, N HL@QG LDN M`EWGBNMS, JL +LGDD OOLMHIEMDTV QEDS OTYEB M HIEMJGFN DG BLXDLE FEMJL (OLAOTYEDNE DG 5IGMDLV UBL\GQN) N ULMBEFLBEXDG LXIGJNBMC H FNJILULBNJK M LUNMGDNEF OMEW XEMULICQHLO, XTOYNW OL OIEFC E@LFGBLBEJMJOG, OL OIEFC KUIGOBEDNC XLCIMHL@L, LX`CONB, PJL LD DNMHLBSHL DE ONDLOGJ O MBEAGW NHILON, UILBNJTW O ZJL OIEFC; ULJLF, LXIGJCMS H DGILQK, UILMNB E@L AGXTJS OME UILYBLE, LXE\GCM ZJNW ULI XTJS QBC OMEW MKQSER N AG\NJDNHLF. % ZJLJ [E QEDS ^GIS ULIKPNB $BEHMER $QGYEOKUINDNFGJS UILMSXT LJ XEQDTW N LXN[EDDTW N OTXNIGJS MKQEV MUIGOEQBNOTW. % JLF [E @LQK+LGDD AGDCBMC MLMJGOBEDNEF DLOL@L &KQEXDNHG, NXL MJGITV &KQEXDNH QEQG E@L LHGAGBMCDEQLMJGJLPDTF; G O MBEQKR\EF 1551 @LQK ^GIS MLAOGB ^EIHLODTV MLXLI, ULQGB GIWNEIECFLUNMGDNE OMEW XEMULICQHLO ^EIHLODTW, QBC UIEHIG\EDNC HLJLITW ULJIEXLOGB NW MLQEVMJONC.

C!"!0,%+, E#7#%+. % ZJL OIEFC, HGH FLBLQLV ^GIS AGDNFGBMC JGHNFN OG[DTFN QEBGFNODKJIEDDNFN, ODNFGDNE E@L XTBL LXIG\EDL JGH[E DG JGJGIMHNE ^GIMJOG — 5GAGDS N 5ITF.4T ONQEBN, PJL O HLD^E UIGOBEDNC ,BEDT LXG ZJNW ^GIMJOG MLEQNDNBNMS ULQ OBGMJSR LQDL@LQLFG "NIEEO N ULJLFK MJGBN LPEDS LUGMDT QBC 4LMHOT. &G]G!"NIEV HGAGDMHNV LUKMJLYGBLXBGMJN 4KILFMHKR N 5LMJILFMHKR; &GNU!"NIEV HITFMHNV ULQWLQNB H 'HE ML OMER LIQLR. *LO 5GAGDN XLILBNMS QIK@ M QIK@LF UGIJNN HITFMHGC N FLMHLOMHGC. 1LMBEQDEV MHLIL ULFL@BL JLLXMJLCJEBSMJOL, PJL, HL@QG O 4LMHOE @LMKQGIS OTILM N M PIEAOTPGVDTF KMEIQNEF MJGB AGDNFGJSMCQEBGFN UIGOBEDNC, O 5GAGDN WGD &G]G!"NIEV KFEI, LMJGONO UIEMJLB MTDK!FBGQED^K. 3EBLHLDPNBLMS JEF, PJL HGAGD^T LJLMBGBN MOLE@L FGBEDSHL@L WGDG O 4LMHOK N UINDCBN H MEXE >N@!$BEC. *L >N@!$BEV, ULHLIMJOKC 4LMHOE, OLAXKQNB UILJNO MEXC MNBSDKR DEDGONMJS O 5GAGDN.*EDGONMJS H $BER N O JL [E OIEFC DEOLAFL[DLMJS NAXGONJSMC LJ DE@L, DEOLAFL[DLMJS XLILJSMCM 4LMHOLR ODKYNBN HGAGD^GF FTMBS ULQPNDNJSMC OULBDE ̂ GIR FLMHLOMHLFK, BNYS XT LD OTOEBLJ DNW >N@!$BEC. +LGDD ML@BGMNBMC, OTOEB $BEC N LJUIGONB O 5GAGDS DGFEMJDNHG MOLE@L, HDCAC4NHKBNDMHL@L. %ME QEBL YBL WLILYL, HGAGD^T MULHLVDL DGPGBN UINMC@GJS ̂ GIR FLMHLOMHLFK,HGH OQIK@ JILE ADGJDTW BRQEV IGMUKMJNBN MBKW, PJL IKMMHNE NQKJ, M JEF PJLX OMEW NW NMJIEXNJS.*GILQ OAOLBDLOGBMC, DE UKMJNB 4NHKBNDMHL@L O @LILQ, ULMBGB H DL@GCF UILMNJS MEXE O ^GINLQDL@L NA JGFLYDNW OBGQEBS^EO N ULBKPNB ,QN@EIG!4G@FEJG.

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— HGH AGOLEOGJEBS JGJGIMHL@L ^GIMJOG. _JLJ ULQON@, MOEIYEDDTV M XLBSYNFN KMNBNCFN NJIKQDLMJCFN, OTMLHL ULQDCB +LGDDG O @BGAGW MLOIEFEDDNHLO N ULJLFHLO, NXL ZJL XTBL UEIOLEAGOLEOGDNE, N, PJL OME@L OG[DEE, AGOLEOGDNE JGJGIMHL@L ̂ GIMJOG: ULMBE FDL@NW OEHLO MJIGQGDNCN KDN[EDNC CONBMC DGHLDE^ ̂ GIS DG -KMN, HLJLITV OLAOIGJNB EV MBGODLE OIEFC UEIOTW HDCAEV!AGOLEOGJEBEV. %UEPGJBEDNE, UILNAOEQEDDLE MLXTJNEF, KMNBNOGBLMS E\E ULJLFK, PJL OACJNE5GAGDN XTBL ULQON@LF DELXWLQNFTF N MOC\EDDTF O @BGAGW HG[QL@L IKMMHL@L PEBLOEHG: ULQON@ZJLJ MLOEIYGBMC QBC AG\NJT WINMJNGDMJOG LJ XKMKIFGDMJOG, QBC LWIGDEDNC IKMMHNW LXBGMJEV,LUKMJLYGEFTW OGIOGIGFN, QBC LMOLXL[QEDNC UBEDDNHLO WINMJNGDMHNW. *GHLDE^, OACJNE 5GAGDNXTBL OG[DL O JLF LJDLYEDNN, PJL LJHITBL QBC IKMMHLV JLI@LOBN OME JEPEDNE %LB@N, QGBLOLAFL[DLMJS IKMMHNF BRQCF MEBNJSMC DG R@L!OLMJLHE, O XEABRQDLV, DL XL@GJLV, UBLQLDLMDLVMJIGDE, LILYGEFLV %LB@LR N EE UINJLHGFN.

69

C!"!0,%+, Q8)0#D#%+. % LXBGMJN 5GAGDMHL@L ̂ GIMJOG UL LXENF MJLILDGF %LB@N, AGUGQDLV(@LIDLV) N OLMJLPDLV (BK@LOLV), [NBN IGADTE QNHNE DGILQT: PEIEFNMT, FLIQOG, PKOGYN, OLJCHN,XGYHNIT. 1LMBE UGQEDNC 5GAGDN ZJN DGILQT QLB@L DE WLJEBN ULQPNDCJSMC FLMHLOMHLFKOBGQTPEMJOK; DK[DL XTBL E\E UCJS BEJ LUKMJLYNJEBSDLV OLVDT, PJLX KMFNINJS NW. % ZJLV OLVDEUILJNO 4LMHOT UINDNFGBN KPGMJNE DL@GN, ULQK\GEFTE JKIE^HNF MKBJGDLF, HLJLITV DNHGH DEFL@ IGODLQKYDL MDLMNJS JL@L, PJL FG@LFEJGDMHNE OBGQEDNC QLMJGRJMC WINMJNGDGF, N ULJLFKWLJEB, PJLX OME XBN[GVYNE H 4LMHOE FG@LFEJGDMHNE DGILQT QIK[DL N ULMJLCDDL OIG[QLOGBNUILJNO DEE. *L H MPGMJSR QBC 4LMHOT, DGILQT ZJN DE XTBN MULMLXDT H JGHLFK QIK[DLFK NULMJLCDDLFK QEVMJONR; DL@GVMHNE HDCASC MMLINBNMS QIK@ M QIK@LF, N MJLNBL LQDLFK NA DNWOLLIK[NJSMC UILJNO 4LMHOT, HGH QIK@LV OIG[QEXDTV EFK HDCAS DGPNDGB AGNMHNOGJSIGMULBL[EDNC FLMHLOMHL@L @LMKQGIC. 'QND DL@GVMHNV HDCAS, 6MK], XTB OIG@LF 4LMHOT,QIK@LV, +AFGNB, — EE MLRADNHLF. % 1553 @LQK +AFGNB UINMBGB UILMNJS +LGDDG, PJLX LDAG\NJNB E@L LJ GMJIGWGDMHL@L ^GIC )F@KIPEC N ULMGQNB XT DG E@L FEMJL O $MJIGWGDN UIE[QEOT@DGDDL@L LJJKQG ̂ GIC 3EIXTYG, [NOYE@L JEUEIS O -LMMNN. %MBEQMJONE ZJLV UILMSXT OEMDLR1554 @LQG 30 000 IKMMHL@L OLVMHG ULQ DGPGBSMJOLF HDCAC 6INC 1ILDMHL@L ULUBTBL %LB@LRULQ $MJIGWGDS N XEAL OMCHL@L JIKQG LOBGQEBL ZJNF @LILQLF, @QE DG FEMJL XE[GOYE@L )F@KIPECXTB ULMG[ED 3EIXTY. *LOTV WGD LXCAGBMC XTJS ULQ IKHLR ^GIC FLMHLOMHL@L N UBGJNJS EFKQGDS, DL DEQLB@L XTB EFK OEIED, OMJKUNB O MLRA M 5ITFLF N OIG[QEXDTFN -LMMNN DL@GCFN, AGPJL O 1556 @LQK XTB NA@DGD, N $MJIGWGDS LHLDPGJEBSDL UINMLEQNDEDG H 4LMHOE. (GHNF LXIGALF,-KMMHNE BRQN KJOEIQNBNMS N DG KMJSCW %LB@N. +A GMJIGWGDMHL@L HIEFBC FLMHLOMHNV OLEOLQGBE@HL DGXBRQGB AG DL@GCFN, HLJLITE UILMNBN JLBSHL ULAOLBEDNC HLPEOGJS XEALUGMDL ULQ$MJIGWGDSR, BLONJS ITXK DG %LB@E N JLI@LOGJS XEMUIEUCJMJOEDDL, G DEUIEMJGDDTE KMLXN^TFE[QK DNFN IKPGBNMS N AG XKQK\KR XEALUGMDLMJS IKMMHL@L OBGQTPEMJOG O $MJIGWGDN.

3)%!H,%+$ " %#0!-#/ (0+"#6"#78"+/ + " E0&/;. ;JOEI[QEDNE DG KMJSCW %LB@N LJHITBL4LMHLOMHLFK @LMKQGIMJOK ^EBTV FNI FEBHNW OBGQEDNV O 1INHGOHGASE: HDCASC NW MMLINBNMSQIK@ M QIK@LF, JEIUEBN LJ HITF^EO N ULJLFK HGH MHLIL KONQGBN K MEXC O MLMEQMJOE FL@K\EMJOEDDLE@LMKQGIMJOL, JL N XILMNBNMS H DEFK M UILMSXGFN MLRAG, MOLXLQDLV JLI@LOBN O $MJIGWGDN,DEHLJLITE — M UIEQBL[EDNEF ULQQGDMJOG N, JGHNF LXIGALF, DEAGFEJDL OLBER!DEOLBERAGJC@NOGBN 4LMHLOMHLE @LMKQGIMJOL OME QGBEE N QGBEE DG R@L!OLMJLH, H 5GOHGAK N AG DE@L.5ITFMHNV WGD, DE KFEOYN ULFEYGJS KJOEI[QEDNR IKMMHL@L @LMULQMJOG O 5GAGDN N $MJIGWGDN,MNBSDL MEIQNBMC, DGUGQGB DG FLMHLOMHNE KHIGVDT; PJLX LJOBEPS E@L LJ ZJNW DGUGQEDNV, +LGDDULMTBGB MOLN BE@HNE LJICQT 3LDLF N 3DEUILF LUKMJLYGJS HITFMHNE OBGQEDNC; DGPGBSDNHFGBLILMMNVMHNW HGAGHLO HDCAS 3NFNJINV %NYDEOE^HNV UEIEYEB NA BNJLOMHLV MBK[XT OFLMHLOMHKR N JGH[E QEVMJOLOGB UILJNO HITF^EO.

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

(GH, OTMHGATOGBLMS MJIEFBEDNE DGPGJS QECJEBSDTE JLI@LOTE MOCAN M /GUGQDLR ,OILULR,DL ZJN MOCAN QLB[DT XTBN AGONMEJS LJ UILNAOLBG MLMEQDNW UINFLIMHNW @LMKQGIMJO, LXTHDLOEDDLOIG[QEXDTW -LMMNN; MOLNW @GOGDEV DG 7GBJNVMHLF FLIE K 4LMHLOMHL@L @LMKQGIMJOG DE XTBL._JL AGUEIJLE ULBL[EDNE XTBL JEF XLBEE DEMJEIUNFL, PJL PKOMJOLOGBGMS MNBSDGC ULJIEXDLMJSO UILMOE\EDNN, HLJLILE DGPGBL JL@QG MNBSDL IGMUILMJIGDCJSMC O /GUGQDLV ,OILUE, G BRQEV,HLJLITE XT FL@BN UINDEMJN ZJL UILMOE\EDNE O 4LMHOK, KPEDTW N WKQL[DNHLO, DE UILUKMHGBNOIG[QEXDTE MLMEQN: LDN XLCBNMS, PJL 4LMHLOMHLE @LMKQGIMJOL, N XEA JL@L K[E QBC DNW LUGMDLE,XKQEJ @LIGAQL MJIGYDEE, EMBN UINLXIEJEJ UILMOE\EDNE. 7LBSYE QIK@NW XLCBLMS 4LMHOT MGFLE

70

MBGXLE NA MLMEQDNW @LMKQGIMJO — #NOLDMHLE; BNOLD^T XLBEE QIK@NW WBLULJGBN L JLF, PJLXDGKHN DE UILDNHGBN O 4LMHOK, DL ZJNFN ULMJKUHGFN LDN, IGAKFEEJMC, KMNBNOGBN JLBSHL OFLMHLOMHLF UIGONJEBSMJOE [EBGDNE UINLXIEMJS XGBJNVMHNE XEIE@G N KMHLICBN, MBEQLOGJEBSDL,UGQEDNE MOLE@L @LMKQGIMJOG.

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`CONJS NF, PJL LDN UIE[QE QLB[DTAGUBGJNJS EFK QGDS AG 6ISEOMHKR (3EIUJMHKR) LXBGMJS, PJL LDN LXCAGDT MQEBGJS UL MJGITFQL@LOLIGF M OEBNHNFN HDCASCFN IKMMHNFN. ,UNMHLU QEIUJMHNV LXE\GB OTUBGJNJS OME DEQLNFHNN DE NMULBDNB LXE\GDNC. (L@QG O 1558 @LQK IKMMHLE OLVMHL OMJKUNBL O #NOLDNR N MJIGYDLLUKMJLYNBL EE; XTBN OACJT *GIOG, *EV@GKA, 3EIUJ N QIK@NE, FEDEE ADGPNJEBSDTE @LILQG PNMBLFQL 20.

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

L#70&6 K!#%%# 8 @+2A6,8)0!/ + Q-#H,6&/. *L O JL OIEFC HGH O #NOLDNN YBG ZJGADGFEDNJGC XLISXG, HLJLIGC QLB[DG XTBG IEYNJS MGFTV OG[DTV OLUILM QBC 4LMHLOMHL@L@LMKQGIMJOG, OLUILM L DEULMIEQMJOEDDLF MLEQNDEDNN M /GUGQDLR ,OILULR, — O ZJL OIEFC OLQOLI^E FLMHLOMHL@L ^GIC UILNALYBG XLBSYGC UEIEFEDG. 4T ONQEBN, PJL +LGDD KMULHLNBMCQKYEODL, HL@QG OACB O MOLN IKHN UIGOBEDNE N DGYEB O &NBSOEMJIE N $QGYEOE ULFL\DNHLO, DGQLMJLNDMJOL DIGOMJOEDDLE N OEIDLMJS HLJLITW OULBDE ULBG@GBMC. *L MHLIL FE[QK DNF N&NBSOEMJILF MJGBN UILNMWLQNJS DEUINCJDTE MJLBHDLOEDNC. &NBSOEMJI, UINOTHDKO H JLFK, PJL+LGDD IKHLOLQNBMC E@L DGMJGOBEDNCFN LJDLMNJEBSDL DIGOMJOEDDL@L ULOEQEDNC MOLE@L, WLJEB,PJLX LD MBKYGBMC E@L O QEBGW ULBNJNPEMHNW.

(GH, DGUINFEI, &NBSOEMJI M EQNDLFTYBEDDNHGFN MOLNFN JIEXLOGB, PJLX ^GIS ULMBEAGOLEOGDNC 5GAGDN N $MJIGWGDN UINMJKUNB H AGOLEOGDNR JIEJSE@L JGJGIMHL@L ^GIMJOG.5ITFMHL@L, DL +LGDD ULDNFGB OMR JIKQDLMJS AGOLEOGJS 5ITF, LJQGBEDDTV LJ 4LMHLOMHL@L@LMKQGIMJOG LXYNIDTFN MJEUCFN, ULDNFGB OMR DEOLAFL[DLMJS KQEI[GJS AGOLEOGDNE UL ZJLFKMGFLFK LJQGBEDNR N ULJLFK E\E, PJL DGQLXDL XTBL XLILJSMC M (KI^NER, HLJLILV O ZJL OIEFCJIEUEJGBG OMC ,OILUG. +LGDD WLILYL ULDNFGB, PJL QBC JL@L, PJLX -LMMNC FL@BG DE XLCJSMC%LMJLHG, DK[DL XTBL UIE[QE OME@L KMOLNJS MEXE AGUGQDLE UILMOE\EDNE, N ULZJLFK +LGDDLXIGJNB OME MOLE ODNFGDNE DG OLVDK BNOLDMHKR, DG UINLXIEJEDNE UINXGBJNVMHNW LXBGMJEV.&NBSOEMJI, IGAQLMGQLOGDDTV JEF, PJL +LGDD DE UINDNFGEJ E@L FDEDNC, DGPGB JLBHLOGJS, PJLOME DEUINCJDLMJN, HLJLITE ULMBE JL@L ULMJN@BN ^GIC, XTBN DGHGAGDNEF 7L[NNF AG E@LKUICFMJOL, AG JL, PJL LD UILQLB[GB OLEOGJS M #NOLDNER OLUIEHN MLOEJDNHGF MOLNF; ULDCJDL,HGH JC[EBL MJGDLONBLMS +LGDDK NFEJS ULQBE MEXC JGHL@L PEBLOEHG.

5ILFE JL@L, &NBSOEMJI MXBNANBMC M OEBSFL[GFN, DEUINCJDTFN +LGDDK UL UIE[DEFK NWULOEQEDNR OL OIEFC E@L FGBLBEJMJOG, N UIN OMEW MJLBHDLOEDNCW NW M ^GIEF XIGB NW MJLILDK;DGHLDE^, &NBSOEMJI N $QGYEO M MOLNFN UINOEI[ED^GFN MLUEIDNPGBN M XIGJSCFN ^GIN^T-LFGDLOTFN N UEIEDEMBN MOLR OIG[QK DG MGFK ̂ GIN^K, PJL, IGAKFEEJMC, DE FL@BL DE LMHLIXBCJS+LGDDG, DGIKYGC E@L FNI MEFEVDTV. *L OME ZJN DEUINCJDTE MJLBHDLOEDNC M &NBSOEMJILF DE

71

FL@BN XT E\E UILNAOEMJN LWBG[QEDNC ^GIC H DEFK, EMBN X LQDL DEMPGMJDLE MLXTJNE DE DGOEBL+LGDDG DG FTMBS, PJL &NBSOEMJI N $QGYEO DE NFERJ KMEIQNC H DEFK N E@L MEFEVMJOK. % 1553@LQK +LGDD LUGMDL AGDEFL@, DGUNMGB QKWLODKR N ULJIEXLOGB, PJLX QOLRILQDTV XIGJ E@L HDCAS%BGQNFNI $DQIEEONP N XLCIE UINMC@DKBN MTDK E@L FBGQED^K 3NFNJINR; DL %BGQNFNI $DQIEEONPLJHGAGBMC UINMC@GJS, OTMJGOBCC MLXMJOEDDTE UIGOG MOLN DG UIEMJLB UL MFEIJN +LGDDG NMJGIGCMS MLMJGONJS QBC MEXC UGIJNR; N HL@QG DEHLJLITE OEIDTE +LGDDK N MEFEVMJOK E@LOEBSFL[N OLLIK[NBNMS AG ZJL UILJNO %BGQNFNIG, JL &NBSOEMJI UINDCB MJLILDK ULMBEQDE@L, GLJE^ $BEHMEC $QGYEOG, ?EQLI, UICFL LX`CONB, PJL LDN DE WLJCJ MBK[NJS -LFGDLOTF,ILQMJOEDDNHGF ̂ GIN^T, HLJLITE XKQKJ KUIGOBCJS @LMKQGIMJOLF OL OIEFC FGBLBEJMJOG 3NFNJINC.7LBSDLV +LGDD NA MOLEV MUGBSDN MBTYGB, HGH O QIK@LV HLFDGJE XLCIE HINPGBN: „*E WLJNFMBK[NJS FBGQED^K: DGFN XKQKJ OBGQEJS -LFGDLOT!“ +LGDD OTAQLILOEB, N ULDCJDL, PJL LD K[EMFLJIEB JEUEIS QIK@NFN @BGAGFN DG &NBSOEMJIG N $QGYEOG, WLJC E\E DEMHLBSHL BEJ LHGATOGBNF UIE[DRR QLOEIEDDLMJS O QEBGW, DL LWBG[QEDNE ̂ GIC H DNF OME XLBEE N XLBEE KOEBNPNOGBLMSOFEMJE M KOEBNPEDNEF OIG[QT FE[QK DNFN N ^GIN^ER $DGMJGMNER.

*GHLDE^, O 1560 @LQK ULMBEQLOGBL KQGBEDNE $QGYEOG N &NBSOEMJIG LJ QOLIG; $QGYEOLJUIGOBED XTB OLEOLQLR O LQND NA @LILQLO BNOLDMHNW N JGF KFEI, &NBSOEMJI KQGBNBMC MDGPGBGO 5NINBBLO 7EBLAEIMHNV FLDGMJTIS, G ULJLF UEIEFE\ED O &LBLOE^HNV. %MHLIE ULMBE KQGBEDNC&NBSOEMJIG N $QGYEOG KFEIBG N ̂ GIN^G $DGMJGMNC: +LGDD LMJGBMC LQNDLH, DE XTBL XLBEE ULQBEDE@L BRQEV, HLJLITW LD BRXNB N KOG[GB, HLJLITE XT ULQQEI[NOGBN E@L DIGOMJOEDDL. 9JLXKVJN LJ @LIC N LQNDLPEMJOG, LD MJGB UIEQGOGJSMC IGAOBEPEDNCF, YKFDTF UNIGF; N MJIGMJN,IGAONJTE QKIDTF OLMUNJGDNEF N AGMDKOYNE XTBL M 1547 @LQG, JEUEIS UILXKQNBNMS;UINOEI[ED^T &NBSOEMJIG N $QGYEOG DE WLJEBN XEAFLBODL MFLJIEJS DG UGQEDNE MOLEV MJLILDT,DG UEIEFEDK O ULOEQEDNN +LGDDLOLF, WBLULJGBN L OLAOIG\EDNN OL[QCF MOLNF UIE[DE@LADGPEDNC, — N DEHLJLITE NA DNW XTBN HGADEDT, QIK@NE MLMBGDT, M NDTW OACJT UNMSFEDDTELXE\GDNC DE LJ`EA[GJS O PK[NE AEFBN.

3)S,7- "%$7$ E;048"!.! + ,.! 82,-8)6+$. %EBSFL[GF, DGWLQNOYNFMC O 4LMHOE, JIKQDLXTBL LJ`EWGJS; BE@PE XTBL MQEBGJS ZJL OLEOLQGF, DGWLQNOYNFMC DG @IGDN^GW O #NOLDNN; ZJNFKQLXMJOLF OLMULBSALOGBMC LQND NA MGFTW ADGFEDNJTW OLEOLQ, HDCAS $DQIEV 4NWGVBLONP5KIXMHNV, N LJ`EWGB O #NJOK H HLILBR &N@NAFKDQK $O@KMJK, HLJLITV UINDCB E@L M PEMJSR.5KIXMHNV XTB O PNMBE MGFTW IEODLMJDTW UINOEI[ED^EO &NBSOEMJIG N $QGYEOG N OFEMJE M ZJNFULBSALOGBMC LMLXEDDTF IGMULBL[EDNEF +LGDDG. *L HL@QG &NBSOEMJI N $QGYEO XTBN KQGBEDT,HL@QG LUGBT N HLADN ULMJN@BN ILQMJOEDDNHLO N QIKAEV NW, JL 5KIXMHNV, XLCMS JL@L [E N MEXE,IEYNBMC LJ`EWGJS. 5KIXMHNV UINDGQBE[GB H PNMBK LXIGALOGDDEVYNW, DGPNJGDDEVYNW BRQEVMOLE@L OIEFEDN; LD DE WLJEB LJ`EWGJS FLBPG, FLBPG IGMMJGJSMC M +LGDDLF, N DGUNMGB H DEFKKHLINJEBSDLE UNMSFL. +LGDD DE OTQEI[GB N LJOEPGB.

*GPGBGMS BRXLUTJDGC UEIEUNMHG, NA HLJLILV FT KADGEF, HGH XLCIE N LMLXEDDL HDCASCMFLJIEBN DG DLOTV ULICQLH OE\EV, KMJGDLOBEDDTV FLMHLOMHNFN @LMKQGICFN, QEQLF N LJ^LF+LGDDLOTFN. 5KIXMHNV O MOLNW UNMSFGW OLLIK[GBMC UILJNO ZJL@L ULICQHG, DGMJGNOGB, PJL@LMKQGIS, UL MJGINDE, QLB[ED LXL OMEF MLOEJLOGJSMC M XLCIGFN, HLJLITE NFERJ UIGOL LJ`EA[GJSLJ DE@L; +LGDD O MOLNW LJOEJGW AG\N\GB DLOTV ULICQLH, OTMJGOBCB UIEOLMWLQMJOL E@L UIEQMJGITF. 5ILFE UNMEF H +LGDDK 5KIXMHNV O #NJOE DGUNMGB E\E MLPNDEDNE L MLOIEFEDDTWMLXTJNCW M ^EBSR LUIGOQGJS, OLAOEBNPNJS MOLR MJLILDK N LXONDNB OL OMEF +LGDDG; MLPNDEDNEZJL JGH [E BRXLUTJDL QBC DGM, HGH N UEIEUNMHG M ^GIEF.

'J`EAQ 5KIXMHL@L N UEIEUNMHG M DNF QLIL@L MJLNBN +LGDDK: UINOEI[ED^T UGQYEV MJLILDT,&NBSOEMJIG N $QGYEOG, DE AGWLJEBN XEMUIEHLMBLODL MDLMNJS @LDEDNC: LQND NA MGFTW ADGFEDNJTWFE[QK DNFN LJ`EWGB H OIG[QEXDLFK @LMKQGIR, CONBMC UIEQOLQNJEBEF ULBHLO E@L O OLVDE M4LMHOLR N, PJL OME@L WK[E, LMFEBNBMC UINMBGJS ^GIR @IGFLJK, DGULBDEDDKR KHLINADGFN NOLUBCFN L F\EDNN. 5KIXMHNV XTB UIEQMJGONJEBEF ^EBLV MJLILDT; LD KUIEHGB +LGDDG DE AGLQDL@L MEXC, DL AG FDL@NW. ,MBN E\E FL[DL KQEI[GJS OEBSFL[ LJ LJ`EAQG O 4LMHOE, OLODKJIEDDNW LXBGMJCW @LMKQGIMJOG, JL HGH KQEI[GJS NW DG @IGDN^E? 5L@L ULMBGJS M OLVMHLF? *L

72

N ODKJIN, EMBN LDN K[E JGH L[EMJLPEDT N JGH NW FDL@L, JL @QE XEALUGMDLMJS? 4TMBS: „%IG@LOFDL@L, C DE O XEALUGMDLMJN, DK[DL UINDCJS FEIT QBC MUGMEDNC MEXC N MOLE@L MEFEVMJOG, O MBKPGEDEKQGPN ZJNW FEI DK[DL UIN@LJLONJS KXE[N\E DG PK[XNDE“, — ZJG FTMBS MJGBG JEUEIS@LMULQMJOKR\ER O @LBLOE +LGDDG.

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̂ GIS UNMGB, PJLX LDN DNPE@L DE LUGMGBNMS, @DEOGN LUGBT DG DNW DNHGHLV DEJ. 5L@QG ZJN @IGFLJT XTBN UILPJEDT, JL DGILQ UINYEB O LJPGCDNE:HGH EFK LMJGJSMC XEA ^GIC? 5JL AG\NJNJ E@L LJ OIG@LO?

%ME DGPGBN KUIGYNOGJS FNJILULBNJG, PJLX K@LOLINB +LGDDG DE ULHNQGJS @LMKQGIMJOG, G AGNAFEDDNHLO LDN DE MJLCJ N MGFN NW NMJIEXCJ, UKMJS @LMKQGIS UIGONJ HGH EFK K@LQDL. +LGDDML@BGMNBMC UINDCJS MDLOG UIGOBEDNE M KMBLONEF, PJL XKQEJ IGMUIGOBCJSMC M MOLNFN NAFEDDNHGFNUL MOLEV OLBE N KPIEQNJ !(0+*%+%;, J. E. DLOTV LMLXTV QOLI NA BRQEV, OULBDE EFK UIEQGDDTW,DG MLQEI[GDNE HLJLITW QLB[DT XTJS DGADGPEDT LMLXTE @LILQG N OLBLMJN;

O MGFLV 4LMHOE OACJT XTBN O LUINPDNDK DEHLJLITE KBN^T N MBLXLQT, N O DNW OEQEDL XTBL[NJS JLBSHL JEF XLCIGF, QOLICDGF N UINHGADTF BRQCF, HLJLITE XTBN DGADGPEDT O LUINPDNDK,G UIE[DNE LXTOGJEBN UEIEOEQEDT DG QIK@NE KBN^T. ;UIGOBEDNE @LMKQGIMJOLF ULIKPEDL XTBLMJGITF XLCIGF, HLJLITE DGATOGBNMS 7,/8"+/+; JLBSHL O MBKPGE OLEDDTW OEMJEV N QEBPIEAOTPGVDLV OG[DLMJN XLCIE ZJN UINWLQNBN M QLHBGQLF H @LMKQGIR. (GHNF LXIGALF, @LMKQGIMJOLIGAQEBNBLMS DG QOE PGMJN! !(0+*%+%; N 7,/5+%;, FE[QK HLJLITFN, IGAKFEEJMC, DE FL@BL XTJSQIK[EMJOEDDTW LJDLYEDNV, ULJLFK PJL LUINPDNDG KPIE[QGBGMS OMBEQMJONE ULQLAINJEBSDLMJNN OIG[QT ^GIC H UIGONJEBCF AEFMHNF. 'UINPDNDG UIEQMJGOBCBG ^EBKR JLBUK OIEFED\NHLO,HLJLITE ULBSALOGBNMS MOLNF ULBL[EDNEF, ULBSALOGBNMS QLOEIEDDLMJSR H DNF ^GIC, PJLXK@DEJGJS AEF\NDK XEADGHGAGDDL.

*GPGBNMS HGADN: DEMHLBSHL OEBSFL[ XTBL KFEI\OBEDL, M QIK@NW OACJL LXCAGJEBSMJOL DELJ`EA[GJS AG ULIKHLR FDL@NW BN^ IGADL@L AOGDNC. %IG@N 4LMHOT WLJEBN OLMULBSALOGJSMC ZJLROIG[QLR ^GIC H OEBSFL[GF MOLNF, N ADGJDEVYNF NA ZJNW OEBSFL[ OIKPEDT XTBN @IGFLJT LJHLILBC ULBSMHL@L M UIN@BGYEDNEF UEIEVJN DG E@L MJLILDK. 3EBL ZJL LJHITBLMS N ULQGBL ULOLQH DLOTF HGADCF. 4NJILULBNJ ?NBNUU DE WLJEB IGODLQKYDL MFLJIEJS DG JGHLE HILOLUILBNJNEN UIN OMJIEPE M ^GIEF O ^EIHOGW LXBNPGB ULOEQEDNE E@L N LUINPDNHLO. ;UIEHN MOCJL@L FK[GDGOLQNBN IGAQKFSE DG +LGDDG; ZJL IGAQKFSE XTBL MJIGYDL LUINPDNHGF, N LDN ULMJGIGBNMSLHBEOEJGJS ?NBNUUG; LD XTB BNYED FNJILULBNN N MLMBGD O AGJLPEDNE O (OEIMHLV 'JILPSFLDGMJTIS, @QE OULMBEQMJONN XTB AGQKYED LQDNF NA MGFTW UINXBN[EDDTW LUINPDNHLO,4GBRJLR &HKIGJLOTF. _JL XTBL O 1569 @LQK; O JLF [E @LQK UL@NX N QOLRILQDTV XIGJ ^GICHDCAS %BGQNFNI $DQIEEONP, AGFTYBCOYNV, HGH @LOLICJ, ULQQGJSMC HLILBR ULBSMHLFK.

% MBEQKR\EF 1570 @LQK IGA@ILFBED XTB *LO@LILQ %EBNHNV, NXL ^GIR QLDEMBN, PJLDLO@LILQ^T JGH[E WLJCJ UEIEQGJSMC &N@NAFKDQK $O@KMJK. 1L MOCAN M QEBLF DLO@LILQMHNF XTBNO 4LMHOE DLOTE HGADN, N O PNMBE HGADEDDTW ONQNF BRXNF^EO +LGDDLOTW: 7GMFGDLOG,%CAEFMHL@L. % 1571 @LQK HDCAS +OGD 4MJNMBGOMHNV QGB AGUNMS, O HLJLILV @LOLINB, PJL OFEMJEM JLOGIN\GFN MOLNFN DGOEB DG 4LMHOK HITFMHL@L WGDG; 4MJNMBGOMHNV XTB UIL\ED AGULIKPNJEBSMJOLF 285 PEBLOEH.

1LQLAINJEBSDLMJS +LGDDG H XLCIGF AEFMHNF KOEBNPNOGBGMS OME XLBEE N XLBEE, JGH PJL LDUINXE@DKB H MJIGDDLFK MIEQMJOK: ULMJGONB DGQ DNFN OEBNHNF HDCAEF OMEC -KMN &NFELDG7EHXKBGJLONPG, HIE\EDL@L JGJGINDG, HGMNFLOMHL@L WGDG, G MGF DGATOGBMC @LMKQGIEF, HDCAEFFLMHLOMHNF; HDC[EDNE &NFELDG, OUILPEF, XTBL DEQLB@LOIEFEDDL. 9JL +LGDD QEVMJONJEBSDLMPNJGB MEXC N QEJEV MOLNW DEUILPDTFN DG UIEMJLBE FLMHLOMHLF, QLHGAGJEBSMJOLF MBK[NJAGOE\GDNE E@L, DGUNMGDDLE O 1572 @LQK. /QEMS, LXIG\GCMS H MTDLOSCF MOLNF, +OGDK N ?ELQLIK,

73

^GIS @LOLINJ, PJL LD NA@DGD LJ XLCI IGQN NW MGFLOLBSMJOG N MHNJGEJMC UL MJIGDGF; K@LOGINOGEJMTDLOEV, PJLX LDN DE IGAQEBCBNMS QL JEW ULI, ULHG MJGIYNV, +OGD, DE MBLFNJ OMEW HIGFLB N DEKJOEIQNJMC DG UIEMJLBE; UILMNJ MTDLOEV ULFNDGJS E@L, EMBN QG[E O @LDEDNN N NA@DGDNN XKQKJ._JL AGOE\GDNE OG[DL JEF, PJL O DEF +LGDD MLOEIYEDDL ULQPNDCEJ FBGQYE@L MTDG MJGIYEFK,FBGQYNV QLB[ED XTB MJIGQGJS QL HILON N QL MFEIJN, DL DE UIEHLMBLONJS MJGIYEFK; FBGQYNVDE QLB[ED XTB JGH[E QKFGJS DN L HGHLV MGFLMJLCJEBSDLMJN O MOLEF KQEBE.

J!'%# 8 O+6!%+,F + C!2AH,F. % JL OIEFC HGH ZJN UEPGBSDTE COBEDNC UILNMWLQNBN ODKJIN4LMHLOMHL@L @LMKQGIMJOG, DG AGUGQE YBG OG[DGC OLVDG BNOLDMHGC, MLEQNDNOYGCMC, HGH FTONQEBN, M OLVDLR ULBSMHLR. &LRA M 1LBSYER DE UINDEM FG@NMJIK 5EJBEIK DNHGHLV OT@LQT:IKMMHLE OLVMHL UILQLB[GBL LUKMJLYGJS #NOLDNR, XIGJS @LILQG, IGAXNOGJS FGBLPNMBEDDTEDEFE^HNE LJICQT, HLJLITE LMFEBNOGBNMS OTWLQNJS H DEFK DGOMJIEPK. 'IQEDMHNE OBGQEDNCIGMUGQGBNMS: ZAEBSMHNV EUNMHLU UILQGB ZJLJ LMJILO QGJMHLFK HLILBR ?INQINWK II, HLJLITVLJQGB E@L XIGJK MOLEFK 4G@DKMK: IEOEBS^T ULQQGBNMS >OE^NN; DGHLDE^, O 1561 @LQK 5EJBEIKMJKUNB #NOLDNR 1LBSYE, G MGF OACB MEXE 5KIBCDQNR N &EFN@GBNR M JNJKBLF @EI^L@G N MOGMMGBSDTFN LXCAGDDLMJCFN H 1LBSYE; OLVDG K 4LMHOT M #NJOLR DGPGBGMS, UL LXTPGR,LUKMJLYNJEBSDTFN DGXE@GFN, DL O DGPGBE 1563 @LQG MGF +LGDD M XLBSYNF OLVMHLF N DGICQLF(GIJNBBEINER) QONDKBMC H BNJLOMHNF @IGDN^GF N OACB 1LBL^H — @LILQ, OG[DTV MGF UL MEXE NLMLXEDDL UL LJDLYEDNR H #NOLDNN, UL JLI@LOLV MOCAN E@L PEIEA 3ONDK M -N@LR; XLBSYGC ULXEQG,LQEI[GDDGC BNJLO^GFN DEQGBEHL LJ 'IYN, DG IEHE ;BE, K MEBG +OGD^EOG, DE FL@BG OLADG@IGQNJSHLILBC AG BNYEDNE 1LBL^HG, N LD UILMNB UEIEFNINC, KMJKUGB OME @LILQG N AEFBN, AGDCJTEFLMHLOMHNFN OLVMHGFN.

3BC IEYEDNC ZJL@L OG[DL@L OLUILMG — FNINJSMC M HLILBEF NBN DEJ? —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`COBED XTB [EDNWLF UBEFCDDN^T ^GIMHLV, QLPEIN HGADEDDL@L %BGQNFNIG $DQIEEONPG&JGIN^HL@L.

J!'%& 8 E0&/!/ + ?;0=+,F. 'XIGJNOYN OME MOLE ODNFGDNE DG #NOLDNR, +LGDD WLJEBXTJS MULHLED ML MJLILDT 5ITFG. *L 5ITF DE FL@ LMJGONJS E@L O ULHLE, JEF XLBEE PJL MKBJGDJKIE^HNV DNHGH DE WLJEB LJHGAGJSMC LJ DGFEIEDNC LJDCJS K FLMHLOMHL@L ̂ GIC 5GAGDS N $MJIGWGDS,G ULBSMHNV HLILBS ULQGIHGFN ULXK[QGB WGDG DGUGMJS DG FLMHLOMHNE KHIGVDT, QG N MGFN JGJGITULDNFGBN, PJL LUGMDL QBC DNW QGOGJS KMNBNOGJSMC +LGDDK DG MPEJ ULBSMHL@L HLILBC; OEBSFL[NHITFMHNE DG MLOEJE @LOLINBN WGDK:

„1LFNINJSMC JEXE M FLMHLOMHNF — ADGPNJ HLILBC OTQGJS; FLMHLOMHNV HLILBC NAOLREJ,5NEO OLASFEJ, MJGDEJ UL 3DEUIK @LILQG MJGONJS, N DGF LJ DE@L DE UILXTJS. %ACB LD QOG RIJGXKMKIFGDMHNW, OACB DEF^EO; JEUEIS LD JEXE ULQGIHN QGEJ, PJLX HLILBC NAOLEOGJS, G HL@QG HLILBCNAOLREJ, JL DGYEFK RIJK LJ DE@L DE UILXTJS. 'D N HGAGD^GF YKXT QGOGB; DL OT ZJNF YKXGF DEIGQKVJEMS: ULMBE JL@L LD 5GAGDS OACB“. &KBJGD &EBNF IEYNBMC DGHLDE^ NMULBDNJS QGODEEDGFEIEDNE JKIE^HL@L UIGONJEBSMJOG — LJDCJS K FLMHLOMHL@L ^GIC FG@LFEJGDMHNE RIJT —5GAGDS N $MJIGWGDS; BEJLF 1569 @LQG UGYG 5GMNF OTMJKUNB O ULWLQ M 17000 JKILH, M DNFMLEQNDNBMC WGD HITFMHNV M 50000 JGJGI; ULBL[EDL XTBL NQJN H 1EIEOLBLHE, J. E. H JLFK FEMJK,@QE 3LD DGWLQNBMC O XBN[GVYEF IGMMJLCDNN LJ %LB@N, MLEQNDNJS ZJN QOE IEHN HGDGBLF N ULJLF

74

OACJS $MJIGWGDS. 3LMJN@YN 1EIEOLBLHN, JKIHN DGPGBN XTBL ITJS HGDGB, DL DE FL@BN LHLDPNJSZJL@L QEBG N ULYBN H $MJIGWGDN, ULQ HLJLILR 5GMNF WLJEB ANFLOGJS, DL OLVMHL ZJL@L DE WLJEBLN OAOLBDLOGBLMS, LMLXEDDL HL@QG KADGBN L UINWLQE FLMHLOMHNW OLEOLQ O $MJIGWGDS M XLBSYNFOLVMHLF, N 5GMNF UINDK[QED XTB XE[GJS DGAGQ MJEUSR, UINPEF MNBSDL NMJLFNB MOLE OLVMHL.

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

1IGOBEDNE JEUEIS DEIGAITODL MLEQNDEDDTW 1LBSYN N #NJOT LX`COBEDL NAXNIGJEBSDTF,N HL@QG &N@NAFKDQ $O@KMJ KFEI, JL OALIT LPEDS FDL@NW, LMLXEDDL O BNJLOMHL!IKMMHNWUIGOLMBGODTW LXBGMJCW, LXIGJNBNMS H 4LMHOE. 3GOYN ADGJS +LGDDK L MFEIJN &NAN@FKDQG$O@KMJG, UGDT ULBSMHNE N BNJLOMHNE JKJ [E LX`CONBN EFK L [EBGDNN MOLEF ONQEJS OJLIL@L E@LMTDG, ^GIEONPG ?ELQLIG, HLILBEF ULBSMHNF N OEBNHNF HDCAEF BNJLOMHNF. *L +LGDD DE WLJEBQGOGJS MTDG O HLILBN, WLJEB MGF XTJS HLILBEF, N DE MJLBSHL WLJEB XTJS HLILBEF ULBSMHNF,MHLBSHL OEBNHNF HDCAEF BNJLOMHNF XEA 1LBSYN. +LGDD FEQBNB, DE LJUIGOBCB MOLNW ULMBLO DGMEVF, DE WLJEB KDNANJSMC QL BGMHGJEBSMJO N AGQGINOGDNC OEBSFL[, G ]IGD^KAMHNV ULMLB DE\GQNB DN BEMJN, DN LXE\GDNV N KMUEB MLMJGONJS MNBSDKR MJLILDK, HLJLIGC UILOLA@BGMNBGHLILBEF "EDINWG $D[KVMHL@L, XIGJG ]IGD^KAMHL@L HLILBC 5GIBG IX. *L "EDINW DEQLB@LDG^GIMJOLOGB O 1LBSYE: ULBKPNO NAOEMJNE L MFEIJN XIGJG, LD JGVHLF KXE[GB NA 1LBSYN OL?IGD^NR, N O 1LBSYE LUCJS QLB[DT XTBN DGPGJSMC OTXLIT.

*G ZJLJ IGA +LGDD LJUIGONB MOLE@L ULMBGDDNHG M @IGFLJGFN H ADGJDEVYNF UGDGF MLXE\GDNCFN DG@IGQ O MBKPGE E@L NAXIGDNC, DL LQDNW LXE\GDNV PGMJDTF BN^GF XTBL FGBL; HL@QGULMBT QIK@NW MLNMHGJEBEV IGMUILMJIGDNBNMS DGMPEJ OT@LQ, HGHNE 1LBSYG N #NJOG ULBKPGJ LJNAXIGDNC, DNHJL DE MBTWGB, HGHNE OT@LQT ULBKPGJ LDN LJ NAXIGDNC ^GIC FLMHLOMHL@L. +AXIGDXTB &JE]GD 7GJLINV, OLEOLQG JIGDMNBSOGDMHNV (1575 @.).

4E[QK JEF +LGDD KULIDL UILQLB[GB OLVDK O UINXGBJNVMHNW LXBGMJCW; AQEMS H OLVDE MULBCHGFN UINMLEQNDNBGMS N OLVDG ML YOEQGFN, NXL ̂ GIS WLJEB JGH[E QLXTJS N -EOEBS M QIK@NFNZMJLDMHNFN @LILQGFN. % 1577 @LQK IEOEBS^T LJXNBN IKMMHNW LJ MJED MOLNW, DL MGF ̂ GIS MLOEIYNBKQGPDTV ULWLQ O #NOLDNR: @LILQ AG @LILQLF MQGBNMS ^GIR N E@L OLEOLQGF, M LQDLV MJLILDT,HLILBR 4G@DKMK — M QIK@LV. *L M LJXTJNEF ^GIC QEBG UEIEFEDNBNMS. 1LBCHN N YOEQT OACBNOEIW, O 1578 @LQK DGDEMBN IKMMHNF MNBSDLE ULIG[EDNE XBNA %EDQEDG, UINPEF UL@NXBL PEJOEIL^GIMHNW OLEOLQ; HLILBS 4G@DKM, K[E [EDNOYNVMC DG ̂ GIMHLV UBEFCDDN^E, UEIEQGBMC ULBCHGF.&BEQKR\NV 1579 @LQ QLB[EDMJOLOGB XTJS IEYNJEBSDTF QBC #NOLDNN: +LGDD @LJLONBMC H

75

DLOLFK ULWLQK; O 1MHLO K[E UINOEABN JC[EBTV DGICQ (GIJNBBEINR), DGADGPEDDTV QBC LMGQT-EOEBC, DL ZJLJ DGICQ ULBKPNB QIK@LE DGADGPEDNE: OIG@ CONBMC DG IKMMHLV ULPOE.

&JE]GD 7GJLINV, OMJKUGC DG UIEMJLB, LXE\GB OLAOIGJNJS #NJOE LXBGMJN, AGOLEOGDDTE KDEE FLMHLOMHNFN @LMKQGICFN, N WLJEB MQEI[GJS LXE\GDNE. 5ILFE BNPDTW QLMJLNDMJO, QLMJLNDMJOULBHLOLQ^G NMHKMDL@L, MIEQMJOG H KMUEWK K 7GJLINC XTBN: NMHKMDGC, AGHGBNOYGCMC O XLCWDGEFDGC UEWLJG, OED@EIMHGC N DEFE^HGC, NMUIGODGC GIJNBBEINC, XTMJILE DGMJKUGJEBSDLEQON[EDNE, HLJLILE QGOGBL EFK L@ILFDLE UIENFK\EMJOL UIEQ OIG@LF, UINDK[QEDDTF IGMJCDKJSMOLN ULBHN UL @IGDN^GF, DGQ OIG@LF, DE ADGR\NF, LJHKQG [QGJS DGUGQEDNC, DGHLDE^, DGQ OIG@LF,O NMHKMMJOE IGJDLF QGBEHL LJMJGOYNF LJ AGUGQDTW MLMEQEV MOLNW, NXL QL MNW ULI ULPJN OL OMEWADGPNJEBSDTW XNJOGW O PNMJLF ULBE IKMMHNE OLVMHG LMJGOGBNMS ULXE[QEDDTFN. +LGDD QKFGB,PJL OLVDG, UIEQUINDCJGC AG #NOLDNR, XKQEJ OEQEDG O #NOLDNN, N ULJLFK LJUIGONB XLBSYLEOLVMHL JKQG, DL 7GJLINV BEJLF 1579 @LQG LMGQNB 1LBL^H N OACB E@L ULMBE KULIDL@LMLUILJNOBEDNC, OACB HIEULMJS &LHLB JGH[E M MJIGYDLR IEADaR; O 1580!F OACB %EBN[, ;MOCJ,%EBNHNE #KHN.

& QIK@LV MJLILDT YOEQMHNV ULBHLOLQE^ 3EBG@GIQN OLYEB O 5GIEBNR, OACB 5EM@LBSF N KQGPDLQEVMJOLOGB UILJNO IKMMHNW OBGQEDNV O _MJLDNN. % 1581 @LQK 7GJLINV OACB HIEULMJS 'MJILO NLMGQNB 1MHLO, ULQ MJEDGFN HLJLIL@L N LMJGDLONBNMS E@L KMUEWN. 1MHLO MBGONBMC HGH UEIOGCHIEULMJS O 4LMHLOMHLF @LMKQGIMJOE, NXL O UILQLB[EDNE ^EBTW OEHLO @BGODLR AGXLJLRUMHLONPEV XTBL KHIEUBEDNE MOLE@L @LILQG, ULQOEI[EDDL@L XEMUIEMJGDDTF DGUGQEDNCF DEF^EO;JEUEIS LXOEJYGOYNE KHIEUBEDNC XTBN OLALXDLOBEDT, @LILQ MDGX[ED GIJNBBEINER, OLEOLQLRXTB HDCAS +OGD 1EJILONP >KVMHNV, PEBLOEH ZDEI@NPEMHNV, MULMLXDTV OQLWDKJS FK[EMJOL OOLVMHL. %ME UINMJKUT 7GJLINC XTBN LJXNJT. *L AGJL M QIK@LV MJLILDT KQGPDL QEVMJOLOGBNYOEQT: 3EBG@GIQN OACB *GIOK, @QE UL@NXBL 8000 IKMMHNW, OACB IKMMHNE @LILQG +OGD!@LILQ, )F,5LULISE. % JGHLF ULBL[EDNN DGWLQNBNMS QEBG, HL@QG DGPGBNMS FNIDTE UEIE@LOLIT M 7GJLINEFUIN ULMIEQDNPEMJOE UGUMHL@L ULMBG NEAKNJG $DJLDNC 1LMMEONDG.

+LGDD, K@IL[GEFTV LUGMDLR OLVDLR M 7GJLINEF, LJUIGONB H UGUE "IN@LINR XIII ULMBG M@IGFLJLR, O HLJLILV [GBLOGBMC DG 7GJLINC N LX`COBCB [EBGDNE XTJS M UGULR N NFUEIGJLILF@EIFGDMHNF O ML@BGMNN DG OMEW DEQIK@LO. "IN@LINV OLMULBSALOGBMC MBKPGEF N LJUIGONB O 4LMHOKNEAKNJG $DJLDNC 1LMMEONDG, HLJLILFK DGHGAGB ODKYNJS FLMHLOMHLFK @LMKQGIR FTMBS LDELXWLQNFLMJN UINDCJS HGJLBNPEMHLE NMULOEQGDNE. *L 1LMMEOND, UL@LOLINOYN M +LGDDLF,KONQGB, PJL FGBL DGQE[QT MHBLDNJS E@L H UINDCJNR HGJLBN^NAFG, N ULJLFK OL OIEFC FNIDTWUEIE@LOLILO CODL QEI[GB MJLILDK 7GJLINC. 1EIE@LOLIT ZJN, OEQYNEMC O QEIEODE 5NOEILOG"LIG, DEQGBEHL LJ /GULBSMHL@L CFG, HLDPNBNMS O CDOGIE 1582 @LQG JEF, PJL AGHBRPEDL XTBLUEIEFNINE DG 10 BEJ, UINPEF +LGDD KMJKUNB 7GJLINR OME MOLN AGOLEOGDNC O #NOLDNN, IGODLHGH N 1LBL^H. 1LMMEOND, UINEWGOYNV O 4LMHOK UL AGHBRPEDNN UEIEFNINC, DGMJLCB, PJLX ̂ GISNFEB M DNF IGA@LOLI L OEIE, DL IGA@LOLI ZJLJ HLDPNBMC DNPEF: +LGDD DNHGH DE KXEQNBMC ODELXWLQNFLMJN UINDCJS HGJLBN^NAF.

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

_JG FTMBS OME@L CMDEE ONQDG NA UEIE@LOLILO +LGDDG M ,BNMGOEJLR, HLILBEOLR GD@BNVMHLR.,\E O 1553 @LQK LQND NA GD@BNVMHNW HLIGXBEV, LJUIGONOYNWMC QBC LJHITJNC DLOTW MJIGD DGMEOEIE N DLOTW ITDHLO QBC MXTJG GD@BNVMHNW JLOGILO, CONBMC O KMJSE &EOEIDLV 3ONDT,OMBEQMJONE PE@L AGOEQEDG XTBG JLI@LOGC MOCAS K GD@BNPGD M IKMMHNFN. +LGDD QGB XLBSYNE UIGOGGD@BNVMHNF HKU^GF N DGWLQNBMC O QIK[EMHNW LJDLYEDNCW M ADGFEDNJLR HLILBEOLR ,BNMGOEJLR,K HLJLILV DGQECBMC DGVJN KXE[N\E O MBKPGE, EMBN OIG[QEXDTE OEBSFL[N NA@LDCJ E@L NA -LMMNN.% 1582 @LQK LD AGOEB UEIE@LOLIT M ,BNMGOEJLR L MLRAE -LMMNN M $D@BNER UILJNO 1LBSYN N

76

@LJLO XTB KMJKUNJS GD@BNPGDGF UIGOL NMHBRPNJEBSDLV JLI@LOBN O -LMMNN, — PJL, UL E@LMLXMJOEDDTF MBLOGF, XTBL JC[EBEE QGDN, — BNYS XT JLBSHL UINLXIEMJS MLRA EOILUEVMHL@L@LMKQGIMJOG UILJNO 1LBSYN N >OE^NN, LJDCOYNW K DE@L #NOLDNR. *L $D@BNC DE NFEBG DNHGHLVUINPNDT DGPNDGJS OLVDK M 1LBSYER N >OE^NER AG 4LMHLOMHLE @LMKQGIMJOL, N ULJLFKUEIE@LOLIT HLDPNBNMS DNPEF.

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

% 1558 @LQK XL@GJTV AEFBEOBGQEBE^ N UILFTYBEDDNH "IN@LINV &JIL@GDLO OTUILMNB K+LGDDG IV UKMJTE AEFBN UL IEHE 5GFE DG 146 OEIMJ, M JEF PJLX ULMJGONJS AQEMS @LILQLH QBCLXEIE@GDSC LJ OGIOGIMHNW LIQ, UINAOGJS BRQEV, AGOEMJN WBEXLUGYEMJOL N MLBCDTE OGIDN^T,PJL OME N XTBL NMULBDEDL. ;JOEIQNOYNMS UL JK MJLILDK ;IGBSMHNW @LI, &JIL@GDLOT LXIGJNBNODNFGDNE N DG AEFBN AGKIGBSMHNE, DG &NXNIS, N JGH HGH MNXNIMHNV MKBJGD 5KPKF QEVMJOLOGBOIG[QEXDL UILJNO 4LMHLOMHL@L @LMKQGIMJOG, JL &JIL@GDLOT UILMNBN K ^GIC ULAOLBEDNCULMJGONJS HIEULMJN UL IEHE (LXLBK N UL IEHGF, O DEE OUGQGR\NF, MJLIL[EV DGDNFGJS, UKYHNQEI[GJS DG MOLV MPEJ, [EBEAL OTIGXGJTOGJS, UGYDN UGWGJS N K@LQSCFN OBGQEJS. +LGDD QGB NF NDG ZJL UIGOL, UIGOL OEMJN DE JLBSHL LXLILDNJEBSDKR, DL N DGMJKUGJEBSDKR OLVDK M MNXNIMHNFMKBJGDLF.

*L QBC OLVDT DK[DL XTBL OLVMHL, N OLVMHL DGYBLMS. 9NMBL HGAGHLO O QLDMHNW MJEUCWKOEBNPNOGBLMS; KWLQC OME QGBSYE N QGBSYE O MJEUS, LDN OME XLBEE N XLBEE MBG@GBN M MEXCAGONMNFLMJS LJ @LMKQGIMJOG, N, DGUGQGC DG OIG@LO -LMMNN, DL@GEO, HITF^EO, LDN O JL [E OIEFCDE \GQNBN N MOLNW, IKMMHNW: IGA`EA[GC UL %LB@E, @IGXNBN MKQG ̂ GIMHNE, IGAXNOGBN UEIMNQMHNWN XKWGIMHNW ULMBLO N HKU^LO IKMMHNW. =GIS UINDK[QED XTB OTMBGJS UILJNO DNW OLEOLQ M XLBSYNFOLVMHLF; HGAGHLO BLONBN N HGADNBN, QIK@NE IGAXE[GBNMS, N LQDG JLBUG NW ULQ DGPGBSMJOLFGJGFGDG ,IFGHG (NFL]EEOG LJUIGONBGMS OOEIW UL %LB@E, @QE ULBKPNBG UIN@BGYEDNE LJ&JIL@GDLOTW OMJKUNJS H DNF O MBK[XK N ML@BGMNBGMS M IGQLMJSR. 1 MEDJCXIC 1581 @LQG&JIL@GDLOT — &EFED, XIGJ "IN@LINC, M QOKFC UBEFCDDNHGFN 4GHMNFLF N *NHNJLR —LJUKMJNBN DG MNXNIMHL@L MKBJGDG HGAGHLO, UINQGOYN H DNF IGJDTW BRQEV NA @LILQHLO MOLNW —BNJLO^EO, DEF^EO (UBEDDTW), JGJGI N IKMMHNW; OME@L OLVMHG XTBL 850 PEBLOEH.

,IFGH, UBTOC UIENFK\EMJOEDDL UL IEHGF, QLXIGBMC XBG@LULBKPDL QL MNXNIMHLV MJIGDT NDGPGB KQGPDL QEVMJOLOGJS UILJNO JGJGI, DE NFEOYNW L@DEMJIEBSDL@L LIK[NC. :GD 5KPKF, DEKMUEOYNV LMJGDLONJS HGAGHLO DN OLVMHLF, DN AGMEHGFN, XILMNB MOLV @LILQ &NXNIS, HLJLITVAGDCJ XTB ,IFGHLF; WIGXITV ILQMJOEDDNH 5KPKFG, 4GFEJHKB, HLJLITV MJGIGBMC OIEQNJSAGOLEOGJEBCF DEPGCDDTFN DGUGQEDNCFN, XTB IGAXNJ N OACJ O UBED. #EJL 1582 @LQG ,IFGHKULJIEXNB DG ULHLIEDNE @LILQHLO N KBKMLO JGJGIMHNW UL IEHGF +IJTYK N 'XN N, OLAOIGJNOYNMSO &NXNIS, ULMBGB O 4LMHOK NAOEMJNJS ̂ GIC L ULHLIEDNN MNXNIMHLV AEFBN. +LGDD ULMBGB AG ZJLHGAGHGF MOLE ULBDLE XLBSYLE [GBLOGDSE, G QBC UINDCJNC K DNW MNXNIMHNW @LILQLO LJUIGONBOLEOLQ MOLNW. _JL IGMULIC[EDNE ^GIC LJDLMNJEBSDL &NXNIN XTBL ULMBEQDEE: LD DE QL[QGBMCOEMJEV L MKQSXE ,IFGHG.

E!%*+%# K!#%%#. &JIGYDGC [NADS, HGHKR OEB +LGDD, MJIGYDGC XLBEADS, HLJLILR MJIGQGBLD, QLB[DT XTBN MLMJGINJS E@L UIE[QEOIEFEDDL; DEKQGPN ULMBEQDNW OLVD JGH[E DE FL@BN DEQEVMJOLOGJS IGAIKYNJEBSDL DG E@L AQLILOSE; DGHLDE^, MRQG UINMLEQNDCBLMS DEOLAQEI[GDNEOMCHL@L ILQG, UILJNO HLJLIL@L DE FL@BL KMJLCJS N MGFLE HIEUHLE JEBLMBL[EDNE. 1LMBE MFEIJN

77

$DGMJGMNN +LGDD [EDNBMC YEMJS IGA, UINPEF QOG IGAG XEA OEDPGDNC ̂ EIHLODL@L. % MEQSFLV IGALD XTB [EDGJ DG 4GISE ?EQLILODE *G@LV, LJ HLJLILV NFEB MTDG 3NFNJINC, DL UEIEQ MFEIJSRLD QKFGB IGAOEMJNMS M DER N MOGJGBMC DG GD@BNPGDHE, ILQMJOEDDN^E HLILBEOT ,BNMGOEJT.1INOTPHG QGOGJS OLBR @DEOK N IKHGF DE LMJGBGMS XEA MJIGYDL@L DGHGAGDNC: O HLD^E 1581 @LQG,IGMMEIQNOYNMS AG PJL!JL DG MJGIYE@L MTDG MOLE@L +LGDDG, ^GIS KQGINB E@L, N KQGI XTBMFEIJEBSDTV. *E M XLBSYNF PEIEA QOG @LQG KFEI N MGF +LGDD, 18 FGIJG 1584 @LQG, DG 54!F @LQK[NADN.

J%;)0,%%+, 0#8(!0$<,%+$ K!#%%# IV: 0#8(!0$<,%+$ ,.! !)%!8+),2A%!/,8)%+*,8)6# + 6!,%%!.! ;8)0!'8)6#. 3LB@LOIEFEDDLE ^GIMJOLOGDNE +LGDDG IV HILFEWGIGHJEIG @LMKQGIC, E@L LJDLYEDNV H OEBSFL[GF N OG[DLV OLNDMHLV QECJEBSDLMJN DG OLMJLHE NAGUGQE AGFEPGJEBSDL N ODKJIEDDNFN UIGONJEBSMJOEDDTFN IGMULIC[EDNCFN. +LGDD LXIGJNB MOLEODNFGDNE DG COBEDNE, HLJLILE, HLIEDCMS O DGILQDLF XTJK, KMNBNOGBLMS OME XLBEE N XLBEE NUIEQMJGOBCBL UIGONJEBSMJOK MNBSDTE AGJIKQDEDNC, LMLXEDDL OL OIEFC OLVDT, —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

*GUINFEI, HDCAS NN DGADGPGBMC O FBGQYNW JLOGIN\GW M HDCAEF 44; DL HDCAS NN KADGB,PJL O LQDLF NA UIE[DNW ULWLQLO QEQ E@L, HDCAS NN, AGDNFGB OTMYEE FEMJL UIEQ QEQLF HDCAC44 N, MBEQLOGJEBSDL, ILQ NN XTB OTYE ILQG 44, ULJLFK JEUEIS HDCAS NN DNHGH K[E DEWLJEB XTJS DN[E HDCAC 44, NXL DE WLJEB OACJS DG MEXC LJOEJMJOEDDLMJN UEIEQ ^EBTF ILQLFMOLNF, HLJLITV LD ULDNANB XT, EMBN XT ML@BGMNBMC XTJS DN[E 44: JL@QG OME PBEDT ILQG 44MJGBN XT ULBSALOGJSMC ZJNF MBKPGEF, PJLX OTMJGOBCJS MOLE UIENFK\EMJOL UIEQ PBEDGFN ILQGNN. &IEQMJOLF QBC MBK[NBTW BRQEV KADGOGJS, HL@QG, HJL, M HEF UIE[QE XTB O HGHLV MBK[XE,XTBN 0#70$-%&, HDN@N, HKQG OUNMTOGBNMS OME MBK[EXDTE DGADGPEDNC N OME FEMJDNPEMHNEMBKPGN, H HLJLITF ULQGOGBN ULOLQ ZJN DGADGPEDNC. -GAICQDTE HDN@N OEBNMS MGFNFUIGONJEBSMJOLF N PGMJDTFN BRQSFN NFEDDL DG MBKPGV FEMJDNPEMHNW MULILO. 4EMJDNPGBNMSOLEOLQT UL ULBHGF, UL @LILQGF, FEMJDNPGBNMS ^GIEQOLI^T O UINQOLIDTW ^EIEFLDNCW,FEMJDNPGBNMS [ED\NDT AG MJLBLF K ^GIN^T.

+LGDD L@IGDNPNB PNMBL MBKPGEO, HL@QG OLEOLQT IGADTW ULBHLO FL@BN FEMJDNPGJSMC; ULJLFKDNPJL[NB UIGOL FLBLQTW MBK[NBTW BRQEV ADGJDL@L UILNMWL[QEDNC FEMJDNPGJSMC M OLEOLQGFNFEDEE ADGJDL@L UILNMWL[QEDNC; UIGOL FEMJDNPGJSMC LDN ULBKPGBN JLBSHL JL@QG, HL@QG MGFNMJGDLONBNMS OLEOLQGFN. 1IN +LGDDE ULBL[EDL LMDLOGDNE ULMJLCDDLFK OLVMHK KPIE[QEDNEFMJIEBS^LO; QBC XEALUGMDLMJN R[DTW MJEUDTW @IGDN^ KMJILEDG MJGDNPDGC N MJLIL[EOGC MBK[XG:LJICQT OLLIK[EDDTW BRQEV QLB[DT XTBN MJLCJS DG NAOEMJDTW FEMJGW O MJEUN, DG MJLIL[GW,MFEDCC QIK@ QIK@G; QIK@NE LJICQT, NBN MJGDN^T, QLB[DT XTBN IGA`EA[GJS UL MJEUN OLUIEQEBEDDTW DGUIGOBEDNCW N DGXBRQGJS, DE ULHG[KJMC BN @QE JGJGIT.

L#8(!0$<,%+$ !)%!8+),2A%! .!0!-8"!.! + 8,2A8"!.! %#0!-!%#8,2,%+$. ,\E OFGBLBEJMJOL +LGDDG "ILADL@L, OL OIEFC XLCIMHL@L UIGOBEDNC, UILNALYBG OG[DGC UEIEFEDG OKUIGOBEDNN @LILQMHLF N MEBSMHLF: [NJEBN @LILQMHNE N MEBSMHNE ULBKPGRJ LJ UIGONJEBSMJOGULAOLBEDNC MGFN BLONJS, MKQNJS N HGADNJS OLILO N IGAXLVDNHLO, QBC PE@L QLB[DT MJGONJS MEXEO @LBLOGW QEJEV XLCIMHNW, UINMLEQNDCC H DNF MJGILMJ, QEMCJMHNW N BKPYNW BRQEV. +LGDD, ULBKPGCXEMUIEMJGDDTE [GBLXT DG UINJEMDEDNC, HLJLITE ULAOLBCBN MEXE DGFEMJDNHN N OLBLMJEBN O@LILQGW N MEBGW, MJGB QGOGJS [NJEBCF @LILQMHNF N MEBSMHNF UIGOL OTXNIGJS MEXE UIGONJEBEV,

78

HLJLITE ULJLFK N DGATOGBNMS +72F42,%%&/+ MJGILMJGFN, G JE QEDS@N, HLJLITE LDN QGOGBNUIE[QE DGFEMJDNHGF, QLMJGOBCJS O HGADK. 'JDLMNJEBSDL WLBLUEV +LGDD L@IGDNPNOGB PNMBLMBKPGEO, O HLJLITW MOLXLQDTV PEBLOEH MJGDLONBMC WLBLULF.

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— UILMJLVPEBLOEH.

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

O+),0#);0# + "%+.!(,*#)#%+,. =GIMJOLOGDNE +LGDDG IV LJBNPGEJMC JGH[E KMNBEDNEFBNJEIGJKIDLV QECJEBSDLMJN. 7LISXG +LGDDG M OEBSFL[GFN MOLNFN DE L@IGDNPNOGBGMS LQDNFNDGMNBSMJOEDDTFN MIEQMJOGFN, LDG OEBGMS JGH[E N UEILF, NXL +LGDD LJOEPGB 5KIXMHLFK DG E@LKHLINJEBSDTE ULMBGDNC. +LGDD MBGONBMC FE[QK MLOIEFEDDNHGFN MOLER DGPNJGDDLMJSR, MOLNFNMHKMMJOLF @LOLINJS N UNMGJS, MBTB „MBLOEMDLV UIEFKQILMJN INJLILF“. 5ILFE LJOEJLO5KIXMHLFK QL DGM QLYBL E\E AGFEPGJEBSDLE UL MOLEV MNBE LXBNPNJEBSDLE ULMBGDNE +LGDDG O5NINBBL!7EBLAEIMHNV FLDGMJTIS.

5KIXMHNV, KPEDNH 4GHMNFG "IEHG, DE KMJKUGB +LGDDK O MBLOEMDLV UIEFKQILMJN. 4T ONQEBN,PJL HILFE ULMBGDNV H +LGDDK 5KIXMHNV DGUNMGB E\E NMJLINR MOLE@L OIEFEDN ULQ AG@BGONEF„+MJLINC HDCAC OEBNHL@L FLMHLOMHL@L“. *GVQC O #NJOE IKMMHKR UIGOLMBGODKR OEIK,LHIK[EDDKR MNBSDTFN OIG@GFN, HGJLBNHGFN N UILJEMJGDJGFN, 5KIXMHNV DGPGB MJGIGJSMC L JLF,PJLX QGJS IKMMHNF MIEQMJOG H KMUEYDLV XLISXE M OIG@GFN, QGJS MLPNDEDNC LJ^LO OLMJLPDLV=EIHON O IKMMHLF UEIEOLQE, MGF DGPGB KPNJSMC UL!BGJTDN N UEIEOLQNB /BGJLKMJG, 3GFGMHNDG,DGUNMGB NMJLINR ?BLIEDJNVMHL@L MLXLIG. 3IK@LV KPEDNH 4GHMNFG (IEHG, /NDLONV 'JEDMHNV,XLILBMC O 4LMHLOMHLF @LMKQGIMJOE M EIEMSR ?ELQLMNC 5LML@L, DGUNMGB DG DEE LUILOEI[EDNE.

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— NABL[EDNC^EIHLODTW N @IG[QGDMHNW MLXTJNV IKMMHLV NMJLINN M IEBN@NLADLV JLPHN AIEDNC. &LMJGOBEDNEBEJLUNMEV UILQLB[GBLMS UL!UIE[DEFK; QL DGM QLYBN QOG ILQG BEJLUNMEV LJ LUNMTOGEFL@L

79

OIEFEDN: LQDN — MLMJGOBEDDTE UL UINHGAGDNR N ULQ DGQALILF UIGONJEBSMJOG, QIK@NE —MLMJGOBEDDTE PGMJDTFN BRQSFN.

5 ^GIMJOLOGDNR +LGDDG LJDLMNJMC N OOEQEDNE HDN@LUEPGJGDNC O 4LMHLOMHLF @LMKQGIMJOE.1EIOGC JNUL@IG]NC O 4LMHOE XTBG AGOEQEDG O 1563 @LQK; DGPGBN AGDNFGJSMC HDN@LUEPGJGDNEFQOG FGMJEIG: QSCHLD +OGD ?EQLILO N 1EJI (NFL]EEO 4MJNMBGOE^; O 1564 @LQK LDN LHLDPNBNUEPGJGDNE UEIOLV HDN@N — 3ECDNV $ULMJLBSMHNW. *GUEPGJGOYN O 1565 @LQK 9GMLODNH, UEIOTEFGMJEIG UINDK[QEDT XTBN XE[GJS NA 4LMHOT O #NJOK UL LXONDEDNR O EIEMN, DL HDN@LUEPGJGDNEUILQLB[GBLMS N XEA DNW O 4LMHLOMHLF @LMKQGIMJOE.

"#$%$ XXVIII=$-&(%'%$*+, ?,'3'-$ +'$**'%+9$

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̂ GIMHNE. +A HDCAEV "aQNFNDLOMHL@L BNJLOMHL@L ILQG XLBSYNF ULPEJLF ULBSALOGBGMS]GFNBNC HDCAEV 4MJNMBGOMHNW; UIN MFEIJN +LGDDG HDCAS +OGD ?EQLILONP 4MJNMBGOMHNVAGDNFGB UEIOLE FEMJL FE[QK XLCIGFN, DL DN LD, DN MTD E@L HDCAS ?ELQLI DE LJBNPGBNMSADGPNJEBSDTFN MULMLXDLMJCFN N ZDEI@NER. 4E[QK HDCASCFN -RINHLONPGFN UL!UIE[DEFKUEIOLE FEMJL AGDNFGBG ]GFNBNC >KVMHNW. 'UGBG, ULMJN@YGC ZJK ]GFNBNR UINMLOEIYEDDLBEJNN +LGDDG, DE FL@BG MBLFNJS EE, N HDCAS +OGD 1EJILONP >KVMHNV AG\NJLR1MHLOG LJ 7GJLINC MNBSDL ULQDCB MBGOK ]GFNBNN; LD ULBSALOGBMC LMLXEDDTF IGMULBL[EDNEF@LIL[GD FLMHLOMHNW, HKU^LO N UILMJTW BRQEV.

*L ULQBE HDC[EMHNW ]GFNBNV -RINHLOMHNW N "EQNFNDLOMHNW COBCRJMC QOE MJGITE XLCIMHNE]GFNBNN, UINXBNANOYNEMC H UIEMJLBK PIEA ILQMJOL M ̂ GICFN, — ]GFNBNC -LFGDLOTW!6ISEOTWN "LQKDLOTW: XLCIND *NHNJG -LFGDLONP 6ISEO XTB ILQDLV QCQC ^GIC ?ELQLIG UL FGJEIN;XLCIND 7LINM ?EQLILONP "LQKDLO XTB ILQDLV XIGJ [EDT ^GIC ?ELQLIG ^GIN^T +INDT.

?ELQLI KJOEIQNBMC DG UIEMJLBE DE XEA MFKJ: HGH UL MFEIJN OEBNHL@L HDCAC %GMNBNC DGPGBGMSDEFEQBEDDL MFKJG UL ULOLQK ;QEBSDL@L HDCAC, JGH N JEUEIS MFKJG DGPGBGMS JGH[E UL ULOLQK;QEBSDL@L HDCAC, XIGJG ?ELQLILOG, 3NFNJINC, WLJC ZJLJ KQEBSDTV N XTB FBGQEDE^.1INOEI[EDDTE ?ELQLIK OEBSFL[N, LUGMGCMS DEUINCADEDDTW QON[EDNV ML MJLILDTUINOEI[ED^EO 3NFNJINC, KQGBNBN ZJL@L FGBEDSHL@L HDCAC M FGJEISR N ILQMJOEDDNHGFN EEDG@NFN, O ;@BNP, @LILQ, DGADGPEDDTV 3NFNJINR O KQEB LJ^LF E@L. *L MFKJG ZJNF DEUIEHIGJNBGMS: 7L@QGD 7EBSMHNV, OEBSFL[G, MBGONOYNVMC KFLF, BLOHLMJSR OL OMCHNW QEBGW,XEMULHLVDTV, PEMJLBRXNOTV, MHBLDDTV H HIGFLBGF, OLAXKQNB UILJNO MEXC N OEBSFL[ N DGILQ,HLJLITV OAOLBDLOGBMC, LMGQNB HIEFBS N KMULHLNBMC JLBSHL JL@QG, HL@QG KADGB, PJL 7EBSMHNVMLMBGD O *N[DNV. 31 FGC 1584 @LQG ?ELQLI OEDPGBMC DG ̂ GIMJOL. &DGPGBG MGFLE MNBSDLE OBNCDNEDG QEBG NFEB XLCIND *NHNJG -LFGDLONP, DL K[E O GO@KMJE 1584 @LQG LD JC[EBL AGDEFL@, G OGUIEBE 1586 @LQG KFEI, N DG E@L FEMJL UIGONJEBEF MJGB XIGJ ^GIN^T 7LINM "LQKDLO.

C0#62,%+, G!0+8# >!-;%!6# + ,.! 4!0A4# 8 R;'8"+/+. *L KJOEI[QEDNE DG FEMJE UIGONJEBCDE FL@BL LXLVJNMS QBC "LQKDLOG XEA XLISXT M BRQSFN, HLJLITE MPNJGBN AG MLXLR XLBSYNEUIGOG DG AGDCJNE ZJL@L FEMJG. 'XIGALOGBNMS QOE OIG[QEXDTE UGIJNN: OL @BGOE LQDLV MJLCB"LQKDLO, OL @BGOE QIK@LV — UEIOEDMJOKR\NV XLCIND HDCAS +OGD 4MJNMBGOMHNV M HDCASCFN>KVMHNFN, %LILJTDMHNFN N QIK@NFN OEBSFL[GFN. "LQKDLO LMNBNB OIG[QEXDKR MEXE UGIJNR:HDCAS 4MJNMBGOMHNV XTB ULMJIN[ED O FLDGWN. %LILJTDMHNW N QIK@NW E@L UINOEI[ED^EO

80

IGALMBGBN UL @LILQGF, DL >KVMHNE, NMHKMDL QEVMJOKC PEIEA QIK@NW, LMJGBNMS DEJILDKJTFN;"LQKDLO M MOLNFN UINOEI[ED^GFN MNBSDL DG DNW MEIQNBMC; LDN M MOLEV MJLILDT QEI[GBNMS HIEUHLN DN O PEF EFK DE KMJKUGBN, HKU^T N OME UILMJTE BRQN FLMHLOMHNE MJLCBN AG DNW. 4NJILULBNJ3NLDNMNV WLJEB XTJS ULMIEQDNHLF: LD ULAOGB "LQKDLOG N >KVMHNW H MEXE, KFLBCB ULFNINJSMC,N LDN ULMBKYGBNMS E@L KOE\GDNV. *L O JL OIEFC HGH XLCIE XTBN K FNJILULBNJG, K "IGDLONJLVUGBGJT MLXIGBGMS JLBUG HKU^LO; HDCAS +OGD 1EJILONP >KVMHNV, OTYEQYN LJ FNJILULBNJG,ULQLYEB H HKU^GF N LX`CONB NF, PJL LDN, >KVMHNE, M 7LINMLF ?EQLILONPEF ULFNINBNMS; JKJNA JLBUT OTMJKUNBN QOG HKU^G N MHGAGBN EFK: „1LFNINBNMS OT DGYNFN @LBLOGFN: N OGF LJ7LINMG UILUGMJS, QG N DGF UL@NXDKJS“. % JK [E DLPS ZJN QOG HKU^G XTBN MWOGPEDT N MLMBGDTDENAOEMJDL HKQG. _JLJ ULMJKULH "LQKDLOG M HKU^GFN OLMUBGFEDNB MDLOG OIG[QK FE[QK DNF N>KVMHNFN, HLJLITE UINQKFGBN MGFLE KQLXDLE MIEQMJOL MBLFNJS O HLIDR FL@K\EMJOL "LQKDLOG,KXEQNOYN ̂ GIC ?ELQLIG IGAOEMJNMS M DEUBLQDLR +INDLR N OMJKUNJS O DLOTV XIGH; HDCAS +OGD1EJILONP >KVMHNV, QIK@NE XLCIE N HKU^T FLMHLOMHNE ML@BGMNBNMS N ULQUNMGBNMS UILMNJS@LMKQGIC L IGAOLQE; FNJILULBNJ JGH[E XTB ML@BGMED QEVMJOLOGJS AGLQDL M DNFN. *L "LQKDLOKADGB L AGFTMBE OIG@LO N ULMJGIGBMC K@LOLINJS 3NLDNMNC DE DGPNDGJS QEBG.

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̂ GIMHLFK, OMBEQMJONE PE@L "LQKDLOUEIEUNMTOGBMC N UEIEQGINOGBMC M NFUEIGJLILF DEFE^HNF, HLILBEOLR GD@BNVMHLR, WGDLFHITFMHNF, UINDNFGB K MEXC ULMBLO LJ @LMKQGIEV. _JLFK ADGPEDNR "LQKDLOG MLLJOEJMJOLOGBNXLBSYNE QLWLQT, HLJLITE LD ULBKPGB M ^EBTW LXBGMJEV N @LILQLO.

@%!H,%+$ 8 C!2AH,F. % JL OIEFC, HL@QG O 4LMHOE OL^GINBMC ?ELQLI N UIEQ E@L @BGAGFNXLILBMC AG UIGONJEBSMJOL "LQKDLO M >KVMHNFN, O 1LBSYE LHGDPNOGB MOLE ^GIMJOLOGDNE7GJLINV, HLJLITV QL MGFLV MFEIJN MOLEV, ULMBEQLOGOYEV O 1586 @LQK, DE UEIEMJGOGB @ILANJS4LMHOE OLVDLR. *L HGH DN MJIGYED XTB 7GJLINV, MNBSDEVYGC, UL!ONQNFLFK, LUGMDLMJSDGPNDGBG @ILANJS 4LMHOE ULMBE E@L MFEIJN, HL@QG HGDQNQGJLF DG ULBSMHNV UIEMJLB CONBMC&N@NAFKDQ, MTD YOEQMHL@L HLILBC +LGDDG N UL FGJEIN ILQDLV UBEFCDDNH ULMBEQDE@L NA)@EBBLDLO, &N@NAFKDQG $O@KMJG. _JLJ &N@NAFKDQ, EMBN X NAXIGD XTB O HLILBN ULBSMHNE, JL ULMFEIJN LJ^G MLEQNDCB XT ULQ MOLER OBGMJSR N 1LBSYK N >OE^NR, MLEQNDCB XT, JGHNF LXIGALF,MNBT QOKW MGFTW LUGMDTW QBC -LMMNN @LMKQGIMJO. %LJ ULPEFK "LQKDLO DGPGB MNBSDL WBLULJGJS,PJLX ULFEYGJS NAXIGDNR &N@NAFKDQG: LD LJUIGONB DG MEVF O 1LBSYK OEBNHNW ULMBLO, HLJLITFDGHGAGB MJGIGJSMC, PJLX NAXIGD XTB O HLILBN ^GIS ?ELQLI, NBN EMBN K[E ZJL@L DEBSAC, JLMJGIGJSMC LX NAXIGDNN ZI^@EI^L@G 4GHMNFNBNGDG $OMJINVMHL@L, XIGJG DEFE^HL@L NFUEIGJLIG-KQLBS]G.

% #NJOE LPEDS WLJEBN NAXIGDNC ?ELQLIG, DL N AQEMS ULDNFGBN, HGH ZJL JIKQDL, N @BGODLEAGJIKQDEDNE MLMJLCBL O IGABNPNN OEILNMULOEQGDNV: ULBCHN DE FL@BN ML@BGMNJSMC NFEJS HLILBEFDEHGJLBNHG, ?ELQLI DE FL@ UEIEFEDNJS MOLEV OEIT; HILFE JL@L, FLMHLOMHNE ULMBT UINEWGBNDG MEVF XEA QEDE@, HLJLITE XTBN DELXWLQNFT QBC MLMJGOBEDNC MEXE MNBSDLV UGIJNN. %MBEQMJONEZJNW UINPND ?ELQLI, NFEOYNV MDGPGBG XLBSYLV KMUEW, ULJLF XTB LJMJIGDED, N QOE UGIJNN,GOMJINVMHGC N YOEQMHGC, HG[QGC UILOLA@BGMNBG HLILBEF MOLE@L HGDQNQGJG: GOMJINVMHGC —4GHMNFNBNGD G YOEQMHGC — &N@NAFKDQG, DL &N@NAFKDQ LMNBNB UILJNODNHG N KJOEIQNBMC DGULBSMHLF UIEMJLBE.

J!'%# H6,-8"#$. % 4LMHOE, LQDGHL, DGUIGMDL XEMULHLNBNMS DGMPEJ LUGMDLMJN, HLJLILR

81

@ILANBL OLAOEQEDNE DG ULBSMHNV UIEMJLB YOEQMHL@L HLILBEONPG. -KMMHNE O 1590 @LQK DGPGBNOLVDK M >OE^NER, HLJLIGC XTBG QBC DNW KQGPDG: )F, +OGD!@LILQ N 5LULISE, LJDCJTE YOEQGFNUIN +LGDDE IV, JEUEIS LUCJS UEI YBN H IKMMHNF, N ULBCHN DE ULFL@BN YOEQGF. % HLD^E 1592@LQG KFEI HLILBS YOEQMHNV +LGDD; HLILBS ULBSMHNV &N@NAFKDQ MJGB N HLILBEF YOEQMHNF, DLDEDGQLB@L: LD XTB IEODLMJDTV HGJLBNH, G YOEQT — UILJEMJGDJT; OL OIEFC HIGJHLOIEFEDDL@LUIEXTOGDNC MOLE@L O >OE^NN QBC HLILDLOGDNC &N@NAFKDQ OLAXKQNB UILJNO MEXC DGILQ CODLROIG[QLR H UILJEMJGDJNAFK, CODTF DGIKYEDNEF KMBLONV, QGDDTW @LMKQGIMJOEDDTF PNDGF UIEQHLILDG^NEV.

5L@QG &N@NAFKDQ OLAOIGJNBMC O 1LBSYK, UIGONJEBEF >OE^NN LMJGBMC QCQC E@L 5GIB,HLJLITV KMUEB UINLXIEMJS BRXLOS DGILQDKR N @LJLONBMC LJDCJS YOEQMHNV UIEMJLB KUBEFCDDNHG. % JGHNW LXMJLCJEBSMJOGW N &N@NAFKDQ N 5GIB — LXG [EBGBN ULMHLIEE LHLDPNJSOLVDK M 4LMHOLR, OMBEQMJONE PE@L O 1595 @LQK AGHBRP XTB OEPDTV FNI FE[QK -LMMNER N>OE^NER, UL HLJLILFK -LMMNC ULBKPNBG )F, +OGD!@LILQ, 5LULISE N 5LIEBK.

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

%LVDG M $OMJINER LJOBEHBG JGJGI LJ FLMHLOMHNW KHIGVD; LDG [E FEYGBG N MKBJGDK JKIE^HLFKLXIG\GJS XLBSYLE ODNFGDNE DG 4LMHOK, WLJC LD N DE UEIEMJGOGB OIG[QEXDL MFLJIEJS DG DEEUL UINPNDE [GBLX DL@GVMHNW OBGQEBS^EO DG UINJEMDEDNC LJ 4LMHOT, N LMLXEDDL UL UINPNDEQLDMHNW HGAGHLO, HLJLITE XEMUIEMJGDDL UINWLQNBN ULQ $ALO N DG FLIE @ILFNBN JKIE^HNEHLIGXBN. %IG[QG, WLJC N DE LJHITJGC, M (KI^NER MHIEUNBG QIK[EMJOEDDKR MOCAS 4LMHOT M1EIMNER, HLJLILV YGW $XXGM %EBNHNV JGH[E OIG[QLOGB M (KI^NER. % ZJL OIEFC @IGDN^TFLMHLOMHNE MWLQNBNMS M UEIMNQMHNFN OMBEQMJONE ULQQGDMJOG ^GIR EQNDLOEIDL@L HGWEJNDMHL@LHDCAC $BEHMGDQIG O 1586 @LQK; NA 4LMHOT LJUIGONBNMS O 5GWEJNR FLDGWN, MOC\EDDNHN,NHLDLUNM^T, PJLX OLMMJGDLONJS WINMJNGDMJOL MIEQN DGILQG, LHIK[EDDL@L NDLOEI^GFN; ULMBGDLXTBL N OLVMHL QBC AG\NJT $BEHMGDQIG, DL LDL ULJEIUEBL MNBSDKR DEKQGPK O XNJOE M @LI^GFN.

1)6,0<-,%+, 6 @+4+0+. ;QGPDEE YBN QEBG AG ;IGBSMHNFN @LIGFN. /QEMS, DEMFLJIC DG JLPJL ,IFGH, UILBL[NOYNV QLIL@K O &NXNIS, UL@NX O 1584 @LQK OMBEQMJONE DEPGCDDL@L DGUGQEDNCDG DE@L 5KPKFG, JLI[EMJOL ULMBEQDE@L DE XTBL UILQLB[NJEBSDL. *LOLE UIGONJEBSMJOLFLMHLOMHLE OTMTBGBL O &NXNIS OLEOLQK AG OLEOLQLV, HLJLITE KJOEI[QGBN AQEMS IKMMHLEOBGQTPEMJOL ULMJILEDNEF @LILQLO.

9#"0,(2,%+, "0,8)A$%. +A ODKJIEDDNW QEB O ^GIMJOLOGDNE ?ELQLIG MGFTFN OG[DTFNXTBN: AGHLD LX KHIEUBEDNN HIEMJSCD N KPIE[QEDNN UGJINGIYEMJOG. + O ZJL OIEFC O -LMMNNAEFBN XTBL @LIGAQL XLBSYE, PEF [NJEBEV; XL@GJTE AEFBEOBGQEBS^T NFEBN OLAFL[DLMJSXLBSYNFN BS@LJGFN UEIEFGDNOGJS H MEXE OLBSDTW HIEMJSCD M AEFEBS XEQDTW LJPNDDNHLO,HLJLITE OBGQEBN DGMBEQMJOEDDTFN AEFBCFN, N ULFE\NHLO. *L EMBN QBC ADGPNJEBSDTWAEFBEOBGQEBS^EO XTBL OT@LQDL BS@LJGFN UEIEATOGJS H MEXE HIEMJSCD LJ FEDEE ADGPNJEBSDTW,JL ZJN OT@LQT QLB[DT XTBN MJLBHDKJSMC M OT@LQGFN @LMKQGIMJOG.

82

'QDLR NA MGFTW @BGODTW ULJIEXDLMJEV @LMKQGIMJOG XTBL KFDL[EDNE OLVMHG, OLAFL[DLMJSNFEJS E@L OME@QG DG@LJLOE O ADGPNJEBSDLF HLBNPEMJOE; LMDLOK OLVMHG MLMJGOBCBN QOLICDE NQEJN XLCIMHNE, ULBKPGOYNE AG MOLR MBK[XK ULFEMJSC, M HLJLITW LDN QLB[DT XTBN MLQEI[GJSMEXC N UL UINATOK @LMKQGIEOK COBCJSMC DG MBK[XK "!%%&, 2F-%& N !0;<%&, UL JL@QGYDEFKOTIG[EDNR, J. E. DG HLDE, M NAOEMJDTF HLBNPEMJOLF BRQEV N O ULBDLF OLLIK[EDNN. *L ZJGOLAFL[DLMJS MLQEI[GJS MEXC N COBCJSMC DG MBK[XK O JIEXKEFLF ONQE AGONMEBG LJ QLWLQG,HLJLITV ULBKPGB ULFE\NH M MOLE@L AEFEBSDL@L KPGMJHG, G QLWLQ ZJLJ AGONMEB LJ DGMEBEDNC AEFBN;PJLX NFEJS OLAFL[DLMJS OME@QG DEMJN JIEXKEFKR MBK[XK, MBK[NBTV PEBLOEH QLB[ED XTB NFEJSDG MOLEV AEFBE !ULMJLCDDLE DGILQLDGMEBEDNE; G FL@ BN LD NFEJS E@L, HL@QG XL@GJTV MLMEQUEIEFGDNOGB K DE@L HIEMJSCD XLBSYNFN BS@LJGFN? "LMKQGIMJOL, QGOYN MBK[NBLFK PEBLOEHKAEFBR, QLB[DL XTBL QGJS EFK N ULMJLCDDTW IGXLJDNHLO, NDGPE LD MBK[NJS DE FL@. %LJ ULPEFKNAQGD XTB AGHLD, UL HLJLILFK HIEMJSCDE DE FL@BN XLBEE ULHNQGJS IGA AGDCJTW NFN AEFEBS.

1*0,<-,%+, (#)0+#0H,8)6#. "BGODTV GIWNEIEV IKMMHLV =EIHON O ̂ GIMJOLOGDNE ?ELQLIGUEIEFEDNB AOGDNE FNJILULBNJG DG AOGDNE UGJINGIWG. :LJC OLMJLPDGC IKMMHGC, NBN FLMHLOMHGC,=EIHLOS K[E M ULBLONDT XV OEHG XTBG DEAGONMNFG LJ HLDMJGDJNDLULBSMHLV, DL OME [E LDGKUIGOBCBGMS JLBSHL FNJILULBNJLF, HLJLITV MPNJGBMC DN[E UGJINGIWG, ULQPNDEDDTF UGJINGIWK.%LAOTYEDNE MEOEIL!OLMJLPDLV IKMMHLV =EIHON HGH MGFLMJLCJEBSDLV N ^OEJK\EV JIEXLOGBLKIGODEDNC EE M MJGIYNFN ^EIHOGFN, HLJLITE MJIGQGBN ULQ N@LF DEOEIDTW, DK[QGBNMS O EEULFL\N. "LMKQGIS JGH IGMMK[QGB M QKWLOEDMJOLF N OEBSFL[GFN LX ZJLF QEBE: „%LMJLPDTEUGJINGIWN N UILPNE MOCJNJEBN JLBSHL NFC MOCJNJEBEV DLMCJ, OBGMJN [E EQOG BN DE OMCHLVBNYEDT; DGYG [E MJIGDG XBG@LQGJNER 7L[NER OME XLBSYE IGMYNICEJMC, N ULJLFK C WLPKKMJILNJS O 4LMHOE UIEOTMLPGVYNV UIEMJLB UGJINGIYEMHNV“. 3KWLOEDMJOL N OEBSFL[NULWOGBNBN FTMBS ̂ GIMHKR, DL UINXGONBN, PJL DGQLXDL UINMJKUNJS H QEBK M ML@BGMNC OMEV =EIHONOLMJLPDLV. % 1588 @LQK UINEWGB O 4LMHOK MJGIYNV NA UGJINGIWLO, +EIEFNCHLDMJGDJNDLULBSMHNV, EFK UIEQBL[NBN LMJGJSMC O 4LMHLOMHLF @LMKQGIMJOE, XTJS UGJINGIWLFOMEILMMNVMHNF, DL [NJS OL %BGQNFNIE, NXL LD DE ADGEJ IKMMHL@L CATHG N LXTPGEO, QG NFNJILULBNJG +LOG DEUINBNPDL NA@DGJS NA 4LMHOT. +EIEFNC DE ML@BGMNBMC DG ZJL UIEQBL[EDNE,DL ML@BGMNBMC ULMOCJNJS O UGJINGIWN OMEILMMNVMHNE +LOG, PJL N XTBL NMULBDEDL O 1589 @LQK.

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

3BC ILATMHG UIL QEBL N QBC UL@IEXEDNC 3NFNJINC ULMBGDT XTBN O ;@BNP HDCAS %GMNBNV+OGDLONP >KVMHNV, $DQIEV 5BEYDND (UINOEI[EDE^ "LQKDLOG, HLJLILFK UINUNMTOGRJ @BGODLEIGMULIC[EDNE DGMPEJ KXNVMJOG) N 5IKJN^HNV FNJILULBNJ "EBGMNV. &BEQMJONE XTBL UILNAOEQEDLDEQLXILMLOEMJDL: MBEQLOGJEBN MUEYNBN MLXIGJS ULXLBSYE MONQEJEBSMJO L JLF, PJL ^GIEONPAGIEAGBMC MGF O UINUGQHE UGQKPEV XLBEADN, DE LXIGJNBN ODNFGDNC DG UILJNOLIEPNC N DGLJHITJNE @BGODTW LXMJLCJEBSMJO. *EMFLJIC DG JL, UGJINGIW +LO DG MLXLIE NA QKWLOEDMJOG NOEBSFL[ LX`CONB, ML@BGMDL ULHGAGDNR MONQEJEBEV, PJL MFEIJS ^GIEONPG UINHBRPNBGMS MKQLF7L[NNF N PJL K@BNPGDE DEONDDL KFEIJONBN DEMHLBSHL PEBLOEH, DG HLJLITW *G@NE KHGAGBN HGHDG KXNV^ 3NFNJINC. %MBEQMJONE ZJL@L ̂ GIN^K 4GISR ULMJIN@BN ULQ NFEDEF 4GI]T N AGJLPNBNO UKMJTDS AG 7EBLLAEIL; *G@NW OMEW IGALMBGBN UL @LILQGF, UL JRISFGF; K@BNPGD — LQDNWHGADNBN MFEIJNR, QIK@NF IEAGBN CATHN, IGMMTBGBN UL JRISFGF, FDL@L BRQEV MOEBN O &NXNIS N

83

DGMEBNBN NFN @LILQ 1EBTF.9EIEA @LQ ULMBE K@BNPMHL@L UILNMYEMJONC K ̂ GIC ILQNBGMS QLPS ?ELQLMNC, DL O MBEQKR\EF

@LQK IEXEDLH KFEI; PEIEA UCJS BEJ UL MFEIJN QLPEIN, O CDOGIE 1598 @LQG, MHLDPGBMC MGF ?ELQLI.

"#$%$ XXIX=$-&(%'%$*+, 7'-+&$ "'3;*'%$

K740#%+, %# (0,8)!2 >!-;%!6#. *G OLUILM UGJINGIWG N XLCI: „5LFK UINHGATOGEYS^GIMJOL?“ — KFNIGR\NV ?ELQLI LJOEPGB: „%L OMEF ̂ GIMJOE N O OGM OLBED 7L@: HGH ,FK K@LQDL,JGH N XKQEJ“. 1L MFEIJN ?ELQLIG ULMUEYNBN UINMC@DKJS [EDE E@L, ̂ GIN^E +INDE, PJLX NAXE[GJSFE[QK^GIMJONC. *L +INDG LJHGAGBGMS LJ UIEMJLBG, KEWGBG NA QOLI^G O *LOLQEONPNV FLDGMJTIS,@QE N ULMJIN@BGMS ULQ NFEDEF $BEHMGDQIT. *EMFLJIC DG JL, QEBG UILNAOLQNBNMS EE NFEDEF,QEVMJONJEBSDL [E OL @BGOE UIGOBEDNC MJLCB UGJINGIW; EFK, MBEQLOGJEBSDL, UINDGQBE[GB NUEIOTV @LBLM O QEBE ^GIMHL@L NAXIGDNC, G +LO XTB MGFTV IEODLMJDTV UINOEI[EDE^ "LQKDLOG.

+JGH, AG "LQKDLOG XTB UGJINGIW, AG "LQKDLOG XTBL QLB@LBEJDEE ULBSALOGDNE ^GIMHLROBGMJSR UIN ?ELQLIE, QLMJGOBCOYEE EFK XLBSYNE MIEQMJOG, ULOMRQK UIGONJEBSMJOEDDTEQLB[DLMJN AGDNFGBN BRQN, OMEF EFK LXCAGDDTE; UIN ?ELQLIE LD MGF N ILQMJOEDDNHN E@LUINLXIEJGBN L@ILFDLE XL@GJMJOL, JGH[E N FL@K\EMJOEDDLE MIEQMJOL UINLXIEJGJSQLXIL[EBGJEBEV; AG "LQKDLOG XTBL JL LXMJLCJEBSMJOL, PJL MEMJIG E@L UINADGOGBGMS ^GIN^ERUIGONJEBSMJOKR\ER: HJL [E FNFL ILQDL@L XIGJG FL@ OACJS MHNUEJI NA IKH EE? 1GJINGIW MQKWLOEDMJOLF, XLCIGFN N @IG[QGDGFN FLMHLOMHNFN LJUIGONBMC O *LOLQEONPNV FLDGMJTISUILMNJS ^GIN^K, PJLX XBG@LMBLONBG XIGJG DG UIEMJLB, UILMNBN N MGFL@L "LQKDLOG UINDCJS^GIMJOL, DL LD LJHGAGBMC, NXL WLJEB XTJS NAXIGD O ^GIN OMER -LMMNER, MLXLILF, DG HLJLILFXT DGWLQNBNMS OTXLIDTE NAL OMEW @LILQLO, MLOEJDTE BRQN, HGH JL@QG @LOLINBN.

*G MLXLIE XLBSYNDMJOL MLMJGOBCBN QKWLOEDMJOL N QOLICDMJOL OJLILMJEUEDDLE, HLJLITEXTBN QGODL AG "LQKDLOG NBN YBN AG FDEDNEF UGJINGIWG. 17 ]EOIGBC 1598 @. DG MLXLIE UGJINGIWLX`CONB, PJL, UL E@L FDEDNR, JGH[E UL FDEDNR OME@L QKWLOEDMJOG, XLCI N OMEW FLMHONPEV,FNFL 7LINMG ?ELQLILONPG "LQKDLOG QIK@L@L @LMKQGIC NMHGJS DEPE@L, N MLOEJDTE BRQN LJOEPGBN,PJL NW FDEDNE JGHLE [E. 'JUIGONBNMS LUCJS H "LQKDLOK, HLJLITV [NB OFEMJE M MEMJILR O*LOLQEONPSEF FLDGMJTIE, N LUCJS ULBKPNBN LJHGA. (L@QG UGJINGIW ULYEB O FLDGMJTIS MHIEMJDTF WLQLF N ML FDL[EMJOLF DGILQG; UGJINGIW M QKWLOEDMJOLF N XLCIGFN OLYBN O HEBSR H^GIN^E N QLB@L KUIGYNOGBN EE ML MBEAGFN, MJLC DG HLBEDCW, PJLX XBG@LMBLONBG XIGJG DG ̂ GIMJOL;DG FLDGMJTIE N LHLBL FLDGMJTIC DGILQ, MJLC DG HLBEDCW, OLUNB L JLF [E. =GIN^G DGHLDE^XBG@LMBLONBG, N "LQKDLO UINDCB ^GIMJOL. "LOLICJ, XKQJL DGILQ UIN@DGD XTB DEOLBER, —@ILANBN, PJL, EMBN HJL DE ULVQEJ, M JL@L XKQKJ OATMHNOGJS QEDS@N.

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

1INLXIEMJS ZJK [EBGDDKR MJIGDK NBN PGMJS EE XTBL JEUEIS BE@HL, DL QBC ZJL@L XTBL MIEQMJOLUICFLE, IEYNJEBSDLE: AGHBRPNJS JEMDTV MLRA M HLILBEF YOEQMHNF N QEVMJOLOGJS M DNF OFEMJEUILJNO 1LBSYN. *L "LQKDLO UL WGIGHJEIK MOLEFK DE XTB MULMLXED H MIEQMJOGF IEYNJEBSDTF,UICFTF N LJHITJTF. 'D QKFGB, PJL >OE^NC KMJKUNJ EFK *GIOK, G 1LBSYG — #NOLDNR NBNPGMJS EE, EMBN JLBSHL LD XKQEJ @ILANJS >OE^NN MLRALF M 1LBSYER, G 1LBSYE — MLRALF M

84

>OE^NER, DL ZJNFN K@ILAGFN LD JLBSHL IGAQIG[GB N >OE^NR N 1LBSYK, G DE UK@GB NW,LXDGIK[NOGC ULBNJNHK FEBLPDKR, QOLEQKYDKR. 'D XLCBMC OLVDT: MGF DE NFEB DN QKWG IGJDL@L,DN MULMLXDLMJEV OLNDMHNW, OLEOLQGF DE QLOEICB N ULJLFK WBLULJGB, PJLX #NOLDNC MGFGULQQGBGMS EFK, QBC PE@L ULQQEI[NOGB DEKQLOLBSMJONE EE [NJEBEV UILJNO ULBSMHL@LUIGONJEBSMJOG, DL ZJN MIEQMJOG, DE ULQHIEUBCEFTE QEVMJONCFN UICFTFN N IEYNJEBSDTFN, DEOEBN DN H PEFK. 9JLX NFEJS DG@LJLOE OGMMGBSDL@L HLILBC QBC #NOLDNN, HGH +LGDD IV NFEB4G@DKMG, 7LINM OTAOGB O 4LMHOK YOEQMHL@L UIND^G "KMJGOG, UBEFCDDNHG HLILBR 5GIBK: "LQKDLOWLJEB JGH[E OTQGJS AG ZJL@L "KMJGOG QLPS MOLR 5MEDNR; DL "KMJGO DE AGWLJEB LJHGAGJSMC LJUILJEMJGDJNAFG N XTB LJLMBGD O ;@BNP.

*K[DL XTBL NMHGJS QIK@L@L [EDNWG 5MEDNN FE[QK NDLMJIGDDTFN UIND^GFN, N [EDNWG DGYBNO 3GDNN: UIND^ +LGDD, XIGJ HLILBC :INMJNGDG, ML@BGMNBMC EWGJS O 4LMHOK, PJLX XTJS ACJEF^GIMHNF N HDCAEF KQEBSDTF. +LGDD XTB UINDCJ O 4LMHOE M XLBSYNF JLI[EMJOLF, LPEDS BGMHLOLLJ XKQK\E@L JEMJC, DL MHLIL ULJLF MQEBGBGMS K DE@L @LICPHG, LJ HLJLILV LD N KFEI DG QOGQ^GJLF@LQK [NADN.

'JDLYEDNC H 5ITFK XTBN XBG@LUINCJDT: WGD, [NOYNV DE O BGQK M MKBJGDLF JKIE^HNF,UINDK[QGEFTV UINDNFGJS KPGMJNE O OLVDGW ULMBEQDE@L N ONQC, M QIK@LV MJLILDT, FL@K\EMJOL4LMHOT, DEOLAFL[DLMJS UINWLQNJS OIGMUBLW DG EE KHIGVDT, NXL O MJEUCW COBCBNMS LQDG AGQIK@LR IKMMHNE HIEULMJN, QLB[ED XTB MFNINJSMC N ML@BGYGJSMC M FLMHLOMHNFN ULMBGFN,HLJLITE LX`CONBN, PJL @LMKQGIS NW DE XLNJMC DN WGDG, DN MKBJGDG, PJL IGJN E@L XEMPNMBEDDT.*L EMBN LJDLYEDNC H 5ITFK ONQNFL UINDNFGBN XBG@LUINCJDTV LXLILJ, JL NDGPE YBN QEBG AG5GOHGALF: IGDL E\E, DE UL MNBGF XTBL 4LMHLOMHLFK @LMKQGIMJOK XLILJSMC O ZJNW QGBEHNW HIGCWM FL@K\EMJOEDDTFN JKIHGFN N UEIMNCDGFN. $BEHMGDQI HGWEJNDMHNV, UINADGOGC MEXC MBK@LR7LINMG, MDLMNBMC O JL [E OIEFC M MNBSDTF $XXGMLF, YGWLF UEIMNQMHNF, N ULAOLBNB MTDK MOLEFK5LDMJGDJNDK UINDCJS FG@LFEJGDMJOL, DL N ZJL DE ULFL@BL: $XXGM WLJEB MLOEIYEDDL@L ULQQGDMJOG5GWEJNN N OEBEB LJMJKUDNHK 5LDMJGDJNDK KXNJS LJ^G N XIGJG AG UIEQGDDLMJS 4LMHOE.1IEMJKUBEDNE XTBL MLOEIYEDL; M QIK@LV MJLILDT, O 3G@EMJGDE IKMMHNE OJLINPDL KJOEIQNBNMSXTBL O (GIHGW, DL JKIHN OTJEMDNBN NW LJMRQG, G HKFTHN UEIEIEAGBN UIN LJMJKUBEDNN: 7000IKMMHNW UGBL OFEMJE M OLEOLQGFN, N OBGQTPEMJOL 4LMHOT NMPEABL O ZJLV MJIGDE.

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

-KMMHNE UILQLB[GBN MJILNJS @LILQG O &NXNIN, AGOLQNJS WBEXLUGYEMJOL; HILFE MBK[NBTWBRQEV N WBEXLUGY^EO O DLOLULMJILEDDTE MNXNIMHNE @LILQG UEIEOLQNBNMS’NA QIK@NW @LILQLO NHKU^T: UILOLQNBNMS QLIL@N.

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̂ GIS WLJEB MQEBGJS JL [E LJDLMNJEBSDL QIK@NWMJIGD N CATHLO: OTXIGO DEMHLBSHL FLBLQTW BRQEV N LJUIGONBN NW KPNJSMC — LQDNW O #RXEH,QIK@NW O $D@BNR, DEHLJLITW OL ?IGD^NR N $OMJINR 7LINM LPEDS BRXNB NDLMJIGD^EO, MLMJGONBNA DEF^EO, UIENFK\EMJOEDDL NA BNOLD^EO, LJICQ OLVMHG; DEF^T ZJN ULBKPGBN XLBSYLE

85

[GBLOGDSE N ULFEMJSC; ULHILONJEBSMJOLOGB NDLMJIGDDTF HKU^GF, NDLMJIGDDTW FEQNHLO MOLNWQEI[GB, HGH XLCI.

TaHLE IGMULBL[EDNE ^GIC H NDLMJIGD^GF, KXE[QEDNE O UIEOLMWLQMJOE NW DGQ IKMMHNFNLJDLMNJEBSDL UILMOE\EDNC, KXE[QEDNE O LXWLQNFLMJN KPNJSMC K DNW OLAXKQNBL O DEHLJLITWIKMMHNW [EBGDNE ULQIG[GJS NDLMJIGD^GF N DGPGJS ZJL ULQIG[GDNE ML ODEYDE@L ONQG: N MOLN NPK[NE @LOLICJ L UINMJIGMJNN IKMMHNW H NDLAEFDTF LXTPGCF N LQE[QGF OL OIEFC "LQKDLOG, LOOEQEDNN LXTPGC XINJS XLILQT.

I#*#2! 8/;)&; -!%!8& + !(#2&. 3BC XLBSYNDMJOG IKMMHL@L DGILQG 7LINM O QOG UEIOTW@LQG MOLE@L ^GIMJOLOGDNC LMJGOGBMC JGHNF [E, HGHNF XTB OL OIEFC UIGOBEDNC MOLE@L UIN ^GIE?EQLIE, J. E. „DGIK[DLMJSR N KFLF OMEW BRQEV UIEOLMWLQNB, FDL@L KMJILNB O -KMMHLF@LMKQGIMJOE ULWOGBSDTW OE\EV; MJGIGBMC NMHLIEDCJS IGAXLN, OLILOMJOG, HLIPEFMJOG, DL DE FL@NMHLIEDNJS; XTB LD MOEJBLQKYED, FNBLMJNO N DN\EBRXNO, DL O OLEDDLF QEBE XTB DENMHKMED.=OEB LD QLXILQEJEBCFN, N EMBN X AGONMJS N ABLXG DE ULFIGPNBN E@L QLXILQEJEBEV, JL FL@ XTQIEODNF ̂ GICF KULQLXNJSMC. 'D UINDNFGB QLDLMT LJ HBEOEJDNHLO DG DEONDDTW, LJPE@L OLAXKQNBUILJNO MEXC DE@LQLOGDNE OEBSFL[ OMEV IKMMHLV AEFBN; LJMRQG ULQDCBLMS DG DE@L FDL@L XEQ,HLJLITE N UINOEBN E@L H UL@NXEBN“.

(GHNF LXIGALF, UL MONQEJEBSMJOK MLOIEFEDDNHLO, OMC XEQG QBC "LQKDLOG UILNALYBG LJJL@L,PJL LD DE FL@ KULQLXNJSMC QIEODNF ^GICF, DE NFEB QLMJGJLPDL OEBNPNC QKWG, PJLX, OLMYEQYNDG UIEMJLB, ULAGXTJS OME MJGITE XLCIMHNE MOLN OIG[QT, KDNANBMC QL MJIGWG UIEQ MOLNFNUIE[DNFN MLUEIDNHGFN, MJIGQGB FEBHLR XLBEADEDDLR ULQLAINJEBSDLMJSR; ZJLRULQLAINJEBSDLMJSR N OIG[QLR LD IGAQIG[NB UILJNO MEXC OEBSFL[, HLJLITE N XTBNONDLODNHGFN E@L UGQEDNC. 1EIOGC LUGBG LJ ULQLAINJEBSDL@L 7LINMG ULMJN@BG 7L@QGDG7EBSMHL@L, NAOEMJDL@L DGF UL MFKJE O DGPGBE ^GIMJOLOGDNC ?ELQLIG, MLMBGDDL@L OMBEQMJONEZJLV MFKJT N OLAOIG\EDDL@L NA MMTBHN "LQKDLOTF.

=GIS ULMBGB 7EBSMHL@L MJILNJS O MJEUN @LILQ 7LINMLO; 7EBSMHNV, XKQKPN LPEDS XL@GJ, DE\GQNB NAQEI[EH QBC K@L\EDNC IGJDTW BRQEV, MJILNOYNW @LILQ, XEQDTF NA DNW QGOGB QEDS@N,UBGJSE N ZJNF AGMBK[NB LJ DNW @ILFHNE ULWOGBT. _JL MJGIGDNE 7EBSMHL@L UINLXIEMJN DGILQDKRBRXLOS, — MJGIGDNE, KOEDPGOYEEMC KMUEWLF, OLAXKQNBL ULQLAINJEBSDLMJS N ABLXK 7LINMG, JEFXLBEE PJL 7EBSMHNV XTB PEBLOEH QEVMJONJEBSDL ULQLAINJEBSDTV; 7EBSMHL@L MWOGJNBN N MLMBGBNO LQND NA QGBSDNW @LILQLO O JRISFK. 1LQLAINJEBSDLMJS 7LINMG IGAT@IGBGMS. <EBGC ADGJS, PJL@LOLICJ L DEF ADGJDTE BRQN N DE KFTYBCRJ BN PE@L!DNXKQS QKIDL@L, LD DGPGB ULL\ICJS WLBLUEVH QLDLMGF DG @LMULQ MOLNW. 3LDLMPNHN ULBKPGBN DG@IGQT, N CAOG ZJG XTMJIL IGABNBGMS, AGIGANBGBRQEV OMEW AOGDNV; MBEQMJONCFN QLDLMLO XTBN UTJHN, HGADN, AGJLPEDNC; DN UIN LQDLF @LMKQGIEJGHNW XEQ DNHJL DE ONQGB, @LOLICJ MLOIEFEDDNHN.

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— O 1EIFMHKR LXBGMJS, +OGDG *NHNJNPG — O 1EBTF, %GMNBNC *NHNJNPG— O )IEDMH; FK[G MEMJIT NW, HDCAC 7LINMG 9EIHGMMHL@L, M [EDLR N M UBEFCDDNHLF EE, MTDLF?EQLIG *NHNJNPG, FGBEDSHNF 4NWGNBLF (XKQK\NF ^GIEF), — DG 7EBLLAEIL. (LBSHL QOLE NAXIGJSEO UEIE[NBN MOLE DEMPGMJSE — ?NBGIEJ N +OGD *NHNJNP; LMJGBSDTE ULFEIBN LJ[EMJLHLMJN UINMJGOLO, LJUIGOBEDDTW M DNFN O FEMJG AGJLPEDNC.

>!2!- + 0#74!+. % JL OIEFC HGH QLDLMPNHN MONIEUMJOLOGBN O 4LMHOE, MJIGYDLE ]NANPEMHLEXEQMJONE ULMJN@BL -LMMNR: LJ MNBSDTW DEKIL[GEO O UILQLB[EDNE JIEW BEJ, M 1601 QL 1604,MQEBGBMC @LBLQ DEXTOGBTV, H HLJLILFK UINMLEQNDNBLMS E\E FLILOLE ULOEJINE. /G @LBLQLF NFLILF MBEQLOGBN IGAXLN: BRQN, MUGMGOYNEMC LJ @LBLQDLV MFEIJN, MLMJGOBCBN YGVHN, PJLXOLLIK[EDDLR IKHLR HLIFNJSMC DG MPEJ QIK@NW. 1IENFK\EMJOEDDL ZJN YGVHN MLMJGOBCBNMS NA

86

WLBLUEV, HLJLITFN DGULBDEDT XTBN QLFG ADGJDTW N XL@GJTW BRQEV. %L OIEFC @LBLQG, DGVQCLXIEFEDNJEBSDTF QBC MEXC HLIFNJS JLBUK WLBLUEV, @LMULQG OT@LDCBN NW LJ MEXC; PNMBL ZJNWWLBLUEV, BNYEDDTW UINRJG N MIEQMJO H UILUNJGDNR, KOEBNPNBLMS E\E WLBLUCFN LUGBSDTW XLCI,-LFGDLOTW N QIK@NW, NXL ZJNW WLBLUEV "LQKDLO AGUIEJNB OMEF UINDNFGJS H MEXE.

_JN BRQN, NA HLJLITW FDL@NE XTBN UINOTPDT H OLEDDLFK QEBK, YBN H @IGDN^GF, O MEOEIMHKRKHIGVDK (DTDEYDNE @KXEIDNN 'IBLOMHGC, 5KIMHGC, 9EIDN@LOMHGC), HLJLIGC K[E N XEA JL@L XTBGDGULBDEDG BRQSFN, [QGOYNFN JLBSHL MBKPGC DGPGJS DEUINCJEBSMHNE QEVMJONC UILJNO@LMKQGIMJOG; E\E ^GIS +LGDD IV, [EBGC KFDL[NJS DGILQLDGMEBEDNE ZJLV MJIGDT BRQSFNOLNDMJOEDDTFN, MULMLXDTFN AG\NJNJS EE LJ JGJGI N ULBCHLO, ULAOLBCB UIEMJKUDNHGF MUGMGJSMCLJ DGHGAGDNC XE@MJOLF O KHIGNDMHNE @LILQG. %MBEQMJONE OME@L ZJL@L JEUEIS, ULMBE @LBLQG,LXIGALOGBNMS O KHIGVDE FDL@LPNMBEDDTE IGAXLVDNPSN YGVHN, LJ HLJLITW DE XTBL UILEAQG DEJLBSHL UL UKMJTF FEMJGF, DL N ULQ MGFLR 4LMHOLR; GJGFGDLF NW XTB :BLUHG 5LMLBGU. =GISOTMBGB UILJNO DNW OLVMHL ULQ DGPGBSMJOLF OLEOLQT +OGDG 7GMFGDLOG, HLJLITV MLYEBMC M:BLUHLR ULQ 4LMHOLR; IGAXLVDNHN XNBNMS LJPGCDDL N KXNBN 7GMFGDLOG; DEMFLJIC DG JL,^GIMHLE OLVMHL LQLBEBL NW; ULBKFEIJOL@L :BLUHK OACBN O UBED, JLOGIN\EV E@L, UILXNIGOYNWMCDGAGQ O KHIGVDK, BLONBN N OEYGBN, DL O KHIGVDE XTBL FDL@L NF ULQLXDTW — PEIDGC ILBS EEJLBSHL PJL DGPNDGBGMS, DGPNDGBN WLQNJS MBKWN L &GFLAOGD^E.

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̂ GIMHL@L UINHGAG, FLBLQLVFLDGW KXE[GB NA 9KQLOG FLDGMJTIC N ULMBE QLB@NW MJIGDMJOLOGDNV UL IGADTF FEMJGF UILXIGBMCAG BNJLOMHKR @IGDN^K O MLUILOL[QEDNN QOKW QIK@NW FLDGWLO.

% ULBSMHNW OBGQEDNCW LD MHNDKB M MEXC FLDGYEMHKR ICMK, ULKPNBMC DEFDL@L O YHLBE @LILQG"G\N, ULJLF ULXTOGB K HGAGHLO AGULIL[MHNW N, DGHLDE^, ULMJKUNB O MBK[XK H ULBSMHLFKOEBSFL[E HDCAR $QGFK %NYDEOE^HLFK, HLJLILFK UIN UEIOLF KQLXDLF MBKPGE LJHITB, PJL LDFLMHLOMHNV ^GIEONP 3NFNJINV, MTD ^GIC +LGDDG %GMNBSEONPG, MUGMEDDTV LJ KXNV^,ULQLMBGDDTW "LQKDLOTF, HLJLITE OFEMJL DE@L KXNBN QIK@L@L, ULQMJGOBEDDL@L IEXEDHG.

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̂ GIEONPEF, WLJC N DE UKXBNPDL,DGADGPNB EFK E[E@LQDLE MLQEI[GDNE, DL DE WLJEB ULFL@GJS EFK CODL OLVMHLF LJ NFEDNUIGONJEBSMJOG ULBSMHL@L, G ULAOLBNB OEBSFL[GF PGMJDTF LXIGALF ULFL@GJS ^GIEONPK. %EMJNQEBL ULIKPEDL XTBL 4DNYHK, HLJLITV M JLI[EMJOLF UINOEA ^GIEONPG O &GFXLI, @QE JLJUIEQBL[NB IKHK MOLR 4GINDE. 1IEQBL[EDNE XTBL UINDCJL, DL MOGQSXG LJBL[EDG QLKJOEI[QEDNC 3NFNJINC DG UIEMJLBE FLMHLOMHLF.

N,0& >!-;%!6# (0!)+6 O<,-+/+)0+$. 4DNYEH MLXIGB QBC XKQK\E@L ACJC 1600 PEBLOEH

87

OMCHL@L MXILQG O ULBSMHNW OBGQEDNCW, DL ULQLXDTW BRQEV XTBL FDL@L O MJEUCW N KHIGVDGW4LMHLOMHL@L @LMKQGIMJOG; MBEQLOGJEBSDL, MNBSDGC ULFL\S [QGBG &GFLAOGD^G OUEIEQN.4LMHLOMHNE XE@BE^T, NMHGOYNE MBKPGC XEALUGMDL N M OT@LQLR OLAOIGJNJSMC O LJEPEMJOL, UEIOTEUINEWGBN H DEFK N UILOLA@BGMNBN NMJNDDTF ̂ GIEONPEF; QLDMHNE HGAGHN, MJEMDEDDTE UIN 7LINMEXLBEE PEF HL@QG!BNXL UIE[QE, LJHBNHDKBNMS JGH[E DEFEQBEDDL DG UINATO #[EQNFNJINC. 5GHMHLIL #[EQNFNJINV LX`CONBMC O 1LBSYE, JL MBKWN LX DEF DGPGBN M IGADTW MJLILD UINWLQNJS O4LMHOK. 7LINM LX`CONB UICFL XLCIGF, PJL ZJL LDN ULQMJGONBN &GFLAOGD^G, N DGPGB UINDNFGJSFEIT UILJNO MJIGYDL@L OIG@G, HLJLIL@L DEBSAC XTBL MLHIKYNJS LQDLR OLEDDLR MNBLR.'JUIGOBEDT XTBN @IGFLJT O 1LBSYK H HLILBR, OEBSFL[GF, OLEOLQGF UL@IGDNPDTF MLX`COBEDNEF, PJL JLJ, HJL DGATOGEJ MEXC ^GIEONPEF 3NFNJINEF, EMJS XE@BTV FLDGW 'JIEUSEO.% 4LMHOE UGJINGIW +LO N HDCAS %GMNBNV >KVMHNV K@LOGINOGBN DGILQ DE OEINJS MBKWGF L^GIEONPE; UGJINGIW UILHBCB "INYHK 'JIEUSEOG ML OMEFN E@L UINOEI[ED^GFN N IGALMBGB ULLXBGMJCF @IGFLJT M NAOEMJNEF LX ZJLF UILHBCJNN N M KOE\GDNEF DE OEINJS MUGMEDNR ̂ GIEONPG.

*L MIEQMJOG ZJN LHGAGBNMS J\EJDTFN: MEOEIMHGC KHIGVDG OLBDLOGBGMS LJ ULQFEJDTW @IGFLJ#[EQNFNJINEOTW; OLEOLQT ^GIMHNE UICFL @LOLINBN, PJL „JIKQDL OLEOGJS UILJNO UINILQDL@L@LMKQGIC“ (J. E. UILJNO 3NFNJINC); O 4LMHOE DG UNIGW UNBN AQLILOSE 3NFNJINC.

J8);(2,%+, O<,-+/+)0+$ 6 /!8"!68"+, (0,-,2&. % LHJCXIE 1604 @LQG #[EQNFNJINVOLYEB O LXBGMJN 4LMHLOMHL@L @LMKQGIMJOG. &EOEIMHNE @LILQG DGPGBN EFK MQGOGJSMC, DE MQGBMCLQND *LO@LILQ &EOEIMHNV, @QE AGMEB OLEOLQG 1EJI ?EQLILONP 7GMFGDLO, BRXNFE^ ̂ GIC 7LINMG.7LINM OTMBGB OLVMHL ULQ DGPGBSMJOLF UEIOL@L XLCINDG, HDCAC 4MJNMBGOMHL@L, HLJLITV MLYEBMCM OLVMHGFN &GFLAOGD^G ULQ *LO@LILQLF &EOEIMHNF; DEMFLJIC DG FGBLPNMBEDDLMJS MOLE@LOLVMHG O MIGODEDNN M OLVMHLF ^GIMHNF, &GFLAOGDE^ IGAXNB 4MJNMBGOMHL@L, NXL K IKMMHNW,ULIG[EDDTW MLFDEDNEF — DE MIG[GRJMC BN LDN UILJNO AGHLDDL@L @LMKQGIC? — DE XTBL IKHQBC MEPN, HGH @LOLICJ LPEONQ^T. (GH HGH 4MJNMBGOMHNV XTB IGDED O XNJOE, JL OFEMJL DE@LDGPGBSMJOLOGJS DGQ OLVMHLF XTB UINMBGD HDCAS %GMNBNV +OGDLONP >KVMHNV.

&GFLAOGDE^ 21 CDOGIC 1605 @LQG KQGINB DG ^GIMHLE OLVMHL UIN 3LXITDNPGW, DL, DEMFLJICDG WIGXILMJS DELXTHDLOEDDKR, ULJEIUEB ULIG[EDNE OMBEQMJONE FDL@LPNMBEDDLMJN UKYEH O^GIMHLF OLVMHE. "LQKDLO MNBSDL LXIGQLOGBMC, QKFGB, PJL QEBL M &GFLAOGD^EF HLDPEDL, DLIGQLMJS E@L DE XTBG UILQLB[NJEBSDG, NXL MHLIL UINYBN OEMJN, PJL &GFLAOGDE^ DE NMJIEXBED,G KMNBNOGEJMC; 4000 QLDMHNW HGAGHLO CONBNMS H DEFK O 1KJNOBS, @QE AGUEIMC LD, G FE[QK JEFFLMHLOMHNE OLEOLQT DNPE@L DE MQEBGBN, DE ULBSALOGBNMS MOLER ULXEQLR.

@/,0)A G!0+8# + (0!6!7.2#H,%+, O<,-+/+)0+$ =#0,/. % JGHLF DEIEYNJEBSDLFULBL[EDNN DGWLQNBNMS QEBG, HL@QG 13 GUIEBC 1605 @LQG KFEI ̂ GIS 7LINM MHLILULMJN[DL. 1LMBEDE@L LMJGBMC MTD ?ELQLI, HLJLIL@L OME MONQEJEBSMJOG EQNDL@BGMDL LMTUGRJ ULWOGBGFN HGHFLBLQL@L PEBLOEHG, DGKPEDDL@L OMCHLV UIEFKQILMJN, NXL QEVMJONJEBSDL LJE^ KMUEB QGJS EFKWLILYEE UL OIEFEDN N UL MIEQMJOGF LXIGALOGDNE. <NJEBN 4LMHOT MULHLVDL UINMC@DKBN?ELQLIK. 5 OLVMHK OFEMJL >KVMHL@L, LJLAOGDDL@L O 4LMHOK, LJUIGOBED XTB 7GMFGDLO,UILMBGONOYNVMC AG\NJLR *LO@LILQG &EOEIMHL@L. *L 7GMFGDLO KONQGB, PJL DNPE@L DEBSAC XTBLMQEBGJS M OLVMHLF, HLJLILE N UIE[QE DE NFEBL IKH LJ DEQLKFEDNC, G JEUEIS E\E XLBEE — XTBLLMBGXBEDL DIGOMJOEDDL OMBEQMJONE MFEIJN 7LINMG. %NQC ZJL, ONQC, PJL OLEOLQT MGFTEMULMLXDTE, FL@YNE UINQGJS LQKYEOBEDNE OLVMHK, DE WLJCJ "LQKDLOG, 7GMFGDLO IEYNBMCNAFEDNJS MTDK MOLE@L XBG@LQEJEBC N OFEMJE M HDCASCFN "LBN^TDTFN (%GMNBSEF N +OGDLF%GMNBSEONPGFN) N 4NWGNBLF "BEXLONPEF &GBJTHLOTF 7 FGC LX`CONB OLVMHK, PJL NMJNDDTV^GIS EMJS 3NFNJINV, N ULBHN XEA MLUILJNOBEDNC UILOLA@BGMNBN E@L @LMKQGIEF.

&GFLAOGDE^ QONDKBMC UL QLIL@E O 4LMHOK, @QE 1 NRDC 1BE\EEO N 1KYHND OLAFKJNBN DGILQN MOEBN M UIEMJLBG ̂ GIC ?ELQLIG; MHLIL UINEWGBN O 4LMHOK NA MJGDG &GFLAOGD^G HDCASC %GMNBNV"LBN^TD N %GMNBNV 4GMGBSMHNV, MOEI@DKBN UGJINGIWG +LOG, IGALMBGBN O AGJLPEDNE "LQKDLOTWN ILQMJOEDDNHLO NW N AOEIMHN KFEIJONBN ̂ GIC ?ELQLIG 7LINMLONPG N FGJS E@L, ̂ GIN^K 4GISR;^GIEODG 5MEDNC 7LINMLODG LMJGBGMS O [NOTW N ULMBE XTBG ULMJIN[EDG ULQ NFEDEF 'BS@N.

88

"#$%$ XXX=$-&(%'%$*+, #<,3+4+(-+)

20 NRDC 1605 @LQG #[EQNFNJINV M JLI[EMJOLF O`EWGB O 4LMHOK. 7L@QGD 7EBSMHNV, MDLOGOLAOIG\EDDTV O 4LMHOK, JLI[EMJOEDDL M #LXDL@L FEMJG MONQEJEBSMJOLOGB UEIEQ DGILQLF, PJLDLOTV ^GIS EMJS NMJNDDTV 3NFNJINV. *L QIK@LE OJNWLFLBHK MONQEJEBSMJOLOGB HDCAS %GMNBNV>KVMHNV: LD ULIKPNB LQDLFK HKU^K N LQDLFK BEHGIR IGA@BGYGJS O DGILQE, PJL DLOTV ^GIS —MGFLAOGDE^. 7GMFGDLO KADGB L MBKWGW, KADGB, LJ HL@L LDN NQKJ, N QLDEM ^GIR. >KVMHNV XTBMWOGPED, N #[EQNFNJINV LJQGB QEBL DG MKQ MLXLIK NA QKWLOEDMJOG, OEBSFL[ N UILMJTW BRQEV;MLXLI LMKQNB >KVMHL@L DG MFEIJS; K[E XTB LD OTOEQED DG FEMJL HGADN, HGH UINMHGHGB @LDE^ MLX`COBEDNEF ULFNBLOGDNC; >KVMHL@L OFEMJE M XIGJSCFN MLMBGBN O @GBN^HNE UIN@LILQT, DL,UIE[QE DE[EBN LDN QLMJN@BN FEMJG MMTBHN, NW OLAOIGJNBN O 4LMHOK, LJQGBN NFEDNE N XLCIMJOL.

+AOEMJNJS LXBGMJN L OLMYEMJONN DG UIEMJLB DLOL@L ^GIC QLB[ED XTB UGJINGIW; JGH HGH+LO XTB MOEI@DKJ, JL DG E@L FEMJL OLAOEBN ICAGDMHL@L GIWNEUNMHLUG +@DGJNC, ILQLF @IEHG,HLJLITV UEIOTV NA GIWNEIEEO UINADGB #[EQNFNJINC NMJNDDTF ^GIEF. *L UINADGDNE +@DGJNCDE FL@BL LHLDPGJEBSDL KJOEIQNJS DLOL@L ̂ GIC DG UIEMJLBE; ZJL FL@BL MQEBGJS JLBSHL UINADGDNEFGJEIN, ̂ GIN^T 4GI]T. ,E UINOEABN O 4LMHOK, #[EQNFNJINV OMJIEJNB EE O MEBE (GVDNDMHLF,NFEB MONQGDNE DGEQNDE, O YGJIE, ULMBE PE@L DGILQ XTB MONQEJEBEF OAGNFDTW DE[DLMJEV FGJEINN MTDG. %MHLIE UL UINEAQE FGJEIN #[EQNFNJINV OEDPGBMC DG ̂ GIMJOL UL LXTHDLOEDDLFK LXICQK,UINPEF LX`COBEDT XTBN FNBLMJN FDNFTF ILQMJOEDDNHGF ^GIMHNF, @LDNFTF UIN "LQKDLOE,*G@NF N -LFGDLOTF. ?NBGIEJ *NHNJNP -LFGDLO XTB MQEBGD ILMJLOMHNF FNJILULBNJLF.

*E UILWLQNBL QDC, O HLJLITV XT ^GIS DE UINMKJMJOLOGB O QKFE, @QE KQNOBCB XLCI AQIGOTFMFTMBLF, DGWLQPNOLMJSR UIN IEYEDNN JIKQDTW QEB, DGPNJGDDLMJSR; KHGATOGC DG DEOE[EMJOLXLCI, LD LXE\GB ULAOLBNJS NF EAQNJS O PK[NE AEFBN QBC LXIGALOGDNC; LX`CONB, PJL WLPEJQEI[GJS DGILQ O ULONDLOEDNN DE MJIL@LMJSR, DL \EQILMJSR. ,MBN N DG "LQKDLOG MNBSDL[GBLOGBNMS AG JL, PJL LD LPEDS BRXNB NDLMJIGD^EO, LJPE@L DGPGBLMS ULQIG[GDNE NDLMJIGDDTFLXTPGCF, JL @LIGAQL XLBSYE ULOLQLO H ULQLXDTF [GBLXGF ULQGOGB #[EQNFNJINV, HLJLITV,ULXTOGO MGF DG PK[LV MJLILDE, UINMJIGMJNBMC H JGFLYDNF LXTPGCF N UL [NOLMJN UINILQTMOLEV DE FL@ MLLXIGALOGJSMC M ^EIEFLDDLR, MNQCPER [NADSR UIE[DNW ^GIEV.

<EBGDNE HGH FL[DL MHLIEE ONQEJS DEOEMJK MOLR O 4LMHOE, IGODL HGH [EBGDNE XTJS O MLRAEc HGJLBNPEMHNFN QEI[GOGFN QBC LX\EV OLVDT UILJNO JKILH, AGMJGOBCBN #[EQNFNJINC QLIL[NJSQIK[XLR ULBSMHL@L HLILBC &N@NAFKDQG, DL LD DE WLJEB QBC ZJLV QIK[XT [EIJOLOGJS OT@LQGFNMOLE@L @LMKQGIMJOG: JGH, O K@LQK HLILBR LD DE JLBSHL DE WLJEB LJHGAGJSMC LJ JNJKBG ^GIC, DLE\E UINDCB JNJKB NFUEIGJLIG, LX`CONB, PJL DE KMJKUNJ DN HBLPHG IKMMHLV AEFBN 1LBSYE; OMDLYEDNCW M UGULR #[EQNFNJINV JGH[E KHBLDCBMC LJ LXCAGJEBSMJOG OOEMJN HGJLBN^NAF O4LMHLOMHLE @LMKQGIMJOL. *EMFLJIC DG JL, UINEAQ O 4LMHOK 4GINDT 4DNYEH ML FDL[EMJOLFULBCHLO, HLJLITE OEBN MEXC QEIAHL, [EDNJSXG ^GIC DG ULBSHE DEHIE\EDLV OLAXK[QGBNDEKQLOLBSMJONE O 4LMHOE, HLJLITF MUEYNB OLMULBSALOGJSMC HDCAS %GMNBNV >KVMHNV OFEMJE MQIK@NFN XLCIGFN.

>KVMHNV UL @LISHLFK LUTJK ADGB, PJL DEBSAC ULQONDKJS DGILQG UILJNO ^GIC LQDNFIGMUK\EDDLF MBKWLO L MGFLAOGDMJOE, ADGB, PJL XLBSYNDMJOL FLMHLOMHL@L DGILQG UIEQGDL#[EQNFNJINR HGH @LMKQGIR QLXILFK N BGMHLOLFK, N ULJLFK DGPGB QEVMJOLOGJS M XLBSYLRLMJLIL[DLMJSR. 'MLXEDDL DGQECBMC LD DG LMSFDGQ^GJNJTMCPDLE OLVMHL, MLXIGDDLE ULQ4LMHOLR ̂ GIEF QBC UIEQULBG@GOYE@LMC ULWLQG DG 5ITF; QBC XEALUGMDLMJN [E LJ XLBSYNDMJOGFLMHONPEV, UIEQGDDTW #[EQNFNJINR, AG@LOLI\NHN ULBL[NBN UL UEIOLFK DGXGJK XILMNJSMCOL QOLIE^, M HINHLF: „1LBCHN XSRJ @LMKQGIC!“ — LHIK[NJS ̂ GIC HGH XKQJL QBC AG\NJT N KXNJSE@L. *EMFLJIC, LQDGHL, DG ZJK LMJLIL[DLMJS N WNJILMJS, KFTMEB BE@HL FL@ XT DE NFEJS KMUEWG,EMBN XT AG@LOLI\NHGF DE ULFL@BG DELXTHDLOEDDGC QLOEIPNOLMJS #[EQNFNJINC, HLJLITV

89

MFECBMC DGQ ULBCHGFN, KOEQLFBCOYNFN E@L L DGILQDLF OLBDEDNN, DE WLJEB UINDNFGJS DNHGHNWQLDLMLO LJ DEFE^HNW JEBLWIGDNJEBEV N UIEDEXIE@ OMEFN FEIGFN LMJLIL[DLMJN.

17 FGC 1606 @LQG LHLBL PEJTIEW PGMLO KJIG IGAQGBMC DGXG@ O 4LMHOE, N JLBUT AG@LOLI\NHLOWBTDKBN DG 5IGMDKR UBL\GQS, @QE K[E MNQEBN DG HLDCW XLCIE. >KVMHNV ULOEB DGILQ O 5IEFBS„DG ABL@L EIEJNHG“, HGH LD OTIGANBMC. #[EQNFNJINV UILMDKBMC LJ DGXGJG N OTMBGB 7GMFGDLOGMUIGONJSMC, O PEF QEBL. 7GMFGDLO O LJPGCDNN UINXE[GB DGAGQ H ^GIR, HINPG, PJL OMC 4LMHOGMLXIGBGMS DG DE@L. 5L@QG K[E XLCIE OLYBN OL QOLIE^, JL 7GMFGDLO OTYEB H DNF N MJGBK@LOGINOGJS NW DE OTQGOGJS DGILQK #[EQNFNJINC, DL XTB KXNJ. #[EQNFNJINV KONQEB, PJLMLUILJNOBEDNE XEMULBEADL, OTMHLPNB NA LHDG N IGAXNBMC. &JIEBS^T, MJLCOYNE DG HGIGKBE,ULQDCBN E@L, UINOEBN O PKOMJOL N UINDCBN XTBL E@L MJLILDK, DL AG@LOLI\NHN AGHINPGBN: „1LVQEFO &JIEBE^HKR MBLXLQK, NMJIEXNF MEFEVMJOG MJIEBS^LO, EMBN LDN DE WLJCJ DGF OTQGJSLXFGD\NHG“. &JIEBS^T NMUK@GBNMS N MHGAGBN XLCIGF: „&UILMNF ^GIN^K: EMBN LDG MHG[EJ, PJLLD DE MTD EV, JL 7L@ O DEF OLBED“. &GF #[EQNFNJINV JIEXLOGB, PJLX MUILMNBN FGJS E@L NBNOTOEBN E@L DG #LXDLE FEMJL N QGBN LX`CMDNJSMC M DGILQLF. *L LX`CMDNJSMC EFK DE QGBN; UINYEBHDCAS "LBN^TD N MHGAGB, PJL ̂ GIN^G 4GI]G DGATOGEJ MOLNF MTDLF JL@L, HLJLITV KXNJ O ;@BNPE,G LJ ZJL@L LJIEHGEJMC. (L@QG #[EQNFNJINC KXNBN, N JIKU E@L OFEMJE M JIKULF 7GMFGDLOGOTMJGONBN DG 5IGMDLV UBL\GQN O FGMHE M QKQHLR N OLBTDHLR. 4E[QK JEF QIK@NE JLBUT DGILQGXNBN ULBCHLO. (EMJS MGFLAOGD^G 4DNYEH M ILQMJOEDDNHGFN, IGODL HGH ULMBT HLILBEOMHNE,UINEWGOYNE DG MOGQSXK, XTBN MUGMEDT XLCIGFN, 4GINDK JGH[E DE JILDKBN N LJOEABN NA QOLI^GH LJ^K.

(LJ, HJL DGATOGBMC ^GIEF 3NFNJINEF, XTB KXNJ; DGPGBN QKFGJS LX NAXIGDNN DLOL@L ^GIC.%NQDEE OMEW XLCI FLMHLOMHNW UL KFK, ZDEI@NN, ADGJDLMJN ILQG XTBN QOG HDCAC, %GMNBNV +OGDLONP>KVMHNV N %GMNBNV %GMNBSEONP "LBN^TD; LXG NFEBN MNBSDTE MJLILDT, DL "LBN^TD DE FL@ MKMUEWLF XLILJSMC UILJNO >KVMHL@L, HLJLITV @LIGAQL XLBSYE OTQGBMC OUEIEQ O ULMBEQDEEOIEFC; LD XTB UEIOTF LXBNPNJEBEF MGFLAOGD^G, @BGOLR AG@LOLIG, OL[QEF DGILQG UILJNO ABL@LEIEJNHG. 3BC BRQEV, MLOEIYNOYNW ULMBEQDNV UEIEOLILJ, HJL FL@ XTJS BKPYNF ^GIEF, HGH DEOL[QS NW O ZJLF QEBE? 7LCIE WLJEBN MLAOGJS OTXLIDTW NA OMEW @LILQLO, PJLX UL MLOEJK OMEVAEFBN NAXIGD XTB @LMKQGIS JGHLV, HLJLITV XTB XT OMEF BRX. *L >KVMHNV DE WLJEB QL[NQGJSMCMLXLIG, DE XKQKPN KOEIED, PJL MLXLI HLDPNJMC O E@L ULBSAK, NXL QEBL NMJIEXBEDNC MGFLAOGD^G,HLJLITF LD UILMBGONBMC, XTBL QEBL PNMJL FLMHLOMHLE, QG N DE OME FLMHONPN E@L LQLXICBN. 19FGC KJILF DG 5IGMDLV UBL\GQN JLBUNBMC DGILQ, JLPDL JGH [E HGH N 17 FGC.

%TYBN XLCIE N QKWLOEDMJOL N UIEQBL[NBN NAXIGJS UGJINGIWG (NXL +@DGJNV XTB MOEI@DKJHGH UINOEI[EDE^ #[EQNFNJINC) N IGALMBGBN @IGFLJT QBC MLAOGDNC MLOEJDTW BRQEV NA @LILQLODG MLXLI, HLJLITV QLB[ED NAXIGJS @LMKQGIC. *L O DGILQE AGHINPGBN, PJL ̂ GIS DK[DEE UGJINGIWG,G ^GIEF QLB[ED XTJS HDCAS %GMNBNV +OGDLONP >KVMHNV. _JLFK HINHK DNHJL DE MFEBUILJNOLIEPNJS, N >KVMHNV XTB UILOLA@BGYED ^GIEF, ULMBE PE@L O UGJINGIWN XTB NAXIGD"EIFL@ED, FNJILULBNJ HGAGDMHNV.

"#$%$ :::I=$-&(%'%$*+, %$&+#+) +'$**'%+9$ >;0&5'"'

C0+*+%& %!6&D 8/;). %MJKUNOYN DG UIEMJLB, >KVMHNV ^EBLOGB HIEMJ, PJL EFK, „DE LMKQCNMJNDDTF MKQLF M XLCIGFN MOLNFN, DNHL@L MFEIJN DE UIEQGOGJS, OLJPND, QOLI N NFEDNC K XIGJSEO,[EDT N QEJEV UIEMJKUDNHG DE LJDNFGJS, EMBN LDN DE ONDLOGJT, QLDLMLO BL[DTW DE MBKYGJS, DLNMMBEQLOGJS OMCHLE QEBL HGH FL[DL LXMJLCJEBSDEE, G BL[DTW QLDLMPNHLO HGADNJS, MFLJIC ULONDE, HGHKR OLAOEBN DG QIK@L@L“. -GALMBGDG XTBG UL LXBGMJCF @IGFLJG LJ NFEDN XLCI N OMEWBRQEV FLMHLOMHNW M NAOEMJNEF L @NXEBN #[EQNFNJINC N OLAOEQEDNN DG UIEMJLB >KVMHL@L. %ZJLV @IGFLJE @LOLINBLMS, PJL "INYHG 'JIEUSEO LOBGQEB ^GIMJOLF M XEMLOMHLV ULFL\SR, OMEW

90

BRQEV UIEBSMJNB PEIDLHDN[EMJOLF.*L ZJG MJIGDDGC @IGFLJG FL@BG UILNAOEMJN JLBSHL DEQLKFEDNE O [NJEBCW LXBGMJEV: DEQGODL

NAOE\GBN NW NA 4LMHOT, "LQKDLO MOEI@DKJ NMJNDDTF ^GIEF 3NFNJINEF; JEUEIS KOEICRJ PJLZJLJ 3NFNJINV XTB LXFGD\NH, ABLQEV, EIEJNH N PEIDLHDN[DNH; LX`COBCRJ, PJL LD UL@NX AGMOLE ABLQEVMJOL; DL HGH UL@NX — ZJL LMJGEJMC JGVDLV; LX`COBCRJ, PJL NAXIGD DLOTV ̂ GIS; DL NHEF? — DENAOEMJDL; MLOEJDTE BRQN NA LXBGMJEV DE KPGMJOLOGBN O NAXIGDNN >KVMHL@L: DLOTV^GIS MEB DG UIEMJLB JGVHLF AEFBN, M DGIKYEDNEF ]LIFT K[E MOC\EDDLV, UL HLJLILV ^GIS, ULDGMBEQMJOK OMJKUGR\NV DG UIEMJLB, QLB[ED XTB OTXNIGJS UL MLOEJK OMEV AEFBN, G DE LQDNWFLMHONPEV. (GHNF LXIGALF, NAOEMJNJEBSDGC @IGFLJG >KVMHL@L ULIL[QGBG JLBSHLDEKQLOLBSMJONE N DEQLOEIPNOLMJS; DE QLOEICC PEBLOEHK, HLJLITV XEA OEQLFG OMEW MEB DG UIEMJLB,DE ADGBN, HLFK JEUEIS OEINJS, N DGMJKUNBL 8/;)%!, OIEFC.

*L EMBN O LXBGMJCW XTBN DEQLOLBSDT, JL FDL@L DEQLOLBSDTW XTBL N O 4LMHOE. *GILQ XTBDEQLOLBED JEF, PJL M OL^GIEDNEF >KVMHL@L XLCIE MJGBN NFEJS @LIGAQL XLBSYE OBGMJN, PEF MGF^GIS; DEHLJLITE NA XLCI XTBN DEQLOLBSDT, ULJLFK PJL MGFN WLJEBN XTJS DG UIEMJLBE; QIK@NEDE WLJEBN ONQEJS ^GIEF >KVMHL@L UL UIE[DNF LJDLYEDNCF; BRQN, KPGMJOLOGOYNE O UL@NXEBN#[EQNFNJINC N UILOLA@BGMNOYNE ^GIEF >KVMHL@L, XTBN DEQLOLBSDT, ULJLFK PJL >KVMHNVXTB MHKULV MJGINH N DE LMTUGB NW FNBLMJCFN. *L OME ZJN DEQLOLBSDTE DE FL@BN LJOG[NJSMCUICFL DG MOEI[EDNE >KVMHL@L, NXL DEHL@L XTBL OTMJGONJS BKPYE@L DG E@L FEMJL. 3BC OMEWDEQLOLBSDTW DK[ED XTB UIEQBL@ H OLMMJGDNR, DK[DL XTBL BN^L, OL NFC HLJLIL@L FL[DL XTBLQEVMJOLOGJS, BN^L MJLBS FL@K\EMJOEDDLE, PJLX FL@BL MOEI@DKJS >KVMHL@L, N OFEMJE MJLBSDNPJL[DLE, PJLX DE FL@BL XTJS UIEUCJMJONEF QBC QLMJN[EDNC HG[QLFK MOLEV ^EBN; LQDNFMBLOLF, DK[ED XTB MGFLAOGDE^: >KVMHL@L FL[DL XTBL MOEI@DKJS JLBSHL JGH, HGH MOEI@DKJXTB "LQKDLO.

*L HILFE DEQLOLBSDTW FLMHLOMHNW, [EBGOYNW NFEJS UIEQBL@ H OLMMJGDNR UILJNO >KVMHL@L,MGFLAOGDE^ PIEAOTPGVDL ULDIGONBMC HGAGHGF, HLJLITE KONQGBN O DEF MIEQMJOL FKPNJS@LMKQGIMJOL N [NJS XEADGHGAGDDL DG E@L MPEJ; E\E UIN [NADN #[EQNFNJINC JEIMHNE HGAGHN([NOYNE DG IEHE (EIEH) UILOLA@BGMNBN LQDL@L NA MOLNW, FKILF^G +BSR 5LILONDG, ^GIEONPEF1EJILF, MTDLF ^GIC ?ELQLIG +LGDDLONPG, HLJLIL@L XKQJL XT "LQKDLO ULQFEDNB DG QEOLPHK?ELQLMNR. *L HILFE ZJL@L ^GIEONPG 1EJIG MHLIL CONBMC LUCJS N QCQC E@L, ^GIS 3NFNJINV.

J!88)#%+, F<%&D !42#8),' 6 (!2A7; 8#/!76#%=#. 17 FGC, HL@QG AG@LOLI\NHN XTBNAGDCJT NMJIEXBEDNEF MGFLAOGD^G N ULBCHLO, LQND NA UINOEI[ED^EO #[EQNFNJINC, 4LBPGDLO,KMUEB MHITJSMC NA QOLI^G, NA 4LMHOT N DGUIGONB UKJS H BNJLOMHNF @IGDN^GF, OEAQE IGMUKMHGCUL QLIL@E MBKWN, PJL LD ̂ GIS 3NFNJINV, MUGMGR\NVMC LJ KXNV^. % MGFLV 4LMHOE O DGILQE ULYBNMBKWN L OLAFL[DLMJN ZJL@L MUGMEDNC; FGMHG, DGQEJGC DG BN^L FEIJOL@L #[EQNFNJINC, ULQGBGULOLQ H JLBHGF, PJL JKJ MHITOGBGMS ULQMJGDLOHG; JEF XLBEE FL@BN OEINJS O MUGMEDNE 3NFNJINC[NJEBN LXBGMJEV, HLJLITE DNPE@L DE ADGBN.

&GF >KVMHNV ONQEB, PJL EFK DEBSAC IGAKOEINJS DGILQ HGMGJEBSDL MBKWLO L MUGMEDNN#[EQNFNJINC N PJL @LIGAQL XBG@LIGAKFDEE OLLIK[NJSMC UILJNO UIGO E@L, QGXT MGFLAOGDE^, NMUGMYNVMC, UL FDEDNR DEHLJLITW, LJ KXNV^, LMJGOGBMC OME [E MGFLAOGD^EF. 3BC ZJL@L >KVMHNVOEBEB M XLBSYNF JLI[EMJOLF UEIEDEMJN NA ;@BNPG O 4LMHOK FL\N ^GIEONPG 3NFNJINC N MGFDEM NW OMER 4LMHOLR QL $IWGD@EBSMHL@L MLXLIG, UILMBGOBCC MOCJLMJS DEONDDL@L FBGQED^G,UGQYE@L ULQ DL[GFN KXNV^, DL O 4LMHOE ULFDNBN LPEDS WLILYL, PJL ZJLJ [E MGFTV >KVMHNVLX`CONB, PJL ^GIEONP KFEIJONB MGF MEXC O UINUGQHE UGQKPEV XLBEADN.

>KVMHLFK DE OEINBN. *GILQ XTB O DEQLKFEDNN; LUCJS, HGH UIN ULCOBEDNN UEIOL@LMGFLAOGD^G, LD XTB ULIG[ED DIGOMJOEDDTF XEMMNBNEF, NXL PEBLOEH DEQLKFEOGR\NV,DEKOEIEDDTV DE MULMLXED H QEVMJONR JOEIQLFK N IEYNJEBSDLFK. *L O JL OIEFC HGH K QLXITWXTBN LJDCJT JGHNF LXIGALF IKHN, K ABTW, LXIGQLOGOYNWMC MFKJE, IKHN IGAOCATOGBNMS DG ABTEQEBG. %LAFKJNBGMS MEOEIMHGC KHIGVDG UL UINATOK UKJNOBSMHL@L OLEOLQT, HDCAC "IN@LINC>GWLOMHL@L; JGF, O MEOEIMHLV MJIGDE, ULQBE >GWLOMHL@L DGPNDGEJ N@IGJS OG[DKR ILBS +OGD7LBLJDNHLO, UIE[QE XTOYNV WLBLULF N JEUEIS DEQGODL OLAOIGJNOYNVMC NA JGJGIMHL@L UBEDG.7LBLJDNHLO LXIGJNBMC H ULQLXDTF MEXE, LXE\GC OLBR, XL@GJMJOL N ULPEMJN ULQ ADGFEDGFN

91

3NFNJINC, N ULQ ZJN ADGFEDG DGPGBN MJEHGJSMC UIEMJKUDNHN, MUGMYNEMC O KHIGVDK LJ DGHGAGDNC,XE@BTE WLBLUN N HIEMJSCDE, HGAGHN; H DNF UINMJGOGBN O @LILQGW ULMGQMHNE BRQN N MJIEBS^T.'DN DGPGBN O @LILQGW WOGJGJS OLEOLQ N MG[GJS NW O JRISFT; HIEMJSCDE N WLBLUN DGPGBN DGUGQGJSDG @LMULQ MOLNW, FK[PND KXNOGBN, [ED N QLPEIEV AGMJGOBCBN OTWLQNJS AG MEXC AGFK[.

=GIMHNE OLVMHG, OTMBGDDTE UILJNO 7LBLJDNHLOG, XTBN ULIG[EDT, XLCIMHNV MTD 1GYHLOOLAFKJNB (KBK, %EDEO N 5GYNIK; OLEOLQG &KDXKBLO N QOLICDND 1ILHL]NV #CUKDLO OLAFKJNBNHDC[EMJOL -CAGDMHLE. *G OLMJLHE, UL %LB@E, O 1EIFN, %CJHE, OLMMJGBN JGH[E HIEMJSCDE, WLBLUN,NDLILQ^T; ULQDCBGMS AG #[EQNFNJINC N LJQGBEDDGC $MJIGWGDS.

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

1BEFCDDNH ^GIMHNV, FLBLQLV QGILONJTV OLEOLQG HDCAS 4NWGNBG %GMNBSEONP &HLUND!>KVMHNV, ULIGANB 7LBLJDNHLOG XBG@LQGIC LMLXEDDL LJMJKUBEDNR LJ DE@L 1GYHLOG M QOLICDGFN.7LBLJDNHLO UINDK[QED XTB XE[GJS DG R@ N AGUEIMC O (KBE, HKQG UINYBN H DEFK HGAG^HNVMGFLAOGDE^ #[EUEJI N >GWLOMHNV. (L@QG >KVMHNV UINDCB FEIT IEYNJEBSDTE: LD MLXIGB QL100000 PEBLOEH OLVMHG N O FGE 1607 @LQG MGF ULOEB E@L LMG[QGJS (KBK. 'MG[QEDDTE UNMGBN O1LBSYK H QIKASCF 4DNYEHG, PJLX JE OTMBGBN NF DEUIEFEDDL HGHL@L!DNXKQS #[EQNFNJINC, NOJLILV #[EQNFNJINV DGHLDE^ CONBMC. 5GHL@L LD XTB UILNMWL[QEDNC — DLMNBNMS IGADTE MBKWN,DL OEIDL@L FE[QK DNFN DE XTBL DN LQDL@L; NAOEMJDL LX DEF JLBSHL JL, PJL LD XTB PEBLOEHKFDTV, @IGFLJDTV N @BKXLHL IGAOIG\EDDTV. 'D LJHITBMC [NJEBCF &JGILQKXG, JE UILOLA@BGMNBNE@L JLJPGM [E @LMKQGIEF, N OMC MEOEIMHGC MJIGDG ULMBEQLOGBG NW UINFEIK. 'HLBL MGFLAOGD^GDGPGBG MLXNIGJSMC QIK[NDG, KFDL[GOYGCMC OTWLQ^GFN NA #NJOT; DL M ZJLR FGBLPNMBEDDLRQIK[NDLR #[EQNFNJINV DE FL@ NQJN DG LMOLXL[QEDNE (KBT, N KPGMJS EE XTBG IEYEDG:KQIKPGEFTE @LBLQLF, LMG[QEDDTE UINDK[QEDT XTBN MQGJSMC; >GWLOMHL@L MLMBGBN O UKMJTDSDG 5KXEDMHLE LAEIL, 7LBLJDNHLOG KJLUNBN, #[EUEJIG ULOEMNBN.

@#/!76#%,= 6 ?;H+%,. >KVMHNV M JLI[EMJOLF OLAOIGJNBMC O 4LMHOK, G FE[QK JEFMGFLAOGDE^ KMNBNOGBMC: H DEFK UINYEB NA #NJOT ADGFEDNJTV DGEAQDNH #NMLOMHNV,MUGMGR\NVMC LJ MFEIJDLV HGADN, HLJLIGC @ILANBG EFK O LJEPEMJOE, UINYBL DEMHLBSHL ADGJDTWUGDLO, NA HLJLITW HDCAS -L[NDMHNV MQEBGBMC @EJFGDLF K MGFLAOGD^G; UINYBN HGAGHNAGULIL[MHNE, QLDMHNE — ULMBEQDNE ULQ DGPGBSMJOLF /GIK^HL@L. *L HGAGHGF XTBL FGBL LQDL@LMGFLAOGD^G; K DNW CONBLMS NW DEMHLBSHL ULQ IGADTFN NFEDGFN, OME MTDLOSC N ODKHN +LGDDG"ILADL@L. _JN FEBHNE MGFLAOGD^T UILUGQGBN XEA OEMJN, G @BGODTV DGPGB KMUEYDL MOLN QEVMJONC.

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

% XNJOE ULQ MGFLR 4LMHOLR DG IEHE :LQTDHE MGFLAOGDE^ ULJEIUEB DEKQGPK; DEMFLJIC DG

92

JL, N QBC >KVMHL@L FGBL XTBL KJEYNJEBSDL@L O XKQK\EF: DN LQND ULBCH DE LMJGOBCB JKYNDMHL@LMJGDG —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

(ILN^HNV FLDGMJTIS XBG@LQGIC IEBN@NLADLFK LQKYEOBEDNR AG\NJDNHLO MOCJL@L FEMJG,AG\NJDNHLO @ILXG PKQLJOLI^EOG LJ WN\DTW NDLOEI^EO QEI[GBMC, DL FDL@NE QIK@NE @LILQGMEOEIDTE QLMJGBNMS O IKHN JKYND^GF, AGWOGPEDDTE OIGMUBLW MIEQN MFKJT, DEQLKFEDNC,MLFDEDNV, LOBGQEOYNW @IG[QGDGFN. (GH, AGWOGPEDT XTBN &KAQGBS, %BGQNFNI, 1EIECMBGOBS/GBEMMHNV, -LMJLO; O ULMBEQDEF @LILQE JKYND^T AGWOGJNBN FNJILULBNJG ?NBGIEJG N LJLMBGBNsro MGFLAOGD^K, HLJLITV OEBEB ULLOLA@BGMNJS E@L UGJINGIWLF.

-LMJLOMHNE XE@BE^T MFKJNBN N DGUK@GBN [NJEBEV )ILMBGOBC, BKPYNE NA HLJLITW, ULHNDKOQLFG, IGAXE[GBNMS, LMJGBSDTE LJUIGONBN ULONDDKR O (KYNDL. 3OGQ^GJS QOG @LILQG UINMC@DKBN^GIR JKYNDMHLFK, UL XLBSYEV PGMJN DEOLBER, AGMJN@DKJTE OIGMUBLW, KOBEHGEFTE UINFEILFQIK@NW @LILQLO, O JC[HLF DEQLKFEDNN, DG PSEV MJLILDE UIGOQG.

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

G!0A4# N!8"6& 8 ?;H+%!/. % ZJL OIEFC, HL@QG MEOEIDTE @LILQG, OTOEQEDDTE NA JEIUEDNCDGMNBNCFN JKYND^EO, NA@LDCRJ NW, NMJIEXBCRJ OLEOLQ, OEIDTW #[EQNFNJINR, HGH OIG@LO4LMHLOMHL@L @LMKQGIMJOG (NXL OLUILM L @LMKQGICW, L AGHLDDLMJN JL@L NBN QIK@L@L NA DNW UL!UIE[DEFK DE IEYED QBC [NJEBEV @LILQLO), MDGIC[GRJ IGJDTW BRQEV DG ULFL\S ZJLFK@LMKQGIMJOK, ̂ GIS FLMHLOMHNV %GMNBNV UILQLB[GEJ XLILJSMC M MLMEQLF MOLNF, ̂ GIEF JKYNDMHNF.4T ONQEBN, PJL MDGPGBG ULQ ADGFEDG MGFLAOGD^G MLXIGBNMS BRQN NA MGFTW DNAHNW MBLEODGILQLDGMEBEDNC: HIEMJSCDND YEB H MGFLAOGD^K QBC JL@L, PJLX DE XTJS XLBSYE HIEMJSCDNDLF,PJLX ULBKPNJS OT@LQDEVYEE ULBL[EDNE, MJGJS ULFE\NHLF OFEMJL UIE[DE@L MOLE@L ULFE\NHG;DL JEUEIS, HL@QG ULQBE MJGILV MJLBN^T, 4LMHOT, ULQDCBGMS QIK@GC MJLBN^G, (KYNDL, M MOLNFLMLXTF ^GIEF, K HLJLIL@L XTB MOLV QOLI, MOLE OLVMHL, MOLE KUIGOBEDNE, JL MNBSDLE QON[EDNEUILNALYBL OL OMEW MLMBLONCW: JLI@LOTV PEBLOEH YEB NA 4LMHOT O (KYNDL, PJLXT MQEBGJSMC

93

UINHGADTF PEBLOEHLF, QSCHLF; ULQSCPNV YEB, PJLX MQEBGJSMC QKFDTF QOLICDNDLF; DGHLDE^,BRQN ADGPNJEBSDTE, HDCASC, DL FLBLQTE, DE DGQECOYNEMC UL IGADTF LXMJLCJEBSMJOGF HL@QG!BNXL NBN MHLIL ULQONDKJSMC H OTMYNF PNDGF, YBN O (KYNDL, @QE JLJPGM ULBKPGBN [EBGEFLE.

7TBL QOG ^GIC, FLMHLOMHNV N JKYNDMHNV, LXG DK[QGBNMS O MBK@GW, N OLJ DGYBLMS FDL@LBRQEV, HLJLITF ULHGAGBLMS OT@LQDTF KQLOBEJOLICJS JIEXLOGDNCF LXENW MJLILD N ULBKPGJSQOLVDKR UBGJK. *EHLJLITE, UL^EBLOGOYN HIEMJ O 4LMHOE >KVMHLFK, KWLQNBN O (KYNDL,^EBLOGBN JGF HIEMJ #[EQNFNJINR N, OACOYN K DE@L [GBLOGDSE, OLAOIG\GBNMS DGAGQ O 4LMHOK;>KVMHNV UINDNFGB NW BGMHLOL, QGOGB DG@IGQT AG IGMHGCDNE, DL MHLIL KADGOGB, PJL ZJNIGMHGCOYNEMC LUCJS LJUIGONBNMS O (KYNDL JIEXLOGJS [GBLOGDSC LJ MGFLAOGD^G. (GHNE BRQNULBKPNBN DGAOGDNE (,0,2,)!6, LJ BE@HLMJN, M HGHLV UEIEWLQNBN NA 4LMHOT O (KYNDL N LXIGJDL.&LXNIGBNMS ILQDTE N ADGHLFTE, LXEQGBN OFEMJE, G ULMBE LXEQG LQDN LJUIGOBCBNMS OL QOLIE^ H^GIR %GMNBNR, G QIK@NE EWGBN O (KYNDL.

>KVMHL@L OLLX\E DE BRXNBN O 4LMHOE, DL QLXITE @IG[QGDE DE WLJEBN FEDCJS E@L DG HGHL@L!DNXKQS XLCINDG, JEF FEDEE DG ̂ GIC JKYNDMHL@L, NXL WLILYL ADGBN, PEF @ILANJ JLI[EMJOL OLIG.%LJ ULPEFK ULUTJHN MOEI@DKJS >KVMHL@L DE KQGOGBNMS, WLJC ^GIS [NB O ULMJLCDDLV JIEOL@E.*L AGJL N JKYNDMHNV ^GIS DE XTB XLBEE MULHLED; OMC ANFG 1608!1609 @LQLO UILYBG O MFKJGW NXKDJGW, PJL N FEYGBL OLIK QEVMJOLOGJS IEYNJEBSDL UILJNO 4LMHOT; DG OEMDK OAXKDJLOGBNMSOLVMHLOTE MBK@N, ULMJGONBN MGFN MEXE DGPGBSDNHLO, WLQNBN UL LXBGMJCF N @IGXNBN, G H @LMULQGFMOLNF O (KYNDL DE WLJEBN OLAOIGJNJSMC; QBC KHIL\EDNC XKDJLO\NHLO DGQLXDL XTBL OTMBGJS^EBTE ILJT; UINJLF MNBT MGFLAOGD^G XTBN IGAQEBEDT, IGADTE LJICQT E@L OLVMHG QEVMJOLOGBNO IGADTW FEMJGW.

1LQ 4LMHOLV ULZJLFK UILNMWLQNBN XNJOT PGMJDTE, DL FEBHNE. #EJLF 1609 @LQG UILNALYBGADGPNJEBSDGC XNJOG FE[QK IEPHGFN :LQTDHLR N :NFHLR: MDGPGBG ULBCHN XTBL ULXEQNBN, DLULJLF IKMMHNE LUIGONBNMS N UIL@DGBN NW. _JG XNJOG XTBG ULMBEQDNF OG[DTF QEBLF FE[QK4LMHOLR N (KYNDLF, ULJLFK PJL M QOKW MJLILD MLRADNHN N OIG@N YBN NAXGONJS 4LMHOK LJ(KYNDG.

:6+<,%+, "%$7$ @"!(+%#UR;'8"!.!. 'J *LO@LILQG YEB H 4LMHOE HDCAS 4NWGNB%GMNBSEONP &HLUND!>KVMHNV M 5000 YOEQLO, HLJLITW UINMBGB DG ULFL\S ̂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̂ GIR %GMNBNR. (GHNF LXIGALF, MEOEI LPN\GBMC, N @BGODTEIGJN >KVMHL@L M OLMJLHG N AGUGQG MWLQNBNMS H 4LMHOE, PJLX ULQ EE MJEDGFN QGJS IEYNJEBSDTVXLV ̂ GIR JKYNDMHLFK. &GFLAOGDE^ XTB MNBSDL OMJIEOL[ED, DL @ILAG ULQDNFGBGMS DGQ DNF E\EM QIK@LV MJLILDT.

J8);(2,%+, (!2A8"!.! "!0!2$ 6 (0,-,2& N!8"!68"!.! .!8;-#08)6# + 82,-8)6+$ M)!.!68);(2,%+$ -2$ ?;H+%#. % DGPGBE ^GIMJOLOGDNC >KVMHL@L HLILBR ULBSMHLFK &N@NAFKDQK,K@IL[GEFLFK QLFG MNBSDTF OLAFK\EDNEF ULQQGDDTW, XTBL DE QL 4LMHOT. *L OLAFK\EDNE ZJLLHLDPNBLMS JLI[EMJOLF HLILBC, HLJLITV NFEB JEUEIS OLAFL[DLMJS AGDCJSMC QEBGFN ODEYDNFN,G FE[QK JEF O QEBG 4LMHLOMHL@L @LMKQGIMJOG OFEYGBGMS >OE^NC, QEI[GOG, EFK OIG[QEXDGC, N>KVMHNV AGHBRPNB M 5GIBLF IX OEPDTV MLRA UILJNO 1LBSYN.

1IN JGHNW LXMJLCJEBSMJOGW &N@NAFKDQ DE FL@ LMJGOGJSMC XLBEE O ULHLE; M QIK@LV MJLILDT,ULMBT ULBSMHNE, OLAOIGJNOYNEMC NA 4LMHOT, KOEICBN HLILBC, PJL XLC AG DE@L, PJL MJLNJ JLBSHLEFK ULHGAGJSMC M OLVMHLF O UIEQEBGW FLMHLOMHNW, HGH XLCIE AGMJGOCJ >KVMHL@L LJHGAGJSMC LJUIEMJLBG N UILOLA@BGMCJ ^GIEF HLILBEONPG %BGQNMBGOG, MTDG &N@NAFKDQLOG. *L, NFEC OBGMJSMNBSDL L@IGDNPEDDKR, HLILBS &N@NAFKDQ DE FL@ AGXLJNJSMC JLBSHL L MOLNW ]GFNBSDTWNDJEIEMGW; LD UIE[QE OME@L QLB[ED XTB QGJS LXE\GDNE MEDGJK N MEVFK, PJL O UIEQMJLC\EV OLVDE

94

M 4LMHOLR XKQEJ AGXLJNJSMC JLBSHL L OT@LQGW @LMKQGIMJOG ULBSMHL@L.%LJ ULPEFK &N@NAFKDQ MUEYNB UINLXIEMJN QBC 1LBSYN HGHLE!DNXKQS OG[DLE FEMJL O

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

*E &FLBEDMH, DL (KYNDL NMUTJGBL DG MEXE OEMS OIEQ LJ HLILBEOMHL@L ULWLQG: HL@QG AQEMSKADGBN LX ZJLF ULWLQE, JL DGPGBLMS MNBSDLE OLBDEDNE; ULBCHN HINPGBN, PJL &N@NAFKDQ UINYEBAGJEF, PJLX LJDCJS K DNW AGMBK[EDDTE DG@IGQT N OLMULBSALOGJSMC OT@LQGFN, HLJLITE LDNUINLXIEBN MOLER HILOSR N JIKQGFN. 1INEWGBN O (KYNDL ULMBT &N@NAFKDQLOT M JIEXLOGDNEF,PJLX OME ULBCHN LMJGONBN #[EQNFNJINC N MLEQNDNBNMS M OLVMHLF HLILBEOMHNF. *GPGBNMSUEIE@LOLIT, MLUILOL[QGOYNEMC MNBSDTFN OLBDEDNCFN; LJ ZJNW UEIE@LOLILO AGONMEBG OMCXKQK\DLMJS #[EQNFNJINC, G FE[QK JEF DG DE@L, DGATOGOYE@LMC ^GIEF, DNHJL DE LXIG\GBODNFGDNC; ULBSMHNE OL[QN, ULMJGOBEDDTE O DEUINCJDLE ULBL[EDNE, MITOGBN DG DEF MEIQ^G,XIGDNBNMS M DNF, @ILANBN ULXLCFN. (L@QG #[EQNFNJINV IEYNBMC XE[GJS NA (KYNDG N OEPEILF,UEIELQEOYNMS O HIEMJSCDMHLE UBGJSE, KEWGB O 5GBK@K. 1LMBE LJ`EAQG MGFLAOGD^EOG -L[NDMHLFKM JLOGIN\GFN DNPE@L XLBSYE DE LMJGOGBLMS, HGH OMJKUNJS O ML@BGYEDNE M HLILBEF.

*L O (KYNDE XTBL FDL@L IKMMHNW: PJL NF XTBL JEUEIS QEBGJS? 3ONDKJSMC AG MGFLAOGD^EFLDN DE FL@BN: ULBCHN XT NW DE UKMJNBN; QG N JIKQDL NF XTBL DGQECJSMC, PJL MGFLAOGDE^ KMUEEJULUIGONJS MOLN LXMJLCJEBSMJOG. 'DN DE FL@BN IEYNJSMC UILMNJS ULFNBLOGDNC K >KVMHL@L,UILFEDCJS ULBL[EDNE OEIDLE DG KPGMJS, E\E DENAOEMJDKR QG[E N O MBKPGE ULFNBLOGDNC. -KMMHNFJKYND^GF, HGH N ULBSMHNF, LMJGOGBMC LQND OTWLQ — OMJKUNJS O ML@BGYEDNE M HLILBEOMHNFNULMBGFN, HLJLITE KXE[QGBN NW LJQGJSMC ULQ ULHILONJEBSMJOL &N@NAFKDQLOL. 'DN UINDCBN ZJLULHILONJEBSMJOL N LJUIGONBN MOLNW KULBDLFLPEDDTW ULQ &FLBEDMH, H HLILBR.

31 CDOGIC 1610 @LQG ULMBT LJ IKMMHNW JKYND^EO XTBN JLI[EMJOEDDL UIEQMJGOBEDT HLILBR;CONBNMS BRQN IGADTW PNDLO: JKJ XTB N XLCIND 4NWGNBG "BEXLONP &GBJTHLO; JKJ XTBN HDCASC NQSCHN; FE[QK QSCHGFN UEIOLE FEMJL AGDNFGB "IGFLJND, PEBLOEH MGFLV ULQLAINJEBSDLVDIGOMJOEDDLMJN, DL @IGFLJDTV, BLOHNV, MFTYBEDTV QEBE^; JKJ XTB N ?EQLI $DQILDLO, XTOYNVFLMHLOMHNV HL[EODNH, ULQDCOYNVMC O MFKJDLE OIEFC, KFEOYNV UINXBNANJSMC H UEIOLFK#[EQNFNJINR, KFEOYNV DGVJN ULPEJDLE FEMJL N UIN OJLILF O (KYNDE. _JN BRQN LX`CONBN,PJL ML@BGMDT UINADGJS ̂ GIEF FLMHLOMHNF MTDG HLILBEOMHL@L %BGQNMBGOG, N DGUNMGBN KMBLONC:DEUINHLMDLOEDDLMJS UIGOLMBGODLV IKMMHLV OEIT; DEUINHLMDLOEDDLMJS UIGO OTMYNW MLMBLONV;UEIEFEDG AGHLDLO AGONMNJ LJ XLCI N OMEV AEFBN; DNHL@L DE HGADNJS, DE LMKQC UIE[QE M XLCIGFNN QKFDTFN BRQSFN; BRQEV OEBNHNW PNDLO DEONDDL DE ULDN[GJS, G FEDSYNW BRQEV OLAOTYGJSUL AGMBK@GF. % ZJLF ULMBEQDEF KMBLONN MHGAGBLMS OBNCDNE QSCHLO N BRQEV, ULQLXDTW $DQILDLOK,HLJLITW XTBL FDL@L O JKYNDMHLF MJGDE; DEADGJDTE, OTWOGPEDDTE XKICFN MFKJDL@L OIEFEDNMDNAK DGOEIW, WLJCJ KQEI[GJS MOLE ULBL[EDNE N JIEXKRJ, PJLX DLOLE UIGONJEBSMJOL OLAOTYGBLBRQEV DNAYNW MLMBLONV UL AGMBK@GF, HLJLITE LDN EFK LHG[KJ. %T@LOLIEDL XTBL N QIK@LEBRXLUTJDLE KMBLONE, O HLJLILF ONQDL OBNCDNE &GBJTHLOG N QIK@NW UINOEI[ED^EO UEIOL@L#[EQNFNJINC, ONQDL OBNCDNE QLB@L@L UIEXTOGDNC IKMMHNW O (KYNDE OFEMJE M PK[EAEF^GFN,— OT@LOLIEDL, PJL QBC DGKHN OLBSDL HG[QLFK NA DGILQG FLMHLOMHL@L EAQNJS O QIK@NE @LMKQGIMJOGWINMJNGDMHNE. *L, OT@LOLINO QBC MEXC MOLXLQDTV OTEAQ AG @IGDN^K, JKYND^T OTJIEXLOGBN,PJLX UEIEWLQ HIEMJSCDMHNV XTB AGUIE\ED N PJLX HLILBS DE QGOGB OLBSDLMJN WLBLUCF.

95

4E[QK JEF O (KYNDE UILQLB[GBLMS OLBDEDNE; 4GINDG JGVHLF KXE[GBG NA MJGDG MUEIOG H&GUE@E, HLJLITV MDCB LMGQK (ILN^HL@L FLDGMJTIC O DGPGBE 1610 @LQG N IGMULBL[NBMC O3FNJILOE; LJMRQG K[E 4GINDG LJUIGONBGMS O 5GBK@K H FK[K, HLJLITV DE JEICB E\E DGQE[QT,ULQQEI[NOGEFTV UIENFK\EMJOEDDL HGAGHGFN. *GHLDE^, O UEIOTW PNMBGW FGIJG 1610 @LQG-L[NDMHNV AG[E@ JKYNDMHNV MJGD NBN, MHLIEE, @LILQ N ULYEB UL QLIL@E H %LBLHLBGFMHK. (GH4LMHOG XEA XNJOT LMOLXLQNBGMS LJ (KYNDG; MHLIL N &GUE@G LMJGONB 3FNJILO N QONDKBMC JGH[EH %LBLHLBGFMHK, OMBEQMJONE PE@L HDCAS &HLUND FL@ XEMUIEUCJMJOEDDL OMJKUNJS O 4LMHOK.

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

(GHLO XTB PEBLOEH, HLJLILFK, UL!ONQNFLFK, MK[QEDL XTBL LPNMJNJS 4LMHLOMHLE @LMKQGIMJOLLJ OLILO N ULBCHLO, ULQQEI[GJS HLBEXGOYNVMC UIEMJLB MJGIL@L QCQN, UINFNINJS IKMMHNW BRQEVM ]GFNBNER >KVMHNW, KUILPNJS EE DG UIEMJLBE ^GIMHLF, NXL UL MFEIJN XEAQEJDL@L %GMNBNC@LBLM OMEV AEFBN DE FL@ DE KHGAGJS DG BRXNF^G DGILQDL@L. *L EMBN @IG[QGDE MULHLVDTE, DGVQCMEXE JLPHK LULIT O UBEFCDDNHE ^GIMHLF, QBC XBG@G AEFBN N MGFL@L &HLUNDG QLB[DT XTBNJEIUEBNOL QL[NQGJSMC HLDPNDT ^GIC %GMNBNC, PJLX AGHLDDL OLAOEMJN DG UIEMJLB MOLE@LNAXIGDDNHG, PNMJL@L LJ DGIEHGDNV O NMHGJEBSMJOGW OBGMJLBRXNOTW, JL DE WLJEB MULHLVDLQL[NQGJSMC ZJL@L #CUKDLO, DE KFEOYNV MQEI[NOGJS MOLNW ULITOLO, DE MLADGOGOYNVDELXWLQNFLMJN MIEQMJO PNMJTW QBC QLMJN[EDNC ^EBN OTMLHLV, QBC UILPDLMJN QEBG. #CUKDLOLJUIGONB H &HLUNDK ULMBGDDNHLO, HLJLITE ULAQIGONBN E@L ^GIEF LJ NFEDN #CUKDLOG N ULQGBN@IGFLJK, DGULBDEDDKR KHLINADGFN UILJNO ^GIC %GMNBNC. % UEIOKR FNDKJK &HLUND IGALIOGB@IGFLJK N OEBEB MWOGJNJS UINMBGDDTW, DL ULJLF ULAOLBNB NF KUILMNJS MEXC N LJLMBGB NW DGAGQO -CAGDS, DE QLDEMC O 4LMHOK. _JNF OLMULBSALOGBNMS, PJLX AGULQLAINJS &HLUNDG O @BGAGW QCQN.

21 FGIJG 1610 @LQG &HLUND M 3EBG@GIQN NFEB JLI[EMJOEDDTV O`EAQ O 4LMHOK N XTB OMJIEPEDFLMHONPGFN M OLMJLI@LF. =GIS %GMNBNV OMJIEJNB UBEFCDDNHG JGH[E LPEDS BGMHLOL, DL NDGPEOEB MEXC XIGJ ̂ GIMHNV, HDCAS 3NFNJINV +OGDLONP >KVMHNV, HLJLITV MPNJGB MEXC DGMBEQDNHLFUIEMJLBG N, KONQGO MEXE MJIGYDL@L MLUEIDNHG O &HLUNDE, OLADEDGONQEB E@L. 3EBG@GIQN, MBTYGJLBHN L AGONMJN N DEDGONMJN, LMJEIE@GB 4NWGNBG, K@LOGINOGB E@L HGH FL[DL MHLIEE LMJGONJS4LMHOK N OTMJKUNJS H &FLBEDMHK UILJNO &N@NAFKDQG, ULBL[EDNE HLJLIL@L XTBL OLOME DEXBEMJC\EE: &FLBEDMH DE MQGOGBMC, MEOEIMHNE @LILQG DK[DL XTBL XIGJS M XLBSYNFN KMNBNCFN,ML MJIGYDLR IEADaR. -L[NDMHNV M JKYNDMHNFN ULBCHGFN, LMJGDLONOYNVMC O +LMN]LOLF%LBLHLBGFMHLF FLDGMJTIE, KFEI JGF; ULMBE E@L MFEIJN ULBCHN XTBN OTJEMDEDT NA FLDGMJTICIKMMHNFN N YOEQMHNFN NW MLRADNHGFN, UINPEF QLB[DT XTBN ULHNDKJS IKMMHNW, OTOEQEDDTWNFN NA (KYNDG, N O JLF PNMBE FNJILULBNJG ?NBGIEJG, HLJLITV, JGHNF LXIGALF, ULBKPNBOLAFL[DLMJS KEWGJS O 4LMHOK. 'QDG PGMJS ZJNW JKYNDMHNW XE@BE^LO KYBG H #[EQNFNJINR O5GBK@K, QIK@GC IEYNBGMS MLEQNDNJSMC M HLILBEF, DL MGFLAOGDE^ N &N@NAFKDQ LXG DE FDL@LOTN@ITOGBN LJ ZJLV ULFL\N; UEIOTV ONQEB FLMHLOMHNE LJICQT ULQ MGFLR 5GBK@LR, G HLILBS,HLJLITV ULMUEYNB ULQ &FLBEDMH M FGBTFN MNBGFN O DGQE[QE DG MFKJT, JEIAGOYNE 4LMHLOMHLE@LMKQGIMJOL, JEUEIS QLB[ED XTB XLCJSMC DEIGODLV XLISXT M OIG@GFN MNBSDTFN NIGAQIG[EDDTFN. %NQC LUGMDLMJS, LD ULUTJGBMC XTBL OLVJN O UEIE@LOLIT M FLMHLOMHNF ̂ GIEF,DL %GMNBNV, LXLQIEDDTV XBG@LUINCJDTF LXLILJLF QEB, LJHBLDNB NW. &PGMJSE, OUILPEF,KBTXDKBLMS >KVMHLFK DG LPEDS HLILJHLE OIEFC.

96

23 GUIEBC HDCAS &HLUND DG UNIK K HDCAC %LILJTDMHL@L AGDEFL@ HILOLJEPEDNEF N ULMBEQOKWDEQEBSDLV XLBEADN KFEI. 1LYEB LX\NV, WLJC DELMDLOGJEBSDTV, MBKW LX LJIGOE, NUIEMJKUBEDNE XTBL UINUNMGDL HDCAR 3NFNJINR >KVMHLFK, ULQLAIEOGBN N MGFL@L ̂ GIC %GMNBNC.&FEIJS &HLUNDG N ZJL ULQLAIEDNE XTBN @NXEBSDT QBC >KVMHL@L, NXL LQND &HLUND XTB HIEUHLRMOCASR FE[QK ^GIEF N DGILQLF, ULQQEI[NOGC O ULMBEQDEF DGQE[QK DG BKPYEE XKQK\EE. *LJEUEIS XKQK\EE QBC DGILQG DNMHLBSHL K[E DE MOCATOGBLMS M ]GFNBNER >KVMHNW: ̂ GIS %GMNBNVMJGI N XEAQEJED, XIGJG E@L 3NFNJINC N UIE[QE DE BRXNBN, DE KOG[GBN, G JEUEIS LXONDCBN OLJIGOBEDNN UBEFCDDNHG. 5L@QG, JGHNF LXIGALF, MFEIJSR &HLUNDG ULIOGDG XTBG MOCAS IKMMHNWBRQEV M >KVMHNFN, HL@QG OALIT FDL@NW DEOLBSDL N JIEOL[DL LXIG\GBNMS O IGADTE MJLILDT,N\G LULIT QBC XKQK\E@L, IGAQGBMC @LBLM, UINATOGOYNV H OTWLQK NA JC[EBL@L ULBL[EDNC: JLXTB @LBLM ADGHLFTV, @LBLM #CUKDLOG. -CAGDMHNV OLEOLQG ULQDNFGEJMC UILJNO >KVMHL@L,JIEXKEJ E@L MOEI[EDNC, O 5GBK@E AGOLQNJ UEIE@LOLIT M MGFLAOGD^EF, O 4LMHOE MLOE\GEJMC MHDCAEF %GMNBNEF %GMNBSEONPEF "LBN^TDTF, HLJLITV MNBSDL [EBGEJ AGDCJS UIEMJLB ULMOEI[EDNN >KVMHL@L.

@6,-,%+, =#0$ J#8+2+$ 8 (0,8)!2#. % JL OIEFC HL@QG K[E #CUKDLO ULQDCB OLMMJGDNE O-CAGDN, OLVMHL FLMHLOMHLE OFEMJE M OMULFL@GJEBSDTF YOEQMHNF LJICQLF OTMJKUNBL UILJNOULBCHLO UL DGUIGOBEDNR H &FLBEDMHK. 5JL [E XTB @BGODTF OLEOLQLR? 5DCAS 3NFNJINV>KVMHNV, LXONDCEFTV O LJIGOBEDNN UBEFCDDNHG, DE BRXNFTV N XEA JL@L AG @LIQLMJS,UIEANIGEFTV AG NADE[EDDLMJS!

5LILBS, KADGO L OTMJKUBEDNN ZJL@L OLVMHG, LJUIGONB DGOMJIEPK H DEFK @EJFGDG &JGDNMBGOG<LBHEOMHL@L, HLJLITV DGUGB DG >KVMHL@L 24 NRDC UIN QEIEODE 5BKYNDE N XBG@LQGIC LMLXEDDLNAFEDE NDLMJIGDDTW MLRADNHLO >KVMHL@L IGAXNB ULMBEQDE@L DG@LBLOK. 1LMBE ZJLV ULXEQT<LBHEOMHNV, UILOLA@BGYGC ̂ GIEF HLILBEONPG %BGQNMBGOG, ULYEB H 4LMHOE, G M QIK@LV MJLILDTMUEYNB H DEV NA 5GBK@N MGFLAOGDE^, DGQECOYNVMC, PJL FLMHONPN O HIGVDLMJN MHLIEE ULQQGQKJMCEFK, PEF UINADGRJ ̂ GIEF ULBSMHL@L HLILBEONPG. /GWGI #CUKDLO, XIGJ 1ILHL]NC, K[E OLBDLOGB4LMHOK; 17 NRBC JLBUT DGILQG MLXIGBNMS DG 5IGMDLV UBL\GQN, LJMRQG AG JEMDLJLR FEMJGQONDKBNMS AG 4LMHOK!IEHK, H &EIUKWLOMHNF OLILJGF, N AQEMS XLCIE N OMCHNE BRQN UIN@LOLINBNXNJS PEBLF ̂ GIR %GMNBNR +OGDLONPK, PJLX LD ̂ GIMJOL LMJGONB, ULJLFK PJL HILOS FDL@GC BSEJMC,O DGILQE @LOLICJ, PJL LD @LMKQGIS DEMPGMJBNO, N DE WLJCJ E@L @LILQG KHIGNDMHNE, HLJLITELJMJKUNBN H OLIK.

%GMNBNV QLB[ED XTB ML@BGMNJSMC M ZJNF UIN@LOLILF, OTEWGB NA QOLI^G O MOLV UIE[DNVXLCIMHNV QLF. *L ZJNF DE KQLOLBSMJOLOGBNMS: 19 NRBC /GWGI #CUKDLO M JLOGIN\GFN DGMNBSDLULMJIN@BN E@L O FLDGWN N MOEABN O 9KQLO FLDGMJTIS, ULMJIN@BN JGH[E N [EDK E@L; QOLNW XIGJSEOULMGQNBN ULQ MJIG[K.

"#$%$ XXXII4,<3;=$-&(%+,

C0!6!7.2#H,%+, =#0,/ "!0!2,6+*# J2#-+82#6#. 1L MOEI[EDNN >KVMHL@L OL @BGOEUIGONJEBSMJOG MJGBG QKFG XLCIMHGC; OME QLB[DT XTBN UINMC@GJS — QL NAXIGDNC DLOL@L ^GICULONDLOGJSMC XLCIGF. *L @QE XTBL OACJS DLOL@L ̂ GIC? 7LBSYNDMJOL, N XLBSYNDMJOL L@ILFDLE,DE WLJEBL ULBCHG %BGQNMBGOG, PEIDS XBG@LUINCJMJOLOGBG #[EQNFNJINR, DL ADGJDTE N MIEQDNEBRQN DE WLJEBN L DEF N MBTYGJS HGH L OLIE, ^GIE HGAG^HLF. 1GJINGIW "EIFL@ED JIEXLOGBNAXIGDNC ^GIC NA OEBSFL[ IKMMHNW, UIEQBG@GB NF HDCAC %GMNBNC %GMNBSEONPG "LBN^TDG NBNPEJTIDGQ^GJNBEJDE@L 4NWGNBG ?ELQLILONPG -LFGDLOG, MTDG FNJILULBNJG ?NBGIEJG *NHNJNPG.

*L ZJL [EBGDNE OTXIGJS ^GIC NA MOLNW DE FL@BL DG ZJLJ IGA LMK\EMJONJSMC: O 4L[GVMHEMJLCB @EJFGD <LBHEOMHNV, JIEXKC, PJLX 4LMHOG UINADGBG ^GIEF %BGQNMBGOG, G O MEBE5LBLFEDMHLF MJLCB #[EQNFNJINV. %IEFEDDLFK UIGONJEBSMJOK FLMHLOMHLFK DE XTBLOLAFL[DLMJN LJXNOGJSMC LJ <LBHEOMHL@L N #[EQNFNJINC OFEMJE, LMLXEDDL HL@QG K ULMBEQDE@L

97

XTBN UINOEI[ED^T FE[QK DNAYNF DGILQLDGMEBEDNEF @LILQG, DEHL@QG XTBL MLATOGJS MLXLIQBC NAXIGDNC ̂ GIC OMER AEFBER, DGQLXDL XTBL OTXNIGJS NA QOLNW @LJLOTW NMHGJEBEV UIEMJLBG,#[EQNFNJINC N %BGQNMBGOG. ;ADGOYN, PJL UINOEI[ED^T #[EQNFNJINC WLJCJ OUKMJNJS E@LOLVMHL JGVDL O 4LMHOK, UEIOTV XLCIND, HDCAS 4MJNMBGOMHNV, ULMBGB MHGAGJS <LBHEOMHLFK,PJLX JLJ YEB DEFEQBEDDL ULQ MJLBN^K. 5L@QG LD ULQLYEB ULQ 4LMHOK, JL DGPGBNMS UEIE@LOLITFE[QK DNF N XLCIGFN. <LBHEOMHNV LX`CONB, PJL LD ML@BGMED JLBSHL DG JE KMBLONC NAXIGDNC%BGQNMBGOG, HLJLITE XTBN UINDCJT IKMMHNFN JKYND^GFN ULQ &FLBEDMHLF, DL JGH HGH XLCIEJIEXLOGBN, PJLX HLILBEONP UINDCB UIGOLMBGONE QL UINEAQG MOLE@L O 4LMHOK, JL ZJL KMBLONEULBL[EDL XTBL UEIEQGJS DG IEYEDNE HLILBC.

27 GO@KMJG UILNMWLQNBG JLI[EMJOEDDGC UINMC@G FLMHLOMHNW [NJEBEV HLILBEONPK %BGQNMBGOK,DL PIEA QOG QDC ULMBE ZJLV UINMC@N UINEWGB NA!ULQ &FLBEDMHG ?EQLI $DQILDLO M UNMSFLF LJHLILBC, HLJLITV JIEXLOGB LJ @EJFGDG, PJLX 4LMHLOMHLE @LMKQGIMJOL XTBL KUILPEDL AG DNFMGFNF, G DE AG MTDLF E@L. %MBEQ AG $DQILDLOTF UINEWGB ULBCH "LDMEOMHNV M ULQILXDEVYNFDGHGALF QBC @EJFGDG, DL DE JLBSHL MGF @EJFGD, QG[E N "LDMEOMHNV, KADGO ULBL[EDNE QEB, MPEBDEOLAFL[DTF NMULBDNJS [EBGDNE HLILBC, HLJLIL@L LQDL NFC, UL MLXMJOEDDLFK UINADGDNRULBCHLO, XTBL DEDGONMJDL FLMHLOMHLFK DGILQK. <LBHEOMHNV DE LXDGIK[NB DN O PEF DGFEIEDNVHLILBEOMHNW, NMULBDNB MOLE LXE\GDNE, QGDDLE XLCIGF, LJL@DGB MGFLAOGD^G LJ 4LMHOT LUCJS O5GBK@K N DGPGB DGMJGNOGJS DG MHLIEVYEE LJUIGOBEDNE ULMBLO H &N@NAFKDQK QBC NMUILYEDNC%BGQNMBGOG O ^GIN N QBC LHLDPGJEBSDL@L KBG[EDNC QEBG.

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

*L MGFLAOGDE^ ULFL@GB @EJFGDK: NA MJIGWG UIEQ UILMJTF DGILQLF, HLJLITV DE UEIEMJGOGBLXDGIK[NOGJS IGMULBL[EDNE MOLE H #[EQNFNJINR, XLCIE MGFN UIEQBL[NBN <LBHLOMHLFKOOEMJN ULBSMHLE OLVMHL O 4LMHOK; UGJINGIW MDGPGBG MNBSDL ZJLFK UILJNONBMC, DL ULJLF KMJKUNB,N DLPSR M 20 DG 21 MEDJCXIC ULBCHN JNWL OMJKUNBN O 4LMHOK. <LBHEOMHNV QBC MLXMJOEDDLVOT@LQT WLJEB UIEQLJOIGJNJS OMCHLE OIG[QEXDLE MJLBHDLOEDNE FE[QK ULBCHGFN N IKMMHNFN:IEYEDNE IGMUIEV FE[QK DNFN UIEQLMJGOBEDL XTBL IGODLFK PNMBK MKQEV NA LXLNW DGILQLO, MKQXTB XEMUINMJIGMJDTV N MJIL@NV. "EJFGD UINOBEH H MEXE MJIEBS^LO LXWLQNJEBSDLMJSR, ULQGIHGFNN K@L\EDNCFN, ULQIK[NBMC M UGJINGIWLF. *EMFLJIC, LQDGHL, DG OME ZJN UINCADEDDTE LJDLYEDNCN BLOHNE FEIT, <LBHEOMHNV ADGB, PJL OLMMJGDNE OMUTWDEJ UIN UEIOLV OEMJN L DE[EBGDNN HLILBCLJUKMJNJS %BGQNMBGOG O 4LMHOK, ADGB, PJL ZJG OEMJS FL[EJ UINQJN LPEDS MHLIL, N ULJLFKULMUEYNB KEWGJS NA 4LMHOT, LMJGOC DG MOLE FEMJL "LDMEOMHL@L, "EJFGD OACB M MLXLR H HLILBRMOEI[EDDL@L ^GIC %GMNBNC >KVMHL@L M QOLNFN E@L XIGJSCFN NA LUGMEDNC, PJLX LDN MFKJ DEDGQEBGBN.

3OLE QIK@NW ULQLAINJEBSDTW BN^, ?NBGIEJ N "LBN^TD, XTBN K[E ULQ &FLBEDMHLF OL OBGMJNHLILBC, O MLOEJE HLJLIL@L XTBL IEYEDL DE LJUKMHGJS %BGQNMBGOG O 4LMHOK DG JLF LMDLOGDNN,PJL LD E\E FLBLQ, JIEXKEJ NMHKMDL@L OLMUNJGDNC, HLJLILE JIKQDL ULBKPNJS O 4LMHOE, UL JLV [E

98

FLBLQLMJN DE MULMLXED KMULHLNJS ODKJIEDDNE OLBDEDNC; OTXIGDDTV UL DELXWLQNFLMJN, XKQEJMOEI[ED UIN UEIOLF KQLXDLF MBKPGE, G @BGODLE ULXK[QEDNE H MOEI[EDNR K[E @LJLOL —NDLOEINE. 1LBL[EDL XTBL DE LJHGATOGJS IKMMHNF UICFL O HLILBEONPE, DL FGDNJS LXE\GDNCFN,LMJGOBCC UIGOBEDNE AG HLILBEF. *G ZJLF LMDLOGDNN UGDT LX`CONBN OEBNHNF ULMBGF ?NBGIEJKN "LBN^TDK, PJL HLILBS DE FL[EJ LJUKMJNJS MOLE@L UCJDGQ^GJNBEJDE@L MTDG O 4LMHOK, WLPEJUIE[QE MGF KMULHLNJS 4LMHLOMHLE @LMKQGIMJOL, ULMBE PE@L UGDT DGPGBN DGMJGNOGJS DG MGFLEOG[DLE QBC 1LBSYN — PJLX &FLBEDMH MQGBMC DG NFC HLILBEOMHLE.

1LMBT DNHGH DE WLJEBN DG ZJL ML@BGMNJSMC, JIEXLOGBN, PJLX %BGQNMBGO DEFEQBEDDL XTBLJUK\ED O 4LMHOK, NXL JLBSHL JGHLV DEFEQBEDDTV UINEAQ E@L JKQG KDNPJL[NJ DEQLOEIPNOLMJSN UIEHIGJNJ OME MFKJT. %IEFC UILWLQNBL O XEMULBEADTW MULIGW, UINPEF UGDT, IGAQIG[GEFTEMGFLR DEMUIGOEQBNOLMJSR MOLNW JIEXLOGDNV, ULAOLBCBN MEXE [EMJHNE OTWLQHN UILJNO ULMBLO.1INEAQ @EJFGDG <LBHEOMHL@L ULQ &FLBEDMH DNMHLBSHL DE ULQONDKB QEBG. %NQC DEUIEHBLDDLMJS@BGODTW ULMBLO, LXIGJNBNMS H OJLILMJEUEDDTF, LXE\GDNCFN MHBLDNBN DEHLJLITW NAFEDNJSMOLEFK QEBK, XILMNJS @BGODTW ULMBLO N LJUIGONJSMC O 4LMHOK, PJLX JGF QEVMJOLOGJS O ULBSAKHLILBC. :LJEBN ULHLBEXGJS N QKFDL@L QSCHG (LFNBK #K@LOMHL@L, MKBC FNBLMJN HLILBEOMHNE,UIEQBG@GBN EFK EWGJS ULQ &FLBEDMH N K@LOGINOGJS E@L [NJEBEV H MQGPE. *L (LFNBG LMJGBMCDEUIEHBLDED N LJOEPGB: „5GH FDE ZJL MQEBGJS N OEPDKR HBCJOK DG MEXC DGOEMJN? *E JLBSHL"LMULQS 7L@ N BRQN 4LMHLOMHL@L @LMKQGIMJOG FDE AG ZJL DE ULJEIUCJ, N AEFBC FEDC DE ULDEMEJ.) UINMBGD LJ 4LMHLOMHL@L @LMKQGIMJOG O PEBLXNJPNHGW, N FDE UEIOLFK MLXBGAD OOEMJN? 1L:INMJLOK MBLOK BKPYE DGOCAGJS DG MEXC HGFEDS N OINDKJSMC O FLIE. 1INMBGDT FT H HLILBEOMHLFKOEBNPEMJOK DE L MEXE UILFTYBCJS N PEBLF XNJS, DL L OMEF 4LMHLOMHLF @LMKQGIMJOE“.

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

*L LQDL@L &GBJTHLOG XTBL FGBL, G ULJLFK O &FLBEDMHLF MJGDE UINADGBN ULBEADTF UINDCJSKMBK@N N QIK@L@L ILQG BRQEV, NFEDDL JEW JKYND^EO, HLJLITE @LJLOT XTBN DG OME, PJLX JLBSHLOTVJN NA JLBUT. %NQDEE OMEW ZJNW BRQEV XTB ?EQLI $DQILDLO; LD KFEB UINXBNANJSMC H HLILBRN H E@L MLOEJDNHGF QL JGHLV MJEUEDN, PJL HLILBS UINHGAGB FLMHLOMHNF XLCIGF MQEBGJS E@L@LMKQGIMJOEDDTF HGADGPEEF. $DQILDLO O ZJLF DLOLF AOGDNN MBK[NB OEILR N UIGOQLR HLILBR;OME JIEXLOGDNC "LDMEOMHL@L LD NMULBDCB XEMUIEHLMBLODL; BKPYNE OE\N NA HGADT ̂ GIMHLV XTBNLJLMBGDT H HLILBR; DEHLJLITE OACB MEXE "LDMEOMHNV; $DQILDLO ULMJGIGBMC JGH[E, PJLX DG OMEW@BGODTW FEMJGW KUIGOBEDNC ULMG[EDT XTBN E@L JKYNDMHNE JLOGIN\N.

7LCIE MNBSDL LMHLIXNBNMS, HL@QG KONQGBN ICQLF M MLXLR O QKFE JLI@LOL@L FK[NHG $DQILDLOGM OG[DTF AOGDNEF HGADGPEC; LMLXEDDTF XEMPEMJNEF QBC MEXC MPNJGBN LDN JL, PJL ZJLJ JLI@LOTVFK[NH LMFEBNOGBMC @LOLINJS UILJNO MJGITW XLCI — 4MJNMBGOMHL@L, %LILJTDMHL@L, —IGMULIC[GBMC OMEF, ULBSAKCMS ULBDLV QLOEIEDDLMJSR HLILBC N "LDMEOMHL@L. *L EMBN MEIQNBNMS4MJNMBGOMHNE, %LILJTDMHNE, "LBN^TDT, JL E\E XLBSYE MEIQNBMC DG $DQILDLOG XLCIND&GBJTHLO, HLJLITV AG MOLR UIEQGDDLMJS HLILBR WLJEB N@IGJS @BGODKR ILBS N QLB[ED XTB,LQDGHL, QEBNJSMC OBGMJSR M JLI@LOTF FK[NHLF.

4E[QK ZJNFN BRQSFN DEFEQBEDDL [E DGPGBLMS MLUEIDNPEMJOL, LDN QLDLMNBN QIK@ DG QIK@GHGD^BEIK #SOK &GUE@E, UINPEF HG[QTV OTMJGOBCB MOLN AGMBK@N HLILBR N HLILBEOMJOK ULBSMHLFKO UILYEQYEF, MOLE IGQEDNE QBC XKQK\E@L; JGH, &GBJTHLO UNMGB &GUE@E: „1KMJS HLILBS NQEJ O4LMHOK DE FEYHGC, IGMUKMJNO MBKW, PJL NQEJ DG OLIG O 5GBK@E. 5GH XKQEJ HLILBS O 4L[GVMHE,

99

JL LJUNYN HL FDE MEVPGM [E, G C XLCI N OMEW BRQEV UINOEQK H JLFK, PJL UINYBRJ XNJS PEBLFHLILBR, PJLX UL[GBLOGB O 4LMHOK, @LMKQGIMJOL MTDG MOLE@L LPN\GB N DG OLIG DGMJKUGB“. *L&GBJTHLO OMJIEPGB MNBSDLE MLUILJNOBEDNE MOLNF AGFTMBGF O UGJINGIWE, HLJLITV, XBRQC AGOT@LQGFN =EIHON, DNHGH DE WLJEB ML@BGMNJSMC DG UINAOGDNE HLILBC O 4LMHOK. *GILQ MJLCB DGMJLILDE UGJINGIWG, N, PEF CMDEE LXDGIK[NOGBNMS AGFTMBT &N@NAFKDQG N E@L IKMMHNW HBEOIEJLO,JEF MNBSDEE MJGDLONBLMS OLBDEDNE O ULBSAK OLIG HGBK[MHL@L.

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

C,06!, !45,, 6!88)#%+, (0!)+6 (!2$"!6. &FEIJS OLIG XTBG OJLITF ULOLILJDTFMLXTJNEF O NMJLINN MFKJDL@L OIEFEDN, MPNJGC UEIOTF OMJKUBEDNE HLILBC &N@NAFKDQG O UIEQEBT4LMHLOMHL@L @LMKQGIMJOG, — OMJKUBEDNE, ULOEQYEE, M LQDLV MJLILDT, H KDNPJL[EDNRJKYNDMHL@L MJGDG, M QIK@LV — H MOEI[EDNR >KVMHL@L. (EUEIS, UL MFEIJN MGFLAOGD^G, K HLILBCN FLMHLOMHNW UINOEI[ED^EO E@L DE XTBL XLBEE UIEQBL@G JIEXLOGJS QGBSDEVYE@L QON[EDNC&N@NAFKDQLOG O IKMMHNE LXBGMJN. #KPYNE BRQN O 4LMHOE N UL LXBGMJCF, HLJLITE ML@BGMNBNMSUINAOGJS ̂ GIEF %BGQNMBGOG JLBSHL NA MJIGWG ULHLINJSMC HGAG^HLFK ̂ GIR, JEUEIS LMOLXL[QGBNMSLJ ZJL@L MJIGWG N FL@BN QEVMJOLOGJS MOLXLQDEE UILJNO ULBCHLO.

5GH JLBSHL O 4LMHOE KADGBN, PJL OLI KXNJ, JL IKMMHNE BRQN LXIGQLOGBNMS N MJGBN QIK@ MQIK@LF @LOLINJS, HGH XT OMEV AEFBE, OMEF BRQCF MLEQNDNJSMC N MJGJS UILJNO BNJLOMHNW BRQEV,PJLX LDN NA AEFBN FLMHLOMHLV OTYBN OME QL LQDL@L. &GBJTHLO N $DQILDLO UNMGBN H &N@NAFKDQK,PJL UGJINGIW UINATOGEJ H MEXE OMCHNW BRQEV CODL N @LOLINJ: EMBN HLILBEONP DE HIEMJNJMC OWINMJNGDMHKR OEIK N OME BNJLOMHNE BRQN DE OTVQKJ NA FLMHLOMHLV AEFBN, JL HLILBEONP DGF DE@LMKQGIS; JGHNE [E MBLOG UGJINGIW N O @IGFLJGW UNMGB OL FDL@NE @LILQG, G FLMHONPN OMCHNEBRQN WLJCJ MJLCJS UILJNO ULBCHLO.

*L N JKJ, UIN OMELX\EV @LJLODLMJN MJLCJS UILJNO ULBCHLO, UEIOTV QONDKBMC #CUKDLO O-CAGDN. + QIK@NE @LILQG DGPGBN LUCJS UEIEUNMTOGJSMC QIK@ M QIK@LF, KOE\EOGJS QIK@ QIK@GMJGJS AG OEIK UIGOLMBGODKR, OLLIK[NJSMC DG ULBCHLO, @ILAC\NW EV @NXEBSR. 1EIOTE ULQGBN@LBLM [NJEBN OLBLMJEV MFLBEDMHNW, AGDCJTW, LUKMJLYEDDTW ULBCHGFN. &FLBSDCDE UNMGBN, PJLLDN ULHLINBNMS ULBCHGF, QGXT DE BNYNJSMC UIGOLMBGODL@L WINMJNGDMJOG N DE ULQOEI@DKJSMCHLDEPDLV @NXEBN, N, DEMFLJIC DG JL, ULQOEI@GRJMC EV: OEIG ULIK@GDG, ^EIHON IGALIEDT, OMEIGA@IGXBEDL. 4LMHONPN, ULBKPNO ZJK @IGFLJK, IGALMBGBN EE O IGADTE @LILQG M UINBL[EDNEFMLXMJOEDDLV KOE\GJEBSDLV @IGFLJT. 'XBGMJN ULQDCBNMS DG ZJLJ UINATO H MLEQNDEDNR QBCAG\NJT OEIT, MLXNIGBNMS ULQ ADGFEDG MBK[NBTE BRQN, QOLICDE N QEJN XLCIMHNE, @LIL[GDEMHBGQTOGBNMS N QGOGBN NF MLQEI[GDNE.

C0+*+%& %,;-#*+ (,06!.! !(!2*,%+$. *EMFLJIC, LQDGHL, DG MNBSDLE LQKYEOBEDNE NIEODLMJS H LPN\EDNR @LMKQGIMJOG LJ OIG@LO NDLOEIDTW, UIEQUINCJNE DE FL@BL NFEJS KMUEWG ULQOKF UINPNDGF: OL!UEIOTW, ULJLFK PJL OL @BGOE E@L MJGDLONBMC #CUKDLO, PEBLOEH MJIGMJDTV,DE FL@YNV UINDEMJS MOLN BNPDTE LJDLYEDNC O [EIJOK LX\EFK QEBK. %TQONDKJTV XKICFNMFKJDL@L OIEFEDN DG OTMLHLE FEMJL, MJIEFCMS MJIGMJDL H UEIOEDMJOK, #CUKDLO DEDGONQEB BRQEV,HLJLITE AG@LIG[NOGBN EFK QLIL@K, LUNIGCMS DG MOLE UIE[DEE ADGPEDNE, DG ADGPEDNE MOLNWUIEQHLO. &JGOYN @BGODTF OL[QEF LULBPEDNC, LD DE JLBSHL DE WLJEB MQEBGJS DNHGHLV KMJKUHNBRQCF ADGJDTF, DL DGWLQNB LMLXEDDLE KQLOLBSMJONE KDN[GJS NW, OEBNPGCMS UEIEQ DNFN MOLNFDLOTF ULBL[EDNEF, N JEF MGFTF OLAXK[QGJS DE@LQLOGDNE, OIG[QK, MFKJT. 3IK@LR, E\E XLBEEOG[DLR UINPNDLR DEKMUEWG XTBL JL, PJL #CUKDLO, NAQGODG DEIGAXLIPNOTV O MIEQMJOGW, N JEUEIS,UIN OLMMJGDNN AEFBN QBC LPN\EDNC @LMKQGIMJOG, QBC KMJGDLOBEDNC ULICQHG, ULQGB IKHK — HLFK[E? — OIG@GF OMCHL@L ULICQHG, BRQCF, [NOYNF MFKJLV, — HGAGHGF. & DNF MLEQNDNBNMS HGAGHN,

100

XTOYNE ULQ DGPGBSMJOLF /GIK^HL@L, 1ILMLOE^HL@L, HDCAC 3NFNJINC (NFL]EEONPG (IKXE^HL@L— OME JKYNDMHNW XLCI N OLEOLQ. (IKXE^HLV N /GIK^HNV UIN@BGYGBN LJLOMRQK HGAGHLO, LXE\GCHIEULMJDTF BRQCF OLBR N [GBLOGDSE.

@!<<,%+, N!8"6&. % ZJL OIEFC, HL@QG N QOLICDE, N HGAGHN M IGADTW MJLILD, M IGADTFN^EBCFN MUEYNBN H 4LMHOE, &GBJTHLO M JLOGIN\GFN UIEQBL[NB XLCIGF UILMNJS HLILBC, PJLXLJUKMJNB %BGQNMBGOG O 4LMHOK; H OEBNHNF ULMBGF ?NBGIEJK N "LBN^TDK DGUNMGJS, PJLX LJQGBNMSOL OMEF DG OLBR HLILBEOMHKR, G H #CUKDLOK — PJLX DE AGJEOGB OLMMJGDNC. 7LCIE ML@BGMNBNMS,DL DE ML@BGMNBMC (EIFL@ED. „1LBL[NJSMC DG HLILBEOMHKR OLBR, — @LOLINB LD, — ADGPNJ^EBLOGJS HIEMJ MGFLFK HLILBR, G DE HLILBEONPK, N C JGHNW @IGFLJ DE XBG@LMBLOBCR OGF UNMGJS,G H 1ILHL]SR #CUKDLOK DGUNYK, PJL EMBN HLILBEONP DG 4LMHLOMHLE @LMKQGIMJOL DE XKQEJ, OUIGOLMBGODKR WINMJNGDMHKR OEIK DE HIEMJNJMC N #NJOT NA 4LMHLOMHL@L @LMKQGIMJOG DE OTOEQEJ,JL XBG@LMBLOBCR OMEW NQJN ULQ 4LMHOK N ULFEIEJS AG UIGOLMBGODKR OEIK“.

&GBJTHLO DGPGB XIGDNJS "EIFL@EDG N OTDKB QG[E DL[; DL UGJINGIW, UEIEHIEMJNO E@L, MHGAGB:„5IEMJDLE ADGFEDNE QG XKQEJ UILJNO JOLE@L LHGCDDL@L DL[G, XKQS JT UILHBCJ O MEF OEHE N OXKQK\EF!“ (GHNF LXIGALF, UINHGA ULMBGF ULBL[NJSMC OL OMEF DG OLBR HLILBEOMHKR XTBLJUIGOBED AG ULQUNMSR LQDNW XLCI, XEA UGJINGIWLOLV. *G ZJLF LMDLOGDNN ?NBGIEJ N "LBN^TDLJHGAGBNMS NMULBDNJS UINHGA; LDN @LOLINBN: „'JUKMHGBN DGM UGJINGIW, XLCIE N OME BRQN4LMHLOMHL@L @LMKQGIMJOG, G DE LQDN XLCIE; JEUEIS FT MJGBN XEA@LMKQGIDT, N UGJINGIW K DGMPEBLOEH DGPGBSDTV, XEA UGJINGIWG JEUEIS L JGHLF OEBNHLF QEBE MLOEJLOGJS DEUIN@L[E“.

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

*L ULBCHN JLI[EMJOLOGBN DEQLB@L MIEQN UEUBG N IGAOGBND FLMHLOMHNW: 25 FGIJG, OULDEQEBSDNH DG MOCJLV DEQEBE, LULBPEDNE #CUKDLOG, /GIK^HL@L N QIK@NW OLEOLQ, O PNMBE 100000PEBLOEH, ULQLYBL H 4LMHOE N LMGQNBL DEUINCJEBC, HLJLITV OMHLIE XTB UINOEQED O XEQMJOEDDLEULBL[EDNE UL DEQLMJGJHK M`EMJDTW UINUGMLO.

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

%FEMJL JL@L PJLX JLJ PGM [E NQJN H DNF DG ULFL\S, HLILBS UINDK[QED XTB IGMUKMJNJS OLVMHLN LJUIGONBMC DG MEVF O %GIYGOK, HKQG ULOEABN N UBEDDL@L ̂ GIC FLMHLOMHL@L %GMNBNC >KVMHL@LM XIGJSCFN; QGOYN, DGILQK OGIYGOMHLFK DEONQGDDLE AIEBN\E — JLI[EMJOEDDTV O`EAQ UBEDDL@LFLMHLOMHL@L ^GIC, >KVMHNW AGHBRPNBN O "LMJTDMHLF AGFHE, @QE %GMNBNV +OGDLONP M XIGJLF3NFNJINEF MHLIL KFEIBN.

@/,0)A O$(;%!6#. 'MG[QEDDTE O 4LMHOE ULBCHN LMJGBNMS XEA ULFL\N N XTBN MUGMEDTJLBSHL IGAQLILF, @LMULQMJOLOGOYNF O MJGDE LMG[QGOYNW. 30 NRDC 1611 @LQG „4LMHLOMHL@L

101

@LMKQGIMJOG IGADTW AEFEBS ̂ GIEONPN (JGJGIMHNE), XLCIE, LHLBSDNPNE N OMCHNE MBK[NBTE BRQN,HLJLITE MJLCBN AG QLF 1IEMOCJLV 7L@LILQN^T N AG UIGOLMBGODKR WINMJNGDMHKR .OEIK,UIN@LOLINBN N OTXIGBN OMER AEFBER XLCI N OLEOLQ: HDCAC 3NFNJINC (NFL]EEONPG (IKXE^HL@L,+OGDG 4GIJTDLONPG /GIK^HL@L QG QKFDL@L QOLICDNDG 1ILHL]SC 1EJILONPG #CUKDLOG, PJLXLDN MJILNBN AEFBR N OMCHNF AEFMHNF N IGJDTF QEBLF UILFTYBCBN; EMBN [E LDN OMCHNW AEFMHNWN IGJDTW QEB QEBGJS DE MJGDKJ, JL OMER AEFBER OLBSDL NW UEIEFEDNJS, G DG NW FEMJL OTXIGJSQIK@NW, UL@LOLIC ML OMER AEFBER“.

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

*G LQDLV NA MJTPEH ULBCHN OACBN O UBED QLDMHL@L HGAGHG, HLJLITV XTB ULXIGJNFLF GJGFGDG/GOGIANDG; /GOGIAND DGPGB MJGIGJSMC, HGH XT LMOLXLQNJS JLOGIN\G, N OTUILMNB K "LDMEOMHL@LULAOLBEDNE ULONQGJSMC M DNF N UEIE@LOLINJS. "LDMEOMHNV OLMULBSALOGBMC ZJNF MBKPGEF, OEBEBDGUNMGJS @IGFLJK LJ NFEDN #CUKDLOG, O HLJLILV JLJ UNMGB OL OME @LILQG: „@QE ULVFGRJ HGAGHG— XNJS N JLUNJS“. 1LQ IKHK #CUKDLOG NMHKMDL XTBL ULQUNMGDL DG @IGFLJE, HLJLIKR UBEDDTVHGAGH LJQGB /GOGIANDK, G /GOGIAND, OLAOIGJNOYNMS O MJGD, ULHGAGB EE HGAGHGF. 5GAGHN, ULLXTPGR MOLEFK, MLXIGBNMS O HIK@E, HKQG OTAOGBN #CUKDLOG, N MJGBN HINPGJS, PJL LD NAFEDDNH;#CUKDLO LJIEHGBMC, PJL LD @IGFLJT DE UNMGB; DGPGBMC MULI N HLDPNBMC JEF, PJL #CUKDLO BE[GBFEIJOTV ULQ HGAG^HNFN MGXBCFN; M DNF OFEMJE KXNBN +OGDG *NHNJNPG -[EOMHL@L, HLJLITVXTB #CUKDLOK XLBSYLV DEQIK@, DL JKJ, ONQC E@L UIGOQK, AG DE@L MJGB N KFEI M DNF OFEMJE.

&L MFEIJSR #CUKDLOG QOLICDE LMJGBNMS XEA OL[QC OL OBGMJN HGAGHLO; FDL@NE NA DNW XTBNULXNJT, FDL@NE NAKOEPEDT, QIK@NE IGA`EWGBNMS UL QLFGF; DGYBNMS N JGHNE, HLJLITE HKUNBN K/GIK^HL@L OLEOLQMJOG N IGADTE QIK@NE QLB[DLMJN N LJUIGONBNMS UL @LILQGF DGOEIMJTOGJSAGUBGPEDDTE QEDS@N; HGAGHN EAQNBN UL QLIL@GF MJGDN^GFN, @IGXNBN N ULXNOGBN.

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

1EIE@LOLIT AGJCDKBNMS, ULJLFK PJL N YOEQT, ULQLXDL ULBCHGF, JIEXLOGBN UIE[QE OME@LQEDE@ N @LILQLO, G FE[QK JEF O *LO@LILQE UILNMWLQNBN MFKJT, MMLIT FE[QK OLEOLQGFN, ULQGOYNE3EBG@GIQN DGQE[QK LOBGQEJS @LILQLF. *GQE[QG NMULBDNBGMS: O DLPS DG 16 NRBC UL KHGAGDNRLQDL@L NAFEDDNHG YOEQT OLYBN O *LO@LILQ JGH, PJL DNHJL DE ONQGB, LX\E@L MLUILJNOBEDNC DEXTBL, PGMJDTE @EILVMHNE MLUILJNOBEDNC DE ULFL@BN: O LQDLF FEMJE OTMJGONBN MNBSDLEMLUILJNOBEDNE MJIEBE^HNV @LBLOG "GRJND, QSCH (EBEDN\EO, 'IBLO N HGAGPNV GJGFGD >GILO MMLILHG HGAGHGFN; O QIK@LF — ML]NVMHNV UILJLULU $FFLM, UL@NXYNV O UBGFEDN ML OMEFN MOLNFNJLOGIN\GFN. *LO@LILQ ULHLINBMC YOEQGF M KMBLONEF, PJL LQND NA MTDLOEV HLILBEOMHNW XKQEJ^GIEF IKMMHNF, DL LXCAGBMC UINADGJS ULHILONJEBEF MOLNF MGFL@L HLILBC.

% *LO@LILQE XTBN YOEQT, O 1MHLOMHLV LXBGMJN CONBMC DLOTV MGFLAOGDE^, #[EQNFNJINV;ULQFLMHLODLE LULBPEDNE (IKXE^HL@L N /GIK^HL@L UILQLB[GBL LMGQK, XNJOT UILNMWLQNBN AQEMSM UEIEFEDDTF MPGMJSEF: BNJLOMHNV @EJFGD :LQHEONP, UINYEQYNV LMEDSR DG ULFL\S HLMG[QEDDTF, DE FL@ DNPE@L MQEBGJS N LJMJKUNB ULMBE DEMHLBSHNW DE LPEDS KQGPDTW QBC MEXCMYNXLH; DEKQGPG E@L UILNMWLQNBG LJJL@L, PJL K DE@L XTBL OME@L 2000 OLVMHG, QG N ZJL OLVMHLQEBNBLMS DG UGIJNN. 7LCIE, LMG[QEDDTE OFEMJE M ULBCHGFN O 5IEFBE, ONQEBN, PJL JLBSHL

102

DEFEQBEDDLE UINXTJNE HLILBC NBN HLILBEONPG M OLVMHLF FL[EJ MUGMJN NW, N ULJLFK LJUIGONBNH &N@NAFKDQK DLOLE ULMLBSMJOL, MLMJGOBEDDLE NA HDCAC 6INC *NHNJNPG (IKXE^HL@L N 4NWGNBT"BEXLONPG &GBJTHLOG, @LJLOTW KQLOBEJOLINJS OMEF JIEXLOGDNCF HLILBEOMHNF.

*L IKMMHNE BRQN O LXBGMJCW [QGBN MUGMEDNC DE LJ HLILBC NA 1LBSYN N DE LJ HGAGHLO, MJLC\NWULQ 4LMHOLR: @NXEBS #CUKDLOG LJHITBG NF @BGAG DGMPEJ HGAGHLO, N LDN IEYNBNMS ULHLDPNJS MDNFN. (GH, [NJEBN 5GAGDN UNMGBN UEIFNPGF: „1LQ 4LMHOLR, @LMULQG, ULXLIDNHG UL :INMJLOLVOEIE 1ILHL]SC 1EJILONPG #CUKDLOG HGAGHN KXNBN, DL FT ML@BGMNBNMS: XTJS OMEF O MLEQNDEDSN,AG 4LMHLOMHLE N 5GAGDMHLE @LMKQGIMJOL MJLCJS, QKIDL@L DNPE@L QIK@ DGQ QIK@LF DE QEBGJS, XTJSOMEF UL!UIE[DEFK, HGAGHLO O @LILQG DE UKMHGJS, MJLCJS DG JLF HIEUHL QL JEW ULI, ULHG 7L@ QGMJDG 4LMHLOMHLE @LMKQGIMJOL @LMKQGIC, G OTXIGJS DGF @LMKQGIC OMER AEFBER; EMBN [E HGAGHNMJGDKJ OTXNIGJS @LMKQGIC LQDN UL OMEV OLBE, JL DGF JGHL@L @LMKQGIC DE WLJEJS“.

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

5L@QG 4LMHOG XTBG IGALIEDG N HGAGHN MONIEUMJOLOGBN O LHIEMJDTW LXBGMJCW, JLBUTXE@BE^LO, NABLFGDDTW, LXL[[EDDTW, NMJEIAGDDTW, M IGADTW MJLILD KMJIEFNBNMS H (ILN^HLFKFLDGMJTIR. 1INOEQEDDTE O LJPGCDNE FDL[EMJOLF ZJNW DEMPGMJDTW, FLDGWN, MBK@N N HIEMJSCDEFLDGMJTIMHNE DE ADGBN PJL QEBGJS; 3NLDNMNV OLLQKYEONB NW N AGMJGONB ULQGOGJS QECJEBSDKRULFL\S DEMPGMJDTF: FLDGMJTIS (ILN^HNV UIEOIGJNBMC O XLBSDN^K N XL@GQEBSDR, G O HEBSEGIWNFGDQINPSEV MNQEBN UNM^T XLIATE, MLPNDCBN KOE\GJEBSDTE ULMBGDNC N IGMMTBGBN UL@LILQGF N ULBHGF, UINATOGC H LPN\EDNR AEFBN.

N+%+% + C!<#08"+'. % LHJCXIE 1611 @LQG KOE\GJEBSDGC JILN^HGC @IGFLJG CONBGMS O*N[DEF *LO@LILQE; HL@QG O MLXLIDLV ̂ EIHON UILJLULU UILPEB EE UIEQ OMEF DGILQLF, JL AEFMHNVMJGILMJG (@IGQMHNV @BGOG) FCMDLV JLI@LOE^ 5KASFG 4NDNP &KWLIKHNV DGPGB @LOLINJS: „,MBNFT AGWLJNF ULFLPS 4LMHLOMHLFK @LMKQGIMJOK, JL DEPE@L DGF [GBEJS NFEDNC, DE UL[GBEEFDNPE@L: QLFG MOLN UILQGQNF, [ED N QEJEV AGBL[NF N XKQEF XNJS PEBLF“ HJL XT OMJKUNBMC AGUIGOLMBGODKR OEIK N XTB K DGM DGPGBSDNHLF“. 1LBL[EDL XTBL MHBNHGJS MBK[NBTW BRQEV NMLXNIGJS QEDS@N NF DG [GBLOGDSE.

*L UIE[QE PEF MHBNHGJS IGJDTW BRQEV, DGQLXDL XTBL DGVJN OLEOLQK. % ZJL OIEFC O&KAQGBSMHLV LXBGMJN [NB OLEOLQG NAOEMJDTV HDCAS 3NFNJINV 4NWGVBLONP 1L[GIMHNV,QLBEPNOGOYNVMC LJ IGD, ULBKPEDDTW NF UIN IGALIEDNN 4LMHOT. 4NDND MDEMMC M DNF, KBGQNBQEBL N MHGAGB DGILQK, PJL DE AG HEF XLBSYE ULMTBGJS, HILFE HDCAC 1L[GIMHL@L. *G UILMSXKDN[E@LILQ^EO 1L[GIMHNV LJOEPGB: „-GQ C OGYEFK MLOEJK, @LJLO WLJS MEVPGM EWGJS, DL OTXEINJEUIE[QE NA ULMGQMHNW BRQEV, HLFK ML FDLR K JGHL@L OEBNHL@L QEBG XTJS N HGADK MXNIGJS“. 5L@QGDN[E@LILQ^T LJOEPGBN, PJL K DNW DEJ DG UINFEJE JGHL@L PEBLOEHG, JL 1L[GIMHNV MHGAGB: „,MJSK OGM 5KASFG 4NDND, XTOGB LD PEBLOEH MBK[NBTV, EFK ZJL QEBL AG LXTPGV“. (L@QG DN[E@LILQ^TMJGBN XNJS PEBLF 5KASFE, PJLX UINDCBMC AG QEBL; 4NDND LJHGATOGBMC QL JEW ULI, ULHGDN[E@LILQ^T DE MQGBNMS DG OMR E@L OLBR, ULHG DE DGUNMGBN UIN@LOLIG, PJL DE UL[GBERJ DNPE@LQBC OEBNHL@L QEBG.

C!<#08"+' 6 W0!82#62,. 5GH MHLIL IGADEMBLMS OEAQE, P JL DN[E@LILQ^T ULQDCBNMS N @LJLOTDG OMCHNE UL[EIJOLOGDNC, JL IGJDTE BRQN MJGBN MLXNIGJSMC H DNF LJLOMRQK. 1L[GIMHNV MDN[E@LILQ^GFN IGALMBGB ULOMRQK @IGFLJT, O HLJLITW @LOLINBLMS: „(EUEIS FT, *N[DE@L*LO@LILQG OMCHNE BRQN, NQEF DG ULFL\S 4LMHLOMHLFK @LMKQGIMJOK; H DGF UINEWGBN NA FDL@NW@LILQLO QOLICDE, N FT UIN@LOLINBN NFEDNE MOLE N QLFT M DNFN IGAQEBNJS, [GBLOGDSE NF QGJS.+ OGF XT, @LMULQG, JGH[E NQJN DG BNJLOMHNW BRQEV ULMHLIEE. 'J HGAGHLO DNPE@L DE LUGMGVJEMS:HGH XKQEF OME O MLXLIE, JL OMEV AEFBEV MLOEJ KPNDNF N OLIGF DNPE@L QKIDL@L MQEBGJS DE QGQNF.

103

*EUIEFEDDL XTJS XT OGF M DGFN O LQDLF MLOEJE N DG ULBCHLO NQJN OFEMJE, PJLX HGAGHN UL!UIE[DEFK IGJN DE IGAL@DGBN“. (GH HLDPNBMC 1611 @LQ N DGPGBMC 1612!V.

%EMJS L DLOLF LULBPEDNN QLXITW @IG[QGD OMJIEOL[NBG LQNDGHLOL N LMG[QEDDTW ULBCHLO O4LMHOE, N LMG[QGR\NW HGAGHLO. 1LBCHN UINMBGBN H "EIFL@EDK IKMMHNW BRQEV, HLJLITE MJGBNE@L K@LOGINOGJS LJUNMGJS H DN[E@LILQMHLFK LULBPEDNR, PJLX DE WLQNBL ULQ 4LMHOK; "EIFL@EDLJOEPGB: „3G XKQKJ XBG@LMBLOEDDT JE, HLJLITE NQKJ QBC LPN\EDNC 4LMHLOMHL@L @LMKQGIMJOG, GOT, NAFEDDNHN, XKQSJE UILHBCJT“. &HLIL ULMBE ZJL@L "EIFL@ED MHLDPGBMC (17 ]EOIGBC 1612@LQG) LJ DEQLMJGJHG O UN\E.

% JL OIEFC HGH QLXITE @IG[QGDE UIN@LOLINBN UL[EIJOLOGJS OMEF QBC KMULHLEDNC@LMKQGIMJOG, HGAGHN ULQFLMHLODL@L MJGDG UIN@LOLINBN UINMC@DKJS JIEJSEFK, UMHLOMHLFKMGFLAOGD^K N ULMBGJS LJICQT DG MEOEI, PJLX FEYGJS DN[E@LILQMHLFK LULBPEDNR. *L 1L[GIMHNVUIEQKUIEQNB HGAGHLO N O UEIOTW PNMBGW GUIEBC AGDCB )ILMBGOBS, OG[DTV UKDHJ,LXEMUEPNOGR\NV MLEQNDEDNE M MEOEIDTFN LXBGMJCFN. &HLIL UINYBG OEMJS, PJL ULQFLMHLODLELULBPEDNE LJHGAGBLMS LJ JIEJSE@L MGFLAOGD^G, HLJLITV XTB MWOGPED O 1MHLOE, DL LULBPEDNE1L[GIMHL@L QLB[DL XTBL DGQLB@L LMJGDLONJSMC O )ILMBGOBE: OL!UEIOTW, DGQLXDL XTBLULQL[QGJS IGJDTW BRQEV, YEQYNW NA LJQGBEDDTW LXBGMJEV, ULJLF DK[DL XTBL OT@DGJS HGAG^HNEYGVHN, IGAXLVDNPGOYNE O MEOEIDTW KEAQGW, DK[DL XTBL LXEALUGMNJS MEXC N LJ YOEQLO,AGDNFGOYNW *LO@LILQ. & HGAGHGFN KUIGONBNMS MNBLV; YOEQLO ULBL[EDL XTBL FGDNJSUEIE@LOLIGFN DGMPEJ NAXIGDNC LQDL@L NA NW HLILBEONPEV O ^GIN IKMMHNE.

3BC UIEHIG\EDNC ODKJIEDDNW MFKJ, MULILO FE[QK DGPGBSDTFN BRQSFN L MJGIYNDMJOE OTAOGDXTB O ULMIEQN NHN XTOYNV ILMJLOMHNV FNJILULBNJ 5NINBB, HLJLILFK N KQGBLMS KJNYNJS IGMUIN.*L HL@QG OME KBGQNBLMS N LULBPEDNE @LJLOL XTBL OTMJKUNJS NA )ILMBGOBC, 1L[GIMHNV PKJS!PKJS DE UL@NX LJ DL[G KXNV^T OMBEQMJONE HGAG^HL@L AG@LOLIG.

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

*L AGJL LUCJS YEB H 4LMHOE @EJFGD :LQHEONP; 1L[GIMHNV KUIEQNB E@L N 18 GO@KMJG ULQLYEBH 4LMHOE. (IKXE^HLV M HGAGHGFN JIEXLOGBN, PJLX DLOLE LULBPEDNE MJGBL M DNFN OFEMJE; DLIGJDTE BRQN, UINYEQYNE M 1L[GIMHNF, ULFDNBN KPGMJS #CUKDLOG N LX`CONBN: „'JDRQS DGFOFEMJE M HGAGHGFN DE MJGNOGJS“.

%EPEILF 21 GO@KMJG CONBMC ULQ 4LMHOK N :LQHEONP. 9JLX AG@LILQNJS EFK QLIL@K O 5IEFBS,IKMMHLE OLVMHL MJGBL UL LXLNF XEIE@GF 4LMHOT!IEHN — 1L[GIMHNV DG BEOLF, (IKXE^HLV DGUIGOLF, 22!@L PNMBG @EJFGD DGUGB DG 1L[GIMHL@L, DL XTB LJXNJ; 24!@L LD QONDKBMC UL UIGOLVMJLILDE IEHN H 5IEFBR; HGAGHN O IEYNJEBSDKR FNDKJK LJHGAGBNMS XNJSMC N KYBN O MOLV MJGD,DL JILN^HNV HEBGIS $OIGGFNV 1GBN^TD KMUEB K@LOLINJS NW OMJKUNJS O QEBL; JL@QG LX\NFNKMNBNCFN QOLICD N HGAGHLO, N LMLXEDDL XBG@LQGIC MFEBLFK QON[EDNR 4NDNDG M LJXLIDTFLJICQLF, QEBL HLDPNBLMS O ULBSAK IKMMHNW: :LQHEONP XTB LJXNJ N KYEB H BNJLOMHNF @IGDN^GF,DE KMUEO MDGXQNJS LMG[QEDDTW M`EMJDTFN UINUGMGFN.

3*+5,%+, E+)#'U.!0!-# + E0,/2$ !) (!2$"!6. 22 LHJCXIC HGAGHN ULYBN DG UINMJKU NOACBN 5NJGV!@LILQ. % 5IEFBE ULBCHN QEI[GBNMS E\E FEMC^, JEIUC MJIGYDTV @LBLQ,AGMJGOBCOYNV EMJS PEBLOEPEMHLE FCML; DGHLDE^ MQGBNMS DG KMBLONN, PJLX NF XTBG LMJGOBEDG[NADS. &UEIOG XTBN OTUK\EDT NA 5IEFBC XLCIE — HDCASC 4MJNMBGOMHNV, %LILJTDMHNV, +OGD*NHNJNP -LFGDLO M UBEFCDDNHLF 4NWGNBLF ?ELQLILONPEF; ULJLF OTYEB &JIKMS M JLOGIN\GFN,G 27 DLCXIC LULBPEDNE N DGILQ M JLI[EMJOLF OLYBN O LPN\EDDTV LJ OIG@LO 5IEFBS. (IKXE^HLVN 1L[GIMHNV ULMBE LJXNJNC :LQHEONPG [NBN ML@BGMDL N OFEMJE KUIGOBCBN QEBGFN, ULJLFK PJL1L[GIMHNV, DE XKQKPN DNMHLBSHL ULWL[ DG #CUKDLOG, LJBNPGBMC MHILFDLMJSR N KMJKUNB

104

(IKXE^HLFK UEIOEDMJOL HGH MJGIYEFK UL PNDK: (IKXE^HLV XTB XLCIND, G 1L[GIMHNV —MJLBSDNH. *L HGAGHN (IKXE^HL@L DE QGOGBN ULHLC 3OLICDGF 1L[GIMHL@L; UILUNOGC N UILN@ITOGCOME ULBKPGEFLE, HGAGHN XTBN ULMJLCDDL XEQDT, ULMJLCDDL JIEXLOGBN [GBLOGDSC N OLBDLOGBNMSO MBKPGE LJHGAG, HINPGBN, PJL ULXSRJ DGPGBSDTW BRQEV; EQOG FE[QK DNFN N QOLICDGFN DE QLYBLQL XLC.

I,;-#*%&' (!D!- "!0!2$ @+.+7/;%-# (0!)+6 N!8"6& + +740#%+, =#0$ N+D#+2#T,!-!0!6+*# L!/#%!6#. -GJDTE BRQN, QKFGC, PJL M LPN\EDNEF 5IEFBC OME HLDPEDL, DGPGBNIGA`EA[GJSMC NA 4LMHOT, HGH OQIK@ UINYBG OEMJS, PJL MGF HLILBS &N@NAFKDQ NQEJ M OLVMHLF HMJLBN^E. % 4LMHOE MNBSDL NMUK@GBNMS, NXL DN OLVMHG, DN M`EMJDTW UINUGMLO O QLMJGJLPDLFHLBNPEMJOE QBC LMGQT DE XTBL. &JIGW, OUILPEF, XTB DEUILQLB[NJEBED: HLILBS M JEF DEXLBSYNFOLVMHLF, HGHLE K DE@L XTBL, DE FL@ QG[E OACJS N %LBLHLBGFMHG N KYEB DGAGQ O 1LBSYK.

'JMJKUBEDNE &N@NAFKDQG QGBL QLMK@ AGDCJSMC NAXIGDNEF ̂ GIC OMER AEFBER. -GALMBGDT XTBN@IGFLJT UL @LILQGF, PJLX UINMBGDT XTBN O 4LMHOK QKWLODTE OBGMJN N OTXLIDTE NA QOLICD,QEJEV XLCIMHNW, JLI@LOTW, ULMGQMHNW N KEAQDTW BRQEV; PJLX OTXIGDT XTBN BKPYNE BRQN,HIEUHNE N IGAKFDTE, N PJLX QKWLOEDMJOL N ZJN OTXLIDTE QL@LOLINBNMS O MOLNW @LILQGW DGHIEUHLN OACBN K OMCHNW BRQEV ULBDTE QL@LOLIT DGMPEJ ̂ GIMHL@L NAXIGDNC. 5L@QG OTXLIDTE M`EWGBNMS,DGADGPED XTB JIEWQDEODTV ULEJ, ULMBE HLJLIL@L DGPGBNMS MLXLIT. 1LBL[NBN UIE[QE OME@L DEOTXNIGJS NDLMJIGD^EO, OTXNIGJS MOLNW, IKMMHNW; JKJ DGPGBNMS HLADN, MFKJT N OLBDEDNC: OMCHNVWLJEB UL MOLEV FTMBN QEBGJS, OMCHNV WLJEB MOLE@L, DEHLJLITE WLJEBN MGFN UIEMJLBG, ULQHKUGBNN AGMTBGBN; LXIGALOGBNMS UGIJNN, DL DN LQDG NA DNW DE XIGBG OEIW; DGHLDE^, UILNADEMEDL XTBLNFC, HLJLILE ML@BGMNBL OMEW, NFC 4NWGNBG ?ELQLILONPG -LFGDLOG.

21 ]EOIGBC 1613 @LQG XTB ULMBEQDNV MLXLI: HG[QTV PND ULQGB UNMSFEDDLE FDEDNE, N OMEZJN FDEDNC DGVQEDT MWLQDTFN, OME PNDT KHGATOGBN DG LQDL@L PEBLOEHG — 4NWGNBG?ELQLILONPG. 1LYBN DEMHLBSHL QKWLODTW BN^ N LQND XLCIND DG #LXDLE FEMJL N MUILMNBN KDGILQG, DGULBDCOYE@L 5IGMDKR UBL\GQS, HL@L LD WLPEJ O ^GIN. „4NWGNBG ?ELQLILONPG-LFGDLOG“, — XTB LJOEJ.

"#$%$ XXXIII=$-&(%'%$*+, 4+:$+#$ ?,'3'-'%+9$

C!8&2"# 6 E!8)0!/; 7# N+D#+2!/ + (!-6+. @;8#%+%#. 1ILOLA@BGMNOYN ^GIEFYEMJDGQ^GJNBEJDE@L 4NWGNBG ?ELQLILONPG -LFGDLOG, MLXLI DGADGPNB DEMHLBSHL ADGJDTWQKWLODTW N MOEJMHNW BN^ EWGJS H DEFK N LJ NFEDN OMEW PNDLO UILMNJS, PJLX XTB @LMKQGIEF N EWGBO 4LMHOK. 13 FGIJG ULMBT UINEWGBN O 5LMJILFK, @QE O +UGJSEOMHLF FLDGMJTIE [NB JL@QG 4NWGNBM FGJEISR, FLDGWNDER 4GI]LR +OGDLODLR, 14!@L PNMBG MLXLIDTE ULMBT QLYBN O FLDGMJTISHIEMJDTF WLQLF OFEMJE ML OMEFN HLMJILFNPGFN.

;MBTWGOYN LJ ULMBLO UIEQBL[EDNE NQJN O 4LMHOK N ̂ GIMJOLOGJS, 4NWGNB LJHGAGBMC. 4GI]G+OGDLODG @LOLINBG: „&TD FLV O DEMLOEIYEDDTW BEJGW, N BRQN 4LMHLOMHL@L @LMKQGIMJOGNAFGBLQKYEMJOLOGBNMS, UIE[DNF @LMKQGICF — ^GIR 7LINMK, #[EQNFNJINR N %GMNBNR>KVMHLFK UINMC@GBN N ULJLF NAFEDNBN; HILFE JL@L. 4LMHLOMHLE @LMKQGIMJOL IGALIEDL OHLDE^:UIE[DNW MLHILON\ ^GIMHNW DEJ, AEFBN ILAQGDT, MBK[NBTE BRQN LXEQDEBN; N XKQK\EFK ^GIRPEF MBK[NBTW BRQEV [GBLOGJS, MOLV QOLI MLQEI[GJS N HGH UILJNO DEQIK@LO MJLCJS? *GHLDE^,FNJILULBNJ ?NBGIEJ O UBEDK K ULBSMHL@L HLILBC, HLJLITV, KADGOYN LX NAXIGDNN MTDG, LJLFMJNJAG ZJL DG LJ^E“.

&LXLIDTE ULMBT LJOEPGBN, PJL NAXIGD 4NWGNB UL 7L[SEV OLBE, G JIN UIE[DNW @LMKQGICMGQNBNMS DG UIEMJLB UL MOLEFK [EBGDNR, DEUIGOL, LJPE@L OL OMEW BRQCW 4LMHLOMHL@L@LMKQGIMJOG XTBG ILADS N FE[QLKMLXNE; JEUEIS [E IKMMHNE BRQN DGHGAGBNMS OME N UINYBN OMLEQNDEDNE OL OMEW @LILQGW. 1LMBT QLB@L KUIGYNOGBN 4NWGNBG N FGJS E@L, @ILANBN, PJL O MBKPGE

105

LJHGAG 7L@ OAT\EJ DG DEF LHLDPGJEBSDLE IGALIEDNE @LMKQGIMJOG; DGHLDE^ 4GI]G +OGDLODGXBG@LMBLONBG MTDG UINDCJS UIEMJLB.

&BLOG MLXLIDTW ULMBLO, PJL 4NWGNBK DEPE@L XTBL XLCJSMC KPGMJN MOLNW UIEQYEMJOEDDNHLO,ULJLFK PJL BRQN 4LMHLOMHL@L @LMKQGIMJOG DGHGAGBNMS N UINYBN O MLEQNDEDNE, — ZJN MBLOGXTBN OULBDE MUIGOEQBNOT. &JIGYDTF LUTJLF IKMMHNE BRQN DGKPNBNMS, H PEFK OEQKJ MFKJT,DEML@BGMNC N FE[QLKMLXNE; LDN NFEBN MJLBSHL DIGOMJOEDDLV MNBT, PJL FL@BN OLMULBSALOGJSMCDGHGAGDNEF, OMJGBN, MLEQNDNBNMS, LPNMJNBN @LMKQGIMJOL N XKQKJ JEUEIS O MLMJLCDNN ULQQEI[GJSDLOL@L @LMKQGIC, DEMFLJIC DG LJMKJMJONE FGJEINGBSDTW MIEQMJO, DG HLJLILE KHGATOGBG 4GI]G.3L HGHLV MJEUEDN O BKPYNW BRQCW 1613 @LQG HIEUHL XTBL KXE[QEDNE, PJL QLB[DL UL[EIJOLOGJSOMEF QBC ULQQEI[GDNC, LWIGDEDNC DLOL@L ^GIC, OLMMJGDLOBCOYE@L ULICQLH, ULHGATOGB OME@LBKPYE ULQON@ &KMGDNDG.

5L@QG 4NWGNB, OTEWGOYN NA 4LMHOT ULMBE MQGPN 5IEFBC, [NB O 5LMJILFE, LJICQ OIG@LO,KADGOYN, LX NAXIGDNN DLOL@L ^GIC, LJTMHNOGB FEMJL E@L UIEXTOGDNC M ^EBSR KFEIJONJSMLUEIDNHG %BGQNMBGOLOG; O ZJNW ULNMHGW OIG@N MWOGJNBN HIEMJSCDNDG +OGDG &KMGDNDG NA5LMJILFMHL@L KEAQG MEBG 3LFDNDG, UINDGQBE[GOYE@L -LFGDLOTF, N DGPGBN UTJGJS E@LMJIGYDTFN UTJHGFN, OTFKPNOGC ULHGAGDNE, @QE MHITOGBMC 4NWGNB. &KMGDND ADGB, PJL LD O5LMJILFE, DL DE MHGAGB N XTB AGFKPED QL MFEIJN.

B#08"!, 6,%*#%+, N+D#+2# + 6!'%# 8 9#0;="+/. 2 FGC 1613 @LQG 4NWGNB OTEWGB.O 4LMHOK,11 NRBC UILNMWLQNBL ^GIMHLE OEDPGDNE: O ZJLJ QEDS HDCAS 3NFNJINV 4NWGVBLONP 1L[GIMHNVUL[GBLOGD XTB O XLCIE, G DG QIK@LV QEDS, O ̂ GIMHNE NFEDNDT, 5KASFG 4NDND UL[GBLOGD XTB OQKFDTE QOLICDE. 4NBLMJEV, BS@LJ DGILQK DLOTV @LMKQGIS DE FL@ QGJS QBC JLI[EMJOG MOLE@L^GIMHL@L OEDPGDNC: IGJDTE BRQN XNBN PEBLF, PJL ULFEMJSC N OLJPNDT K DNW LJ QLB@LV OLVDTAGUKMJEBN, MBK[NJS NF DE M PE@L, G O HGADE ^GIMHLV QEDE@ N O [NJDN^GW AGUGMLO DE XTBL,MBK[NBTF BRQCF [GBLOGDSC QGJS XTBL DEPE@L.

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

J!'%# 8 "#7#"#/+. +AXGONBNMS LJ /GIK^HL@L, KMULHLEDG XTBG $MJIGWGDS, DL HGAGHLOLMJGBLMS E\E FDL@L ODKJIN @LMKQGIMJOG: ULPJN DE XTBL DN LQDLV LXBGMJN, HLJLIGC XT DE MJIGQGBGLJ NW LUKMJLYEDNV. 'X ZJNW LUKMJLYEDNCW BEJLUNME^ @LOLINJ, PJL N O QIEODNE OIEFEDG JGHNWFKH DE XTOGBL; LMLXEDDL LJBNPGBMC FE[QK HGAGHGFN GJGFGD 7GBLOEDS. 1 MEDJCXIC 1614 @LQG@LMKQGIS LX`CONB DG MLXLIE, PJL OLIT!HGAGHN UIGOLMBGODTW WINMJNGD XSRJ N [@KJ IGADTFNFKHGFN, QLWLQLO MLXNIGJS DE QGRJ, MLXIGDDKR HGADK O 4LMHOK UILOEAJN LJ DNW DEBSAC: JGH HGHM DNFN XTJS? 3KWLOEDMJOL, XLCIE N OMCHNW PNDLO BRQN UIN@LOLINBN: ULMBGJS H OLIGF K@LOGINOGJSNW, PJLX LJ OLILOMJOG LJMJGBN.

+ ULMBGD XTB MKAQGBSMHNV GIWNEIEV QG XLCIND HDCAS #THLO M JEF, PJL EMBN HGAGHN KOE\GDNVDE ULMBKYGRJMC, JL #THLOK MLXIGJS OLVMHL N UILFTYBCJS DGQ DNFN. &HLIL #THLO QGB ADGJS@LMKQGIR, PJL HGAGHN LJ OLILOMJOG DE LJMJGRJ, KDCJS NW DNHGH DEBSAC, MJGBN OLILOGJS UK\EUIE[DE@L; UINMHGHGB N QIK@LV @LDE^ M OEMJSR, PJL HGAGHN MLXIGBNMS XLBSYNFN JLBUGFN N NQKJUICFL DG 4LMHOK. 3EVMJONJEBSDL, HGAGHN CONBNMS ULQ 4LMHOLV N MJGBN UL (ILN^HLV QLIL@E, DL

106

NA )ILMBGOBC YEB AG DNFN UL MBEQGF HDCAS #THLO; HGAGHN LXLYBN 4LMHOK N XILMNBNMS XE[GJSH R@K UL &EIUKWLOMHLV QLIL@E, DL XTBN DGMJN@DKJT ^GIMHNFN OLEOLQGFN N ULXNJT DG@LBLOK.

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

% MEDJCXIE 1615 @LQG LJUIGONBNMS H BNJLOMHLV @IGDN^E, ULQ &FLBEDMH, OEBNHNEULBDLFLPDTE ULMBT — XLCIE WDCASC +OGD %LILJTDMHNV N $BEHMEV &N^HNV; LDN QLB[DT XTBNM`EWGJSMC M ULBSMHNFN KULBDLFLPEDDTFN, OME M ADGHLFTFN BRQSFN — @EJFGDLF :LQHEANPEF,HGD^BEILF #SOLF &GUE@LR N $BEHMGDQILF "LDMEOMHHF; ULMIEQDNHLF XTB ULMLB NFUEIGJLIGDEFE^HL@L ,IGAF "GDQEBNKM, MBGOCDND ILQLF. *L QLB@NE UEIE@LOLIT, MLUILOL[QGOYNEMCKHLIGFN N LUIGOQGDNCFN M LXENW MJLILD, HLDPNBNMS DNPEF UL UINPNDE, HLJLIKR OTMHGAGBULMIEQDNH "GDQEBNKM, @LOLINOYNV JGH FLMHLOMHNF ULMBGF: „%T DGATOGEJE MOLE@L @LMKQGIC, GULBSMHNE ULMBT DGATOGRJ @LMKQGIEF OGYNF MOLE@L HLILBEONPG, N K LQDL@L @LMKQGIMJOG — QGBLQOG @LMKQGIC; JKJ FE[QK OGFN L@LDS N OLQG: PEF OLQK M L@DEF ULFNINJS?“ %LQK M L@DEF DEULFNINBN, N KULBDLFLPEDDTE IGA`EWGBNMS.

"GDQEBNKM De FL@ DNPE@L JKJ MQEBGJS, QG N DE WLJEB, HGH ONQDL. %LLX\E MDLYEDNC MGOMJINVMHNF QOLILF UIN ^GIE 4NWGNBE DE NFEBN UIE[DE@L QIK[EMJOEDDL@L WGIGHJEIG,GOMJINVMHNV QOLI DGWLQNBMC O ILQMJOE N QIK[XE M &N@NAFKDQLF ULBSMHNF N MPEB DK[DTFUEIEFEDNJS JLD O MDLYEDNCW M IGALIEDDTF 4LMHLOMHNF @LMKQGIMJOLF, HLJLILE K[E DE FL@BLXLBEE UINMTBGJS XL@GJTW FEWLO O %EDK; UINJLF AQEMS DE XTBN KXE[QEDT, PJL DLOTV ̂ GIS FL[EJKJOEIQNJSMC DG UIEMJLBE ULMBE JGHNW MFKJ, N ULJLFK DE WLJEBN MFLJIEJS DG DE@L, HGH MFLJIEBNDG E@L UIEQYEMJOEDDNHLO, G 4NWGNB DE WLJEB ULAOLBNJS KFEDSYEDNC MOLEV PEMJN, N ULJLFKMDLYEDNC K FLMHLOMHL@L QOLIG M GOMJINVMHNF MHLIL UIEHIGJNBNMS.

@%!H,%+$ 8 ?;0=+,F + C,08+,F; 6!'%# + /+0 8! R6,=+,F. "LIGAQL QECJEBSDEEUILNMWLQNBN MDLYEDNC M (KI^NER, HLJLIGC, OIG[QKC M 1LBSYEV AG DGXE@N AGULIL[MHNW HGAGHLO,XTBG EMJEMJOEDDLV MLRADN^EV 4LMHOT, DL QIK[EMJOEDDTF UEIE@LOLIGF FLMHLOMHNW ULMBLO O5LDMJGDJNDLULBE ULMJLCDDL FEYGBN QLDMHNE HGAGHN, HLJLITE ULQLXDL AGULIL[^GF N OFEMJE MDNFN DGUGQGBN FLIEF DG JKIE^HNE OBGQEDNC, G MKBJGD, MPNJGC QLD^LO ULQQGDDTFN ^GICFLMHLOMHL@L, MEIQNBMC DG ULMBEQDE@L.

*E XTBL DNHGHNW UIEUCJMJONV QBC QIK[EMJOEDDTW MDLYEDNV M 1EIMNER, N YGW $XXGM%EBNHNV O HLD^E 1617 @LQG UL UILMSXE ̂ GIC UINMBGB EFK MEIEXIG O MBNJHGW DG 7000 IKXBEV. *LXLBEE PEF @QE!BNXL KPGMJNC DLOTV @LMKQGIS FLMHLOMHNV DGYEB DG QGBEHLF /GUGQE, K FLIMHNWQEI[GO $D@BNN N "LBBGDQNN; IGAKFEEJMC, ZJL KPGMJNE XTBL HLITMJDLE: ODKJIEDDNE MFKJT O4LMHLOMHLF @LMKQGIMJOE N LUKMJLYEDNC, UINPNDCEFTE OLVDLR ULBSMHLR N YOEQMHLR, OIEQNBNNW JLI@LOBE, NF OT@LQDL XTBL KMULHLNJS 4LMHLOMHLE @LMKQGIMJOL N O DG@IGQK UINLXIEMJN AQEMSE\E XLBSYNE JLI@LOTE OT@LQT.

% GO@KMJE 1614 @LQG O 4LMHOK UINEWGB QGODL K[E NAOEMJDTV AQEMS GD@BNVMHNV HKUE^ 3[LD4EINH ML ADGPEDNEF ULMBG N UIEQBL[NB MOLE ULMIEQDNPEMJOL O UINFNIEDNN 4LMHOT M >OE^NER,UINPEF UILMNB QBC GD@BNVMHNW HKU^LO OLBSDLV JLI@LOBN N ULAOLBEDNC EAQNJS %LB@LR O 1EIMNR,G IEHLR 'XSR — O +DQNR. ,FK LJOEPGBN, PJL @LMKQGIS K[E QGB GD@BNVMHNF HKU^GF ULAOLBEDNEJLI@LOGJS OMCHNFN JLOGIGFN XEMULYBNDDL, PJL [E HGMGEJMC QL QIK@NW OT@LQ, JL LX ZJLF DGPDKJMCUEIE@LOLIT, HL@QG HLDPNJMC YOEQMHLE QEBL. 4EINH LJUIGONBMC O *LO@LILQ, HLJLITV, HGH FTONQEBN, ULHLINBMC YOEQGF M KMBLONEF, PJLX LQND NA MTDLOEV HLILBEOMHNW XTB E@L @LMKQGIEF.

5LILBS 5GIB IX KFEI, N O NRDE 1613 @LQG UIEEFDNH E@L "KMJGO $QLBS] NAOEMJNB DLO@LILQ^EO

107

LX LJUIGOBEDNN XIGJG MOLE@L 5GIBG ?NBNUUG O %TXLI@, HKQG QLB[DT CONJSMC KULBDLFLPEDDTELJ *LO@LILQG N LJ OME@L -KMMHL@L ̂ GIMJOG QBC IEYEDNC QEBG DGMPEJ NAXIGDNC 5GIBG ?NBNUUG O^GIN, DL O -KMMHLF ^GIMJOE XTB O ZJL OIEFC K[E MOLV UINILQDTV ^GIS, OMBEQMJONE PE@LFLMHLOMHNE KULBDLFLPEDDTE DE CONBNMS O %TXLI@; 5GIB ?NBNUU, M MOLEV MJLILDT, DE AGWLJEBXTJS @LMKQGIEF LQDL@L *LO@LILQG, N "KMJGO $QLBS] OEBEB LX`CONJS DLO@LILQ^GF, PJLX LDNUINMC@GBN UICFL EFK, HLILBR; DLO@LILQ^T LJHGATOGBNMS, QBNBN OIEFC, JEIUEBN MNBSDTEUINJEMDEDNC, DGBL@N LJ YOEQLO, G FE[QK JEF YBN OLEDDTE QEVMJONC FE[QK YOEQMHNFN NFLMHLOMHNFN OLVMHGFN. 3EVMJONC ZJN XTBN DEKQGPDT QBC IKMMHNW O PNMJLF ULBE; 3EBG@GIQNLJJEMDNB HDCAC 3FNJINC (NFL]EEONPG (IKXE^HL@L LJ 7ILDDN^, UINPEF K IKMMHNW UL@NXBL FDL@LBRQEV; "KMJGO $QLBS] MGF OACB "QLO N O NRBE 1615 @LQG LMGQNB 1MHLO, DL OACJS E@L DE FL@.

5LILBS [EBGB FNIG, ULJLFK PJL LUGMGBMC HLILBEV ULBSMHL@L N QGJMHL@L, ODKJIEDDNW MFKJ NJEIUEB DEQLMJGJLH O QEDS@GW; O 4LMHOE JGH[E MNBSDL [EBGBN FNIG, N UEIE@LOLIT FE[QKKULBDLFLPEDDTFN M LXENW MJLILD LJHITBNMS O CDOGIE 1616 @LQG O MEBS^E 3EQEINDE UINULMIEQDNPEMJOE 3[LDG 4EINHG N @LBBGDQMHNW ULMBLO. /QEMS DE FL@BN LHLDPNJS QEBG; M`EWGBNMSOJLINPDL O MEBE &JLBXLOE (FE[QK (NWONDLF N #GQL@LR) N AQEMS UIN ULMIEQMJOE LQDL@L 4EINHGO ]EOIGBE 1617 @LQG AGHBRPNBN OEPDTV FNI, UL HLJLILFK YOEQT OLAOIGJNBN ^GIR 4NWGNBK*LO@LILQ, -KMK, 1LIWLO, "QLO, #GQL@K, DL KQEI[NOGBN AG MLXLR +OGD!@LILQ, )F, 5LULISE N'IEYEH QG, HILFE JL@L, QLB[DT XTBN ULBKPNJS 20000 IKXBEV QEDE@.

J!'%# 8 C!2AH,F + :,;2+%8"!, (,0,/+0+,. =GIS MUEYNB AGHBRPEDNEF FNIG M >OE^NER,ULJLFK PJL QLB[ED XTB KULJIEXNJS OME MOLN MNBT QBC XLISXT M XLBEE LUGMDTF OIG@LF. %MEDJCXIE 1617 @LQG OTMJKUNB UILJNO 4LMHOT %BGQNMBGO OFEMJE M @EJFGDLF :LQHEONPEF. &JIGWDGUGB DG OLEOLQ FLMHLOMHNW, HL@QG LDN KADGBN, PJL MGF HLILBEONP UIN OLVMHE. 3LIL@LXK[MHNVOLEOLQG MQGB MOLV @LILQ %BGQNMBGOK HGH ̂ GIR FLMHLOMHLFK; %CASFG XTBG JGH[E ULHNDKJG MOLNFNOLEOLQGFN N MQGBGMS.

*L DE MQGBGMS 5GBK@G, AG\N\EDDGC HDCAEF 3NFNJINEF 4NWGVBLONPEF 1L[GIMHNF, DE MQGBMC4L[GVMH, 1617!V N QOE JIEJN 1618 @LQG UILYBN XEA IEYNJEBSDTW QEVMJONV M LXENW MJLILD.(LBSHL O MEDJCXIE 1618 @LQG %BGQNMBGO IEYNBMC QONDKJSMC UICFL H 4LMHOE. ;ADGO LX ZJLF,^GIS 4NWGNB MLAOGB MLXLI NA QKWLOEDMJOG, XLCI N OMCHNW PNDLO BRQEV N LX`CONB, PJL LD, UILMCK 7L@G FNBLMJN, LXE\GBMC UILJNO DEQIK@G MOLE@L %BGQNMBGOG MJLCJS, DG 4LMHOE O LMGQE MNQEJSN M ULBSMHNFN BRQSFN XNJSMC; N LDN XT, FNJILULBNJT, XLCIE N OMCHNW PNDLO BRQN, AGUIGOLMBGODKR OEIK, AG DE@L, @LMKQGIC, N AG MEXC M DNF O LMGQE MNQEBN, G DG HLILBEONPEOTUIEBS\EDSC DE MQGOGBNMS. %MCHNW PNDLO BRQN LJOEPGBN, PJL LDN QGBN LXEJ 7L@K AG UIGOLMBGODKROEIK N AG DE@L, @LMKQGIC, MJLCJS N M OIG@GFN XNJSMC, DE \GQC @LBLO MOLNW.

+ JKJ [E MQEBGDT XTBN OME IGMULIC[EDNC, HLFK AG\N\GJS IGADTE PGMJN 4LMHOT. 'UCJSULYBN NA 4LMHOT @IGFLJT UL @LILQGF, PJLX [NJEBN NW KMEIQDL ULFL@GBN @LMKQGIMJOK ODGMJLC\EV XEQE BRQSFN N QEDS@GFN.

*E LQND %BGQNMBGO UINXBN[GBMC H 4LMHOE: YEB DG DEE M R@G FGBLILMMNVMHNV @EJFGD5LDGYEONP &G@GVQGPDTV, IGALINOYN DG UKJN MOLEF @LILQG 1KJNOBS, #NODT, ,BE^, #EXEQCDS.20 MEDJCXIC HLILBEONP MJGB O ADGFEDNJLF (KYNDE, &G@GVQGPDTV MLEQNDNBMC M DNF, N O DLPS DGUEIOLE LHJCXIC ULBCHN ULOEBN UINMJKU H 4LMHOE, DL ULJEIUEBN DEKQGPK K $IXGJMHNW N (OEIMHNWOLILJ. 1LMBE ZJLV DEKQGPN DGPGBNMS UEIE@LOLIT L FNIE; KULBDLFLPEDDTE M`EA[GBNMS MDGPGBGULQ 4LMHOLR, DG IEHE 1IEMDE (JEUEIS 1IEMDEDMHNE UIKQT), ULJLF, HL@QG %BGQNMBGO UEIEYEBH MEOEIK, DG 1EIECMBGOMHKR QLIL@K, JL UEIE@LOLIT UILNAOLQNBNMS O MGFLV 4LMHOE; DGHLDE^,ULBL[EDL XTBL M`EWGJSMC O QEIEODE 3EKBNDE (LJ (ILN^T O 3 OEIMJGW), @QE 1 QEHGXIC AGHBRPNBNUEIEFNINE DG 14 BEJ N 6 FEMC^EO M KMJKUHLV 1LBSYE &FLBEDMHG N &EOEIMHLV AEFBN, UINPEF%BGQNMBGO DE LJHGAGBMC LJ UIGO MOLNW DG FLMHLOMHNV UIEMJLB; KULBDLFLPEDDTE ULBL[NBN ZJLQEBL DG MKQ 7L[NV; KMBLONBNMS JGH[E IGAFEDCJSMC UBEDDTFN M LXENW MJLILD.

_JG IGAFEDG UILNMWLQNBG O NRDE FEMC^E 1619 @LQG O 17 OEIMJGW LJ %CASFT, DG IEHE1LBCDLOHE. /QEMS ULBCHN OLAOIGJNBN FNJILULBNJG ?NBGIEJG *NHNJNPG, XLCINDG >ENDG, (LFNBK#K@LOMHL@L; HDCAS [E %GMNBNV %GMNBSEONP "LBN^TD KFEI DG QLIL@E O "ILQDL. ?NBGIEJ UL UINEAQEO 4LMHOK XTB ULMOC\ED O UGJINGIWN.

108

C#)0+#0D T+2#0,) I+"+)+* + ,.! 7%#*,%+,. & OLAOIG\EDNEF ?NBGIEJG *NHNJNPGDGPNDGEJMC QOLEOBGMJNE O 4LMHLOMHLF @LMKQGIMJOE: O @IGFLJGW UNMGBNMS QOG 6,2+"+D .!8;-#0$— 4NWGNB ?ELQLILONP N LJE^ E@L MOCJEVYNV UGJINGIW ?NBGIEJ *NHNJNP; OME QEBGQLHBGQTOGBNMS LXLNF @LMKQGICF, IEYGBNMS LXLNFN, ULMBT NDLMJIGDDTE UIEQMJGOBCBNMS LXLNFOFEMJE, ULQGOGBN QOLVDTE @IGFLJT, ULQDLMNBN QOLVDTE QGIT. :LJC NFC 4NWGNBG N MJLCBLUIE[QE NFEDN LJ^G E@L, LQDGHL LUTJDTV N JOEIQTV ?NBGIEJ NFEB LPEDS XLBSYKR QLBR OUIGOBEDNN UIN FGBLLUTJDLF, FLBLQLF N FC@HLMEIQEPDLF 4NWGNBE. 3L UINEAQG ?NBGIEJG ZJLVFGBLLUTJDLMJSR N FC@HLMEIQEPNEF FLBLQL@L ̂ GIC OLMULBSALOGBNMS BRQN, HLJLITF UL AGMBK@GFNW DE MBEQLOGBL XTJS XBNAHL K UIEMJLBG: JGHLOT XTBN QOLE XIGJSEO &GBJTHLOTW — 7LINM N4NWGNBG, HLJLITE — JLBSHL N QEBGBN, PJL MEXC N ILQDR MOLR XL@GJNBN, AEFBN HIGBN N OLOMCHNW QEBGW QEBGBN DEUIGOQK, UILFTYBCBN JEF, PJLX UIN @LMKQGIMHLV FNBLMJN, HILFE MEXC,DNHL@L DE ONQEJS“.

'DN NA BNPDTW ^EBEV IGMMJILNBN XIGH @LMKQGIC M 4GISER +OGDLODLV :BLULOLV, DL HL@QGOLAOIGJNBMC ?NBGIEJ *NHNJNP, JL ULQDCB ZJL QEBL, LXDGIK[NB UIEMJKUBEDNE &GBJTHLOTW NMLMBGB NW O MMTBHK. #RQN, UIEQGDDTE &GBJTHLOTF, [GBLOGBNMS DG MJIL@LMJS ?NBGIEJG, DLQIK@NE UIEOLADLMNBN E@L NFEDDL AG JL, PJL LD NAXGONB AEFBR LJ MOLEOLBNC OIEFED\NHLO, QEI[GBO FNBLMJN N AG\N\GB QLMJLVDTW BRQEV. ?NBGIEJ *NHNJNP MUEIOG WLJEB [EDNJS MTDG DGNDLMJIGDDLV UIND^EMME, N UL ZJLFK ULOLQK OEBNMS UEIE@LOLIT M QOLIGFN QGJMHNF N YOEQMHNF,DL QEBL DE MLMJLCBLMS ULJLFK, PJL NDLMJIGDDTE UIND^EMMT DE ML@BGYGBNMS DG UEIEFEDK OEIT,PE@L DEUIEFEDDL JIEXLOGBN O 4LMHOE.

(L@QG @LMKQGIS O 1623 @LQK [EDNBMC DG HDC[DE 4GISE %BGQNFNILODE 3LB@LIKHLOLV, DLFLBLQGC ^GIN^G O JLJ [E @LQ KFEIBG, N DG MBEQKR\NV @LQ ^GIS [EDNBMC DG ,OQLHNN #KHSCDLO!DE &JIEYDEOLV, QLPEIN DEADGPNJEBSDL@L QOLICDNDG.

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̂ GIC 4NWGNBG,MJGIGBMC UIEQMJGONJS EFK, PJL HGJLBNPEMHNV MLRA UGUT, @LMKQGIEV "GXMXKI@MHL@L QLFG N HLILBCULBSMHL@L @ILANJ @NXEBSR DE LQDNF UILJEMJGDJMHNF OBGQEJEBCF, DL JGH[E N 4LMHLOMHLFK@LMKQGIMJOK, PJL EMBN UGUNMJT LQLBERJ YOEQMHKR AEFBR, JL DGPDKJ MJGIGJSMC LX NMHLIEDEDNN@IEPEMHLV OEIT.

„5L@QG FT ONQNF, — UNMGB "KMJGO $QLBS] 4NWGNBK, — HL@QG FT ONQNF, PJL MLMEQDNV QOLI@LINJ, JL DGF DGQLXDL OLQK DLMNJS N ULFL@GJS @GMNJS, PJLX MOLE KXEIEPS; ULIG K[E OGYEFK^GIMHLFK OEBNPEMJOK ULQKFGJS, HGH MLMEQCF ULFLPS N HGH MOLE KXEIEPS“. >OEQMHNE ULMBTKJOEI[QGBN, PJL "KMJGO $QLBS] ML MOLNF OLVMHLF — UEIEQLOGC MJEDG 4LMHLOMHL@L @LMKQGIMJOG,UEIEQLOLV ULBH, XSR\NVMC O "EIFGDNN AG -KMMHLE ̂ GIMJOL. %MBEQMJONE ZJL@L KOEIEDNC O QIK[XEN LX\DLMJN NDJEIEMLO YOEQGF XTBL ULAOLBEDL ULHKUGJS O -LMMNN XEMULYBNDDL WBEX, HIKUK,MFLBK, MEBNJIK. % 1631 @LQK OUEIOTE CONBMC UIN FLMHLOMHLF QOLIE YOEQMHNV IEANQEDJ.

3IK[EMJOEDDTE LJDLYEDNC H >OE^NN XTBN MBEQMJONEF &JLBXLOMHL@L FNIG, HLJLITV XTBAGHBRPED UIN ULMIEQMJOE $D@BNN. *L KMBK@N $D@BNN ZJNF DE L@IGDNPNBNMS: OL OIEFC ULWLQG%BGQNMBGOLOG DG 4LMHOK HLILBS +GHLO UINMBGB ^GIR OAGVFT DG OLEDDTE NAQEI[HN 20 000IKXBEV. %MBEQMJONE ZJL@L 3[LD 4EINH, UINEWGOYNV LUCJS O 4LMHOK O 1620 @LQK, MPEB MEXCOUIGOE UILMNJS QLIL@N %LB@LR O 1EIMNR. "LMKQGIS OEBEB MLXIGJS ADGJDEVYNW HKU^LOFLMHLOMHNW N MUILMNJS NW: „,MBN QGJS GD@BNVMHNF HKU^GF QLIL@K O 1EIMNR, JL DE XKQEJ BN LJZJL@L OGF KXTJHG?“ 1LPJN OME LJOEPGBN, PJL NF XKQEJ KXTJLH, GD@BNPGDE LJLXSRJ K DNW OMRJLI@LOBR, ULJLFK PJL NF DEBSAC MLUEIDNPGJS M XL@GJTFN GD@BNPGDGFN, DL EMBN GD@BNPGDE XKQKJUBGJNJS XLBSYNE ULYBNDT NBN IGALF QGQKJ XLBSYNE QEDS@N O HGADK, LMHKQEOYKR LJ OLVDT, JL

109

NF, HKU^GF, QBC XBG@G @LMKQGIMJOEDDL@L DG OIEFC N ULJEIUEJS FL[DL. *L HGH MHLIL XLCIEDGFEHDKBN 4EINHK L ULYBNDGW, JL LD MEVPGM [E N UIEHIGJNB QEBL, NXL GD@BNPGDGF WLJEBLMSXEMULYBNDDLV JLI@LOBN PEIEA -LMMNR M 1EIMNER.

'JQEBGBNMS LJ GD@BNPGD; CONBNMS ]IGD^KAT M JEFN [E JIEXLOGDNCFN. ,\E O 1615 @LQK ̂ GISLJUIGONB OL ?IGD^NR MOLE@L ULMBGDDNHG M LX`COBEDNEF L MOLEF OLMYEMJONN DG UIEMJLB NUILMSXLR L ULFL\N UILJNO ULBCHLO N YOEQLO. 5LILBS #RQLONH :III LJUKMJNB ULMBGDDNHG DN MPEF, DL LMEDSR 1629 @LQG UINEWGB O 4LMHOK O UEIOTV IGA ]IGD^KAMHNV ULMLB QE "E 5KIFEDED MUIEQBL[EDNEF MLRAG N M UILMSXLR L QLAOLBEDNN ]IGD^KAMHNF HKU^GF EAQNJS O 1EIMNR PIEA4LMHLOMHLE @LMKQGIMJOL. „=GIMHLE OEBNPEMJOL, — @LOLINB 5KIFEDED, — DGPGBSDNH DGQOLMJLPDLR MJIGDLR N DGQ @IEPEMHLR OEILR, G #RQLONH, HLILBS ]IGD^KAMHNV, DGPGBSDNH O R[DLVMJIGDE, N HL@QG ^GIS XKQEJ M HLILBEF O QIK[XE N MLRAE, JL K ^GIMHNW DEQIK@LO FDL@L MNBTKXKQEJ; NFUEIGJLI DEFE^HNV M ULBSMHNF HLILBEF AGLQDL — JGH ^GIR DGQLXDL XTJS AGLQDL MHLILBEF ]IGD^KAMHNF. 5LILBS ]IGD^KAMHNV N ^GIMHLE OEBNPEMJOL OEAQE MBGODT, QIK@NW JGHNWOEBNHNW N MNBSDTW @LMKQGIEV DEJ, ULQQGDDTE NW OL OMEF NF ULMBKYDT, DE JGH HGH GD@BNPGDE NXIGXGDJ^T; PJL WLJCJ, „JL N QEBGRJ, PJL EMJS QEYEOTW JLOGILO MHKUCJ O NMUGDMHLV AEFBE QG NUILQGRJ IKMMHNF QLIL@LV ^EDLV, G ]IGD^KAT XKQKJ UILQGOGJS OME QEYEOL“. *EMFLJIC, LQDGHL,DG ZJN LXE\GDNC, XLCIE LJHGAGBN ULMBK O UEIMNQMHLV JLI@LOBE, @LOLIC, PJL ]IGD^KAT FL@KJULHKUGJS UEIMNQMHNE JLOGIT K IKMMHNW HKU^LO. (GHLV [E LJHGA ULBKPNBN @LBBGDQMHNE N QGJMHNEULMBT.

J)!0#$ (!2A8"#$ 6!'%#. *L @BGODLE ODNFGDNE FLMHLOMHL@L QOLIG XTBL LXIG\EDL DGLJDLYEDNC ULBSMHNE. *G 3EKBNDMHLE UEIEFNINE ML@BGMNBNMS O 4LMHOE, DE NFEC MIEQMJO MKMUEWLF OEMJN OLVDK, [EBGC LJQLWDKJS WLJC DEFDL@L, MLXIGJSMC M MNBGFN N LMOLXLQNJS LJ^G@LMKQGIEOG NA AGJLPEDNC, DL QLB@L LMJGOGJSMC O JLF ULBL[EDNN, O HGHLE ^GIS 4NWGNB XTBULMJGOBED 3EKBNDMHNF UEIEFNINEF, XTBL DEBSAC: %BGQNMBGO DE LJHGAGBMC LJ UIGO MOLNW DGFLMHLOMHNV UIEMJLB, ULBSMHLE UIGONJEBSMJOL DE UINADGBL 4NWGNBG ̂ GIEF, DE WLJEBL MDLMNJSMCM DNF, DGATOGJS E@L O @IGFLJGW — N ZJL UIN XEMUIEITODTW MDLYEDNCW QOKW MLMEQDNW @LMKQGIMJO!

-KMMHNE DNHGH DE FL@BN OLVJN O ULQLXDTE LJDLYEDNC, JIEXLOGBN, PJLX DGPGBSDNHN BNJLOMHNWUL@IGDNPDTW @LILQLO DGATOGBN O MOLNW @IGFLJGW OEBNHL@L @LMKQGIC 4NWGNBG ?ELQLILONPG; JELJHGATOGBNMS, DL LQDL@L LJHGAG XTBL FGBL: DEHLJLITE NA DNW LMFEBNOGBNMS DGATOGJS 4NWGNBGKDNPN[NJEBSDTF ULBKNFEDEF, ULILPNJS E@L NAXIGDNE, @ILANBN MGFLAOGD^EF. 1IN JGHNWLMHLIXBEDNCW O 4LMHOE [QGBN JLBSHL KQLXDL@L MBKPGC H IGAITOK.

5L@QG O 1621 @LQK UINEWGB O 4LMHOK JKIE^HNV ULMBGDDNH @IEH ?LFG 5GDJGHKAND MUIEQBL[EDNEF LJ MKBJGDG 'MFGDG OLEOGJS OFEMJE 1LBSYK, JL ?NBGIEJ *NHNJNP LJOEPGB EFK:„1EIEFNINE M ULBSMHNF HLILBEF MTD FLV OEBEB AGHBRPNJS JLBSHL QBC FEDC; DEUIGOQT ULBCHLON FLMHLOMHL@L IGALIEDSC AGXTJS DGF DEBSAC; FT JL@L JLBSHL N MFLJINF, PJLX O PEF!DNXKQSULBSMHNV HLILBS FNI DGIKYNB: JL@QG MTD FLV ULYBEJ DG DE@L IGJS“. 3EVMJONJEBSDL, @LMKQGINMLAOGBN MLXLI NA QKWLOEDMJOG, XLCI N OMCHNW PNDLO BRQEV, @LOLINBN L DEUIGOQGW NMHLDN OEPDL@LOIG@G 4LMHLOMHLFK @LMKQGIMJOK, &N@NAFKDQG HLILBC, N L JLF, PJL JEUEIS MGFLE XBG@LUINCJDLEOIEFC H OLVDE M DNF, ULJLFK PJL JKIHN N YOEQT UIEQBG@GRJ MLRA MOLV. &LXLI XNB PEBLF@LMKQGICF, PJLX LDN AG MOCJTE 7L[NV ^EIHON, AG MOLR @LMKQGIMHKR PEMJS N AG MOLE @LMKQGIMJOLUILJNO DEQIK@G MOLE@L MJLCBN HIEUHL, G LDN, XLCIE N MBK[NBTE BRQN, IGQT XNJSMC: JLI@LOTE[E BRQN IGQT QGOGJS QEDS@N.

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

% GUIEBE 1632 @LQG KFEI O 1LBSYE HLILBS &N@NAFKDQ, DGMJKUNBL FE[QK^GIMJONE,NAXNIGJEBSDTV MEVF; O 4LMHOE WLJEBN OLMULBSALOGJSMC ZJNF, QONDKJS DEFEQBEDDL [E OLEOLQ,

110

QGODL K[E @LJLOTW, DL OLJ LQND NA ZJNW OLEOLQ, XLCIND HDCAS 3NFNJINV 4GFMJIRHLONP9EIHGMMHNV, XSEJ PEBLF DG QIK@L@L, DG XLCINDG HDCAC 7LINMG 4NWGVBLONPG #THLOG: „5DCAS7LINM 4NWGVBLONP ML FDLV O JLOGIN\GW XTJS DE WLPEJ, @LOLINJ, XKQJL FDLV BRQN OBGQERJ NLXTPGV K FEDC JC[EB N PJL LD UEIEQL FDLR MJGI, MBK[NJ @LMKQGIR MLILH BEJ, BEJ M JINQ^GJSWLQNJ MGF UL MEXE, G DE O JLOGIN\GW“. "LMKQGIN UINHGAGBN #THLOK AGUBGJNJS 9EIHGMMHLFKXEMPEMJSE 1200 IKXBEV, DL O ULWLQ ZJNW OLEOLQ DE ULMBGBN, ULMBGBN MBGODL@L AG\NJLV &FLBEDMHGXLCINDG 4NWGNBG 7LINMLONPG >ENDG N $IJEFSC +AFGVBLOG M 32 000 OLVMHG N 158 UKYHGFN, MUINHGAGDNEF NQJN ULQ &FLBEDMH; QIK@NE OLEOLQT OTMJKUNBN NA IGADTW QIK@NW @LILQLO.

%LVDG DGPGBGMS MPGMJBNOL: 23 @LILQG MQGBNMS IKMMHNF OLEOLQGF. >END M +AFGVBLOTFLMGQNBN &FLBEDMH, HLJLITV LJXNOGBMC 8 FEMC^EO N @LJLO XTB K[E MQGJSMC UL DEQLMJGJHKUINUGMLO, HGH ULBKPNB ULFL\S: O ZJN 8 FEMC^EO QEBG O 1LBSYE KMJILNBNMS, O HLILBN XTB NAXIGDMTD KFEIYE@L &N@NAFKDQG, %BGQNMBGO, UEIOTF QEBLF HLJLIL@L XTBL NQJN DG ULFL\S &FLBEDMHKM 23 000 OLVMHG. % JL [E OIEFC HITF^T, ULQK\EDDTE ULBCHGFN, LUKMJLYGBN FLMHLOMHKRKHIGVDK; JL@QG FDL@NE IGJDTE BRQN, XTOYNE O OLVMHE >ENDG, KMBTWGO, PJL JGJGIT OLRRJ NWULFEMJSC N OLJPNDT, IGA`EWGBNMS NA!ULQ &FLBEDMHG.

25 GO@KMJG 1633 @LQG HLILBS %BGQNMBGO UINYEB ULQ ZJLJ @LILQ, MXNB IKMMHNW M OT@LQDL@LULBL[EDNC NW N LJIEAGB >ENDK FLMHLOMHKR QLIL@K. & HLD^G LHJCXIC IKMMHNE DGPGBN JEIUEJSDEQLMJGJLH O M`EMJDTW UINUGMGW; O MJGDE K DNW @LMULQMJOLOGBN MFKJG N XEMULICQLH: NDLAEFDTVULBHLODNH #EMBN O @BGAGW >ENDG AGMJIEBNB QIK@L@L NDLAEFDL@L ULBHLODNHG, &GDQEIMLDG, NLMJGBMC XEADGHGAGDDTF. *GHLDE^ O CDOGIE 1634 @LQG >END, K@DEJGEFTV @LBLQLF, WLBLQLF NMNBSDLV MFEIJDLMJSR O ULBHGW, OLYEB O MDLYEDNC M HLILBEF N ML@BGMNBMC LJMJKUNJS LJ&FLBEDMHG, LMJGONO OEMS LXLA N GIJNBBEINR OL OBGMJN ULBCHLO; 19 ]EOIGBC IKMMHNE OTMJKUNBNNA LXLAG MOLE@L M KDNANJEBSDLR ̂ EIEFLDNER: QLB[DT XTBN UIEHBLDCJS ADGFEDG UEIEQ HLILBEF.

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

%TUKMJNOYN >ENDG NA!ULQ &FLBEDMHG, HLILBS QONDKBMC H 7EBLV, DGQECMS BE@HL OACJS ZJLJ@LILQ, DL OTYBL NDGPE. *GQFEDDTE MFLBEDMHNF KMUEWLF, ULBCHN LJBL[NBN OMCHKRLMJLIL[DLMJS; ZJNF OLMULBSALOGBNMS IKMMHNE N MQEBGBN KQGPDKR OTBGAHK, O HLJLILV UL@NXBLFDL@L ULBCHLO, JEIUEOYNW, M QIK@LV MJLILDT, LJ @LBLQG N XLBEADEV, G FE[QK JEF UINWLQNBNOEMJN, PJL JKIE^HLE OLVMHL UINXBN[GEJMC H @IGDN^GF 1LBSYN. % JGHNW LXMJLCJEBSMJOGW HLILBRDK[DL XTBL HGH FL[DL MHLIEE AGHBRPNJS FNI M 4LMHOLR, FNI OEPDTV, HLJLITV XT KUILPNB AG#NJOLR UINLXIEJEDNC &N@NAFKDQLOT. 1LBSMHNE UGDT UEIOTE UINMBGBN H XLCIGF; UIEQBL[EDNEXTBL UINDCJL LPEDS LWLJDL, N DGADGPED M`EAQ ULBDLFLPDTF DG IEHE 1LBCDLOHE, JGF [E, @QEXTB UIE[QE M`EAQ QBC IGAFEDG UBEDDTW, N AQEMS 17 FGC 1634 @LQG AGHBRPED XTB OEPDTV FNI:IKMMHNE KMJKUNBN OME @LILQG, LJQGDDTE O 3EKBNDE, HILFE &EIUEVMHG, HILFE JL@L AGUBGJNBN 20000 IKXBEV; AG ZJL %BGQNMBGO LJHGAGBMC LJ OMEW UIGO MOLNW DG FLMHLOMHNV UIEMJLB N ML@BGMNBMCUINADGJS AG FLMHLOMHNFN @LMKQGICFN ̂ GIMHNV JNJKB. % DGPGBE 1635 @LQG QBC AGHIEUBEDNC FNIGUINMC@LR HLILBEOMHLR LJUIGONBMC O 1LBSYK OEBNHNV ULMLB HDCAS #SOLO!)ILMBGOMHNV,HLJLILFK KQGBLMS K@LOLINJS ULBCHLO LJUKMJNJS O 4LMHOK JEBG XTOYE@L ̂ GIC %GMNBNC +OGDLONPG>KVMHL@L, XIGJG E@L 3NFNJINC N [EDT ULMBEQDE@L. (EBL ^GIC %GMNBNC M JLI[EMJOLF XTBLUINDEMEDL O 4LMHOK N UL@IEXEDL O $IWGD@EBSMHLF MLXLIE.

J7$)+, Q7!6# "#7#"#/+. 1LMBE OJLILV ULBSMHLV OLVDT DE XTBL XLBSYE OLVDT O^GIMJOLOGDNE 4NWGNBG, NXL IGAITOG M (KI^NER ULMJGIGBNMS NAXE[GJS. & ZJLR QEI[GOLRUILNMWLQNBN ULMJLCDDTE MDLYEDNC, OL OIEFC HLJLITW FLMHLOMHNE ULMBT QLB[DT XTBN JEIUEJSDEUINCJDLMJN AG JL, PJL QLDMHNE HGAGHN DE UEIEMJGOGBN DGUGQGJS DG JKIE^HNE OBGQEDNC N @ILFNJSJKIE^HNE HLIGXBN. % 1637 @LQK HGAGHN AGQKFGBN OACJS $ALO, OG[DKR JKIE^HKR HIEULMJS UIN

111

KMJSE 3LDG, M [NJEBCFN HLJLILV K DNW XTBN XEMUIEMJGDDTE OLVDT. %ACOYN M MLXLV 1000 PEBLOEHAGULIL[MHNW HGAGHLO, QLD^T 21 GUIEBC OTMJKUNBN H $ALOK O PNMBE 4400 PEBLOEH. % ZJL OIEFCUILEA[GB PEIEA NW AEFBR O 4LMHOK JKIE^HNV ULMBGDDNH @IEH 5GDJGHKAND, LDN E@L LMJGDLONBNN, AGULQLAINO O MDLYEDNCW M GALO^GFN, KXNBN.

18 NRDC $ALO XTB AGDCJ HGAGHGFN; NMJIEXNO OMEW [NJEBEV, HILFE @IEHLO, LMOLXLQNO UBEDDTWWINMJNGD, AGOLEOGJEBN AGMEBN O @LILQE N ULMBGBN OEMJS O 4LMHOK L MOLEV ULXEQE. =GIS LJOEPGB:„%T MQEBGBN QKIDL, PJL JKIE^HL@L ULMBG ULXNBN MGFLOLBSMJOLF: DN@QE DE OEQEJMC, PJLX ULMBLOULXNOGJS, N $ALO OACBN OT XEA DGYE@L ^GIMHL@L ULOEBEDNC“. 5 MKBJGDK ^GIS UNMGB: „5GAGHN$ALO OACBN OLILOMJOLF, LDN NAQGODG OLIT, XE@BTE WLBLUN N DGYE@L ^GIMHL@L UINHGAGDSC DN OPEF DE MBKYGRJ; OGF XT, XIGJK DGYEFK, DG DGM DE QLMGQLOGJS AG JL, PJL HGAGHN ULMBGDDNHGOGYE@L KXNBN N $ALO OACBN: ZJL LDN MQEBGBN XEA DGYE@L ULOEBEDSC, MGFLOLBSMJOLF, N FT AGJGHNW OLILO DNHGH DE MJLNF N MMLIT AG DNW DNHGHLV DE WLJNF, WLJC NW, OLILO, OMEW O LQND PGMOEBNJE ULXNJS; FT M OGYNF MKBJGDLOSY OEBNPEMJOLF O HIEUHLV XIGJMHLV QIK[XE N BRXON XTJSWLJNF“.

*L MMLIT M JKIHGFN JIKQDL XTBL NAXE[GJS: LMEDSR HITF^T LUKMJLYNBN FLMHLOMHKRKHIGVDK, N WGD UNMGB O 4LMHOK, PJL DGUGQEDNE MQEBGDL UL UINHGAK MKBJGDG AG OACJNE $ALOGHGAGHGFN. 1EIMNQMHGC OLVDG N MFEIJS MKBJGDG 4KIGQG QLB@L DE ULAOLBCBN JKIHGF QEVMJOLOGJSUILJNO HGAGHLO; JLBSHL O FGE 1641 @LQG MKBJGD +XIG@NF 1!V QONDKB ULQ $ALO 200 000 OLVMHG,DL HGAGHN M LJPGCDDTF FK[EMJOLF LJIGANBN 24 UINMJKUG N UINDKQNBN JKILH MDCJS LMGQK.

5GAGHN UINMBGBN OEMJS L MOLEF JLI[EMJOE N OFEMJE L [GBHLF ULBL[EDNN. „4T DG@N, XLMTN @LBLQDT, — UNMGBN LDN, — AGUGMLO, ULILWK N MOND^K DEJ, LJ ZJL@L FDL@NE HGAGHN WLJCJ NQJNOILADS, G FDL@NE UEIEIGDEDT“. 'DN UILMNBN, PJLX @LMKQGIS UINDCB LJ DNW $ALO. 3 CDOGIC 1642@LQG 4NWGNB MLAOGB MLXLI NAL OMCHNW PNDLO BRQEV N OEBEB MUILMNJS OTXLIDTW: „"LMKQGIR MJKIE^HNF ̂ GIEF AG $ALO IGAITOGJS BN N $ALO K QLDMHNW HGAGHLO UINDNFGJS BN? ,MBN UINDNFGJSN OLVDK M JKIHGFN DGPNDGJS, JL IGJDTW BRQEV ULDGQLXNJMC FDL@L, WBEXDTW, UKYEPDTW N OMCHNWAGUGMLO DGQLXDL XKQEJ DE DG LQND @LQ: JGH @QE OACJS MJLBSHL QEDE@?“

3KWLOEDMJOL LJOEPGBL, PJL LDL IGQL OLVMHK ULFL@GJS QEDS@GFN, MHLBSHL MNBT MJGDEJ. 3OLICDEN QEJN XLCIMHNE LJOEPGBN, PJL LDN MBK[NJS IGQT, PJL $ALO DGQLXDL UINDCJS, QBC MXLIG QEDE@UKMJS @LMKQGIS KHG[EJ OTXIGJS NA OMCHNW PNDLO BRQEV QLXITW PEBLOEHG UL QOG N UL JIN N MQEBGJSUIN MXLIE QEDE@ IGADN^K FE[QK XL@GJTFN N XEQDTFN; EMBN [E OQIK@ ULDGQLXCJMC QEDS@N, JLOACJS UGJINGIYKR HGADK, K GIWNEIEEO N O FLDGMJTICW — QLFLOKR HGADK; M HKU^LO N PEIDTWBRQEV, M NW JLI@LO, UILFTMBLO N UIL[NJHLO OACJS QEDE@ O HGADK, MHLBSHL @LMKQGIR 7L@ NAOEMJNJ,UKMJS @LMKQGIS OEBNJ UINHGADTW MOLNW BRQEV MPEMJS UL UINWLQDTF HDN@GF, PJLX @LMKQGIEOGHGADG XEA OEQLFG DE JEICBGMS; UIN ZJLF QOLICDE N QEJN XLCIMHNE, KHGATOGC DG MOLR XEQDLMJS,@LOLINBN, PJL QSCHN N ULQSCPNE, ULBKPGC QEDE[DLE [GBLOGDSE, NFEC ULFEMJSC N OLJPNDT,LXL@GJEOYN LJ OACJLH, ULHKUNBN FDL@L OLJPND N ULMJILNBN MEXE QLFG HGFEDDTE JGHNE, HGHNWUIE[QE N K OEBNHLILQDTW BRQEV DE XTOGBL; DGHLDE^, QOLICDE N QEJN XLCIMHNE [GBLOGBNMS, PJLUK\E JKIE^HNW N HITFMHNW XKMKIFGD IGALIEDT LDN FLMHLOMHNFN DEMUIGOEQBNOTFN MKQGFN.5KU^T MHGAGBN, PJL LDN IGALINBNMS LJ MBK[X, LJ ULMBEQDEV ULBSMHLV OLVDT, HL@QG M DNW XIGBNFDL@L QEDE@, LJ NDLAEF^EO, DEF^EO N UEIMNGD, HLJLITE LJDCBN K DNW JLI@N, N LJ OLEOLQ, HLJLITENW @IGXCJ; O AGHBRPEDDE HKU^T MHGAGBN, PJL IGQT MBK[NJS MOLNFN @LBLOGFN, AG =GIMHLE AQLILOSEN AG UIGOLMBGODKR OEIK ULFEIEJS.

*L OLVDT DE DGPGBN: HKU^T CMDL KHGATOGBN DG MOLE IGALIEDSE; MBK[NBTE BRQN, KHGATOGCDG MOLR XEQDLMJS, QBC MXLIG QEDE@ UIEQBG@GBN JGHNE MIEQMJOG, HLJLITE JIKQDL XTBL UINOEMJN ONMULBDEDNE, G OLVDG UIEQMJLCBG LUGMDGC N UILQLB[NJEBSDGC; DGHLDE^, ULMBGDDTE LMFGJINOGJS$ALO QLDEMBN, PJL @LILQ ZJLJ IGAXNJ N AG\N\GJS E@L DEBSAC. (L@QG @LMKQGIS ULMBGB HGAGHGF@IGFLJK M UINHGAGDNEF ULHNDKJS $ALO; HGAGHN OTYBN NA @LILQG, DL UIE[QE DE LMJGONBN O DEFHGFDC DG HGFDE.

E!0!2,6+* J!2A-,/#0. % ULMBEQDEE OIEFC [NADN ODNFGDNE ^GIC 4NWGNBG LMLXEDDLAGDNFGBN QOG JC[EBTW QEBG UL LJDLYEDNR H 3GDNN N 1LBSYE. % 1642 @LQK @LMKQGIS LJUIGONB O

112

3GDNR ULMBG 1ILEMJEOG UIEQBL[NJS HLILBR :INMJNGDK IV UINMBGJS MTDG MOLE@L %GBSQEFGIG O4LMHOK QBC [EDNJSXT DG MJGIYEV QLPEIN ^GIMHLV +INDE 4NWGVBLODE. 1IEQBL[EDNE DE XTBLUINDCJL, NXL ULMLB LX`CONB, PJL %GBSQEFGI QLB[ED UINDCJS UIGOLMBGODKR OEIK. *EMFLJIC DGJL, O HLD^E @LQG @LMKQGIS LJUIGONB LUCJS O 3GDNR DEFE^HL@L HKU^G, ULMEBNOYE@LMC O -LMMNN,1EJIG 4GIMEBNMG M JEF [E ULIKPEDNEF KBGQNJS QEBL L MOGJLOMJOE. 4GIMEBNM NMULBDNBULIKPEDNE: AGHBRPED XTB QL@LOLI, O HLJLILF XTBL MHGAGDL, PJL HLILBEONPK O OEIE DEOLBN DEXKQEJ N ^EIHLOS EFK XKQEJ ULMJGOBEDG UL E@L AGHLDK.

% DGPGBE 1644 @LQG %GBSQEFGI UINEWGB O 4LMHOK, XTB UINDCJ LPEDS IGQKYDL, DL HL@QGUINMJKUNBN H QEBK, JL DELXWLQNFTF KMBLONEF XIGHG QBC DE@L ULMJGONBN UINDCJNE UIGOLMBGONC;%GBSQEFGI DNHGH DE WLJEB ML@BGMNJSMC DG ZJL KMBLONE, JIEXLOGB LJUKMHG N, ONQC, PJL E@LDGFEIEDDL AGQEI[NOGRJ, ULHKYGBMC JGVDL KVJN NA 4LMHOT, UINPEF QEBL DE LXLYBLMS XEAHILOLUILBNJNC.

@#/!76#%,= O;4#. % JL MGFLE OIEFC, HL@QG O 4LMHOE DE ADGBN, HGH XTJS M %GBSQEFGILF,YBN DEUINCJDTE UEIE@LOLIT M 1LBSYER. 1LMBE 1LBCDLOMHL@L FNIG 4NWGNB LJUIGOBCB ULMBLOH HLILBR %BGQNMBGOK M ULMJLCDDTFN [GBLXGFN DG JL, PJL ULBSMHNE UGDT N UL@IGDNPDTEQEI[GO^T UNYKJ JNJKB ^GIMHNV M LYNXHGFN; ULBCHN MPNJGBN ZJL QEBL DEOG[DTF, DL IKMMHNEKJOEI[QGBN, PJL QBC DNW ZJL QEBL @BGODLE — LXEIE@GJS PEMJS @LMKQGIEOK, N JIEXLOGBN [EMJLHL@LDGHGAGDNC ONDLODTF, ULBCHN LJ@LOGINOGBNMS, N DEKQLOLBSMJONE ILMBL. & MOLEV MJLILDT ULBCHN[GBLOGBNMS, PJL OLMMJGOYNE UILJNO DNW HGAGHN FGBLILMMNVMHNE DGWLQCJ KXE[N\E O FLMHLOMHNWOBGQEDNCW.

*GHLDE^ O 1643 @LQK LJUIGONBMC O 1LBSYK ULMLB HDCAS #SOLO M OG[DLV [GBLXLR, PJL ULBCHNKHITOGRJ K MEXC MGFLAOGD^G, HLJLITV DGATOGEJ MEXC ̂ GIEONPEF +OGDLF 3NFNJINEONPEF, MTDLFJKYNDMHL@L ^GIC LJ 4GINDT. 'JHITBLMS, PJL YBCWJNP ULBSMHNV 3NFNJINV #KXG OFEMJE MFGBEDSHNF MTDLF ULYEB O 4LMHOK UIN OLVMHE O MFKJDLE OIEFC N XTB JGF KXNJ; MNILJK OACBQIK@LV YBCWJNP, 7EBNDMHNV, N UINOEA O 1LBSYK, OTQGOGC AG MTDG #[EQNFNJINC N 4GINDT,HLJLIL@L XKQJL XT MGFG FGJS LJQGBG EFK, 7EBNDMHLFK, DG MLWIGDEDNE. 5L@QG FGBSPNH OTILM, JL7EBNDMHNV LX`CONB LX DEF DG MEVFE; #KXK LJQGBN DG MXEIE[EDNE #SOK &GUE@E, DGADGPNBN EFKMLQEI[GDNE, LJQGBN O IKMMHNV FLDGMJTIS KPNJSMC; DL HL@QG AGHBRPED XTB OEPDTV FNI M4LMHOLR, JL LX DEF AGXTBN HGH L PEBLOEHE OLOME DE DK[DLF, N DEMPGMJDTV FLBLQLV PEBLOEH,HLJLIL@L OEBNPGBN FLMHLOMHNF ^GIEONPEF, QLB[ED XTB MDNMHNOGJS MEXE UILUNJGDNE MBK[XLVK PGMJDTW BN^, N JKJ E\E JNJKB ^GIEONPG DGHBNHGB DG DE@L MJIGYDKR XEQK.

5DCAS #SOLO ULJIEXLOGB E@L OTQGPN. 1LBSMHLE UIGONJEBSMJOL DE ML@BGYGBLMS OTQGJS DGCODKR MFEIJS PEBLOEHG OLOME DEONDDL@L, UGDT KOEICBN ULMBG, PJL #KXG XEAOIEQED, DEFEQBEDDL[E OMJKUNJ O QKWLODLE AOGDNE; #SOLO LJOEPGB, PJL N "INYHG 'JIEUSEO XTB ULMJIN[ED, LQDGHLZJL DE ULFEYGBL EFK MFKJNJS 4LMHLOMHLE @LMKQGIMJOL. *GHLDE^ HLILBS %BGQNMBGO LJUIGONB#KXK M ULMBLF MOLNF &JEFNHLOMHNF O 4LMHOK N O @IGFLJE MOLEV UILMNB ^GIC LJUKMJNJSDEMPGMJDL@L N DNPEF DEONDDL@L YBCWJNPG LUCJS O 1LBSYK, DL ^GIS DE ML@BGYGBMC, N QEBLAGJCDKBLMS QL MGFLV MFEIJN @LMKQGIC, HLJLIGC ULMBEQLOGBG 12 NRBC 1645 @LQG. 4NWGNB LMJGONBULMBE MEXC YEMJDGQ^GJNBEJDE@L MTDG $BEHMEC 4NWGVBLONPG N JIEW QLPEIEV.

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

113

DGMNBNC N LXNQT LJ XLCI N IGADL@L AOGDNC BRQEV.5L@QG ?NBGIEJ *NHNJNP OLAOIGJNBMC NA 1LBSYN, JL @LMKQGIN MLAOGBN MLXLI N UIN@LOLINBN:

O IGALIEDDTE @LILQG ULMBGJS QLALI\NHLO QLXITW, PJLX LDN LMFGJINOGBN N LUNMTOGBN OME @LILQGOUIGOQK, XEA OACJLH. &TMHNOGJS OEAQE ULMGQMHNW BRQEV PK[NW @LILQLO N LJMTBGJS O JE @LILQG,@QE LDN UIE[QE [NBN; HLJLITE AGBL[NBNMS AG QKWLOEDMJOL, XLCI N QIK@NW BRQEV, JEW OMEWLJLMBGJS JGH[E JKQG, @QE UIE[QE XTBN, G M JEW BRQEV, AG HLJLITFN LDN [NBN, OACJS ULQGJN AGOME UILYBTE @LQT. 9JLX ADGJS, O HGHLF MLMJLCDNN DGWLQNJMC @LILQ N HGH E@L KMJILNJS, OACJS NAHG[QL@L @LILQG O 4LMHOK UL PEBLOEHK NA QKWLOEDMJOG, UL QOG NA QOLICD N QEJEV XLCIMHNW, UL QOGNA ULMGQMHNW BRQEV, HLJLITE XT KFEBN IGMMHGAGJS LXNQT, DGMNBSMJOG N IGALIEDSC, HGHNFNMIEQMJOGFN KMJILNJS 4LMHLOMHLE @LMKQGIMJOL.

'QDNF NA @BGODTW UIEUCJMJONV H KMJILEDNR @LILQLO XTBN DGMNBNC OLEOLQ N UINHGADTWBRQEV, JGH PJL O 1620 @LQK UIGONJEBSMJOL IGALMBGBL @IGFLJT, O HLJLITW ULQ MJIGWLF [EMJHL@LDGHGAGDNC AGUIE\GBL OLEOLQGF N UINHGADTF BRQCF XIGJS OACJHN, G @LILQMHNF N KEAQDTF[NJEBCF QGOGJS NW. 'MLXEDDL JEIUEBN [NJEBN LJQGBEDDTW LXBGMJEV, DGUINFEI MNXNIMHNW,[GBLXT HLJLITW DEMHLIL FL@BN QLMJN@GJS 4LMHOT. 5ILFE UINJEMDEDNV LJ OLEOLQ N UINHGADTWBRQEV [NJEBN @LILQLO N LXBGMJEV FDL@L MJIGQGBN LJ IGAXLEO, HLJLITW FDL@L XTBL N UIE[QE, GJEUEIS QLB[DL XTBL XTJS E\E XLBSYE ULMBE DEQGODNW MFKJ N HGAG^HL@L @LMULQMJOG. <EBGC HGHFL[DL MHLIEE MLXIGJS QEDS@N, DGPGBN LJQGOGJS DG LJHKU MGFTE FEBHNE UILFTMBT; ZJL OLAXKQNBLMNBSDTE [GBLXT, N UIGONJEBSMJOL O 1639 @LQK AGUIEJNBL ULQLXDTE LJHKUG.

K%!8)0#%%&, (0!/&H2,%%+"+. %MBEQMJONE OMEW ZJNW UIEUCJMJONV UILFTYBEDDLMJS NJLI@LOBC DE FL@BN UIL^OEJGJS O @LILQGW IKMMHNW; HKU^T DE FL@BN XTJS XL@GJT, DE FL@BNMLUEIDNPGJS M HKU^GFN NDLMJIGDDTFN N ULJLFK QLFL@GBNMS, PJLX UIGONJEBSMJOL AGUIEJNBLULMBEQDNF UINEA[GJS OL ODKJIEDDNE @LILQG @LMKQGIMJOG. *L UINEAQK NDLMJIGDDTW FGMJEILO NAGOLQPNHLO N UIGONJEBSMJOL N DGILQ XTBN IGQT, ULJLFK PJL LDN QGOGBN WBEX XEQDTF BRQCF N LJDNW FL[DL XTBL DGKPNJSMC ULBEADTF IEFEMBGF N UILFTMBGF.

% ^GIMJOLOGDNE 4NWGNBG ?ELQLILONPG ZJNW NDLMJIGD^EO UINEA[GBL O 4LMHOK @LIGAQLXLBSYE, PEF UIE[QE. "LBBGDQMHNV HKUE^ %NDNKM KMJILNB ULQBE (KBT AGOLQT QBC BNJSC UKYEH,CQEI N OTQEBTOGDNC IGADTW QIK@NW OE\EV NA [EBEAG; NAOEMJDTV DGF 4GIMEBNM OTUILMNB^GIMHKR @IGFLJK QBC KMJILEDNC ULQLXDTW [E AGOLQLO UL IEHGF %G@E, 5LMJILFE N >EHMDE;OTQGDT XTBN UINONBE@NN DG NAOEMJDLE PNMBL BEJ N QIK@NF NDLMJIGD^GF QBC AGOEQEDNC IGADTWUILNAOLQMJO, N OMEF NF OFEDCBLMS O LXCAGDDLMJS — IKMMHNW BRQEV DGKPGJS N DNHGHL@LFGMJEIMJOG LJ DNW DE MHITOGJS.

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

-KMMHNE BRQN MJILNBN AQEMS @LILQHN, AGOLQNBN WBEXLUGYEMJOL; O MLILHLOTW @LQGW @LMKQGISOEBEB MFLJIEJS DG IEHE #EDE FEMJG, KQLXDTE QBC UGYDN, N HBNHDKJS HBNP UL LWLJDNHGFAGDNFGJSMC AEFBEQEBNEF, NF QGOGBN BS@LJT, MDGX[GBN BLYGQSFN N AEFBEQEBSPEMHNFN LIKQNCFN.(GHNF LXIGALF, IKMMHNE BRQN, LJLQONDKJTE &JLBXLOMHNF N 1LBCDLOMHNF QL@LOLIGFN LJLXIGALOGDDL@L /GUGQG, O UKMJTDCW &EOEIDLV $ANN ULBG@GBN DGPGJHN @IG[QGDMJOEDDLMJNEOILUEVMHLV, NXL UINDLMNBN M MLXLR WINMJNGDMJOL.

114

K8(0#62,%+, "%+.. -KMMHGC =EIHLOS, IGMUILMJIGDCC MOLN UIEQEBT DG LJQGBEDDLF OLMJLHE,QLB[DG XTBG UIE[QE OME@L AGXLJNJSMC L PNMJLJE KPEDNC N DIGOMJOEDDLMJN, MNBSDL MJIGQGOYEVLJ DEQLMJGJHG UILMOE\EDNC. & OLMMJGDLOBEDNEF MULHLVMJONC UIN ̂ GIE 4NWGNBE MDLOG DGPGBLMSO 4LMHOE HDN@LUEPGJDLE QEBL, UIEHIGJNOYEEMC OMBEQMJONE IGALIEDNC MJLBN^T. *L UIE[QE PEFUEPGJGJS ̂ EIHLODTE HDN@N, DK[DL XTBL NMUIGONJS NW LJ @IKXTW LYNXLH, ODEMEDDTW DGFEIEDDLN DEDGFEIEDDL DEOE[EMJOEDDTFN UEIEUNMPNHGFN.

_JL NMUIGOBEDNE O 1616 @LQK ULIKPEDL XTBL ADGFEDNJLFK JILN^HLFK GIWNFGDQINJK3NLDNMNR M QOKFC JLOGIN\GFN, DL DEOE[QT, EQOG ADGOYNE GAXKHK, LXONDNBN NMUIGONJEBEV OEIEMN, 3NLDNMNC FKPNBN LMLXEDDL AG JL, PJL LD DE WLJEB QGJS OACJHN; N LD LMOLXLQNBMC NAAGJLPEDNC JLBSHL JL@QG, HL@QG NEIKMGBNFMHNV UGJINGIW, UINEWGOYNV O 4LMHOK, KHGAGB UGJINGIWK?NBGIEJK DG DEONDDLMJS NMUIGONJEBEV. 5ILFE NMUIGOBEDNC HDN@ IKMMHGC =EIHLOS UIN 4NWGNBEQLB[DG XTBG AGXLJNJSMC LX NMUIGOBEDNN DIGOMJOEDDLMJN O QKWLOEDMJOE N FNICDGW, LMLXEDDLQLB[DG XTBG OLLIK[NJSMC UILJNO DIGOMJOEDDTW XEMULICQHLO O &NXNIN.

77. C0!86,5,%+, + 2+),0#);0#. &LXBRQGBNMS E\E OL OMEV MJIL@LMJN MJGITE LXTPGN,DLOLOOEQEDNC MJIL@L UIEMBEQLOGBNMS: AG KULJIEXBEDNE JGXGHK IEAGBN DLMT; DL QLUK\EDNE OMEXLBSYE@L N XLBSYE@L PNMBG NDLMJIGD^EO ODKJIS @LMKQGIMJOG, CODL OTMHGAGOYGCMC ULJIEXDLMJSO DNW, UINADGDNE UIEOLMWLQMJOG NW O DGKHE N OMCHNW UILFTMBGW, UINADGDNE O DELXWLQNFLMJNKPNJSMC K DNW UIEQOE\GBN MHLITV UEIEOLILJ O [NADN IKMMHL@L LX\EMJOG, MHLILE MXBN[EDNE M/GUGQDLR ,OILULR.

1IN ^GIE 4NWGNBE OTATOGBN NA!AG @IGDN^T DE LQDNW IGJDTW BRQEV, DE LQDNW FGMJEILO NAGOLQPNHLO: ULDGQLXNBNMS BRQN KPEDTE, N O 1639 @LQK OTAOGD XTB O 4LMHOK NAOEMJDTV KPEDTV@LBYJNDE^ $QGF 'BEGINV HGH GMJILDLF, @EL@IG] N @ELFEJI. „$ DGF, — @LOLINJ ^GIS O MOLEV@IGFLJE, — JGHLV FGMJEI @LQED“. 1L ^GIMHLFK KHGAK UEIEOEQEDG XTBG M BGJNDMHL@L ULBDGCHLMFL@IG]NC. & LQDLV MJLILDT, O DGKHE DK[QGBLMS @LMKQGIMJOL QBC KQLOBEJOLIEDNC MGFTFDELXWLQNFTF ULJIEXDLMJCF, QBC LWIGDEDNC ̂ EBLMJN N MGFLMJLCJEBSDLMJN MOLEV LJ NDLMJIGD^EOXLBEE NMHKMDTW N ULJLFK XLBEE MNBSDTW; M QIK@LV MJLILDT, DK[QGBGMS O DGKHE =EIHLOS QBCLWIGDEDNC PNMJLJT MOLE@L KPEDNC, N UGJINGIW ?NBGIEJ AGOLQNJ @IEHL!BGJNDMHLE KPNBN\E.

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— PEBLOEHK NA UGIJNN FEDSYNW BRQEV; MHGAGDNC ZJN BRXLUTJDT UL IGABNPNR OA@BCQLO DEJLBSHL DG UMHLOMHNE, DL N DG OMEILMMNVMHNE MLXTJNC. +A NDLMJIGDDTW MLPNDEDNV L -LMMNNOIEFED 4NWGVBLOTW MGFLE AGFEPGJEBSDLE UINDGQBE[NJ KULFCDKJLFK OTYE @LBYJNDMHLFKKPEDLFK $QGFK 'BEGINR.

"#$%$ XXXIV&'&(')*+, /$1$3*'0 -'&&++ % 5'*=, XVI + % 1,-%'0 1'#'%+*, XVII

%,5$

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

115

N DEHLJLITW E@L UIEEFDNHGW ULBSMHNE HGJLBNHN QGOGBN MEXE OLBR KOBEHGJSMC IEBN@NLADLVIEODLMJSR N JEMDNJS OLMJLPDLE IKMMHLE NMULOEQGDNE.

+ UIN )@EBBLDGW ULQLXDTE ULUTJHN NFEBN MBEQMJONEF DGILQDKR OIG[QK N MJIEFBEDNEIKMMHNW BRQEV LJLIOGJSMC LJ ULBSMHL!BNJLOMHL@L MLRAG N UINMLEQNDNJSMC H OLMJLPDLV -LMMNN;DL UIN )@EBBLDGW ULUTJHN ZJN DE XTBN ULMJLCDDT N MNBSDT; NDGPE ULYBL QEBL H HLD^K XVIOEHG, HL@QG XTBN UINAOGDT O 1LBSYK N #NJOK NEAKNJT QBC XLISXT M IGMUILMJIGDNOYNFMC AQEMSUILJEMJGDJNAFLF. +EAKNJT XBG@LQGIC MOLNF BLOHNF UINEFGF LMBGXNBN UILJEMJGDJNAF, ULMBEPE@L DEFEQBEDDL LXIGJNBN MOLE ODNFGDNE DG XLBEE LUGMDL@L OIG@G — DG MJGINDDLE, UKMJNOYEEO DGILQE @BKXLHNE HLIDN NMULOEQGDNE OLMJLPDLE, NBN IKMMHLE; UILJNO DE@L OLAXKQNBN LDN]GDGJNAF HGJLBNPEMHL@L DGILQLDGMEBEDNC, UILJNO DE@L UL NW ODKYEDNCF DGPGBL QEVMJOLOGJSUIGONJEBSMJOL, LJKFGDEDDLE ]GDGJNAFLF, DE KFER\EE IGALXIGJS MLXMJOEDDL@L NDJEIEMG; UILJNODE@L DGUIGOBEDT XTBN NFN XEMULHLVDTE MNBT YHLBSDLV FLBLQE[N; UILJNO DE@L @LOLINBN LDNUILULOEQN N UNMGBN KPEDTE IGMMK[QEDNC; UILJNO DE@L QEVMJOLOGBN LDN O QLFGW N YHLBGW,LJITOGC IKMMHKR FLBLQE[S LJ OEIT LJ^LOMHLV.

/DGFEDNJTV UILULOEQDNH NEAKNJ 1EJI &HGI@G NAQGB HDN@K „3 ,-+%8)6, B,0"6+ G!<+,'“,@QE OLLIK[GBMC UILJNO IKMMHLV =EIHON N KHGATOGB DG OT@LQT, HLJLITE QLB[DT XTBN UILNALVJNQBC DEE LJ ;%++, J. E. LJ ULQPNDEDNC UGUE N UINDCJNC HGJLBNPEMHL@L OEILKPEDNC, UIN LMJGOBEDNNUIE[DNW LXICQLO N ^EIHLODLMBGOCDMHL@L XL@LMBK[EXDL@L CATHG. 3IK@LV NEAKNJ, NAOEMJDTVK[E DGF $DJLDNV 1LMMEOND, DE KMUEOYNV LXIGJNJS O HGJLBN^NAF +LGDDG "ILADL@L, WBLULJGBLX KDNN O AGUGQDLV -LMMNN, QBC PE@L UILMNB L AGOEQEDNN KPNBN\ QBC IKMMHNW N O -NFE, N O%NBSDE. 4TMBS L OT@LQE KDNN DE FL@BG DE IGMUILMJIGDNJSMC FE[QK IKMMHNFN BRQSFN OMBEQMJONELPEDS DEAGONQDL@L MLMJLCDNC NW =EIHON O ULBSMHNW LXBGMJCW.

1IGONJEBSMJOL, MDGPGBG IGODLQKYDLE, G ULJLF N OIG[QEXDLE, DE FL@BL XTJS ODNFGJEBSDL HNDJEIEMGF ZJLV =EIHON: LDL LJQGOGBL DE JLBSHL UIGOLMBGODTE FLDGMJTIN, DL N ̂ EBTE EUGIWNNO KUIGOBEDNE BRQCF, DE PKOMJOLOGOYNF DNHGHL@L ODKJIEDDE@L UINAOGDNC H ULQLXDTFQLB[DLMJCF. (GHNE UGMJTIN DE FL@BN KHIEUBCJS UGMJOK O OEIE N DIGOMJOEDDLMJN; LJMRQGLMBGXBEDNE QNM^NUBNDT ^EIHLODLV, LMBGXBEDNE DIGOMJOEDDLMJN DNAYE@L QKWLOEDMJOG, KUGQLHUILMOE\EDNC. *EMFLJIC DG JL, AGUGQDLIKMMHLE LX\EMJOL KFEBL DGVJN O MEXE MIEQMJOG QBC XLISXTM LUGMDTF OIG@LF, QBC ULQQEI[GDNC MOLEV MJGILV OEIT, G OFEMJE M OEILV N DGILQDLMJN, NXLIKMMHNV PEBLOEH, LJHGAGOYNMS LJ UIGOLMBGODL@L NMULOEQGDNC, UEIEWLQC O HGJLBN^NAF, IGAITOGBOME MOCAN M MOLNF DGILQLF.

&DGPGBG MNBSDKR ULFL\S AGUGQDLIKMMHLV =EIHON O XLISXE EE M HGJLBN^NAFLF ULQGBNADGJDTE BRQN, NA HLJLITW MGFTF QECJEBSDTF CONBMC HDCAS 5LDMJGDJND 5LDMJGDJNDLONP'MJIL[MHNV: LD MDLMNBMC M UIGOLMBGODTF %LMJLHLF, MLXNIGB, NAQGOGB ^EIHLODTE HDN@N,AGOLQNB KPNBN\G N JNUL@IG]NN. *L ULJLF XLBSYGC PGMJS ADGJDTW BRQEV LMBGXEBN O MOLEVIEODLMJN, UINDCBN HGJLBN^NAF N LULBCPNBNMS. 'XCAGDDLMJS ULQQEI[NOGJS IKMMHKR OEIK NDGILQDLMJS UIENFK\EMJOEDDL QLB[DT XTBN UINDCJS DG MEXC 40#)8)6#.

G0#)8)6#. 7IGJPNDT, NBN XIGJMJOG, UIEQMJGOBCBN COBEDNE, LX\EE OMEF LXBGMJCF IKMMHNF,N OEBN UILNMWL[QEDNE MOLE NA @BKXLHLV QIEODLMJN: LDN MLMJLCBN O JLF, PJL QBC NAOEMJDL@L^EIHLODL@L UIGAQDNHG, DGUINFEI QBC *NHLBNDG QDC, UINWL[GDE MHBGQTOGBNMS QBC KMJILEDNCLX\E@L UNIG. % *LO@LILQE, 1MHLOE N O @LILQGW AGUGQDLV -LMMNN XIGJMJOG NFEBN XLBSYEEADGPEDNE, XLBSYNE UIGOG, PEF O -LMMNN OLMJLPDLV; O @LILQGW AGUGQDLV -LMMNN LDN LMLXEDDLIGAONBNMS ULQ OBNCDNEF 4G@QEXKI@MHL@L UIGOG N ̂ EWLOL@L KMJILVMJOG, UINLXIEBN LUIEQEBEDDTVHIK@ QECJEBSDLMJN, UIGO N LXCAGDDLMJEV IEBN@NLADTW, XBG@LJOLINJEBSDTW: ZJN XIGJMJOGUINKPNBN MOLNW PBEDLO H LX\EV MGFLMJLCJEBSDLV QECJEBSDLMJN, H LX\NF MLOE\GDNCF UINMLWIGDEDNN MJIL@L@L ULICQHG, KOG[EDNC PBEDLO QIK@ H QIK@K N H OTXLIDTF MJGIYNDGF. + OLJHL@QG AGUGQDLIKMMHGC =EIHLOS QLB[DG XTBG DGPGJS XLISXK M @LMULQMJOKR\EV =EIHLOSRBGJNDMHLR, JL O XIGJMJOGW DGYBG @LJLOTE JLPHN LULIT, N LJ ULQDCJNC IEBN@NLADLV XLISXT,IEBN@NLADTW OLUILMLO XIGJMJOG UINLXIEBN E\E XLBSYEE ADGPEDNE, OLXIGBN O MEXC DE LQDNWJLBSHL @LILQMHNW [NJEBEV, NBN FE\GD, DL N QOLICDMJOL.

% LUNMTOGEFLE OIEFC MGFLE ONQDLE FEMJL FE[QK XIGJMJOGFN AGDNFGBL XIGJMJOL BSOLOMHLE

116

(OL #SOLOE, NBN #EFXEI@E "GBN^HLF), LMDLOGDDLE O 1586 @LQK BSOLOMHNFN FE\GDGFN, HJNJLIGFN(MJILNJEBCFN) ^EIHON ;MUEDNC 7L@LILQN^T, UL XBG@LMBLOEDNR GDJNLWNVMHL@L UGJINGIWG+LGHNFG. 1L KMJGOK ZJL@L XIGJMJOG XIGJSC QLB[DT XTBN MWLQNJSMC O NAOEMJDLE OIEFC N ODLMNJSNAOEMJDLE PNMBL QEDE@, E[E@LQDL OTXNIGJS PEJTIEW MJGIYND, HLJLITE UIN MBL[EDNN MOLNWQLB[DLMJEV LXCAGDT QGOGJS LJPEJ; DGIKYEDNE KOG[EDNC QIK@ H QIK@K N QIK@NE DEUINMJLVDTEULMJKUHN DEFEQBEDDL [E DGHGATOGBNMS UL UIN@LOLIK XIGJMJOG; O LX\EMJOE XIGJSC LXCAGDTXTBN DGXBRQGJS QIK@ AG QIK@LF N QLDLMNJS XIGJMJOK L XEMULICQLPDLF ULOEQEDNN E@L PBEDLO,AGJL HG[QTV PBED NFEB UIGOL IGMMPNJTOGJS DG ULFL\S XIGJSEO O DK[QE: XIGJSC ULFL@GRJ EFKO MKQE, XIGJSC WLQCJ AG XLBSDTF N XEQDTF XIGJLF, ULFL@GRJ EFK XIGJMHNFN QEDS@GFN, O DK[QEXIGJ ULBKPGEJ XIGJMHNE QEDS@N OAGVFT XEA UIL^EDJLO, KFEIYE@L XIGJG OME XIGJSC UILOL[GRJQL FEMJG UL@IEXEDNC; ULHLDPNO MOLN QEBG O AGMEQGDNCW, XIGJSC PNJGRJ MOC\EDDTE HDN@N NMHILFDL QIK@ M QIK@LF IGA@LOGINOGRJ.

5ILFE ZJNW UIGONB, LX\NW OMEF XIGJMHNF, UGJINGIW +LGHNF QGB BSOLOMHLFK XIGJMJOK UIGOLLXBNPGJS UILJNODTW AGHLDK :INMJLOK, NMJIEXBCJS OMCHLE XEMPNDNE O =EIHON, QGB UIGOLOMELX\E@L DGQALIG, NA!ULQ HLJLIL@L DE XTB NA`CJ N EUNMHLU, UIGOL LJBKPGJS LJ =EIHON. 7IGJMJOLLMDLOGBL YHLBK, @QE KPNBNMS UIGOLMBGODTE QEJN OMCHL@L AOGDNC, AGOEBL JNUL@IG]NR, @QEUEPGJGBNMS HDN@N MBGOCDMHNE N @IEPEMHNE, KMJILNBL @LMUNJGBS. 1LMBE BSOLOMHL@L OG[DLE FEMJLAGDNFGBL XIGJMJOL ONBEDMHLE.

C0+*+%&, 7#8)#6+6H+, %,"!)!0&D ,(+8"!(!6 <,2#)A ;%++. % 1589 @LQK ULMEJNBAGUGQDKR -LMMNR HLDMJGDJNDLULBSMHNV UGJINGIW +EIEFNC, OLAOIG\GOYNVMC NA 4LMHOT.4NIMHNE BRQN DE AGFEQBNBN ULQGJS EFK MNBSDTE [GBLXT DG ^EIHLODTE XEMULICQHN, ONDLRHLJLITW XTBN EUNMHLUT ULILPDTE NBN DEIGQNOTE. %MBEQMJONE ZJNW [GBLX UGJINGIW KQGBNB@BGODL@L GIWNEIEC, FNJILULBNJG HNEOMHL@L 'DNMN]LIG, N DG E@L FEMJL ULMOCJNB 4NWGNBG -G@LAKUL IEHLFEDQG^NN FNIMHNW BRQEV.

4NWGNB XTB QEVMJONJEBSDL PEBLOEH XEAKUIEPDL@L ULOEQEDNC, DL MBGXTV, XEMWGIGHJEIDTV,DEMULMLXDTV AGDNFGJS UEIOLE FEMJL O JGHLE XKIDLE OIEFC. &GFTF QECJEBSDTF, BLOHNF, KFDTFN KPEDTF EUNMHLULF AGUGQDLV -LMMNN O ZJL OIEFC XTB 5NINBB (EIBE^HNV, EUNMHLU BK^HNV, DLZJL XTB XLBSYE WLILYNV KUIGONJEBS NFEDNV ^EIHLODTW, PEF GIWNEIEV; UL LXIGAK [NADN, ULUINOTPHE H MGFLKUIGOMJOK, DEIGAXLIPNOLMJN MIEQMJO (EIBE^HNV XTB ULWL[ XLBSYE DGJL@QGYDE@L MOEJMHL@L UGDG, PEF DG EUNMHLUG WINMJNGDMHL@L. *EMFLJIC DG JL, UGJINGIW QGB(EIBE^HLFK AOGDNE MOLE@L ZHAGIWG M UIGOLF DGXBRQGJS AG EUNMHLUGFN, DNAOEI@GJS DEQLMJLVDTW._JL UIGOL, LJDCJLE, JGHNF LXIGALF, K FNJILULBNJG, E\E XLBEE KDNANBL ADGPEDNE -G@LAT,OLAXKQNBL E@L DEKQLOLBSMJONE UILJNO UGJINGIWG, N, JGHNF LXIGALF, OFEMJL ULICQHG ODEMEDTXTBN DLOTE UINPNDT XEMULICQHG O =EIHLOS. 4NJILULBNJ XTB DEQLOLBED KPIE[QEDNEF ZHAGIWGJGO ULBSAK (EIBE^HL@L; (EIBE^HNV XTB DEQLOLBED JEF, PJL, DEMFLJIC DG AOGDNE ZHAGIWG, DEULBSALOGBMC ULBDLR QLOEIEDDLMJSR UGJINGIWG, HLJLITV OTMBKYNOGB DG DE@L [GBLXT QIK@NWGIWNEIEEO; OL #SOLOE EUNMHLU "EQELD 7LBLXGD OEB MLXBGADNJEBSDKR XLISXK M JGFLYDNFXIGJMJOLF, DE KFEC DNHGH ULFNINJSMC M UIGOGFN, QGDDTFN ULMBEQDEFK; DGHLDE^ (EIBE^HNVIGMMLINBMC M @BGODTF MJLBULF UIGOLMBGONC, HDCAEF 5LDMJGDJNDLF 'MJIL[MHNF, N O JL [EOIEFC ULQOEI@GBMC MNBSDLFK UIEMBEQLOGDNR ML MJLILDT HGJLBNHLO.

(L@QG (EIBE^HNV OFEMJE M DEHLJLITFN QIK@NFN EUNMHLUGFN IEYNBMC NAXGONJSMC LJ OMEWXEQ, @ILANOYNW N LJ MOLNW, N LJ PK[NW, — NAXGONJSMC MIEQMJOLF, DG HLJLILE QGODL K[E KHGATOGBNNEAKNJT, — KDNER. ,UNMHLUT UIEQMJGONBN HLILBR &N@NAFKDQK III @IGFLJK, O HLJLILVML@BGYGBNMS ULQPNDNJSMC INFMHLFK UGUE, M JEF PJLX IKMMHGC =EIHLOS MLWIGDNBG O ̂ EBLMJN OMEMOLN LXICQT N XL@LMBK[EXDTV CATH, G EUNMHLUGF LXEMUEPEDT XTBN UIGOG N OLBSDLMJN, HGHNWLDN [EBGRJ.

P(+8"!(& (!-*+%$F)8$ (#(,. 5LILBS M IGQLMJSR UINDCB ZJL UIEQBL[EDNE, LXE\GBEUNMHLUGF MOLN FNBLMJN, UIGOG DGIGODE M HGJLBNPEMHNF QKWLOEDMJOLF, AG\NJK LJ OLMJLPDTWUGJINGIWLO, DELJ`EFBEFLMJS QLB[DLMJEV. &HLIL (EIBE^HNV UINLXIEB MEXE FL@K\EMJOEDDL@LMLRADNHG O DLOLF EUNMHLUE OBGQNFNIL!OLBTDMHLF +UGJNN 1LJEE. 1LJEV, OLAOEQEDDTV O MGD

117

EUNMHLUG NA ADGJDTW MGDLODNHLO MOEJMHNW, CONBMC OEBNHNF ULQON[DNHLF, OLAQEI[DNHLF,ULMJDNHLF, LWIGDNJEBEF UIGO ^EIHLODTW N PK[QTF MKEJT FNIMHLV, DL LD XTB FGBLMOEQK\ OQEBGW ^EIHLODTW, IGODLQKYED H OLUILMK L IGABNPNN ^EIHOEV N JEF BE@PE FL@ XTJS MHBLDED HKDNN, PJL N QIK@NE UIGOLMBGODTE, QG[E MGF HDCAS 'MJIL[MHNV, [EBGBN KDNN HGH MIEQMJOGOTOEMJN IKMMHKR =EIHLOS NA JC[HL@L ULBL[EDNC.

*L HDCAS 'MJIL[MHNV, UEIEUNMTOGCMS M 1LJEEF LX KDNN, JIEXLOGB, PJLX ZJL XTBLMLEQNDEDNE OMEV OLMJLPDLV =EIHON M AGUGQDLR, G DE LQDLV AGUGQDLIKMMHLR; 1LJEV [E MPNJGBZJL DEKQLXLNMULBDNFTF N MLEQNDNBMC M (EIBE^HNF QBC UINOEQEDNC O NMULBDEDNE E@L UBGDG.'DN LJHITBN MOLV AGFTMEB FNJILULBNJK 4NWGNBK -G@LAE; ZJLJ MBGXLWGIGHJEIDTV MJGINH, MLQDLV MJLILDT, ONQEB QBC MEXC XLBSYNE OT@LQT LJ KDNN N XLCBMC MLUILJNOBEDNEF EV IGA@DEOGJSHLILBC; M QIK@LV MJLILDT, XLCBMC MLUILJNOBEDNC UIGOLMBGODTW, XLCBMC IGMMEIQNJS ADGJDTWUGDLO, DGPGOYN QEBL JGVHLF LJ DNW, N ULJLFK DGPGB WNJINJS: PEIEA 1LJEC N (EIBE^HL@L MDLMNBMCM HLILBEF, JLI@LOGBMC M DNF DGMPEJ OT@LQ QBC MEXC LJ KDNN, ULBKPGB JIEXKEFLE N O JL [E OIEFCUNMGB UIGOLMBGODTF OEBSFL[GF N XIGJMJOGF, PJL DE LQLXICEJ KDNN N DE UINDNFGEJ O DEVDNHGHL@L KPGMJNC; LXFGDTOGB N 1LJEC M (EIBE^HNF, DE UINEA[GC H DNF O DGADGPEDDLE OIEFC DGMLOE\GDNC.

*L EFK DEBSAC XTBL QLB@L WNJINJS: HDCAS 'MJIL[MHNV OTQGB ULMBGDNE HL OMEFUIGOLMBGODTF, O HLJLILF O MNBSDTW OTIG[EDNCW LXBNPGB FNJILULBNJG N EUNMHLULO OLJMJKUDNPEMJOE LJ UIGOLMBGONC; AGUGQDGC -LMMNC OLBDLOGBGMS; ONQC ZJL, HLILBS &N@NAFKDQMUEYNB ULHLDPNJS [EBGDDLE QBC DE@L QEBL KDNN: 1LJEV N (EIBE^HNV O HLD^E 1595 @LQGLJUIGONBNMS O -NF N JGF LJ NFEDN FNJILULBNJG N MOLEV XIGJSN, EUNMHLULO, XNBN PEBLF UGUE,PJLX UINDCB IKMMHKR =EIHLOS ULQ MOLR OEIWLODKR OBGMJS.

G0,8)8"+' 8!4!0 1596 .!-#. % -NFE JLI[EMJOLOGBN OLMMLEQNDEDNE IKMMHLV =EIHON, G O%GIYGOE DG MEVFE 1596 @LQG HDCAS 'MJIL[MHNV M QIK@NFN UIGOLMBGODTFN QEUKJGJGFN JIEXLOGBMOEI[EDNC EUNMHLULO 1LJEC N (EIBE^HL@L AG JL, PJL MGFLOLBSDL ULQPNDCBN IKMMHKR =EIHLOSUGUE. *GHLDE^ QBC LHLDPGJEBSDL@L IEYEDNC QEBG MLAOGD XTB MLXLI O 7IEMJE O LHJCXIE 1596@LQG. *L AQEMS UIGOLMBGODTE N UINDCOYNE KDNR GIWNEIEN DE MLEQNDNBNMS O LX\EF MLOE\GDNN:JIN IGAG UIGOLMBGODTE ULMTBGBN UIN@BGYGJS H MEXE FNJILULBNJG N E@L MLKFTYBEDDNHLO, DLLDN DE UINYBN. (L@QG UIGOLMBGODTE, DGWLQNOYNEMC ULQ UIEQMEQGJEBSMJOLF KULBDLFLPEDDL@LHLDMJGDJNDLULBSMHNF UGJINGIWLF ZHAGIWG, @IEHG *NHN]LIG, LX`CONBN FNJILULBNJG N OMEWEUNMHLULO!KDNGJLO BNYEDDTFN MOLE@L MGDG N ULHBCBNMS DE LJMJKUGJS LJ OLMJLPDLV =EIHON. %JL [E MGFLE OIEFC -G@LAG M MOLNFN MLLX\DNHGFN UIEQGB UILHBCJNR QKWLOEDMJOL, LMJGOYEEMCOEIDTF UIGOLMBGONR.

G!0A4# (0#6!82#6%&D 8 ;%+#)#/+ + "#)!2+"#/+; 0#8(0!8)0#%,%+, (0!86,5,%+$. (GHUILNALYBG KDNC NBN, BKPYE MHGAGJS, IGAQEBEDNE AGUGQDLIKMMHLV =EIHON DG UIGOLMBGODKR NKDNGJMHKR. -KMMHNE BRQN, LMJGOYNEMC OEIDTFN OEIE LJ^LOMHLV, ULQOEI@BNMS @LDEDNR:UIGOLMBGODTE ̂ EIHON AGUNIGBNMS; O MEBGW UGDT LJQGOGBN NW DG LJHKU [NQGF, JGH PJL HIEMJSCDND,PJLX HIEMJNJS IEXEDHG NBN ULWLILDNJS FEIJOL@L, QLB[ED XTB UIE[QE NQJN H [NQK, HLJLITV AGQEDS@N LJUNIGB EFK ^EIHLOS. *L ZJL @LDEDNE, XLISXG, HLJLIKR IKMMHNE BRQN QLB[DT XTBNOEMJN AG MOLR OEIK N DGILQDLMJS M OIG@LF, MNBSDTF DE LQDNFN FGJEINGBSDTFN MIEQMJOGFN,OLAXKQNBN DIGOMJOEDDTE MNBT NW.

(GH HGH KDNGJT N HGJLBNHN QEVMJOLOGBN N UEILF UILJNO UIGOLMBGONC, JL UIGOLMBGODTE DGPGBNAG\N\GJSMC JEF [E LIK[NEF, NAQGOGJS HDN@N O ULBSAK UIGOLMBGONC, UILJNO KDNN N HGJLBN^NAFG,OMBEQMJONE PE@L CONBGMS LXYNIDGC ULBEFNPEMHGC BNJEIGJKIG; PJLX OEMJN M KMUEWLF ZJK XLISXKUEILF, IKMMHNE BRQN KONQGBN DELXWLQNFLMJS UINAOGJS DG ULFL\S DGKHK N ULJLFK DGPGBN MNBSDLMJGIGJSMC L IGMUILMJIGDEDNN YHLBSDL@L LXIGALOGDNC; XIGJMJOG KMNBNBN MOLR QECJEBSDLMJS.,\E O 1594 @LQK XIGJMJOL HNEOMHLV 7L@LCOBEDDLV ^EIHON AGOEBL YHLBK; YHLBG ZJG M@LIEBG O1614 @LQK, DL O MBEQKR\EF 1615!F XL@GJGC [ED\NDG $DDG (K@KBEONPEODG OLALXDLONBG EE DGMOLV MPEJ; MGFTF IEODLMJDTF ULHILONJEBEF N IGMUILMJIGDNJEBEF ZJLV YHLBT MQEBGBMC M 1631@LQG 1EJI 4L@NBG, MTD FLBQGOMHL@L OLEOLQT, MUEIOG GIWNFGDQINJ 5NEOL!1EPEIMHLV BGOIT, GULJLF N FNJILULBNJ HNEOMHNV: DG E@L MPEJ FLBLQTE BRQN, FNICDE N FLDGWN, XTBN LJUIGOBEDT

118

OL #SOLO, -NF N QIK@NE NDLMJIGDDTE @LILQG, MBGODTE MOLNFN GHGQEFNCFN, PJLX ULJLF XTJSDGMJGODNHGFN O HNEOMHLV YHLBE.

5GH BKPYNE BRQN AGUGQDLV -LMMNN ULDNFGBN MOLR LXCAGDDLMJS O JC[EBLE OIEFC @LDEDNC,OME@L BKPYE ONQDL NA GHJG, DGAOGDDL@L &LOEJLOGDNEF L XBG@LPEMJNN (1621 @LQ), @QE LUIEQEBEDL:EUNMHLUT QLB[DT UILULOEQLOGJS UIGOKR OEIK, ULHGCDNE N XBG@LPEMJNOTE QEBG, LXWLQC QLFTXBG@LILQDTW, ULMTBGC KPEDNHLO MOLNW KPNJS O ^EIHOGW, DE QL[NQGCMS, PJLX H DNF UINWLQNBN,HBGDCBNMS NBN PJL!DNXKQS UINDLMNBN. 3LB[DT OLAXK[QGJS N UIN@LJLOBCJS H FKPEDNPEMJOK HGHMGFNW MEXC, JGH N DGILQ. 1NMGJS N UEPGJGJS O AG\NJK XBG@LPEMJNC HDN@N; UILJNODNHGF OLAIG[GJSUNMSFEDDL, DL JLBSHL ULMLOEJLOGOYNMS M QIK@NFN, ULJLFK PJL FE[QK IKMMHNFN IGADLFTMBNE, GK UILJNODNHLO HIEUHLE KXE[QEDNE O MOLNW OEILOGDNCW N ABLXG O MEIQ^GW DG IKMMHNW. % ^EIHOGWHG[QLE OLMHIEMEDSE N UIGAQDNH QLB[DG XTJS UILULOEQS. ;PIE[QGJS UL @LILQGF YHLBT NXIGJMJOG. %TAOGJS M $]LDMHLV @LIT ADGFEDNJTW IKMMHNW LJYEBSDNHLO, G NA -LMMNN ULMTBGJSDG $]LD HGH O YHLBK QKWLODKR.

E#7#"+ + +D 6!88)#%+$ (0!)+6 (!2A8"!.! (0#6+),2A8)6#. *L LQDLOIEFEDDL M ZJNFDGUIC[EDNEF DIGOMJOEDDTW MNB AGUGQDLIKMMHL@L LX\EMJOG, LQDLOIEFEDDL M ZJLR XLISXLRUEILF N MBLOLF YBG XLISXG FGJEINGBSDGC: EE OEBN HGAGHN. /GUGQDTE, FGBLILMMNVMHNE HGAGHN,UINADGOGOYNE DGQ MLXLR OBGMJS ULBSMHL@L UIGONJEBSMJOG N DLMNOYNE O OLMJLPDLV -LMMNNDGAOGDNE PEIHGM, LJBNPGBNMS JLPDL JGHNF [E WGIGHJEILF, HGH N OLMJLPDTE, FLMHLOMHNE HGAGHN.

'DN IGAQEBCBNMS DG @LILQLOTW HGAGHLO, DLMNOYNW N DGAOGDNC UL @LILQGF, DGUINFEI ULBH1EIECMBGOMHNV, 9EIHGMMHNV, 4NI@LILQMHNV N J. Q., N DG AGULIL[^EO, [NOYNW AG 3DEUILOMHNFNULIL@GFN, O KHIEUBEDDLF FEMJEPHE, DGATOGOYEFMC &EPSR, N KUIGOBCEFTW HLYEOTF GJGFGDLF."LILQLOTE XTBN XLBEE ULQ IKHGFN UIGONJEBSMJOG; AGULIL[^T [E UINADGOGBN JLBSHL UL NFEDNE@L OBGMJS N OEBN LQNDGHNV LXIGA [NADN M QLDMHNFN HGAGHGFN. 5LYEOLV GJGFGD N ULQPNDEDDTEEFK HKIEDDTE GJGFGDT OTXNIGBNMS OLBSDTFN @LBLMGFN; MOLXLQDLE LJ ULWLQLO OIEFC HGAGHNUILOLQNBN O AOEINDLV NBN ITXDLV BLOBE N O UNIKYHGW; [ED\NDT DE QLUKMHGBNMS O /GULIL[SE.

4E[QK /GULIL[SEF N 3LDLF XTBG JEMDGC MOCAS: HGAGHN NA /GULIL[SC MOLXLQDL UEIEWLQNBNDG 3LD N [NBN JGF NDTE BEJ UL LMSFDGQ^GJN, N [NOGBL NW DG 3LDK PEBLOEH UL 100; O /GULIL[SEQLDMHNW HGAGHLO XTBL JGH[E LPEDS FDL@L. 4T ONQEBN QECJEBSDLMJS HGAGHLO O 4LMHLOMHLF@LMKQGIMJOE O MFKJDLE OIEFC, ONQEBN, HGH LDN MMLINBN 4LMHOK M (KI^NER UIN 4NWGNBE.4GBLILMMNVMHNE HGAGHN MOLNFN MOLEOLBSDTFN DGUGQEDNCFN DG JKIE^HNE XEIE@G N @ILFBEDNEFJKIE^HNW HLIGXBEV DG 9EIDLF FLIE JLPDL JGH [E MMLINBN 1LBSYK M (KI^NER, DL QBC 1LBSYNZJG MMLIG XTBG LUGMDEE UL XBNALMJN @IGDN^ EE H @IGDN^GF JKIE^HNF.

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

% HGHLF ULBL[EDNN DGWLQNBNMS HIEMJSCDE, OME@L BKPYE ONQDL NA JL@L, PJL UGDT NFEBNLXTHDLOEDNE LJQGOGJS MOLN DGMEBEDDTE AEFBN O GIEDQK [NQGF M UIGOLF HGADNJS MFEIJSRHIEMJSCD, HLJLITE LJ JGHNW UINJEMDEDNV XE[GBN O HGAGHN NBN O UIEQEBT 4LMHLOMHL@L@LMKQGIMJOG. 1LZJLFK HGAGHN, OLMMJGOGC UILJNO @LMKQGIMJOG AG MOLN HGAG^HNE NDJEIEMT, O JL[E OIEFC HGH UIGOLMBGODTE IKMMHNE BRQN ULQDNFGBN ADGFC OL NFC OEIT N DGILQDLMJN N ONDJEIEMGW DNAYE@L, MNBSDL K@DEJEDDL@L MLMBLONC; ULZJLFK HGAG^HNE OLMMJGDNC OMJIEPGBNMNBSDLE MLPKOMJONE DE JLBSHL O MEBGW, DL N O @LILQGW; QEBL HGAG^HLE MBNOGBLMS M QEBLFMOC\EDDTF, DGILQDTF.

119

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

"#$%$ XXXV=$-&(%'%$*+, $#,5&,) 4+:$0#'%+9$

C0#62,%+, N!0!7!6#. *LOTV ^GIS QLXILJLR, FC@HLMJSR, MULMLXDLMJSR MNBSDLUINOCATOGJSMC H XBNAHNF BRQCF XTB ULWL[ DG LJ^G MOLE@L, DL LJBNPGBMC XLBSYEV [NOLMJSRKFG N WGIGHJEIG N ULBKPNB OLMUNJGDNE, XLBEE MLLXIGADLE MOLEFK ULBL[EDNR. %LMUNJGJEBEFE@L XTB XLCIND 7LINM +OGDLONP 4LILALO, UILOEQYNV UIN DEF XEALJBKPDL JINDGQ^GJS BEJ.4LBLQLV $BEHMEV MNBSDL UINOCAGBMC H MOLEFK OLMUNJGJEBR; ^GIS 4NWGNB JGH[E LPEDS BRXNBN KOG[GB 4LILALOG N, KFNIGC, ULIKPNB EFK MTDG. 4LILALO XTB PEBLOEH KFDTV, BLOHNV, ULJLFK OIEFEDN LXIGALOGDDTV, ULDNFGOYNV DLOTE ULJIEXDLMJN @LMKQGIMJOG, DL DE KFEOYNVOLAOTMNJSMC QL JL@L, PJLX ULQPNDNJS MOLN PGMJDTE NDJEIEMT LX\EFK. % MGFLF DGPGBE^GIMJOLOGDNC FL[DL XTBL ONQEJS, PJL UIGOBEDNE DGWLQNJMC O IKHGW PEBLOEHG, KFER\E@LIGMULIC[GJSMC KFDL N M QLMJLNDMJOLF: DEFEQBEDDL XTBN IEYEDT QOG JC[EBTW QEBG, LMJGOYNWMCLJ UIEQYEMJOLOGOYE@L ^GIMJOLOGDNC: HLILBEONP %GBSQEFGI XTB M PEMJSR LJUK\ED O 3GDNR,#KXG — O 1LBSYK.

;ADGO L DGUGQEDNCW HITF^EO DG ;HIGNDK, DLOLE UIGONJEBSMJOL DE WLJEBL QLOLBSMJOLOGJSMCUL!UIE[DEFK LQDLR LXLILDNJEBSDLR OLVDLR: OEBEDL XTBL OLEOLQGF MLXNIGJSMC H 3LDK N NQJNDG $ALO; O JL [E OIEFC YBN UEIE@LOLIT M 1LBSYER L JLF, PJLX LX\NFN MNBGFN QEVMJOLOGJSUILJNO HITF^EO. 1LMLB HLILBC %BGQNMBGOG OEBSFL[G UIGOLMBGODL@L NMULOEQGDNC $QGF 5NMEBSO ONJNEOGJLV IEPN K[E MBGONB UIEQ FLBLQTF ^GIEF FLMHLOMHNF OEBNHLE OIEFC OEPDL@L MLRAGFE[QK QOKFC FL@K\EMJOEDDTFN MBGOCDMHNFN @LMKQGIMJOGFN, HLJLITE QEMDN^G %MEQEI[NJEBCMLAQGBG LJ LQDL@L HLIDC, HGH QOG HEQIG BNOGDMHNE, UILMBGOBCB DGMJKUBEDNE OIEFEDN, HL@QGMBGOCDE MLEQNDCJMC UL!UIE[DEFK OLEQNDL N DGULBDCJ OEMS FNI MBGOLV MOLE@L NFEDN.

*L ZJNF OT@LQDTF ODEYDNF LJDLYEDNCF O DGPGBE ^GIMJOLOGDNC $BEHMEC QGBEHL DEMLLJOEJMJOLOGBL ODKJIEDDEE MLMJLCDNE 4LMHLOMHL@L @LMKQGIMJOG: DGILQ JLFNBMC ULQ JC[EMJSRDGBL@LO; HKUEPEMJOL XTBL XEQDL OMBEQMJONE JLV [E UINPNDT N OMBEQMJONE ]NANPEMHNW XEQMJONV— DEKIL[GC N MHLJMHL@L UGQE[G, DGHLDE^, OMBEQMJONE QKIDL@L MLMJLCDNC UIGOLMKQNC. % DGPGBE1648 @LQG ̂ GIS [EDNBMC DG 4GISE +BSNDNPDE, QLPEIN DEADGJDL@L PNDLODNHG +BSN 3GDNBLONPG4NBLMBGOMHL@L; 4LILALO, PJLX KUILPNJS MOLR MNBK, [EDNBMC JL@QG [E DG QIK@LV QLPEIN4NBLMBGOMHL@L; ZJLJ 4NBLMBGOMHNV, PEBLOEH OTMLHLFEIDTV N [GQDTV, OLMULBSALOGBMC MOLNFDLOTF ULBL[EDNEF, PJLX QGJS OT@LQDTE FEMJG ILQMJOEDDNHGF MOLNF, HLJLITE UINDCBNMSDG[NOGJSMC; UINJLF O DGILQE XLCBNMS UINMJIGMJNC ^GIC N UIGONJEBC H NDLMJIGDDTF LXTPGCF;QEVMJONJEBSDL, KULJIEXBEDNE JGXGHK K[E XTBL ULAOLBEDL, JLBSHL UILQG[G E@L MQEBGDG

120

NMHBRPNJEBSDTF UIGOLF HGADT.#EJLF 1648 @LQG OMUTWDKB FCJE[ O 4LMHOE: DGILQ ULJIEXLOGB OTQGPN MKQSN 1BE\EEOG,

ULBKPNB E@L N KFEIJONB, KFEIJONB OFEMJE M DNF QKFDL@L QSCHG 9NMJL@L, IGA@IGXNO QLFT NW NFDL@NW QIK@NW ADGJDTW N XL@GJTW BRQEV. *G QIK@LV QEDS MQEBGBMC UL[GI O 4LMHOE, ULMBEHLJLIL@L OMUTWDKBL LUCJS OLAFK\EDNE, DGILQ DGPGB JIEXLOGJS MGFL@L 4LILALOG N LHLBSDNPE@L(IGWGDNLJLOG DG MFEIJDKR HGADS: (IGWGDNLJLOG OTQGBN, DL 4LILALOG LJLMBGBN O 5NINBBLO7EBLAEIMHNV FLDGMJTIS, LJHKQG ULMBE, HL@QG OME KJNWBL, LD OLAOIGJNBMC O 4LMHOK N ULBSALOGBMCUIE[DNF IGMULBL[EDNEF ̂ GIC; DL JEUEIS K[E COBCEJMC DG M^EDK DLOLE FL@K\EMJOEDDLE BN^L O=EIHON N @LMKQGIMJOE: JL XTB *NHLD.

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

'D ULMJKUNB O FLDGMJTIS DG NMHKM, DL LJMRQG, LQDGHL, LD XTB OTAOGD MDLOG O FNI UILMSXGFNILQMJOEDDNHLO; LD [EDNBMC N ULBKPNB MOC\EDDNPEMHLE FEMJL DG 20!F @LQK LJ IL[QEDNC. 4LBLQLVMOC\EDDNH XTB JGH AGFEJED MOLNFN QLMJLNDMJOGFN, PJL FLMHLOMHNE HKU^T KUILMNBN E@L UEIEVJNO 4LMHOK. 10 BEJ [NB *NHNJG M [EDLV, DL, ULJEICO OMEW QEJEV, IGALYEBMC QLXILOLBSDL M DER NKYEB DG 7EBLE FLIE O UKMJTDDTV $DAEIMHNV MHNJ, @QE N ULMJIN@MC. &BGOG NDLPEMHNW ULQON@LOE@L O MEOEIDTW FLDGMJTICW QLMJN@BG 4LMHOT, N HL@QG AQEMS O 1646 @LQK CONBMC AQEMS, JL UILNAOEBMNBSDLE OUEPGJBEDNE DG FLBLQL@L N IEBN@NLADL@L ^GIC.

1L [EBGDNR $BEHMEC 4NWGVBLONPG *NHLD XTB MQEBGD GIWNFGDQINJLF FLMHLOMHL@L*LOLMUGMMHL@L FLDGMJTIC. % ZJLF DLOLF AOGDNN MOLEF LD HG[QKR QEQEBR COBCBMC OL QOLIE^XEMEQLOGJS M ^GIEF, UINPEF DE KUKMHGB MBKPGC WLQGJGVMJOLOGJS AG KJEMDEDDTW, OQLO, MNILJ. %1648 @LQK *NHLD XTB ULMOC\ED O DLO@LILQMHNE FNJILULBNJT.

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

&LXIGDNE MJGJEV N MLMJGOBEDNE QLHBGQG ULIKPEDL XTBL XLCIGF HDCAR *NHNJE +OGDLONPK'QLEOMHLFK N HDCAR &EFEDK %GMNBSEONPK 1ILALILOMHLFK, LHLBSDNPEFK HDCAR %LBHLDMHLFK NQOLNF QSCHGF, #ELDJSEOK N "INXLEQLOK. 5ILFE JL@L, OEBEDL XTBL OTXIGJS NA QOLICD, HKU^LO NULMGQMHNW QLXITW N MFTYBEDTW BRQEV, PJLX ML OMEFN ZJNFN OTXLIDTFN FL[DL XTBL KJOEIQNJSDEIKYNFL. (GH MLMJGOBEDL XTBL ADGFEDNJLE ;2!<,%+,.

&ECDNE N UILQG[G JGXGHK UL!UIE[DEFK AGUIE\EDT, LMJGOYNVMC K HGAEDDTW UILQGO^LO JGXGHXTB LJLXIGD N ML[[ED. 5KU^T ULBKPNBN JL, PE@L QGODL QLXNOGBNMS E\E O ̂ GIMJOLOGDNE 4NWGNBG:GD@BNVMHNE HKU^T OTMBGDT XTBN NA ODKJIEDDNW @LILQLO @LMKQGIMJOG; NF ULAOLBEDL XTBLJLI@LOGJS JLBSHL O $IWGD@EBSMHE M UBGJLR LXTHDLOEDDLV ULYBNDT; HILFE IGADTWABLKULJIEXBEDNV N UINJEMDEDNV IKMMHNF HKU^GF, GD@BNPGDGF XTBL ULMJGOBEDL O ONDK, PJL LDN„OMER AEFBER KPNDNBN XLBSYLE ABLE QEBL, @LMKQGIC MOLE@L, 5GIBKMG HLILBC, KXNBN QL MFEIJN“(1649 @.).

N$),< 6 0#7%&D .!0!-#D + (#)0+#0H,8)6! I+"!%#. % 4LMHOE ULUTJHN DEHLJLITWDEQLOLBSDTW OLAXKQNJS MDLOG FCJE[ UILJNO 4LILALOG N 4NBLMBGOMHL@L LMJGBNMS J\EJDTFN;DL OMUTWDKBN FCJE[N O IGADTW QIK@NW @LILQGW: BEJLF [E 1648 @LQG OMUTWDKB FCJE[ O

121

&LBSOTPE@LQMHE OMBEQMJONE DGMNBNV, HLJLITE ULAOLBCB MEXE MXLI\NH ULQGJEV 1INHBLDMHNV;ULJLF OLAFKJNBNMS KMJR[GDE OMBEQMJONE OACJLPDNPEMJOG ULQSCPE@L 4NWGVBLOG, HLJLILFKFNIOLBNB OLEOLQG 4NWGNB %GMNBSEONP 4NBLMBGOMHNV; 4NWGVBLO XTB KXNJ FCJE[DNHGFN.;MFNINJS ZJN FCJE[N XTBL BE@HL; JIKQDEE XTBL KBGQNJS QEBG O 1MHLOE N *LO@LILQE.

+A UINMLEQNDEDDTW UL &JLBXLOMHLFK FNIK H >OE^NN IKMMHNW LXBGMJEV UEIEXE[GBL FDL@LDGILQG O MOLE UIE[DEE LJEPEMJOL; UL QL@LOLIK ZJNW UEIEXE[PNHLO DK[DL XTBL OTQGJS, DL ̂ GISDNHGH DE IEYNBMC OTQGJS UIGOLMBGODTW BRJEIGDMHLFK UIGONJEBSMJOK, N AGHBRPED XTB M>OE^NER DLOTV QL@LOLI, UL HLJLILFK ^GIS LXCAGBMC AGUBGJNJS QEDS@N AG UEIEXE[PNHLO N OMPEJ ZJNW QEDE@ LJUKMJNJS O >OE^NR WBEX NA HGAEDDTW [NJDN^ UMHLOMHNW. _JN IGMULIC[EDNCUILNAOEBN FCJE[ OL 1MHLOE: ULYEB MBKW, PJL NAFEDDNH 4LILALO LJUKMHGEJ QEDS@N N WBEX HDEF^GF, HLJLITE UL ML@BGMNR M DNF MHLIL COCJMC ULQ 1MHLOLF N *LO@LILQLF. >OEQ *KFFEDM,HLJLITV O ]EOIGBE 1650 @LQG OEA QEDS@N NA 4LMHOT, XTB AGWOGPED UMHLONPGFN, UTJGD, AGMG[EDULQ MJIG[K; OLEOLQK, HDCAC #SOLOG, N UINMBGDDL@L NA 4LMHOT QBC MBEQMJONC HDCAC %LBHLDMHL@LEQOG DE KXNBN, GIWNEUNMHLUG 4GHGINC QOG IGAG MG[GBN DG ^EUS.

4CJE[ UMHLOMHNV DEFEQBEDDL LJIGANBMC N O *LO@LILQE: AQEMS 15 FGIJG AGWOGJNBN QGJMHL@LULMBGDDNHG ULQ JEF UIEQBL@LF, PJL LD JGH[E OEAEJ QEDS@N NA 4LMHOT H DEF^GF, NAXNBN E@L;MJIEBS^T UINMJGBN H FCJE[DNHGF, FGBLPNMBEDDTE QOLICDE DE FL@BN LHGAGJS OLEOLQE HDCAR:NBHLOK DNHGHLV ULFL\N. (L@QG *NHLD IEYNBMC QEVMJOLOGJS QKWLODTF LIK[NEF: LD O&L]NVMHLV ̂ EIHON JLI[EMJOEDDL UILHBCB AGPND\NHLO FCJE[G. _JL OLAXKQNBL MNBSDTV ILULJ:OLMULBSALOGBNMS UEIOTF MBKPGEF, UEIOLV [GBLXLR DG *NHLDG N QONDKBNMS DG FNJILULBNPNVQOLI; *NHLD OTYEB XTBL H DNF K@LOGINOGJS, DL FCJE[DNHN NAXNBN E@L QL ULBKMFEIJN. 1INYBG@IGFLJG ̂ GIMHGC M JIEXLOGDNEF ULHLIDLMJN N OTQGPN AGPND\NHLO, DL J\EJDL K@LOGINOGB *NHLDDLO@LILQ^EO NMULBDNJS OLBR ̂ GIMHKR; KOE\GDNC E@L LHGAGBNMS QEVMJONJEBSDTFN JLBSHL JL@QG,HL@QG H *LO@LILQK UINXBNANBMC XLCIND HDCAS :LOGDMHNV M LJICQLF OLVMHG: H 20 GUIEBCDLO@LILQ^T ULHLINBNMS N OTQGBN AGPND\NHLO, NA HLJLITW JLBSHL LQND XTB HGADED MFEIJNRQBC KQLOBEJOLIEDNC QGJMHL@L ULMBGDDNHG; *NHLD MNBSDL WBLULJGB L MDNMWL[QEDNN.

'D ULMBGB XTBL N H UMHLONPGF KOE\GJEBSDKR @IGFLJK, DL LJOEJLF XTB @IKXTV LJHGA;UMHLONPN IEYNBNMS AG\N\GJSMC UILJNO :LOGDMHL@L, K HLJLIL@L XTBL LPEDS FGBL OLVMHG, N LDDE FL@ OEMJN QIK[DLV LMGQT UILJNO XLBSYL@L @LILQG, WLILYL MDGX[EDDL@L M`EMJDTFN AGUGMGFN.:LJC OTBGAHN LMG[QEDDTW UILJNO ^GIMHL@L OLVMHG XTBN DEKQGPDT, LQDGHL 1MHLO QEI[GBMC QLULBLONDT GO@KMJG, HL@QG CONBNMS NA 4LMHOT QKWLODTE BN^G N OTXLIDTE NA QOLICD N HKU^LO MLX`COBEDNEF OMEUIL\EDNC. 1MHLONPN UINDEMBN ULONDDKR N ULJLF QLXILOLBSDL OTQGBNAGPND\NHLO FCJE[G. 9EIEA QOG @LQG ULMBE ZJNW MLXTJNV (O NRBE 1652) *NHLD XTB ULMOC\ED OUGJINGIWN. 'D ML@BGMNBMC UINDCJS ZJLJ MGD JLBSHL JL@QG, HL@QG O ;MUEDMHLF MLXLIE XLCIE NDGILQ QGBN EFK HBCJOK „ULPNJGJS E@L HGH GIWNUGMJTIC N LJ^G N QGJS EFK KMJILNJS ^EIHLODTEQEBG“.

G!.-#% X/,2A%+="+' + (0+8!,-+%,%+, N#2!0!88++. *NHLD MJGB OEIWLODTF UGMJTIEF^EIHON N @BGODTF MLOEJDNHLF ̂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— UIN <EBJTW %LQGW N UIN 5LIMKDE: LXG @EJFGDG ULUGBNMS O UBED N LJOEQEDT XTBN O5ITF.

(GHLE XBNMJGJEBSDLE DGPGBL QEBG OAOLBDLOGBL OMR ;HIGNDK: HIEMJSCDE ULQDNFGBNMS UILJNOUGDLO, QKWLOEDMJOL UILULOEQLOGBL LMOLXL[QEDNE UIGOLMBGODTW LJ UINJEMDNJEBEV!HGJLBNHLO,DEDGONMJS MLMBLODGC MLEQNDNBGMS M DEDGONMJSR IEBN@NLADLV. % ZJL LUGMDLE QBC @LMKQGIMJOG

122

OIEFC KFNIGEJ HLILBS %BGQNMBGO, DGMJKUGEJ FE[QK^GIMJONE O 1LBSYE, OTXLIT DLOL@L HLILBC.*EQECJEBSDLMJS UIGONJEBSMJOG, LMJGOYE@LMC XEA @BGOT, KMNBNOGEJ OLMMJGDNE; OMC ;HIGNDGDGULBDCEJMC AG@LDGFN, NBN OLLIK[EDDTFN LJICQGFN, MLMJGOBEDDTFN UIENFK\EMJOEDDL NAOLMMJGOYNW HIEMJSCD, DGATOGOYNWMC @GVQGFGHGFN. <NJEBN UGDMHNW FEMJEPEH N MEB LXTHDLOEDDLUINDNFGBN @GVQGFGHLO HGH NAXGONJEBEV, MLEQNDCBNMS N OFEMJE IGAIKYGBN @LMULQMHNV QLF,KFEI\OBCBN UGDLO. 5ILFE UGDLO DEDGONMJS OLMMJGOYNW LMLXEDDL LXIG\GBGMS DG [NQLO, XTOYNWLIKQNCFN UGDMHNW UINJEMDEDNV, JGH[E DG HGJLBNPEMHLE QKWLOEDMJOL N ^EIHON HGJLBNPEMHNE.

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— UKMJS HIEMJSCDE OLAQEBTOGRJ ULBC, G HGAGHNOLRRJ, — JL :FEBSDN^HNV LJOEPGB: „(EUEIS K[E UILYBL OIEFC QBC UEIE@LOLILO: OTXSR NAULBSMHLV DEOLBN DGILQ IKMMHNV OEMS. &UEIOG C OLEOGB AG MOLR LXNQK, JEUEIS XKQK OLEOGJS AGOEIK UIGOLMBGODKR. 1LFL[EJ FDE OMC PEIDS UL #RXBND N UL 5IGHLO, G C LJ DEE DE LJMJKUBR“.

1INAOGOYN DG ULFL\S HITFMHL@L WGDG, :FEBSDN^HNV OTMJKUNB DGOMJIEPK ULBSMHLFK OLVMHK,HLJLITF UIEQOLQNJEBSMJOLOGB MGF DLOLNAXIGDDTV HLILBS )D 5GANFNI. 5LILBS XTB LHIK[EDJGJGIGFN N HGAGHGFN ULQ /XLILOLF N DGWLQNBMC O MGFLF AGJIKQDNJEBSDLF ULBL[EDNN, DL XTBMUGMED MLRADNHLF :FEBSDN^HL@L, WGDLF. 5LILBS LXE\GB WGDK XLBSYNE QEDS@N OQIK@ N E[E@LQDL,N WGD KYEB, OT@LOLINO JLBSHL O ULBSAK MLRADNHG, PJLX HLILBS UILMJNB HGAGHLO N UINDCB OMOLR FNBLMJS :FEBSDN^HL@L; M ULMBEQDNF AGHBRPED XTB QL@LOLI, UL HLJLILFK PNMBL IEEMJILOTWHGAGHLO LUIEQEBEDL XTBL O 40 000; @LILQ 9N@NIND LJQGD @EJFGDK HGAG^HLFK QBC ULMJLCDDL@LUIEXTOGDNC; OLVMHG HLILDDTE N [NQT DE XKQKJ DGWLQNJSMC O FEMJGW, DGADGPEDDTW QBC [NJEBSMJOGHGAGHLO; NEAKNJLO DE XKQEJ JGF, @QE DGWLQCJMC IKMMHNE YHLBT; HNEOMHNV FNJILULBNJ AGMEQGEJ O&EDGJE.

*L, DEMFLJIC DG ONQNFTE OT@LQT QL@LOLIG, :FEBSDN^HNV XTB ULMJGOBED O MGFLEAGJIKQDNJEBSDLE ULBL[EDNE: DE M 40 000 HGAGHLO JLBSHL :FEBSDN^HNV QEVMJOLOGB UILJNOULBCHLO; ULMBE ODEMEDNC O IEEMJI 40 000 LMJGBLMS FDL@L BNYDNW, FDL@L JGHNW AG@LD\NHLO,HLJLITE UL@KBCBN DG MPEJ MOLNW UGDLO, G JEUEIS LUCJS QLB[DT XTBN OLAOIGJNJSMC O UIE[DEEMLMJLCDNE. :FEBSDN^HNV UINDK[QED XTB LJHGAGJSMC LJ MLRAG M PEIDSR; FGBL JL@L, LD QLB[EDXTB OLLIK[NJSMC UILJNO MOLNW OEIDTW MLRADNHLO, QLB[ED XTB HGADNJS MFEIJNR JEW NA DNW,HLJLITE DE WLJEBN OLAOIGJNJSMC O UIE[DEE MLMJLCDNE N OLBDLOGBNMS; OLBDEDNE ZJL OME XLBEE NXLBEE KOEBNPNOGBLMS N LXIG\GBLMS UILJNO :FEBSDN^HL@L. "EJFGD QLB[ED XTB UINADGJSMC, PJL/XLILOMHL@L QL@LOLIG NMULBDNJS DEBSAC; ULBCHN M MOLEV MJLILDT DE NMULBDNBN KMBLONVQL@LOLIG, DE QGBN HNEOMHLFK FNJILULBNJK FEMJG O &EDGJE, N OLVDG LUCJS DGPGBGMS.

:FEBSDN^HNV LUCJS UINAOGB DG ULFL\S HITFMHL@L WGDG, DL O MIG[EDNN ULQ 7EIEMJEPHLFJGJGIND XE[GB, MBEQMJONEF PE@L XTBL ULIG[EDNE HGAGHLO. 1LQ 7EBLR =EIHLOSR AGHBRPEDXTB FNI DG KMBLONCW, QGBEHL DE JGH OT@LQDTW QBC HGAGHLO, HGH AXLILOMHNE, N @BGODLE — PNMBLIEEMJILOTW HGAGHLO KFEDSYNBLMS QL 20 000. &BEQLOGJEBSDL, ULBL[EDNE :FEBSDN^HL@L E\EKWKQYNBLMS: ONQC OMELX\EE DEKQLOLBSMJONE N OLMMJGDNE DGILQG O 4GBLILMMNN, LD ULAOLBNBOUNMTOGJS O IEEMJI N XLBEE 20000. & QIK@LV MJLILDT, FGBLILMMNCDE JLBUGFN KWLQNBN DG BEOTVXEIE@ 3DEUIG, O UIEQEBT 4LMHLOMHL@L @LMKQGIMJOG. + OALIT MGFL@L @EJFGDG ULMJLCDDLLXIG\GBNMS JKQG [E, OME PG\E N PG\E ULMTBGB LD O 4LMHOK XNJS PEBLF, PJLX ^GIS $BEHMEV4NWGVBLONP UINDCB 4GBLILMMNR ULQ MOLR IKHK.

*L UINDCJS 4GBLILMMNR ADGPNBL DGPGJS OLVDK M 1LBSYER, M HLJLILR K 4LMHOT XTB OEPDTV

123

FNI, WLJC N UILQLB[GBNMS DEKQLOLBSMJONC UL UINPNDE KFGBEDNC ^GIMHL@L JNJKBG ULBSMHNFNPNDLODNHGFN; FLMHLOMHLE UIGONJEBSMJOL JIEXLOGBL HGADN ONDLODTF, ULBSMHLE DE WLJEBLNMULBDNJS ZJL@L JIEXLOGDNC. *GPGBGMS JIEJSC OLVDG K :FEBSDN^HL@L M ULBCHGFN; @EJFGD UINMBGBO 4LMHOK M UILMSXLV, PJL EMBN ^GIR K@LQDL ULFNINJS HGAGHLO M ULBCHGFN, JL PJLX LJUIGONBMOLNW ULMBLO H HLILBR DEFEQBEDDL, ULJLFK PJL ULBCHN K[E DGMJKUGRJ. #EJLF 1653 @LQGFLMHLOMHNE ULMBT CONBNMS O 1LBSYE N ULJIEXLOGBN, PJLX ONDLODTE O KFGBEDNN ̂ GIMHL@L JNJKBGXTBN HGADEDT; ULBCHN DE ML@BGYGBNMS; JL@QG ULMBT LX`CONBN, PJL ^GIS @LJLO UILMJNJS BRQEV,ONDLODTW O KFGBEDNN E@L JNJKBG, EMBN HLILBS UEIEMJGDEJ JEMDNJS UIGOLMBGODKR OEIK, KDNPJL[NJKDNR N UINFEJ :FEBSDN^HL@L O ULQQGDMJOL UL /XLILOMHLFK QL@LOLIK. 1LBCHN DE ML@BGYGBNMS,N OLVMHL NW QONDKBLMS DG :FEBSDN^HL@L.

(L@QG @LMKQGIS ULMBGB MHGAGJS @EJFGDK, PJL UINDNFGEJ E@L ULQ MOLR OBGMJS, N 1 LHJCXIC1653 @LQG MLAOGB MLXLI NA OMCHNW PNDLO BRQEV, HLJLILFK LX`CONB L DEUIGOQGW ULBSMHL@L HLILBCN UILJNO 4LMHOT, N UILJNO 4GBLILMMNN; LX`CONB, PJL JKIE^HNV MKBJGD ALOEJ HGAGHLO H MEXE OULQQGDMJOL, DL PJL @EJFGD BKPYE WLPEJ XTJS ULQ OBGMJSR UIGOLMBGODL@L @LMKQGIC. &LXLIUIN@LOLINB, PJL DGQLXDL UINDCJS HGAGHLO, PJLX DE LJUKMJNJS NW O ULQQGDMJOL H JKIE^HLFKMKBJGDK, PJL DGQLXDL LX`CONJS OLVDK 1LBSYE AG UINJEMDEDNC UIGOLMBGODLV OEIT N AGLMHLIXBEDNE ^GIMHLV PEMJN. (L@QG @LMKQGIS ULMBGB XLCINDG 7KJKIBNDG OACJS M :FEBSDN^HL@L,ML OME@L OLVMHG N ML OMEV 4GBLILMMNN UINMC@K O OEIDLMJN.

1INMC@G ZJG DE FL@BG XTJS OACJG OMHLIE, ULJLFK PJL :FEBSDN^HNV QLB[ED XTB OTMJKUNJS OULWLQ UILJNO ULBCHLO, M HLJLITFN MLYEBMC DG 3DEMJIE, ULQ <OGD^EF, DEQGBEHL LJ 5GFED^G!1LQLBSMHL@L. 5GAGHN UL!UIE[DEFK XTBN O MLRAE M JGJGIGFN, UL!UIE[DEFK JGJGIT NAFEDCBNHGAGHGF: ULFNINBNMS M ULBCHGFN DG OT@LQDTW QBC MEXC KMBLONCW N ULHNDKBN :FEBSDN^HL@L."EJFGD KYEB QLFLV O 9N@NIND N 8 CDOGIC 1654 @LQG DGADGPNB LX\KR IGQK (DGILQDLE MLXIGDNE)O 1EIECMBGOBE. „1GDT ULBHLODNHN, EMGKBT, MLJDNHN, OME OLVMHL /GULIL[MHLE N OMEUIGOLMBGODTE WINMJNGDE! — @LOLINB :FEBSDN^HNV DG IGQE.! %NQDL, DEBSAC DGF [NJS XLBEEXEA ^GIC, JGH OTXNIGVJE NA PEJTIEW — ^GIC JKIE^HL@L, WGDG HITFMHL@L, HLILBC ULBSMHL@L N^GIC UIGOLMBGODL@L %EBNHLV -LMMNN, ̂ GIC OLMJLPDL@L, HLJLIL@L K[E YEMJS BEJ FT XEMUIEMJGDDLKFLBCEF XTJS DGYNF ^GIEF N UGDLF. =GIS JKIE^HNV XKMKIFGD: NAOEMJDL, HGHKR XEQK JEIUCJ LJDE@L DGYN XIGJSC — UIGOLMBGODTE @IEHN; HITFMHNV WGD JL[E XKMKIFGD: ULQIK[NOYNMS M DNF,DGJEIUEBNMS FT XEQT; LX KJEMDEDNCW LJ ULBSMHNW UGDLO DEPE@L N @LOLINJS!. $ UIGOLMBGODTVWINMJNGDMHNV ̂ GIS OLMJLPDTV LQDL@L M DGFN XBG@LPEMJNC: HILFE E@L ̂ GIMHLV IKHN, FT DE DGVQEFBKPYE@L UINMJGDN\G. 5JL DE AGWLPEJ DGM ULMBKYGJS, JLJ UKMJS NQEJ HKQG WLPEJ: OLBSDGC QLIL@G!“(KJ AGHINPGBL 4DL[EMJOL @LBLMLO: „:LJNF ULQ ^GIC OLMJLPDL@L! #KPYE DGF KFEIEJS O DGYEVXBG@LPEMJNOLV OEIE, DE[EBN QLMJGOGJSMC DEDGONMJDNHK :INMJLOK, UL@GD^K!“

3GOYN UINMC@K, :FEBSDN^HNV ML MJGIYNDGFN LJUIGONB ULMLBSMJOL H ̂ GIR O 4LMHOK UILMNJSLX KJOEI[QEDNN IGADTW UIGO AG 4GBLILMMNEV, N @LMKQGIS KJOEIQNB MBEQKR\NE: OLVMHK/GULIL[MHLFK XTJS OME@QG O PNMBE 60000; HGAGHN NFERJ UIGOL OTXNIGJS @EJFGDG; UIGOG YBCWJTN @LILQLO LMJGRJMC UIE[DNE; O @LILQGW UIGONJEBCF XTJS NA FGBLILMMNCD, NF [E N QLWLQTMLXNIGJS; @EJFGD NFEEJ UIGOL UINDNFGJS NDLMJIGDDTW ULMBLO, QGOGC LX DNW ADGJS @LMKQGIR, DLEMBN ZJN ULMBT UINQKJ M UIEQBL[EDNCFN, OIEQDTFN QBC @LMKQGIC, JL AGQEI[NOGJS NW NQL[NQGJSMC KHGAG ̂ GIMHL@L; M JKIE^HNF [E MKBJGDLF N ULBSMHNF HLILBEF XEA ̂ GIMHL@L KHGAG DEMMTBGJSMC.

J!'%# 8 C!2AH,F. 18 FGC 1654 @LQG ̂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

124

XBNMJGJEBSDTV KMUEW, LOBGQEB 1LADGDSR, %GIYGOLR, 5IGHLOLF.1LBSYG DGWLQNBGMS DG HIGR @NXEBN. ,E MUGMBL MJLBHDLOEDNE FE[QK 4LMHOLR N >OE^NER.

=GIS $BEHMEV 4NWGVBLONP XTB MNBSDL IGAQIG[ED UILJNO 5GIBG : JEF, PJL YOEQMHNV HLILBSUEIEXNB K DE@L QLIL@K, AGWOGJNB 1LBSYK N, DE QLOLBSMJOKCMS ER, DGFEIEOGBMC OTIOGJS K IKMMHNW#NJOK, AGOLQNB MDLYEDNC M :FEBSDN^HNF. 1INJLF LUGMDL XSYL QLUKMJNJS KMNBEDNE >OE^NNDG MPEJ 1LBSYN, MBNCDNE QOKW OIG[QEXDTW QEI[GO O LQDK. %LJ ULPEFK $BEHMEV 4NWGVBLONPULMUEYNB UIEHIGJNJS DG OIEFC OLVDK M 1LBSYER N DGPGJS OLVDK M >OE^NER. 1LBCHN UIN ZJLFLXE\GBN UILOLA@BGMNJS ^GIC DGMBEQDNHLF ULBSMHL@L UIEMJLBG.

J!'%# 8 R6,=+,F. % NRBE 1656 @LQG MGF ̂ GIS QONDKBMC O ULWLQ H AGOEJDLV ̂ EBN FLMHLOMHNW@LMKQGIEV, H #NOLDNN. 1L AGOLEOGDNN 3NDGXKI@G, 5LHED@GKAEDG N QIK@NW DEADGPNJEBSDTW FEMJ^GIS LMGQNB -N@K, DL LMGQG XTBG DEKQGPDG: O LHJCXIE LMG[QEDDTE DGDEMBN MNBSDLE ULIG[EDNEIKMMHNF N AGMJGONBN NW MDCJS LMGQK; JGH [E DEKQGPDG XTBG LMGQG 'IEYHG (*LJEXKI@G) N5EHM@LBSFG; JLBSHL 3EIUJ XTB AGDCJ FLMHLOMHNFN OLVMHGFN. % 1657 @LQK ADGPNJEBSDTW OLEDDTWQEVMJONV DE XTBL, O FEBHNW [E YOEQT NFEBN XLBSYER PGMJSR OEIW; O DGPGBE 1658 @LQG XTBLAGHBRPEDL UEIEFNINE N ULQJOEI[QEDL O HLD^E 1659 @LQG O FEMJEPHE %GBNEMGIE DG 20 BEJ, UINPEF4LMHOG KQEI[GBG MOLN AGOLEOGOGDNC — 3EIUJ N QIK@NE FEMJG, DL O 1661 @LQK AGHBRPED XTBOEPDTV FNI O 5GIQNME, UL HLJLILFK ^GIS KMJKUNB >OE^NN OME ZJN FEMJG.

@/;)& 6 N#2!0!88++ (! 8/,0)+ G!.-#%# X/,2A%+="!.! + 6)!0#$ 6!'%# 8 C!2AH,F.1INPNDLR [EBGDNC ^GIC KMULHLNJS MEOEIL!AGUGQDTE @IGDN^T XTBN MFKJT DG R@E, O4GBLILMMNN, HLJLITE AGDCBN OME ODNFGDNE $BEHMEC 4NWGVBLONPG. 7L@QGDK :FEBSDN^HLFK LPEDSDE DIGONBLMS UINFNIEDNE 4LMHOT M 1LBSYER, N, UINOTHDKO H MGFLMJLCJEBSDLMJN, MJGITV@EJFGD UICFL OLUIEHN LXCAGJEBSMJOGF ULAOLBCB MEXE MDLMNJSMC M NDLMJIGDDTFN @LMKQGICFN,OIG[QEXDTFN 4LMHOE, ULAOLBCB MEXE MDLMNJSMC N M 1LBSYER. _JL DELXWLQNFL OEBL H IGABGQK.% NRBE 1657 @LQG 7L@QGD KFEI, N MFEIJS E@L ULMBK[NBG ADGHLF H MFKJE.

"EDEIGBSDTV UNMGIS (AGOEQLOGOYNV OMEFN UNMSFEDDTFN QEBGFN OLVMHG) +OGD %T@LOMHNVUILOLA@BGMNB MEXC @EJFGDLF, DL ULBJGOMHNV ULBHLODNH 4GIJTD 1KYHGIS N AGULIL[^T DEWLJEBN NFEJS %T@LOMHL@L @EJFGDLF. /GULIL[MHNV HLYEOLV GJGFGD 7GIGXGY UINMBGB O 4LMHOKOEMJS, PJL @EJFGD N ULBHLODNHN NAFEDCRJ, DL PJL OMC PEIDS WLPEJ LMJGJSMC OEIDLR @LMKQGIR.„4T, — @LOLINBN AGULIL[MHNE ULMBT, — %T@LOMHL@L @EJFGDLF LJDRQS DE WLJNF N DE OEINFEFK DN O PEF, ULJLFK PJL LD DE UINILQDTV AGULIL[MHNV HGAGH, G OACJ NA ULBSMHL@L OLVMHG DGXLR; 7L@QGD :FEBSDN^HNV ULQGINB EFK [NADS N MQEBGB E@L UNMGIEF, DL LD UL MOLEV UINILQEOLVMHK DNHGHL@L QLXIG DE WLPEJ“. 'XDGIK[NOGBLMS IGAQEBEDNE DG QOE MJLILDT: MJLILDK MJGIYND,XLBSYER PGMJSR MJLCOYNW AG %T@LOMHL@L N MHBLDDTW H OLAOIG\EDNR O ULQQGDMJOL ULBSMHLE,LXE\GOYEE NF XLBSYE OLBN, N MJLILDK PEIDN, HLJLIGC [GBLOGBGMS DG UINJEMDEDNC LJ MJGIYNDN XTBG UINOEI[EDG H 4LMHOE, LMLXEDDL DG OLMJLPDLF XEIE@K 3DEUIG.

=GIS DGWLQNBMC O MGFLF AGJIKQDNJEBSDLF ULBL[EDNN: M LQDLV MJLILDT, %T@LOMHNV UINMBGBO 4LMHOK [GBLOGJSMC DG 1KYHGIC HGH XKDJLO\NHG, M QIK@LV — 1KYHGIS UINMTBGB MLXONDEDNCFN UILJNO %T@LOMHL@L, HLJLITV DGHLDE^, DEMFLJIC DG ^GIMHLE AGUIE\EDNE, ULYEBDG 1KYHGIC, IGAXNB N KXNB E@L. +AXGONOYNMS JGHNF LXIGALF LJ ODKJIEDDE@L OIG@G N KMNBNOMEXC MLRALF M WGDLF HITFMHNF, %T@LOMHNV O MEDJCXIE 1658 @LQG AGHBRPNB M 1LBSYER QL@LOLI,HLJLITF ULQQGOGBMC HLILBR DG OT@LQDTW QBC MEXC KMBLONCW, ULJLFK PJL ULBCHN DE XTBN MHKUTJEUEIS DG LXE\GDNC, BNYS XT JLBSHL UINLXIEMJS LUCJS 4GBLILMMNR. *L FDL@NE HGAGHN JLJPGM[E LX`CONBN MEXC AG 4LMHOK; %T@LOMHNV MJGB OLEOGJS M DNFN N M ̂ GIMHNFN OLEOLQGFN, LX`COBCCO JL [E OIEFC, PJL LD OEIED ^GIR N OLREJ JLBSHL M MOLNFN LMBKYDNHGFN.

#EJLF 1659 @LQG FLMHLOMHNV OLEOLQG HDCAS (IKXE^HLV XTB IGAXNJ %T@LOMHNF N HITFMHNFWGDLF ULQ 5LDLJLULF. *L HGH MHLIL WGD OTYEB NA 4GBLILMMNN, JL %T@LOMHNV KONQGB UILJNOMEXC OMEW HGAGHLO, HLJLITE UILOLA@BGMNBN @EJFGDLF 6INC :FEBSDN^HL@L, MTDG ADGFEDNJL@L7L@QGDG; %T@LOMHNV XE[GB O 1LBSYK, G :FEBSDN^HNV UINMC@DKB ^GIR.

*L ZJNF FGBLILMMNVMHNE MFKJT DE HLDPNBNMS, G JLBSHL DGPNDGBNMS, ULJLFK PJL DGPGBGMSMDLOG OLVDG K 4LMHOT M ULBCHGFN, HLJLITE, LUIGONOYNMS, OT@DGBN YOEQLO NA MOLNW OBGQEDNV

125

N, DGQECMS DG MFKJT FGBLILMMNVMHNE, DE WLJEBN DN UILOLA@BGYGJS $BEHMEC 4NWGVBLONPGDGMBEQDNHLF ULBSMHL@L UIEMJLBG, DN KMJKUGJS 4LMHOE OME EE DEQGODNE AGOLEOGDNC. _JG OJLIGCULBSMHGC OLVDG QGBEHL DE XTBG JGH KQGPDG QBC 4LMHOT, HGH UEIOGC: LMEDSR 1658 @LQG OLEOLQG6INV 3LB@LIKHNV IGAXNB N OACB O UBED BNJLOMHL@L @EJFGDG "LDMEOMHL@L, DL O NRDE 1660 @LQGQIK@LV OLEOLQG, HDCAS :LOGDMHNV, ULJEIUEB MJIGYDLE ULIG[EDNE K 1LBLDHN LJ ADGFEDNJL@LULBSMHL@L OLEOLQT 9GIDE^HL@L, HLJLITV UILMBGONBMC LMOLXL[QEDNEF MOLE@L LJEPEMJOG LJYOEQLO.

*G R@E XLCIND >EIEFEJEO ULBL[NB M @EJFGDLF :FEBSDN^HNF QONDKJSMC HL #SOLOK QOKFCIGADTFN UKJCFN: :FEBSDN^HNV, LHIK[EDDTV DG ZJLF UKJN ULBCHGFN N JGJGIGFN, UEIEQGBMC DGMJLILDK HLILBC; JL@QG OME DEUINCJEBSMHLE OLVMHL KMJIEFNBLMS DG >EIEFEJEOG N O MEDJCXIELHIK[NBL E@L ULQ 9KQDLOLF; XTOYNE UIN DEF HGAGHN UEIEQGBNMS DEUINCJEBR, >EIEFEJEOUINDK[QED XTB MQGJSMC N LJOEQED O 5IEFBS O DEOLBR. % 1661 @LQK IKMMHNE ULJEIUEBN DLOTEDEKQGPN O #NJOE N O 7EBLIKMMNN: ULJEICDT XTBN %NBSDG, "ILQDL, 4L@NBEO.

%ME ZJN DEMPGMJSC JC[EBL LJQGOGBNMS O 4LMHOE; OLVDE DE XTBL ONQDL HLD^G; JC[HNE ULQGJNUGBN DG DGILQ, JLI@LOTE BRQN NMJL\NBNMS. ;[E O 1656 @LQK HGADT DEQLMJGBL IGJDTF BRQCF DG[GBLOGDSE, N @LMKQGIS OEBEB OTUKMJNJS FEQDTE QEDS@N, HLJLITE QLB[DT XTBN WLQNJS UL LQDLV^EDE M MEIEXICDTFN, HGH K DGM JEUEIS GMMN@DG^NN. "LQG QOG QEDS@N ZJN QEVMJONJEBSDL WLQNBNHGH MEIEXICDTE, DL ULJLF DGPGBN ULDN[GJSMC O ^EDE, HL@QG O 4GBLILMMNN ULMBE NAFEDT%T@LOMHL@L UEIEMJGBN NW XIGJS N HL@QG ULCONBNMS ]GBSYNOTE FEQDTE QEDS@N; DGMJKUNBGMJIGYDGC QLIL@LONADG. % NRBE 1662 @LQG O 4LMHOE OMUTWDKB FCJE[ UL ULOLQK UINHBEEDDL@LDG KBN^E UNMSFG, LXONDCOYE@L O NAFEDE 4NBLMBGOMHNW, -JN\EOG (HLJLILFK UINUNMTOGBGMSFTMBS L FEQDTW QEDS@GW), XL@GJL@L HKU^G >LINDG. 4CJE[DNHN QONDKBNMS O MEBL 5LBLFEDMHLE,@QE XTB JL@QG @LMKQGIS, N DG KOE\GDNE $BEHMEC 4NWGVBLONPG IGALVJNMS N UIEQLMJGONJS QEBLEFK HINPGBN: „,MBN QLXILF JEW XLCI DE LJQGYS, JL FT MJGDEF XIGJS NW K JEXC MNBLR“. (L@QGUINQOLIDTE N MJIEBS^T UL UINHGAGDNR @LMKQGIC KQGINBN DG FCJE[DNHLO, N XLBSYE 7000 NWXTBL UEIEXNJL N UEIEBLOBEDL.

4E[QK JEF OLVDG UILQLB[GBGMS. % 4GBLILMMNN :FEBSDN^HNV LJHGAGBMC LJ @EJFGDMJOG,ULMJIN@MC O FLDGWN, N O UIEEFDNHN EFK XTB NAXIGD (EJEIC, UINMC@DKOYNV HLILBR, DL BEOGCMJLILDG 3DEUIG LMJGEJMC AG 4LMHOLR: AQEMS O *E[NDE DG YKFDLV IGQE NAXIGD XTB O @EJFGDTAGULIL[MHNV HLYEOLV GJGFGD 7IRWLOE^HNV, HLJLITV MHLIL ULMBE NAXIGDNC MOLE@L KONQGB KMEXC DG BEOLV MJLILDE MGFL@L HLILBC )DG 5GANFNIG M ULBCHGFN N HGAGHGFN UIGOLV MJLILDT.5LILBS OLEOGB KQGPDL O HLD^E 1663 N DGPGBE 1664 @LQG: LD AGDCB ULPJN OMR 4GBLILMMNR, DLKMUEWN E@L XTBN LMJGDLOBEDT ULQ "QKWLOLF, HLJLITV LJBNPDL LXLILDCBMC, G FE[QK JEF HDCAS-LFLQGDLOMHNV N 7IRWLOE^HNV DGPGBN KMUEYDL QEVMJOLOGJS UILJNO ULBCHLO, N HLILBS, MDCOYNLMGQK "QKWLOG, QLB[ED XTB KVJN AG 3EMDK, ULJEICOYN UIN ZJLF LJMJKUBEDNN FDL@L DGILQG LJ@LBLQG N WLBLQG.

'XG @LMKQGIMJOG, N 4LMHLOMHLE, N 1LBSMHLE, NMJL\EDDTE UILQLB[NJEBSDLR OLVDLR, MNBSDL[EBGBN EE UIEHIG\EDNC, DL UILQLB[NJEBSDTE UEIE@LOLIT DE OEBN DN H PEFK; 4LMHOG ULMBEJGHNW UL[EIJOLOGDNV DE FL@BG LJHGAGJSMC LJ 4GBLILMMNN N LJ OMEW AGOLEOGDNV; ULBCHN [EUICFL @LOLINBN: QBC PE@L DGF KMJKUGJS OGF PJL!BNXL, HL@QG LXMJLCJEBSMJOG UEIEFEDNBNMS, HL@QGOT NMJL\EDT, XEA MLRADNHLO, G FT MOLXLQDT LJ OMEW QIK@NW OIG@LO N O MLRAE M WGDLF HITFMHNF?&BEQLOGJEBSDL, FNI XTB OLAFL[ED JLBSHL O JLF MBKPGE, HL@QG DLOTV HGHLV!DNXKQS KQGI ULMJN@GBJL NBN QIK@LE @LMKQGIMJOL N AGMJGOBCB E@L MUEYNJS FNILF M JC[EBTFN QBC MEXCUL[EIJOLOGDNCFN.

(GHNE NFEDDL KQGIT ULMJN@BN 1LBSYK. /DGFEDNJTV OEBSFL[G #RXLFNIMHNV, LMHLIXBEDDTVUILJNODNHGFN, O PNMBE HLJLITW MJLCBG HLILBEOG, ULQDCB ADGFC OLMMJGDNC UILJNO HLILBC. 1LJLFUIEEFDNH @EJFGDG (EJEIN DG AGUGQDLV MJLILDE 3DEUIG, @EJFGD 3LILYEDHL, ULQQGBMC JKIE^HLFKMKBJGDK N ZJNF MGFTF ULQDNFGB JKILH N JGJGI UILJNO 1LBSYN, HLJLIGC N QLB[DG XTBG ULMUEYNJSFNILF M -LMMNER.

% 1667 @LQK O QEIEODE $DQIKMLOE (FE[QK &FLBEDMHLF N 4MJNMBGOBEF) $]GDGMNV

126

#GOIEDJSEONP 'IQND!*G\LHND AGHBRPNB M 1LBSYER UEIEFNINE DG JINDGQ^GJS BEJ N 6 FEMC^EO:^GIS $BEHMEV 4NWGVBLONP LJHGAGBMC LJ #NJOT, DL UINLXIEB &FLBEDMH, &EOEIMHKR MJIGDK N JKPGMJS 4GBLILMMNN, HLJLIGC LMJGOGBGMS AG 4LMHOLR O ULMBEQDEE OIEFC, J. E. UL ER MJLILDK(BEOKR) 3DEUIG, DG UIGOLV MJLILDE 3DEUIG 4LMHOG KQEI[GBG JLBSHL 5NEO DG QOG @LQG.

L#8"!2 + (#-,%+, I+"!%#. % JL OIEFC HGH YBN UEIE@LOLIT L FNIE M 1LBSYER, ̂ GIC $BEHMECAGDNFGBL MGFLE JC[EBLE QEBL O E@L [NADN — MKQ DGQ UGJINGIWLF *NHLDLF. 1EIOTE @LQT MOLE@LUGJINGIYEMJOG *NHLD UILQLB[GB ULBSALOGJSMC DEL@IGDNPEDDLR QLOEIEDDLMJSR N MNBSDLRUINOCAGDDLMJSR ^GIC $BEHMEC, HLJLITV DGATOGB E@L „LMLXEDDTF MOLNF QIK@LF QKYEODTF NJEBEMDTF“. *NHLD KUIGOBCB @LMKQGIMJOLF OL OIEFC LJBKPEH ^GIC O ULWLQT, UINPEF LHGAGBOG[DKR KMBK@K @LMKQGIR, MXEIE@YN E@L MEFEVMJOL OL OIEFC FLILOL@L ULOEJINC; *NHLDDGATOGBMC OEBNHNF @LMKQGIEF ULQLXDL ̂ GIR — JNJKB, HLJLITV DLMNB JLBSHL ?NBGIEJ *NHNJNP,DL DE HGH UGJINGIW, G HGH LJE^ ̂ GIMHNV; JEUEIS [E LUCJS CONBNMS O 4LMHOE QOG OEBNHNE @LMKQGIC,UINPEF *NHLD DGATOGBMC OEBNHNF @LMKQGIEF HGH UGJINGIW; OBGMJS UGJINGIWG, JGHNF LXIGALF,UINIGODNOGBGMS H OBGMJN ^GIMHLV.

*L ZJL DEXTOGBLE UINIGODEDNE DELXWLQNFL OLAXK[QGBL OLUILM L AGHLDDLMJN E@L; OLUILMZJLJ QLB[ED XTB ULQDCJSMC MHLIL, ULJLFK PJL *NHLD DE XTB NA PNMBG JEW BRQEV, HLJLITE KFERJLMJGDGOBNOGJSMC, DE QLWLQNJS QL HIGVDLMJEV, KFEIEDDL ULBSALOGJSMC MOLER OBGMJSR. & CMDTFKFLF *NHLD DE MLEQNDCB LXIGALOGDNC, HLJLIL@L DE@QE XTBL ULBKPNJS EFK JL@QG; MDELXTHDLOEDDLR ZDEI@NER *NHLD DE MLEQNDCB OLOME XBG@LQKYNC, MDNMWLQNJEBSDLMJN, DE KFEBODLMNJS O LJDLYEDNC MOLN H BRQCF JEUBLJT N FC@HLMJN, UINFNICR\NW M UIEOLMWLQMJOLFPEBLOEHG, M E@L OBNCDNEF. 'D XTB OBGMJLBRXNO N JEF XLBEE DEUINCJDL QGOGB PKOMJOLOGJS MOLEOBGMJLBRXNE, PJL XTB [EMJLH N OMUTBSPNO, O MEIQ^GW DE KFEB OBGQEJS MGFNF MLXLR, DE KFEBLXIG\GJS ODNFGDNC DG JL, PJL @LOLINB N QEBGB. 1IN JGHNW MOLVMJOGW *NHLD, IGAKFEEJMC, MHLILDG[NB MEXE OIG@LO MNBSDTW FE[QK UINQOLIDTFN, FE[QK BRQSFN, XBNAHNFN H ^GIR. %MCHNV,HJL MPNJGB MEXC OUIGOE DG HGHKR!DNXKQS OBGMJS, DG HGHLE!DNXKQS OBNCDNE, DELXWLQNFLMJGBHNOGBMC M *NHLDLF, HLJLITV DE BRXNB LXIG\GJS ODNFGDNC DG PK[NE UIGOG N UINJCAGDNC,HLJLITV MPNJGB QBC MEXC KDNANJEBSDTF N DEDK[DTF UINLXIEJGJS MLRADNHLO, HLJLITV DE XLCBMCN UIEANIGB OIG@LO.

&GFG ̂ GIN^G, ILQMJOEDDNHN EE 4NBLMBGOMHNE, ILQMJOEDDNHN @LMKQGIC UL FGJEIN &JIEYDEOTN QIK@NE OEBSFL[N MHLIL MQEBGBNMS OIG@GFN *NHLDG. 5 DNF UINMJGBN N FDL@NE NA QKWLODTWADGPNJEBSDTW BN^, LMHLIXBEDDTW HIKJLMJSR DIGOG *NHLDG, [EMJLHLMJSR DGHGAGDNV, HLJLITFLD ULQOEI@GB ONDLODTW. *GHLDE^, *NHLD OLAXKQNB UILJNO MEXC MNBSDLE DE@LQLOGDNENMUIGOBEDNEF HDN@ N DGHGAGDNCFN; HLJLITF ULQOEI@GBNMS BRQN, DE UINDCOYNE ZJNWNMUIGOBEDNV.

1L DEQLMJGJHK LXIGALOGDDLMJN O XV N XVI OEHGW O IKMMHLV =EIHON IGMUILMJIGDNBLMSDEMHLBSHL FDEDNV, HLJLITW DE QLUKMHGBG UIGOLMBGODGC OLMJLPDGC =EIHLOS, — FDEDNV,HGMGOYNWMC XLBSYER PGMJSR LQDLV ODEYDLMJN LXICQLO, DL LPEDS OG[DTW O @BGAGW BRQEV,HLJLITE UL KFMJOEDDLV DEIGAONJLMJN UINQGRJ LMLXEDDLE ADGPEDNE ODEYDEFK — LXICQGF, XKHOE:JGH, DGUINFEI, PJL DGQLXDL UILNADLMNJS „+MKM“ OFEMJL „+NMKM“, MBK[NJS DG MEFN UILMONIGW,G DE DG UCJN, MHBGQTOGJS QOG UGBS^G, G DE JIN UIN HIEMJDLF ADGFEDNN, DE XINJS XLILQT N KMLO NJ. U.; JGHNE FDEDNC QG[E AGFEYGBNMS O JGH DGATOGEFTV &JL@BGO, J. E. O ULMJGDLOBEDNC NAOEMJDL@LDGF MLXLIG, XTOYE@L UIN +LGDDE IV, O 1551 @LQK, AGFEYGBNMS O XL@LMBK[EXDTE HDN@N, N HL@QGZJN HDN@N DGPGBN UEPGJGJSMC XEA DGQBE[G\E@L NMUIGOBEDNC, JL LYNXHN, OHIGOYNEMC O DNW,IGMUILMJIGDNBNMS OL OMEF DGILQE, O @BGAGW HLJLIL@L CONBNMS LMOC\EDDTFN.

4T ONQEBN, HGHNF @LDEDNCF ULQOEI@MC GIWNFGDQINJ 3NLDNMNV M JLOGIN\GFN AG ULUTJHKNMUIGONJS HDN@N; ULMBE 3NLDNMNC NMUIGOBEDNE UILQLB[GBLMS, DL UILNAOLQNBLMS LPEDSDEXIE[DL, XEA ADGDNC QEBG. 'MLXEDDL QKIDL YBL QEBL UIN UGJINGIWE +LMN]E, UIEQYEMJOEDDNHE*NHLDG: NMUIGONJEBN ODEMBN, DGUINF[EI], DGMJGOBEDNE L QOKUEIMJDLF MBL[EDNN O HDN@N MGFTEKULJIEXNJEBSDTE (UMGBJTIS, HGJEWNANM N J. U.), NAQGBN HG[QKR HDN@K O PNMBE 1200 ZHAEFUBCILO,N OLJ O DEMHLBSHL BEJ QOLEUEIMJNE MQEBGBLMS @LMULQMJOKR\NF OL OMEV -LMMNN. "IEPEMHNEUGJINGIWN N QIK@NE GIWNEIEN, UINEA[GOYNE O 4LMHOK, AGFEJNBN ZJN MJIGDDLMJN N DGPGBN

127

KHGATOGJS DG DNW; FGBLILMMNVMHNE KPEDTE FLDGWN, ,UN]GDNV &BGONDE^HNV, $IMEDNV&GJGDLOMHNV, OTAOGDDTE O 4LMHOK QBC UEIEOLQG DK[DTW HDN@ M NDLMJIGDDTW CATHLO, KHGATOGBNJGH[E UGJINGIWK *NHLDK DG DENMUIGODLMJS UIE[DNW NAQGDNV.

*NHLD MLAOGB MLXLI O 1654 @LQK N UIEQBL[NB OLUILM: „*LOTF BN UEPGJDTF MBK[EXDNHGFMBEQLOGJS NBN @IEPEMHNF N IKMMHNF MJGITF?“ &LXLI LJOEPGB, PJL DGQLXDL NMUIGONJS HDN@NML@BGMDL M MJGITFN IKMMHNFN IKHLUNMCFN N @IEPEMHNFN; UINMJKUNBN H NMUIGOBEDNR, MLXIGBNLJLOMRQK MJGINDDTE IKMMHNE IKHLUNMN, OTUNMGBN M %LMJLHG MJGINDDTE @IEPEMHNE, ULIKPNBNNMUIGOBEDNE UL DNF BRQCF ADGR\NF N UIE[QE OME@L NAQGBN NMUIGOBEDDTV MBK[EXDNH. *LUILJNO ZJL@L *NHLDLOG QEBG JLJPGM [E LXDGIK[NBLMS MLUILJNOBEDNE: HLBLFEDMHNV EUNMHLU1GOEB M DEHLJLITFN QIK@NFN BN^GFN QKWLODTFN, XLBSYER PGMJSR MJGITFN NMUIGONJEBCFNHDN@ UIN UGJINGIWE +LMN]E, CODL OLMMJGB UILJNO NMUIGOBEDNC N DLONAD (DLOYEMJO, HGH LDNDGATOGBN). +W FDEDNE DGYBL MEXE LJ@LBLMLH: DE KFEC ULDCJS, O PEF QEBL, UINOTHYN UINQGOGJSODEYDLMJN, LXICQGF OEBNHLE ADGPEDNE, K[GMDKBNMS UIN MBKWE, PJL O MOC\EDDKR M]EIK^EIHLODKR OOLQCJ DLOYEMJOG, OEBCJ FLBNJSMC UL!DLOLFK, DE JGH, HGH FLBNBNMS UIEQHN, DE JGH,HGH FLBNBNMS MOCJTE K@LQDNHN N MUGMBNMS.

+AOEMJDL, HGHLE MNBSDLE OBNCDNE NFERJ DG OLLXIG[EDNE DGILQDLE GULHGBNUMNPEMHNEUIEQMJGOBEDNC: M FTMBNR L DLOLMJCW O OEIE, L UEIEFEDE OEIT MEVPGM [E MLEQNDNBGMS FTMBS LULMBEQDEF OIEFEDN, LX GDJNWINMJLOLF UINYEMJONN. _JN MJIGWN JEF XLBEE NFEBN MNBT, PJLODKYGBNMS LDN BRQSFN, NFEOYNFN OBNCDNE DG JLBUK, BRQSFN, ADGR\NFN 1NMGDNE, DGPEJPNHGFN;O PNMBE ZJNW BRQEV XTBN EUNMHLU, UILJLULUT; DGHGAGDNE, HLJLILFK ULQOEI@BNMS ZJN BRQN AGMOLE MLUILJNOBEDNE MLXLIK, E\E XLBEE KMNBNBL NW ADGPEDNE, OTMJGONO NW FKPEDNHGFN AG UIGOQK,E\E XLBEE KMNBNBL DEDGONMJS H *NHLDK HGH FKPNJEBR BRQEV UIGOEQDTW.

(GHNF LXIGALF, FDL@L DEDGONMJEV MHLUBCBLMS DGQ @LBLOLR *NHLDG. 1INQOLIDTE OIG@N E@LKMUEBN KHGAGJS @LMKQGIR, PJL OEBNHNV @LMKQGIS UGJINGIW UIEOTYGEJ OBGMJS MOLR, KMUEBNULMEBNJS WLBLQDLMJS FE[QK DNF N ^GIEF. :GIGHJEI *NHLDG QGOGB OIG@GF E@L OME OT@LQT DGQDNF; LIK[NE XTBL DEIGODLE: OIG@N QEVMJOLOGBN JGVDL, KMNBSDL, ULMJLCDDL, G *NHLD, OFEMJLJL@L PJLX UIN UEIOLF UINADGHE LWBG[QEDNC MUEYNJS H ^GIR, MJGIGJSMC LJMJIGDNJS OMCHLEDEQLIGAKFEDNE, XLILJSMC, LJIG[GJS DGUGQEDNC OIG@LO, — OFEMJL OME@L ZJL@L *NHLD KQGBCBMCN JGHNF LXIGALF LMJGOBCB MOLNF UILJNODNHGF ULBE MIG[EDNC.

*NHLD XTB LQGIED MULMLXDLMJSR UINLXIEJGJS OBNCDNE, DL DE XTB MULMLXED MLWIGDNJSUINLXIEJEDDLE; LD DE FL@ MDNALVJN QL MIEQMJO, HLJLITE KULJIEXBCBNMS OIG@GFN E@L, DE FL@MDNALVJN QL FTMBN, PJL EFK QLB[DL XLILJSMC, AG\N\GJSMC, EFK, HLJLITV QLB[ED ULOEBEOGJS.;QGBEDNE *NHLDG LJ ^GIC ULOEBL H KMNBEDNR LWBG[QEDNC FE[QK DNFN; *NHLDG UEIEMJGBNUINATOGJS OL QOLIE^ O OG[DTW MBKPGCW, ̂ GIS MJGB NAXE@GJS OMJIEPN M DNF O UIGAQDNHN, OL OIEFCUGJINGIYE@L MBK[EDNC. 'QDG[QT HDCAS -LFLQGDLOMHNV UINYEB O ;MUEDMHNV MLXLI LX`CONJSUGJINGIWK, PJL @LMKQGIS DE XKQEJ H LXEQDE, N FE[QK DNF N *NHLDLF OTYBG XIGDS, -LFLQGDLOMHNVMJGB KUIEHGJS E@L O @LIQLMJN, O UINMOLEDNN JNJKBG OEBNHL@L @LMKQGIC. *NHLD DE AGWLJEB JEIUEJSXLBEE: 10 NRBC 1658 @LQG O ;MUEDMHLF MLXLIE ULMBE LXEQDN N UILULOEQN UGJINGIW LXIGJNBMC HDGILQK M JGHNFN MBLOGFN: „#EDNO C XTB OGM KPNJS, N LJ ZJLV FLEV BEDLMJN MGF C N OT ULHITBNMS@IEWLODTFN MJIKDGFN; M ZJL@L QDC C K[E OGF DE UGJINGIW; FDL@NE NA OGM DGATOGBN FEDCNHLDLXLI^EF, EIEJNHLF, XKQJL C DLOTE HDN@N AGOEB, WLJEBN ULXNJS FEDC HGFDCFN. %ME ZJLQEBGEJMC UL FLNF @IEWGF“. &HGAGOYN ZJL, *NHLD MJGB IGALXBGPGJSMC; JKJ ULQDCBMC OLUBS: „5LFKJT DGM, MNITW, LMJGOBCEYS!“ „(LFK, HL@L OGF 7L@ QGMJ“, — LJOEPGB *NHLD. ,FK UINDEMBN FEYLHM UILMJTF FLDGYEMHNF UBGJSEF, DL FEYLH K DE@L LJDCBN N DE QGBN DGQEJS UILMJLE UBGJSE.*NHLD ULYEB O INADN^K, DGUNMGB JGF UNMSFL H @LMKQGIR, O HLJLILF LX`COBCB, PJL KQGBCEJMC LJ@DEOG ̂ GIMHL@L, N WLJEB OTVJN NA MLXLIG, DL E@L DE UKMJNBN, N LJUIGONBN LQDL@L NA FNJILULBNJLOQLDEMJN @LMKQGIR, PJL QEBGEJMC O MLXLIE. )ONBMC XLCIND N LX`CONB *NHLDK NFEDEF ^GIMHNF,PJL EFK DEAGPEF LMJGOBCJS UGJINGIYEMJOG. „;[E C MBLOG MOLE@L DE UEIEFEDR“, — LJOEPGB*NHLD N KEWGB NA 4LMHOT O %LMHIEMEDMHNV FLDGMJTIS (*LOTV +EIKMGBNF), NF ULMJILEDDTV.

-EYNJEBSDTV YG@ XTB MQEBGD; *NHLDK JIKQDL XTBL OLAOIGJNJSMC, WLJC LD N [EBGB ZJL@L,

128

DL ̂ GIS DE YEB H DEFK DGOMJIEPK M FLBSXLR L UIL\EDNN, HGH XT WLJEBLMS *NHLDK. (GH UILWLQNBLOIEFC, *NHLD DE OLAOIG\GBMC O 4LMHOK, G =EIHLOS LMJGOGBGMS XEA UGJINGIWG, PJL DE FL@BLLXLVJNMS QBC DEE XEA OIEQDTW ULMBEQMJONV. *GHLDE^ O ]EOIGBE 1660 @LQG ^GIS MLAOGB MLXLI,@QE ULMBTYGBLMS FGBL @LBLMLO AG *NHLDG, HLJLITV KMUEB FE[QK JEF MNBSDL IGAQIG[NJS ^GICIEAHNFN OTIG[EDNCFN DG E@L MPEJ O UNMSFGW H @IEPEMHNF GIWNEIECF N OTWLQHGFN, HLJLITEULAOLBCB MEXE O MOLEV AGUGBSPNOLMJN. 1LBL[NBN MDEMJNMS M OLMJLPDTFN UGJINGIWGFN, OTAOGJSNW QBC IEYEDNC QEBG. 1LUTJHG XLCINDG /RANDG OTAOGJS *NHLDG LXFGDLF O 4LMHOK N KMJILNJSMONQGDNE N LX`CMDEDNE FE[QK DNF N ^GIEF DE KQGBGMS: *NHLD UINEWGB O 4LMHOK, DL ^GIS,KQEI[GDDTV OIG@GFN E@L, DE ULYEB DG MONQGDNE, N *NHLDK OEBEDL XTBL EWGJS DGAGQ O%LMHIEMEDMHNV FLDGMJTIS.

% 1666 @LQK UINEWGBN O 4LMHOK QOG UGJINGIWG — GBEHMGDQINVMHNV N GDJNLWNVMHNV — N DGMLXLIE LMKQNBN *NHLDG DG DNAOEI[EDNE NA GIWNEIEVMHL@L MGDG N AGJLPEDNE O FLDGMJTIS AGMGFLOLBSDLE LMJGOBEDNE UGJINGIYEMJOG, AG MGFLOLBSDTE, XEA MLXLIG, DNAOEI[EDNC, UILHBCJNCN [EMJLHNE DGHGAGDNC QKWLODTW BN^, DGHLDE^, AG OTWLQHN UILJNO UGJINGIWLO, ^GIC N XLCI.*NHLDG AGJLPNBN O 7EBLAEIMHKR ?EIGULDJLOK UKMJTDS.

@!2!6,="!, 6!7/;5,%+,. 1GJINGIWN LMKQNBN *NHLDG, DL LQLXINBN QEBL NMUIGOBEDNC HDN@.*LOLNMUIGOBEDDTE HDN@N XTBN IGALMBGDT OMRQK, DL DE OEAQE NW UINDNFGBN: FLDGWN ULUKMJTDCF, MOC\EDDNHN UL MEBGF UILQLB[GBN KULJIEXBCJS MJGITE, G O &LBLOE^HLF FLDGMJTIEQEBL QLYBL QL CODL@L OLAFK\EDNC. ;ADGO, PJL FLDGWN ZJL@L FLDGMJTIC DE UINDNFGRJ DLOTWHDN@, NA 4LMHOT LJUIGONBN H DNF GIWNFGDQINJG M ^GIMHLR @IGFLJLR, DL FLDGWN LJOEPGBNULMBGDDLFK: „;HGAK OEBNHL@L @LMKQGIC FT ULMBKYDT N OL OMEF EFK ULONDKEFMC, DL ULOEBEDNCL DLOLNAQGDDTW HDN@GW DE UINDNFGEF“. %MEW XLBSYE YKFEB XTOYNV GIWNFGDQINJ &GOONDGFLDGMJTIC *NHGDLI, HLJLITV [NB O &LBLOHGW DG ULHLE; MBL[NOYN JIN UEIOTW UGBS^G, LDHINPGB: „_JL KPEDNE N UIEQGDNE BGJNDMHLE, UIEQGDNE GDJNWINMJLOL — C @LJLO ULMJIGQGJS!“

(L@QG UINMBGDDTV NA 4LMHOT GIWNFGDQINJ DGPGB AGQGOGJS IGMHLBSDNHGF MJIGYDTE OLUILMT:„5GH OGF HG[EJMC — OEBNHNV @LMKQGIS ̂ GIS $BEHMEV 4NWGVBLONP UIGOLMBGOED BN?“ (E LJOEPGBN,PJL UIGOLMBGOED. „$ ULOEBEDNC E@L UIGOLMBGODT?“ *G ZJL FLDGWN MFLBPGBN. „$ HGH OGF HG[EJMC,— UILQLB[GB MUIGYNOGJS GIWNFGDQINJ, — MLXLI, LJ HLJLIL@L C UINMBGD, UIGOLMBGOED BN?“4LDGWN LJOEPGBN: „1GJINGIWN OLMJLPDTE UIE[QE XTBN UIGOLMBGODT, G JEUEIS 7L@ OEMJS, ULJLFKPJL [NOKJ O DEOLBE, ILMMNVMHNE [E GIWNEIEN UIGOLMBGODT“. „$ MLXLIDLE ULOEBEDNE, ML FDLRUINMBGDDLE, UIGOLMBGODL BN?“ „1LOEBEDNC NW DE WKBNF, — LJOEPGBN FLDGWN, — G DLOLV OEITN KPEDNC NW DE UINDNFGEF, QEI[NF UIEQGDNE MO. PKQLJOLI^EO N AG NW UIEQGDNE WLJNF OMEULFEIEJS“. % PEBLXNJDTW MOLNW FLDGWN UNMGBN ̂ GIR: „% DLOTW HDN@GW *NHLDG UGJINGIWG OFEMJLK8;8# DGUNMGDL M UINBL[EDNEF BNYDEV XKHOT K+8;8, PJL DGF, @IEYDTF, MJIGYDL N ULFTMBNJS.4NBLMEIQTV @LMKQGIS! 1LFNBKV DGM, DN\NW MOLNW XL@LFLBS^EO, DE OEBN DGIKYNJS UIEQGDNEUIGILQNJEBEV JOLNW N DGPGBSDNHLO DGYNW, MLBLOE^HNW PKQLJOLI^EO!“ 4LDGWN KQEI[GBNMS UINMJIGYDTW OLUILMGW: DE UINDNFGC DLOTW HDN@, DE WLJEBN, LQDGHL, IGAITOGJS DN M =EIHLOSR, DNM @LMKQGIMJOLF. *L HL@QG OLAFK\EDNE KMNBNBLMS N HL@QG OBGMJS UEIEYBG H FNICDGF, H IGJDTFBRQCF, MLMJGOBCOYNF @GIDNALD FLDGMJTIC, JL ZJN ULYBN QGBSYE, LX`CONBN, PJL DE WLJCJFLBNJSMC AG @LMKQGIC, N AGUIE\GBN FLDGWGF FLBNJSMC AG DE@L. 1ILJNO OLAFKJNOYNWMCLJUIGOBEDL XTBL OLVMHL O 1668 @LQK.

G;%) L#7+%#. *L O JL OIEFC HGH LMGQG &LBLOE^HL@L FLDGMJTIC JCDKBGMS FEQBEDDL ULDEQLMJGJHK MIEQMJO N ZDEI@NN K LMG[QGOYNW OLEOLQ, OLAFK\EDNE XLBEE YNILHLE N LUGMDLEUTBGBL DG UILJNOLULBL[DLF HLD^E @LMKQGIMJOG, O DNALOSCW %LB@N N 3LDG, @QE LUCJS ULQDCBNMSHGAGHN DG @LMKQGIMJOL. % 1667 @LQK QGBN ADGJS @LMKQGIR, PJL DG 3LDK MLXNIGRJMC FDL@NE HGAGHN,WLJCJ NQJN OLILOGJS DG %LB@K. =GIS O MOLEV @IGFLJE H GMJIGWGDMHNF OLEOLQGF OME@L BKPYELX`CMDCEJ DGF, HGH MLMJGOBCBNMS O JL OIEFC ZJN HGAG^HNE MXLIN\G: „% QLDMHNE @LILQHN UINYBNM ;HIGNDT XE@BTE XLCIMHNE BRQN N HIEMJSCDE M [EDGFN N QEJSFN, N LJJL@L JEUEIS DG 3LDK@LBLQ XLBSYLV“.

&JGIYNDT MJGITW QLDMHNW HGAGHLO DE MLPKOMJOLOGBN ZJLV DLOLUINXTBLV JLBUE, ZJNF.!2;)6,%%&/ BRQCF (@LBS, @LBCHN), HGH NW JL@QG DGATOGBN, N ULJLFK @LBKJOEDDTE QLB[DT

129

XTBN NMHGJS MEXE LMLXEDDL@L UIEQOLQNJEBC N QEVMJOLOGJS LMLXL; UIEQOLQNJEBS DGYEBMC: JLXTB QLDMHLV HGAGH &JEUGD (NFL]EEO -GAND M XIGJLF ?ILBLF. &UEIOG -GAND WLJEB UILFTYBCJS,UL LXTPGR, DGQ $ALOLF, DL DE XTB QLUK\ED QLD^GFN, HLJLITE DGWLQNBNMS O FNIE M GALO^GFN;JL@QG -GAND IEYNBMC UILXIGJSMC DG OLMJLH, DG %LB@K N DG )NH (;IGB), LJHKQG ULBKPNBUIN@BGYEDNE LJ ULQLXDTW EFK OLILOMHNW HGAGHLO; -GAND MPGMJBNOL UILXIGBMC DG )NH, OACBLXFGDLF AQEYDNV @LILQLH N AGMEB O DEF DG ANFK; ^GIMHNE LJICQT, OTMBGDDTE UILJNO DE@L,XTBN IGAXNJT; DG MBK[NBTW BRQEV N @LIL[GD DGUGB MJIGW, ULYEB MBKW, PJL -GAND HLBQKD, PJLE@L DN IK[SE, DN MGXBC DE XEIEJ N UKYHN UL DEF DE MJIEBCRJ; JEF M XLBSYER LWLJLR MLXNIGBNMSO IGADTW FEMJGW OLILOMHNE YGVHN QBC MLEQNDEDNC M MPGMJBNOTF GJGFGDLF.

%EMDLR -GAND OTYEB O 5GMUNVMHLE FLIE, @IGXNB OME MKQG, YEQYNE NA 1EIMNN O $MJIGWGDS,UINMJGOGB H UEIMNQMHNF XEIE@GF, LUKMJLYGB MEBG, @LILQG, IGAXNB UEIMNQMHNV ]BLJ. % HLD^EBEJG 1669 @LQG -GAND OLAOIGJNBMC O KMJSE %LB@N M L@ILFDLR QLXTPER; H DEFK DGOMJIEPK OTUBTBNA $MJIGWGDN LJICQ ^GIMHL@L OLVMHG, DL OFEMJL XNJOT OLEOLQG ULMBGB MHGAGJS -GANDK, PJL@LMKQGIS UILMJNJ E@L, ULAOLBNJ OLAOIGJNJSMC MULHLVDL DG 3LD, EMBN HGAGHN LJQGQKJ UKYHN,OACJTE NA ^GIMHNW MKQLO N @LILQLO, MBK[NBTW BRQEV, AGXIGDDTW DEOLBER, FLIMHNE MKQG NUBEDDTW UEIMNCD.

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

-GAND UINDCB UIEQBL[EDNE ^GIMHNW OLEOLQ, UINEWGB O $MJIGWGDS, UINDEM ULONDDKR, DLKMBLONV, DG HLJLITW ULBKPNB UIL\EDNE, DE NMULBDCB, DE OTQGB OMEW UBEDDTW N „OMEW UKYEH;OLEOLQT DE DGMJGNOGBN, ULJLFK PJL KQGBS, MPGMJSE, XL@GJMJOL, \EQILMJS -GANDG UILNAOEBNMNBSDLE OUEPGJBEDNE DG GMJIGWGDMHNV DGILQ. % DGPGBE MEDJCXIC -GAND LJUIGONBMC NA $MJIGWGDNOOEIW UL %LB@E N DG QLIL@E E\E DGPGB XKVMJOLOGJS, G HL@QG CONBMC DG 3LD, JL ML OMEW MJLILDDGPGBN MXNIGJSMC H DEFK .!2;)6,%%&,; LD MQEBGBMC UIEQOLQNJEBEF LMLXL@L XLBSYL@L OLVMHG,DE WLJEB ADGJS MJGIL@L GJGFGDG QLDMHNW HGAGHLO 5LIDNBG )HLOBEOG, KQEI[NOGOYE@L HGAGHLO OULHLIDLMJN @LMKQGIMJOK, N UICFL HINPGB, PJL ULIG NQJN UILJNO XLCI. % FGE 1670 @LQG -GAND MMOLER YGVHLR ULUBTB OOEIW UL 3LDK, UEIEOLBLHMC DG %LB@K; XLBSYNDMJOL [NJEBEV =GIN^TDGMQGBN EFK MOLV @LILQ, ^GIMHNV OLEOLQG UL@NX LJ FCJE[DNHLO.

'JICQ MJIEBS^LO, OTMBGDDTW UILJNO -GANDG, XTB IGAXNJ, 5GFTYND MQGD, O $MJIGWGDN FE[QKMJIEBS^GFN N UILMJTF DGILQLF LXDGIK[NBLMS IGMULBL[EDNE H ADGFEDNJLFK GJGFGDK. 1LQ9EIDTF )ILF -GAND OMJIEJNB ]BLJ, YEQYNV UILJNO DE@L ULQ DGPGBSMJOLF LQDL@L NAGMJIGWGDMHNW OLEOLQ, HDCAC &EFEDG #SOLOG, DL MJIEBS^T, UBTOYNE DG ZJLF ]BLJE, HGH JLBSHLKONQGBN -GANDG, AGHINPGBN: „/QIGOMJOKV, DGY XGJRYHG, MFNINJEBS OMEW DGYNW BNWLQEEO!“,DGPGBN OCAGJS MOLNW DGPGBSDNHLO N OTQGOGJS HGAGHGF. „7KQKJ UILJNO FEDC QIGJSMC O $MJIGWGDN?“— MUILMNB NW -GAND. ,FK LJOEPGBN: „% $MJIGWGDN MOLN BRQN: JLBSHL JT UINQEYS, JKJ [E JEXE

130

@LILQ MQGQKJ“. + QEVMJONJEBSDL, HGH JLBSHL (O NRDE) IGANDMHNE HGAGHN UINMJKUNBN HGMJIGWGDMHLFK HIEFBR, JL MGFN GMJIGWGD^T ULQGOGBN NF IKHN N UEIEMG[NOGBN PEIEA MJEDT.5L@QG HGAGHN OLYBN O @LILQ, JL PEIDS XILMNBGMS XNJS BRQEV OTMYNW PNDLO, L@IGXBEDT XTBN^EIHON, BGOHN; $MJIGWGDS, HGH N OME @LILQG, AGDNFGEFTE FCJE[DNHGFN, ULBKPNBG HGAG^HLEKMJILVMJOL, J. E. [NJEBN IGAQEBEDT DG JTMCPN, MLJDN N QEMCJHN ULQ DGPGBSMJOLF OTXLIDTWGJGFGDLO, EMGKBLO, MLJDNHLO N QEMCJDNHLO, AGOEQED HGAG^HNV HIK@, NBN MJGINDDLE OEPE, DGPGBNMSXEMUIEITODTE KXNVMJOG BKPYNW BRQEV N XIG[DNPGDSE HGAGHLO M PEIDSR. &JGIYNV OLEOLQGHDCAS 1ILALILOMHNV XTB MXILYED M OTMLHLV HLBLHLBSDN; MTD E@L JGH[E OGIOGIMHN KFEI\OBED.

% ULBLONDE NRBC -GAND, LMJGONO O $MJIGWGDN GJGFGDLF %GMNBNC ;MG, ULUBTB OOEIW UL %LB@E,OACB &GIGJLO, &GFGIK, O HLJLITW ULMJKUGB JGH [E, HGH N O $MJIGWGDN; IGMMTBSDTE E@L IGMMECBNMSUL DTDEYDNF @KXEIDNCF *N[E@LILQMHLV, (GFXLOMHLV, 1EDAEDMHLV N QGBSYE, ULQDNFGC PEIDSUILJNO BKPYNW BRQEV, LXE\GC OEAQE KMJGDLONJS HGAG^HLE IGOEDMJOL, DL, ADGC, PJL O DGILQEHIEUHL KOG[EDNE H ^GIR N QKWLOEDMJOK, -GAND IGMUKMJNB MBKW, PJL UIN DEF DGWLQCJMC MTD ^GIC$BEHMEC 4NWGVBLONPG ^GIEONP $BEHMEV (KFEIYNV O DGPGBE JL@L [E @LQG) N UGJINGIW *NHLD;OLAFK\EDT XTBN PEIEFNMT, PKOGYN, FLIQOG, JGJGIT. *L ZJN FCJE[DNHN DE QL[QGBNMS H MEXE-GANDG; O MEDJCXIE ULQLYEB LD ULQ &NFXNIMH, ULQ HLJLITF ^EBTV FEMC^ XTB AGQEI[GDOLEOLQLR +OGDLF 7L@QGDLONPEF 4NBLMBGOMHNF, G FE[QK JEF KMUEB ULQLVJN H &NFXNIMHK HDCAS6INV 7GICJNDMHNV M ̂ GIMHNF OLVMHLF, M MLBQGJGFN, OTKPEDDTFN UL!DLOLFK, N ULIGANB DG@LBLOK-GANDG, HLJLITV ULMBE JL@L DLPSR, XILMNO MOLNW MLRADNHLO — PEIDS, KXE[GB M LQDNFN HGAGHGFNODNA UL %LB@E; LMJGBSDTE FCJE[DNHN XILMNBNMS XTBL XE[GJS AG DNF, DL XTBN DGMJN@DKJT NIGA@ILFBEDT ^GIMHNFN OLVMHGFN.

'XGCDNE, UILNAOLQNFLE -GANDTF, NMPEABL ULMBE UEIOLV DEKQGPN: E@L DE OUKMJNBN JEUEISDN O &GFGIK, DN O &GIGJLO; UINEWGO ANFLR DG 3LD, LD WLJEB XTBL ULQDCJS AQEYDNW HGAGHLO, DLDE KMUEB: GJGFGD 5LIDNB )HLOBEO MWOGJNB -GANDG N LJLMBGB O 4LMHOK, @QE E@L HGADNBN 6 NRDC1671 @LQG.

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

"LMKQGIS OEBEB AG ZJL 7IRWLOE^HL@L FNBLMJNOL ULWOGBNJS, UL[GBLOGB E@L O XLCIE, QIK@NW

131

MJGIYND, UINEWGOYNW M @EJFGDLF, — O QOLICDE, OME ULBKPNBN XL@GJTE ULQGIHN; UILMSXT @EJFGDGXTBN NMULBDEDT, HILFE UILMSXT L FNJILULBNJE: @LMKQGIS DE WLJEB IEYNJS JGHL@L OG[DL@LQEBG XEA UEIEMTBHN M HLDMJGDJNDLULBSMHNF UGJINGIWLF. % 4LMHOE OME — N OEBNHLILMMNCDE NFGBLILMMNCDE — XTBN QLOLBSDT, DL DE XTBN QLOLBSDT O 4GBLILMMNN. 1IE[QE OME@L OLMMJGBLDG 7IRWLOE^HL@L OTMYEE QKWLOEDMJOL FGBLILMMNVMHLE AG UILMSXK L FNJILULBNJE: QKWLOEDMJOLJIEXLOGBL, PJLX EFK ULAOLBEDL XTBL OTXIGJS FNJILULBNJG NA MOLEV MIEQT N PJLX FNJILULBNJXTB UL!MJGILFK ULQ OBGMJSR HLDMJGDJNDLULBSMHL@L UGJINGIWG, G DE FLMHLOMHL@L. 'MLXEDDLMJGB QEVMJOLOGJS UILJNO @EJFGDG MJGITV QIK@ E@L EUNMHLU 4MJNMBGOMHNV 4E]LQNV,KUIGOBCOYNV HNEOMHLR FNJILULBNER. 4E\GDE XTBN IGQT DLOLFK ULICQHK, UEIEWLQK OBGMJN H^GIMHNF OLEOLQGF, @LOLINBN HGAGHGF N MJGIYNDE NW: „(EUEIS DGM 7L@ LJ OGM LMOLXLQNB, OUEIEQDE XKQEJE @IGXNJS N QLFLO DGYNW IGALICJS“.

*L JEF XLBEE XTBN DEQLOLBSDT HGAGHN, N LMLXEDDL BRQN DGPGBSDTE. /GULIL[SEOLBDLOGBLMS. %LBDEDNC E\E XLBEE KMNBNBNMS ULMBE $DQIKMLOMHL@L UEIEFNINC: DG HGAGHLO DGUGBMJIGW, PJL JEUEIS 4LMHOG UINXEIEJ NW H IKHGF. % 1667 @LQK O /GULIL[SE KXNBN ^GIMHL@LULMBGDDNHG, EWGOYE@L O 5ITF. % 4LMHOE, IGAKFEEJMC, DE FL@BN XBG@LMHBLDDL MFLJIEJS DGULQLXDTE COBEDNC N UEIEFEDNBN JLD, PJL E\E XLBEE UK@GBL N IGAQIG[GBL O 4GBLILMMNN. 4E[QKDEQLOLBSDTFN LHGAGBMC N EUNMHLU 4E]LQNV, HLJLILFK DE XTBL O 4LMHOE UIE[DEV PEMJN:ULUILMNB LD LQDG[QT MLXLBEV — MLXLBEV DE QGBN N UIN LJUKMHE O 4GBLILMMNR MJIL@L DGHGAGBNULFNINJSMC M @EJFGDLF. 4E]LQNV QEVMJONJEBSDL ULFNINBMC M 7IRWLOE^HNF, QG[E MLMOGJGBQLPS MOLR AG E@L UBEFCDDNHG, DL OFEMJE MJGB DG@LOGINOGJS @EJFGDK DG FLMHLOMHLE UIGONJEBSMJOL,UK@GJS, PJL FLMHLOMHLE OLVMHL NQEJ O 4GBLILMMNR IGALINJS OME XEA LMJGJHK, PJL ;HIGNDK LJQGRJ1LBSYE.

7IRWLOE^HNV XTB DGUK@GD, UIN@LJLOBED H NAFEDE, G JKJ DLOLE NMHKYEDNE: 3LILYEDHL QGBEFK ADGJS, PJL KMJKUNJ EFK MOLR XKBGOK N JGHNF LXIGALF XKQEJ LD, 7IRWLOE^HNV, @EJFGDLFLXENW MJLILD 3DEUIG, DL UIE[QE OME@L LD QLB[ED OT[NJS NA ;HIGNDT OLEOLQ FLMHLOMHNW,LJBL[NJSMC LJ ^GIC N LJQGJSMC ULQ ULHILONJEBSMJOL MKBJGDG. 7IRWLOE^HNV, UIEBS\EDDTVPEMJSR XTJS @EJFGDLF LXENW MJLILD 3DEUIG, OQGBMC O LXFGD N O CDOGIE 1668 @LQG MLAOGB IGQK O"GQCPE, @QE XTBL ULBL[EDL: LJMJKUNJS LJ ^GIC $BEHMEC, ULQQGJSMC MKBJGDK JKIE^HLFK, ULMBGJSAG JGJGIGFN O 5ITF N OT[NOGJS NA @LILQLO OLEOLQ FLMHLOMHNW. %MBEQMJONE ZJL@L IEYEDNC O(GQCPE 120 OEBNHLILMMNCD UGBN ULQ DL[GFN KXNV^; OLEOLQT MJGILQKXMHNV N DLO@LILQ!MEOEIMHNVUL@NXBN AG\N\GCMS; O DEHLJLITW QIK@NW @LILQGW OLEOLQT XTBN AGWOGPEDT O UBED, LMJGBSDTEKMUEBN LJXNJSMC. *L 7IRWLOE^HNV DEQLB@L DG[NB ULMBE ZJL@L: HGAGHN E@L UEIEQGBNMS3LILYEDHE, HLJLITV OEBEB KXNJS 7IRWLOE^HL@L.

3LILYEDHL, MJGOYN @EJFGDLF LXENW MJLILD 3DEUIG, QEVMJOLOGB KQGPDL UILJNO FLMHLOMHNWOLVMH DG BEOLV MJLILDE, DL DE FL@ QLB@L UILXTJS AQEMS MGF N LMJGONB DGHGADTF @EJFGDG4DL@L@IEYDL@L. &BEQMJONEF KQGBEDNC 3LILYEDHL XTBL JL, PJL OLMJLPDGC MJLILDG LUCJSULJCDKBG H 4LMHOE. 4DL@L@IEYDTV AGOEB MDLYEDNC M @LMKQGIEF, DGMJGNOGC, PJLX OLEOLQTFLMHLOMHNE XTBN OTOEQEDT NA OMEW @LILQLO FGBLILMMNVMHNW, NXL LJ NW UINMKJMJONC AQEMSUILNALYBL OME ABL. (IEXLOGDNE 4DL@L@IEYDL@L MNBSDL ULQQEI[NOGB PEIDN@LOMHNV GIWNEUNMHLU#GAGIS 7GIGDLONP. *L M QIK@LV MJLILDT, DE[NDMHNV UILJLULU &NFELD $QGFLONP QGOGB ADGJS,PJL DNHGH DEBSAC OTOLQNJS OLEOLQ, PJL OEMS DGILQ OLUNEJ, ULQ HGAG^HLR IGXLJLR [NJS DE WLPEJ,PJL OME @LOLICJ: „/G @LMKQGIEF [NOKPN, O QEMCJS BEJ JL@L FT DE ONQGBN, PJL JEUEIS KONQNF OLQND @LQ AG HGAGHGFN“.

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

132

DGFEIEDNN ULQQGJSMC MKBJGDK. &OEI@DKJL@L @EJFGDG MLMBGBN O &NXNIS, N O NRDE 1672 @LQG NAXIGDXTB DG E@L FEMJL +OGD &GFLVBLONP.

4E[QK JEF OMBEQMJONE ULQQGDMJOG 3LILYEDHLOG (KI^NN DLOGC LUGMDGC OLVDG MJGBG @ILANJSLXLNF @LMKQGIMJOGF. 4LMHLOMHLFK N 1LBSMHLFK, NXL MKBJGD, UINDNFGC O MOLE ULHILONJEBSMJOL3LILYEDHG, DE QKFGB L@IGDNPNOGJSMC LQDLR JLR LXBGMJSR, @QE @LMULQMJOLOGB ULMBEQDNV, DLLX`COBCB MEXC ULOEBNJEBEF OMEW HGAGHLO, OMEV ;HIGNDT, ULQEBEDDLV FE[QK 4LMHOLR N1LBSYER.

% GO@KMJE 1672 @LQG @ILAG IGAIGANBGMS: MKBJGD 4G@LFEJ IV, LHLDPNOYN OLVDK M OEDE^NGDGFN,KMJIEFNBMC DG ;HIGNDK, O JL OIEFC HL@QG O 1LBSYE ̂ GIMJOLOGBG MJIGYDGC MFKJG FE[QK HLILBEFN OEBSFL[GFN, FEYGOYGC XTMJILFK N LX\EFK QEVMJONR; HITFMHNV WGD N 3LILYEDHLUINMLEQNDNBNMS H MKBJGDK, HLJLITV OACB 5GFEDE^, LUBLJ 1LBSYN M R@G: ^EIHON WINMJNGDMHNEXTBN LXIG\EDT O FEPEJN, KBN^T FLMJNBN LXIGAGFN. % 4LMHOE ̂ GIS MLAOGB MLXLI NA QKWLOEDMJOG,XLCI N QKFDTW BRQEV, NAOEMJNB E@L LX KMUEWGW MKBJGDG, L AGFTMBGW E@L NQJN OEMDLR ULQ 5NEO NMUIGYNOGB, PJL QEBGJS. *GADGPNBN PIEAOTPGVDTE MXLIT, ̂ GIS LX`CONB DGFEIEDNE UINDCJS BNPDLDGPGBSMJOL DGQ OLVMHLF, DL QL ZJL@L DE QLYBL: HLILBS 4NWGNB %NYDEOE^HNV, UIEEFDNH )DG5GANFNIG, ULMUEYNB AGHBRPNJS FNI M MKBJGDLF, LJQGOYN EFK HGAGHLO, 5GFEDE^ N LXCAGOYNMSUBGJNJS E[E@LQDKR QGDS. *L MEVF LJHGAGBMC KJOEIQNJS ULMJTQDTV QL@LOLI HLILBC MOLE@L; OLVDGUILQLB[GBGMS, JKJ!JL UILMBGONBMC MOLNFN ULQON@GFN HLILDDTV @EJFGD )D &LXEMHNV.

% 1673 @LQK KFEI HLILBS 4NWGNB. 1ILJNODGC )DK &LXEMHLFK MJLILDG UIEQBL[NBG UIEMJLBULBSMHNV MTDK ^GIC $BEHMEC ^GIEONPK ?ELQLIK, DL MGF ^GIS WLJEB XTJS NAXIGDDTF O HLILBN;QEBL, HGH N UIE[QE, DE FL@BL MLMJLCJSMC, ULJLFK PJL ULBCHN DE WLJEBN NFEJS HLILBEF DEHGJLBNHG.+AXIGD XTB )D &LXEMHNV. 4E[QK JEF O HLD^E 1673 N O 1674 @LQK FLMHLOMHNE OLVMHG OFEMJE MOLMJLPDTFN FGBLILMMNVMHNFN HGAGHGFN OEBN MPGMJBNOL OLVDK M 3LILYEDHLF N JGJGIGFN DGAGUGQDLV MJLILDE 3DEUIG. *L UBLQT ZJNW KMUEWLO XTBN ULJEICDT, HL@QG O QIK@LV IGA CONBMCJKIE^HNV MKBJGD O ;HIGNDE: FLMHLOMHNE OLVMHG KYBN DG MOLR MJLILDK 3DEUIG, N DEMPGMJDGCAGUGQDGC MJLILDG ULQOEI@GBGMS MJIGYDLFK LUKMJLYEDNR; HL@QG MKBJGD KYEB, FLMHLOMHNE OLVMHGLUCJS DGPGBN KJOEI[QGJSMC DG AGUGQDLV MJLILDE, DL O ZJL OIEFC, 29 CDOGIC 1676 @LQG, KFEI^GIS $BEHMEV 4NWGVBLONP DG MLILH MEQSFLF @LQK LJ IL[QEDNC.

'J UEIOLV [EDT, 4GISN +BSNDNPDT 4NBLMBGOMHLV (KFEIYEV O FGIJE 1669 @LQG), LD LMJGONBQOLNW MTDLOEV, ?ELQLIG N +OGDG, N UCJS QLPEIEV; LJ OJLILV — *GJGBSN 5NINBBLODT*GITYHNDLV (DG HLJLILV [EDNBMC O CDOGIE 1671 @LQG) — MTDG 1EJIG (ILQNOYE@LMC 30 FGC1672 @LQG) N QOKW QLPEIEV. *GMBEQDNHLF MOLNF ̂ GIS O 1674 @LQK UILOLA@BGMNB ̂ GIEONPG ?ELQLIG.

C!-.!)!6"# " (0,!40#7!6#%+F 6 =#08)6!6#%+, Q2,"8,$ N+D#+2!6+*#; @+/,!%C!2!="+'. 4T ONQEBN, HGH N O ̂ GIMJOLOGDNE 4NWGNBG ?ELQLILONPG PKOMJOLOGBGMS ULJIEXDLMJSO DGKHE, O MXBN[EDNN M NDLMJIGD^GFN, HLJLITE FL@BN UINDEMJN O -LMMNR DGKHK N NMHKMMJOGMOLN. % ^GIMJOLOGDNE $BEHMEC 4NWGVBLONPG ZJG ULJIEXDLMJS PKOMJOLOGBGMS OME MNBSDEE NMNBSDEE. % DGPGBE ^GIMJOLOGDNC XLCBNMS UEIEFEDT MJGITW LXTPGEO DG DLOTE, NDLMJIGDDTE;ZJLV UEIEFEDT DE ULMBEQLOGBL, OIEFC E\E DE UINYBL QBC JL@L, UEIEFEDG ZJG, NBN JGHDGATOGEFLE UIELXIGALOGDNE, ULQ@LJLOBCBLMS JLBSHL. 9KOMJOLOGBN MNBSDKR ULJIEXDLMJS O DGKHEQBC =EIHON N @LMKQGIMJOG, DL NA LUGMEDNC AG PNMJLJK OEIT UIGOLMBGODLV XLCBNMS UICFLLXIGJNJSMC AG DER H NDLMJIGD^GF NDLOEIDTF N LXIGJNBNMS MDGPGBG H AGUGQDLV UIGOLMBGODLV-KMN, O HLJLILV YHLBSDLE LXIGALOGDNE, HGH FT ONQEBN, IGMUILMJIGDNBLMS OMBEQMJONE XLISXTM HGJLBN^NAFLF.

3BC UEIEOLQG HDN@ OTAOGDT XTBN O 4LMHOK NA 5NEOG KPEDTE FLDGWN ,UN]GDNV &BGONDE^HNV,$IMEDNV &GJGDLOMHNV, UIN QOLIE CONBMC KPEDTV XEBLIKM &NFELD 1LBL^HNV, HLJLILFK @LMKQGISULIKPNB OLMUNJGDNE MTDLOEV MOLNW. (GHNF LXIGALF, OUEIOTE MTDLOSC ^GIC FLMHLOMHL@LULBKPNBN YHLBSDLE LXIGALOGDNE; &NFELD 1LBL^HNV XTB UNMGJEBS DEKJLFNFTV; UNMGB UILJNOIGMHLBSDNHLO (<EAB 1IGOBEDNC, 1668 @LQG), UNMGB ULWOGBSDTE MJNWN, NBN ONIYN, UILULOEQN,QIGFGJNPEMHNE MLPNDEDNC, UIEQFEJT QBC HLJLITW XIGB NA MOC\EDDLV NMJLINN, MLXNIGB NANDLMJIGDDTW MLPNDEDNV QIEODNW N DLOTW DIGOMJOEDDTE UIGONBG, NAIEPEDNC, LUNMGDNC

133

QLXILQEJEBEV N ULILHLO N OME ZJL UEIEOLQNB DG IKMMHNV CATH ONIYGFN, QBC JL@L PJLX UINOBEHGBNUINCJDLMJN H PGMJLFK PJEDNR N BE@PE KQEI[NOGBNMS O UGFCJN. 1INFEI NA QOLI^G DGPGBQEVMJOLOGJS: OEBSFL[N JGH[E DGPGBN KPNJS QEJEV MOLNW NDLMJIGDDTF CATHGF, DG PJL &NFELD1LBL^HNV KHGAGB O MOLNW ONIYGW: „7TB HLILBS ]IGD^KAMHNV NFEDEF ?IGD^NMH 1EIOTV; JGHHGH LD BRXNB 1NMGDNE N FKQILMJS (G ILQNJEBN E@L DE BRXNBN NW, DL, ULQLXDL OGIOGIGF, [NBN OUILMJLJE), JL DEFEQBEDDL QEJN ADGJDTW BRQEV MJGBN KPNJSMC, K@L[QGC HLILBEOMHLV MHBLDDLMJN;JGHNF LXIGALF, UL UINFEIK HLILBEOMHLFK, FKQILMJS IGMUILMJIGDNBGMS OL OMEV MJIGDE. 'XTPGVEMJS K BRQEV ULQIG[GJS ^GIR, OME BRXCJ JL, PJL EFK BRXEADL; XBG@L JLFK ^GIMJOK, O HLJLILF^GIS UINEFBEJ XBG@NE DIGOT QBC NMUIGOBEDNC OMEW“.

%MBEQMJONE UINMLEQNDEDNC 4GBLILMMNN N XEMUIEMJGDDTW MDLYEDNV M 1LBSYER O 4LMHOEDGPGBL IGMUILMJIGDCJSMC ADGHLFMJOL M ULBSMHNF CATHLF N BNJEIGJKILR. 9EIDN@LOMHNVGIWNEUNMHLU #GAGIS 7GIGDLONP, ULMOC\GC ^GIEONPGF NAQGDDTE NF DG ULBSMHLF CATHE HDN@N,UNMGB @LMKQGIR: „/DGR, PJL ^GIEONP ?ELQLI $BEHMEEONP DE JLBSHL DG DGYEF UINILQDLF, DL NDG ULBSMHLF CATHE PNJGEJ HDN@N; ADGR, PJL N XLCIE ZJNF CATHLF DE @DKYGRJMC, DL PNJGRJ HDN@NN NMJLINN ULBSMHNE O MBGQLMJS“.

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

&JGOYN AGOEQLOGJS NDLMJIGDDTFN MDLYEDNCFN M JNJKBLF „=GIMJOEDDTW XLBSYNW UEPGJEVN @LMKQGIMJOEDDTW OEBNHNW ULMLBSMHNW QEB MXEIE@GJEBC“, *G\LHND KHGATOGB ^GIR DGDELXWLQNFLMJS UIELXIGALOGDNC 1LMLBSMHL@L UINHGAG, DGULBDEDNC E@L BRQSFN PNMJTFN,HLJLITE XTBN XT QLMJLVDTFN UIEQMJGONJEBCFN -LMMNN UIEQ NDLMJIGD^GFN; LXIG\GC ODNFGDNEDG ULBL[EDNE -LMMNN, *G\LHND WLJEB, PJLXT LDG XTBG MIEQLJLPNEF JLI@LOBN FE[QK ,OILULRN $ANER: M ZJLR ^EBSR AGHBRPED XTB QL@LOLI M $IFCDMHLR HLFUGDNER O 1EIMNN, UL HLJLILFKZJG HLFUGDNC LXCAGBGMS QLMJGOBCJS O -LMMNR OEMS YEBH, QLXTOGEFTV O 1EIMNN; QBC KMNBEDNCJLI@LOBN *G\LHND WLJEB AGOEMJN ]BLJ DG 5GMUNVMHLF FLIE, N DG 'HE, O MEBE 3EQNDLOE, ULMJILEDXTB UEIOTV IKMMHNV HLIGXBS „'IEB“, DL, MUK\EDDTV UL %LB@E O $MJIGWGDS, LD XTB ML[[EDJGF OL OIEFC IGANDMHL@L XKDJG.

*G\LHND KPIEQNB ULPJT QBC AG@IGDNPDLV UEIEUNMHN; MUEIOG NAOEMJNC L MLXTJNCW AG@IGDN^ER FLMHLOMHLE UIGONJEBSMJOL ULBKPGBL PIEA MOLNW ULMBLO N @LD^LO, HLJLITFDGHGATOGBLMS UILOEQTOGJS, PJL QEBGEJMC O ,OILUE; ULDCJDL, PJL ZJN NAOEMJNC XTBN LJITOLPDT,DEMOLEOIEFEDDT N PEIUGBNMS PGMJL NA FKJDTW NMJLPDNHLO; UIN ^GIE 4NWGNBE NDLMJIGDDTEIEANQEDJT QLMJGOBCBN O 1LMLBSMHNV UINHGA MOEQEDNC L JEHK\NW MLXTJNCW, DL MJIGDDL XTBL XTQLB@L LMJGOGJSMC O AGONMNFLMJN LJ NDLMJIGD^EO, HLJLITE FL@BN MLLX\GJS JLBSHL JL, PJL NFDIGONBLMS: N OLJ JEUEIS, UIN 'IQNDE!*G\LHNDE, MJGBN UEIEOLQNJS NAOEMJNC LX EOILUEVMHNWMLXTJNCW NA NDLMJIGDDTW @GAEJ, N ZJN UEIOTE IKMMHNE IKHLUNMDTE @GAEJT, DGADGPGOYNEMCNMHBRPNJEBSDL QBC UIGONJEBSMJOG, DGATOGBNMS ";0#%)#/+.

5GH PEBLOEH, JIEXLOGOYNV UIELXIGALOGDNV, KBKPYEDNV, 'IQND!*G\LHND, IGAKFEEJMC,QLB[ED XTB OMJKUNJS O XLISXK M BRQSFN, HLJLITF OT@LQDL XTBL ULQQEI[NOGJS MJGILE QKIDLE,NXL UIN DLOLF BKPYEF LDN K[E DE @LQNBNMS; ZJN BRQN, ZJN QSCHN, LJ HLJLITW LD WLJEB LPNMJNJS1LMLBSMHNV UINHGA, DE KUKMHGBN MBKPGC QEBGJS EFK DEUINCJDLMJN, HL@QG LD DGWLQNBMC OLJMKJMJONN, DG ULMLBSMHNW M`EAQGW, UIN QOLIGW NDLMJIGDDTW, BNYGBN E@L FNBLMJN ^GIC; ZJLKQGOGBLMS QEBGJS JEF BE@PE, PJL *G\LHND, HGH PEBLOEH DEADGJDL@L UILNMWL[QEDNC, DE NFEBULQQEI[HN FE[QK OEBSFL[GFN, QG N UL WGIGHJEIK MOLEFK DE FL@ AGMBK[NJS NW IGMULBL[EDNC.

134

;ADGOYN PK[LE BKPYEE, *G\LHND MJGB ULIN^GJS MOLE WKQYEE, DL, ULIN^GC QEBG, LD ULIN^GB NBN^G, UINDCB DG MEXC ILBS KPNJEBC, OTMJGOBCC MOLE UIEOLMWLQMJOL, JL@QG HGH FDL@L XTBL BRQEVMNBSDTW, HLJLITE DE WLJEBN UINADGOGJS ZJL@L UIEOLMWLQMJOG, DE WLJEBN XTJS KPEDNHGFN*G\LHNDG.

1L MONQEJEBSMJOK NDLMJIGD^EO, *G\LHND XTB PEBLOEH DEULQHKUDTV, OLAQEI[DTV,DEKJLFNFTV, OEBNHNV ULBNJNH, DE KMJKUGOYNV, XTJS FL[EJ, DN LQDLFK NA FNDNMJILOEOILUEVMHNW, ULQIG[GJEBS NDLMJIGDDTF LXTPGCF. 1IN HLD^E [NADN *G\LHND ULMJIN@MC OFLDGWN.

N#)6,,6. $IJGFLD &EI@EEONP 4GJOEEO XTB MTD QSCHG, O FLBLQLMJN UINXBNANBMC H ^GIR$BEHMER N MHLIL MJGB E@L BRXNF^EF; OMBEQMJONE DEADGJDLMJN MOLE@L UILNMWL[QEDNC 4GJOEEOJLBSHL UIN MGFLF HLD^E ̂ GIMJOLOGDNC $BEHMEC 4NWGVBLONPG QLXNBMC XLCIMHL@L MGDG; DEMFLJICDG JL, ULBSAKCMS ULBDLR QLOEIEDDLMJSR ^GIC, LD KPGMJOLOGB O OG[DEVYNW MLXTJNCW^GIMJOLOGDNC N UL KQGBEDNN 'IQNDG!*G\LHNDG AGOEQLOGB ODEYDNFN MDLYEDNCFN N QEBGFNFGBLILMMNVMHNFN. + ZJLJ!JL MGFTV XBNAHNV PEBLOEH H ^GIR LJBNPGBMC UINOEI[EDDLMJSR HDLOTF EOILUEVMHNF LXTPGCF: QLF E@L XTB K[E KXIGD UL!EOILUEVMHN HGIJNDGFN, PGMGFN, DLOG[DEE ZJNW ODEYDNW NAFEDEDNV XTBN ODKJIEDDNE: H 4GJOEEOK @LMJN M`EA[GBNMS DG IGA@LOLI,G DE QBC JL@L JLBSHL, PJLX EMJS N LMLXEDDL UNJS, HGH LXTHDLOEDDL XTOGBL JL@QG K QIK@NW, N, PJLOME@L OG[DEE, [EDG WLACNDG DE XTBG AGJOLIDN^ER, OTWLQNBG H @LMJCF N AGDNFGBG NW.

% ZJLF!JL UIELXIGALOGDDLF K[E QLFE N MEFEVMJOE 4GJOEEOG OLMUNJGDG XTBG *GJGBSC5NINBBLODG *GITYHNDG, OTYEQYGC LJMRQG AGFK[ AG ^GIC $BEHMEC. %MBEQMJONE OBNCDNC4GJOEEOG UIN QOLIE CONBNMS M^EDNPEMHNE UIEQMJGOBEDNC. „5LFEQNVDTF QEBLF“ AGOEQLOGBNDLMJIGDE^, FG@NMJI )@GD 6Q]INQ, ULQ IKHLOLQMJOLF HLJLIL@L IGAKPNOGBN ILBN ULQSCPNE NQOLILOTE BRQN 4GJOEEOG; UIN )@GDE "LQ]INQE DGWLQNBMC JGH[E „UEIMUEHJNODL@L UNMSFGFGMJEI“. % 1673 @LQK K )@GDG "LQ]INQG O *EFE^HLV MBLXLQE AGOEQEDG XTBG YHLBG: KPNBNMSHLFEQNVDLFK QEBK 26 FGBSPNHLO, DGXIGDDTW UL UINHGAGDNR 4GJOEEOG NA FE\GDMHNW QEJEV.1IEQFEJT HLFEQNV XIGBNMS NA MOC\EDDLV NMJLINN.

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— PJLX WLILYL LXWLQNBNMS M HIEMJSCDGFN.

+A LUNMGDNV 4LMHLOMHL@L @LMKQGIMJOG O ^GIMJOLOGDNE $BEHMEC 4NWGVBLONPG LMLXEDDLAGFEPGJEBSDT: 1) ULQSCPE@L "IN@LINC 5LYNWNDG, HLJLITV XE[GB O >OE^NR N AQEMS DGUNMGBBRXLUTJDLE MLPNDEDNE L -LMMNN; 2) XGILDG 4EVEIXEIG, NFUEIGJLIMHL@L ULMBG, XTOYE@L O4LMHOE O 1661 @LQK.

"#$%$ XXXVI=$-&(%'%$*+, ?,'3'-$ $#,5&,,%+9$

C,0,/,%& (0+ -6!0, 6 %#*#2, =#08)6!6#%+$. *LOTV ^GIS, OLMUNJGDDNH &NFELDG1LBL^HL@L, XTB LPEDS WLILYL, UL JL@QGYDEFK OIEFEDN, LXIGALOGD, DL EFK XTBL JLBSHL 14 BEJ,N UINJLF LD NFEB LPEDS MBGXLE AQLILOSE. -L[QGBMC OLUILM, HLFK OBGQEJS QLOEIEDDLMJSR ̂ GIC;DGPGBNMS QON[EDNC UGIJNV. &GFTF QLOEIEDDTF BN^LF UIN ^GIE $BEHMEE, HGH FT ONQEBN, XTB4GJOEEO, DL 4GJOEEO XTB MGFTV XBNAHNV PEBLOEH H FGPEWE ̂ GIMHLV ̂ GIN^E *GJGBSE 5NINBBLODE

135

N EE MTDK ̂ GIEONPK 1EJIK; ULZJLFK 4GJOEEO XTB DEDGONMJED ILQMJOEDDNHGF UEIOLV [EDT ̂ GIC$BEHMEC, 4NBLMBGOMHNF, N QIKASCF NW; JEUEIS, HL@QG OMJKUNB DG UIEMJLB MTD 4NBLMBGOMHLV,4NBLMBGOMHNE N QIKASC NW OLMULBSALOGBNMS MOLNF OIEFEDEF, PJLX DNAOEI@DKJS 4GJOEEOG; E@LLXONDNBN O PEIDLHDN[NN, O DEIGQEDNN L AQLILOSE ^GIMHLF N MLMBGBN MUEIOG O 5GAGDS, G LJJKQGO 1KMJLAEIMH, BNYNOYN NFEDNC N XLCIMJOG.

(\EJDL MJGINH UNMGB H ̂ GIR N OEBSFL[GF LUIGOQGJEBSDTE N KFNBLMJNONJEBSDTE UNMSFG, OHLJLITW MIGODNOGB MOLR KPGMJS M KPGMJSR %EBNMGINC N KFLBCB ?ELQLIG KULQLXNJSMC NFUEIGJLIK(NJK, [GBLOGBMC, PJL E@L LMKQNBN XEA MKQG, DE QGBN LPDLV MJGOHN M LXONDNJEBCFN, PJL EFK MMTDLF N WBEXG DG QOE QEDS@N HKUNJS DE@QE O 1KMJLAEIMHE; JLBSHL O HLD^E ^GIMJOLOGDNC KPGMJSE@L XTBG LXBE@PEDG: E@L UEIEOEBN NA 1KMJLAEIMHG O @LILQ #KW N OLAOIGJNBN EFK LQDK OLJPNDK.(L@QG [E N KFNIGR\E@L *NHLDG ULAOLBEDL XTBL UEIEOEAJN M 7EBL@L LAEIG O %LMHIEMEDMHNVFLDGMJTIS, DL LD KFEI DG QLIL@E O )ILMBGOBE. *L DE 4NBLMBGOMHNF KQGBLMS AGDCJS MGFLE ONQDLEFEMJL O ^GIMJOLOGDNE ?ELQLIG: ZJL FEMJL AGDCBN )ATHLO N #NWGPEO.

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

% NRBE MBEQKR\E@L @LQG OQOLE XLBSYEE PNMBL JKILH LUCJS LMGQNBL 9N@NIND; LUCJS ULYBNH DEFK DG OTIKPHK -LFLQGDLOMHNV N &GFLVBLONP, DL DG ZJLJ IGA DE FL@BN ULFEYGJS JKIHGFNMJIEXNJS 9N@NIND ULQHLUGFN. *GHLDE^ O DGPGBE 1681 @LQG AGHBRPEDL XTBL M JKIHGFN NJGJGIGFN QOGQ^GJNBEJDEE UEIEFNINE, UL HLJLILFK -LMMNC KMJKUNBG JKIHGF AGUGQDKR KHIGVDK,UIE[DNE OBGQEDNC 3LILYEDHN, UIEQMJGOBCOYNE UKMJTDR.

1%+*)!<,%+, /,8)%+*,8)6#. 1LMBE PN@NINDMHNW ULWLQLO, HLDPNOYNWMC DE JGH, HGH XTWLJEBLMS, OLADNH OLUILM L UIELXIGALOGDNN OLVMHG. 4T ONQEBN, PJL E\E O ̂ GIMJOLOGDNE 4NWGNBG?ELQLILONPG DE JLBSHL XTBN UIN@BGYEDT NDLMJIGD^T O IKMMHKR OLEDDKR MBK[XK, DL NA IKMMHNWBRQEV XTBN MLMJGOBEDT ULBHN, LXKPEDDTE NDLMJIGDDLFK MJILR; JEUEIS [E OLADNH OLUILM LDELXWLQNFLMJN UIELXIGALOGDNC O ^EBLF MLMJGOE IKMMHL@L OLVMHG. % DGPGBE 1682 @LQG ^GIS?ELQLI $BEHMEEONP ULIKPNB IGMMFLJIEDNE ZJL@L OLUILMG HDCAR %GMNBNR %GMNBSEONPK "LBN^TDKN OTXLIDTF NA OLEDDTW PNDLO.

%TXLIDTE LX`CONBN, PJL, UL NW FDEDNR, DGQLXDL IGAQEBNJS ULBHN DE UL!UIE[DEFK, DG MLJDN,G DG ILJT, ULBH QLB[ED MLMJLCJS NA 6 ILJ, HG[QGC ILJG — NA 60 PEBLOEH, OFEMJL MLJEDDTW @LBLOOTXIGJS ILJFNMJILO N ULIKPNHLO, HLJLITF FE[QK MLXLR DE FEMJDNPGJSMC. (KJ [E OTXLIDTELX`CONBN, PJL DELXWLQNFL KDNPJL[NJS FEMJDNPEMJOL DE JLBSHL O IGJDTW, DL N O ULMLBSMHNW NOMCHNW QEBGW, PJLX OMCHNV LJ OEBNHL@L QL FGBL@L PNDG XTB XEMUIEHLMBLODL DG JLF FEMJE, HLJLILEEFK @LMKQGIS KHG[EJ. 12 CDOGIC XTB MLAOGD MLXLI NA ADGJDL@L QKWLOEDMJOG N PBEDLO QKFT, DGHLJLILF UILPBN FDEDNE OTXLIDTW N ̂ GIS LX`CONB, PJL MGF QSCOLB ULMECB MIEQN IKMMHNW BRQEVFEMJDNPEMJOL, LJ HLJLIL@L OL OMCHNW QEBGW XTBG XLBSYGC UG@KXG, G IGJDTF BRQCF O XNJOGWULIG[EDNE, PJL QEQ E@L, LJE^ N MGF LD FDL@L AGXLJNBNMS LX NMHLIEDEDNN ZJL@L ABG, N MUILMNB:

„'JFEDNJS BN UL PEBLXNJSR OTXLIDTW FEMJDNPEMJOL NBN LMJGONJS E@L UL!UIE[DEFK?“1GJINGIW +LGHNF LJOEPGB, PJL FEMJDNPEMJOL EMJS NMJLPDNH OMCHL@L ABG N ULJLFK LD ML OMEFQKWLOEDMJOLF DE ADGEJ, HGH XBG@LQGINJS @LMKQGIC AG DGFEIEDNE NMHLIEDNJS E@L; MOEJMHNE PBEDTMLXLIG LX`CONBN, PJL ML@BGMDT M UGJINGIWLF; JL@QG @LMKQGIS OEBEB UINDEMJN IGAICQDTE HDN@NN MHGAGB: „3BC MLOEIYEDDL@L NMHLIEDEDNC N OEPDL@L AGXOEDNC OME UILMSXT N AGUNMHN ULFEMJDNPEMJOK UINHGATOGEF UIEQGJS L@DR“. 1INMKJMJOKR\NE MHGAGBN: „3G UL@NXDEJ O L@DE ZJLXL@LDEDGONMJDLE, XIGJLDEDGONMJDLE, BRXLOS LJ@LDCR\EE FEMJDNPEMJOL N OUEIEQ QG DEOMULFDNJMC OLOEHN!“ 5DN@N XTBN JKJ [E ML[[EDT. 1LMBE ZJL@L @LMKQGIS LX`CONB, PJL UINHG[EJ

136

MLMJGONJS DEMHLBSHL ILQLMBLODTW HDN@, O HLJLITE ODEMKJMC ]GFNBNN, MFLJIC UL NW ADGJDLMJN.@2#6$%!U.0,"!U2#)+%8"#$ #"#-,/+$. 5 ̂ GIMJOLOGDNR [E ?ELQLIG LJDLMNJMC MLMJLCDNE

UILEHJG OTMYE@L KPNBN\G, NBN GHGQEFNN. 4LDGW (NFL]EV, OLAOIGJNOYNMS NA "IE^NN, IGMMHGAGB^GIR L [GBHLF ULBL[EDNN UIGOLMBGODLV =EIHON DG %LMJLHE, UILNMWLQC\EF LJ DEQLMJGJHGLXIGALOGDNC; JL@QG ?ELQLI UINADGB DELXWLQNFTF ULQQEI[GJS UIGOLMBGONE DG -KMNIGMUILMJIGDEDNEF UILMOE\EDNC; KPIE[QEDL XTBL KPNBN\E, @QE MLXIGDL 30 PEBLOEH QEJEV NALOMEW MLMBLONV; ^GIS UNMGB H UGJINGIWGF, PJLX UINMBGBN O 4LMHOK KPNJEBEV, NMHKMDTW O@IEPEMHLF N BGJNDMHLF CATHGW N O DGKHGW, LMLXEDDL [E JOEIQTW O UIGOLMBGONN; EFK WLJEBLMS,PJLX ZJL KPNBN\E LX`EFLF UIEULQGOGDNC IGODCBLMS QIK@NF EOILUEVMHNF GHGQEFNCF.

*GUNMGD XTB KMJGO QBC GHGQEFNN, O HLJLILF ̂ GIS @LOLINJ, PJL LD, ULQLXDL &LBLFLDK, OMJKUNORDLYER DG UIEMJLB, DN L PEF DE WLPEJ JGH AGXLJNJSMC, HGH L FKQILMJN, ^GIMHNW QLB[DLMJEVILQNJEBSDN^E, OMCHNW XBG@ NALXIEJGJEBSDN^E N MLOEIYNJEBSDN^E. *GPGBSDNH GHGQEFNN, NBNXBRMJNJEBS, N KPNJEBN FL@BN XTJS JLBSHL IKMMHNE NBN @IEHN, N ULMBEQDNE QLB[DT XTBN NFEJSLJ UGJINGIWLO MONQEJEBSMJOL O UIGOLMBGONN. % KPEDNHN GHGQEFNN FL@BN OMJKUGJS BRQN OMEWMLMBLONV N OLAIGMJLO; DNHJL DE MFEB QEI[GJS QLFGYDNW KPNJEBEV NDLMJIGDDTW CATHLO, DL FL@,EMBN WLJEB, ULMTBGJS QEJEV MOLNW O GHGQEFNR; KPEDNHN, M KMUEWLF LHLDPNOYNE MOLE OLMUNJGDNEO GHGQEFNN, [GBLOGBNMS O UINBNPDTE PNDT N HGH FKQITE ULBSALOGBNMS LMLXEDDLR ^GIMHLRFNBLMJNR. %ME KPEDTE NDLMJIGD^T, UINEA[GOYNE O -LMMNR, ULQOEI@GBNMS NMUTJGDNR OGHGQEFNN N JLBSHL OMBEQMJONE LQLXIEDNC EE UINDNFGBNMS O MBK[XK.

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̂ EIHLODTW, QLB[DG XTBG MBK[NJS =EIHON, LWIGDCJS UIGOLMBGONELJ NDLOEIDTW KPEDNV.

=GIS ?ELQLI O 1681 @LQK BNYNBMC MTDG N [EDT ($@G]NV &EFEDLODT "IKYE^HLV); DEMFLJICDG MBGXLE AQLILOSE ^GIC, )ATHLO KXEQNB E@L OMJKUNJS OL OJLILV XIGH M 4GI]LR 4GJOEEODLR$UIGHMNDLV O ]EOIGBE 1682 @LQG, DL ULMBE MOGQSXT XLBEADS ?ELQLIG KMNBNBGMS, N LD MHLDPGBMC27 GUIEBC JL@L [E @LQG.

"#$%$ XXXVII'78+0 '7/'- %*;(-,**,"' &'&(')*+) 4'&5'%&5'"' "'&;3$-&(%$

3(0,-,2,%+, N!8"!68"!.! .!8;-#08)6#. 1LQ NFEDEF 4LMHLOMHL@L @LMKQGIMJOGIGAKFEBNMS MEOEIL!OLMJLPDTE IKMMHNE HDC[EMJOG, MLEQNDEDDTE O LQDL FLMHLOMHNFN HDCASCFNN KOEBNPEDDTE LXYNIDTFN UILMJIGDMJOGFN DG OLMJLHE OMBEQMJONE AGOLEOGDNC ^GIMJO5GAGDMHL@L, $MJIGWGDMHL@L N &NXNIMHL@L. (GH HGH DE OEMS IKMMHNV DGILQ, DE OME IKMMHNE LXBGMJNDGWLQNBNMS ULQ QEI[GOLV FLMHLOMHL@L ^GIC, FDL@NE NA DNW DGWLQNBNMS ULQ OBGMJSR HLILBEVULBSMHNW N OFEMJE OEBNHNW HDCAEV BNJLOMHNW, JL MBLOG: -LMMNC, -KMS, -LMMNVMHLE ^GIMJOLKULJIEXBCBNMS IEQHL; JLBSHL JNJKBLF MOLNF FLMHLOMHNE @LMKQGIN KHGATOGBN DG ZJL MLEQNDEDNEOMEW IKMMHNW LXBGMJEV HGH DG PJL!JL EMJEMJOEDDLE N DELXWLQNFLE, MBKPGVDL, OIEFEDDLDGIKYEDDLE; LDN DGATOGBNMS „OEBNHNV @LMKQGIS, ̂ GIS N OEBNHNV HDCAS, OMEC -KMN MGFLQEI[E^“.1LDCJDL, PJL ULBCHGF DE DIGONBMC ZJLJ JNJKB: QG[E UIN AGHBRPEDNN 1LBCDLOMHL@L FNIG LDNWBLULJGBN L E@L NAFEDEDNN, DL O 4LMHOE DE ML@BGMNBNMS DG ZJL, N ^GIS $BEHMEV 4NWGVBLONPULMBE KQGPDLV OLVDT M 1LBSYER UINDCB JNJKB „OMEC %EBNHNC, 4GBTC N 7EBTC -KMNMGFLQEI[^G“.

137

3)%!H,%+, ,.! " J!8)!"; + 9#(#-;. 4LMHLOMHLE @LMKQGIMJOL, IGMULBL[EDDLE DGEOILUEVMHLV KHIGVDE, DG @IGDN^E M $ANER, O KQGBEDNN LJ JEW QEI[GO, HLJLITE UIENFK\EMJOEDDLKPGMJOLOGBN O EOILUEVMHLV NMJLINN, LJJGBHNOGEFLE ULMJLCDDL LJ /GUGQG OIG[QEXDTFNMLMEQCFN, ULBCHGFN N YOEQGFN, NFEC MOLE LMLXLE NMULOEQGDNE WINMJNGDMHLE, AGDCJLE ODKJINJIKQDTF QEBLF KMJGDLOBEDNC ODKJIEDDE@L ULICQHG UIN XEQDLMJN MIEQMJO, — 4LMHLOMHLE@LMKQGIMJOL OMBEQMJONE OMEW ZJNW UINPND DE OWLQNBL O MNMJEFK EOILUEVMHNW @LMKQGIMJO. *GOLMJLHE LDL M JLI[EMJOLF QBC MEXC LHLDPNBL XLISXK M LMBGXEOYER, IGMUGQYERMC 'IQLRJGJGIMHLR; 4LMHOG XTBG MNBSDEE MOLNW OLMJLPDTW MLMEQEV: DN 5GAGDS, DN $MJIGWGDS, DNNDLILQ^T MNXNIMHNE DE FL@BN EV UILJNOKMJGJS; JLBSHL M HITFMHNFN IGAXLVDNHGFN EV JIKQDLXTBL MBGQNJS, ULJLFK PJL LXYNIDTE MJEUN AG\N\GBN LJ DEE ULBKLMJILO N LDG UINDK[QEDGXTBG UBGJNJS E[E@LQDL WGDK, PJLX KQEI[GJS E@L LJ DGUGQEDNV.

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

&GFTV ADGJDTV MGD XTB MGD XLCINDG, AG DNF MBEQLOGB MGD LHLBSDNPE@L; ADGJDEVYNE QOLICDE,QLUKMHGEFTE O MLOEJ, 6 -;/; H @LMKQGIR, DGATOGBNMS QKFDTFN QOLICDGFN. &TDLOSC ADGJDTWBRQEV DGPNDGBN MOLR MBK[XK UIN QOLIE O AOGDNN MUGBSDNHLO N MJLBSDNHLO: UEIOTE ULLPEIEQDLMUGBN K ̂ GIC O HLFDGJE N UINMBK[NOGBN EFK; OJLITE OL OIEFC JLI[EMJOEDDTW LXEQLO ULQGOGBNHKYGDSE ^GIR N @LMJCF E@L; UEIOGC QLB[DLMJS HGH XBN[GVYGC H ^GIR MPNJGBGMS ULPEJDEE.&TDLOSC MGFTW ADGJDTW BRQEV [GBLOGBNMS NA MUGBSDNHLO UICFL O XLCIE, FEDEE ADGJDTW — OLHLBSDNPNE, N DGATOGBNMS LDN 42+<%+, NBN "!/%#)%&, XLCIE N LHLBSDNPNE. "LMKQGIS -;/#2,IGMMK[QGB L QEBGW M XLCIGFN, LHLBSDNPNFN N QKFDTFN BRQSFN, N MLOEJ ZJLJ DGATOGBMC -;/!F;EMBN [E ^GIS WLJEB ULMLOEJLOGJSMC L HGHLF!DNXKQS JGVDLF QEBE, JL UINATOGB O QKFK JLBSHLMGFTW XBNAHNW BRQEV, XBN[DNW XLCI N LHLBSDNPNW, HLJLITE XTBN UL[GBLOGDT NA MUGBSDNHLO.% OG[DEVYNW QEBGW O QKFK UINATOGBNMS UGJINGIW N QIK@NE GIWNEIEN, G ^GIS +LGDD "ILADTVMJGB UINATOGJS N OTXLIDTW NA QIK@NW MLMBLONV, N JGHLE AGMEQGDNE DGATOGBLMS 8!4!0!/.

'MLXEDDL PGMJT XTBN MLXLIT UIN ^GIE 4NWGNBE, HL@QG @LMKQGIMJOL ULMBE BNJLOMHL@LIGALIEDNC DGWLQNBLMS O HIGVDEF AGJIKQDEDNN N ULJLFK ULMJLCDDL LXIG\GBLMS H AEFBE, H DGILQK,M JIEXLOGDNEF MIEQMJO QBC MOLE@L ULQQEI[GDNC; MLXLIT XTOGBN N O DGPGBE ̂ GIMJOLOGDNC $BEHMEC4NWGVBLONPG, DL ULJLF, HL@QG @LMKQGIMJOL LHIEUBL UL!UIE[DEFK, MLXLIT OTWLQCJ NAKULJIEXBEDNC.

:A$"+. 1NMSFEDDGC PGMJS DGWLQNBGMS O AGOEQLOGDNN QKFDTW QSCHLO (@LMKQGIMJOEDDTWMEHIEJGIEV), UILMJTW QSCHLO N ULQSCPNW. + O 4LMHLOMHLF @LMKQGIMJOE MLWIGDCBMC MJGINDDTVOA@BCQ, UL HLJLILFK ADGJDTE BRQN, LHIK[GOYNE @LMKQGIC, MPNJGC MEXC QIK[NDDNHGFN,UINAOGDDTFN NMHBRPNJEBSDL H OLEDDLV MBK[XE, MBK[XK UEILF, G DE FEPLF MPNJGBN QBC MEXC

138

KDNANJEBSDLR, N ULJLFK, HGH DN OG[DG XTBG QLB[DLMJS QKFDL@L QSCHG, BRQN ADGJDTE EE DEUINDNFGBN; LXTHDLOEDDL O QSCHN YBN NA QKWLODL@L AOGDNC N NA JLI@LOTW BRQEV.

C0+"#7&. ;UIGOBEDNE N MKQ MLMIEQLJLPNOGBNMS O UINHGAGW. "LMKQGIS LQDLFK NA MOLNWUINXBN[EDDTW (0+"#7&6#2 OEQGJS ULMJLCDDL LQDL HGHLE!DNXKQS QEBL NBN DEMHLBSHL QEB,LQDLILQDTW NBN MLOEIYEDDL IGADLILQDTW, UINQGOGB EFK O ULFL\S QIK@L@L NBN QOLNW QIK@NW,QBC UNMSFLOLQMJOG COBCBNMS QSCHN, ULQSCPNE, N LXIGALOGBMC UINHGA. (GH HGH UINHGA NFEB MOLNIGMWLQT, JL QBC ULHITJNC NW UINUNMTOGBNMS H DEFK O OEQEDNE @LILQG NBN NAOEMJDTE IGAICQTULQGJDTW BRQEV, M HLJLITW LD MLXNIGB ULQGJN. & IGAONJNEF @LMKQGIMJOEDDLV QECJEBSDLMJNHG[QLE DLOLE QEBL OEBL H KPIE[QEDNR DLOL@L UINHGAG, N PNMBL UINHGALO KOEBNPNOGBLMS OMEXLBEE N XLBEE. %L OJLILV ULBLONDE XVII OEHG NW XTBL XLBSYE MLILHG.

>!8;-#08)6,%%&, -!D!-&. J!'8"!. %MBEQMJONE FGBLMJN DGILQLDGMEBEDNC MIGODNJEBSDL ML@ILFDTF UILMJIGDMJOLF AEFBN, OMBEQMJONE DEADGPNJEBSDL@L IGAONJNC UILFTYBEDDLMJN NJLI@LOBN @LMKQGIMJOEDDTE QLWLQT XTBN FGBT, DE KQLOBEJOLICBN DK[QGF @LMKQGIMJOG,XEMUIEMJGDDL KOEBNPNOGOYNFMC, LMLXEDDL HL@QG DK[DL XTBL OEMJN UILQLB[NJEBSDTE N JC[EBTEOLVDT, HGH, DGUINFEI, UIN ^GIE 4NWGNBE ?ELQLILONPE N $BEHMEE 4NWGVBLONPE. 3LWLQTUILMJNIGBNMS QL 1 300 000, HILFE MNXNIMHLV HGADT, J. E. FEWLO, UINMTBGEFTW NA &NXNIN.

1LFEMJSC QBC MLQEI[GDNC MBK[NBTW BRQEV XTBN DEQLMJGJLPDT, N ULJLFK OL OIEFC ULWLQGLDN ULBKPGBN [GBLOGDSE; IGMWLQT DG OLVMHL KOEBNPNBNMS, HL@QG O XVII OEHE KONQGBNDELXWLQNFLMJS DGDNFGJS NDLMJIGDDTW MLBQGJ; JL@QG [E MLMJGONBNMS N ULBHN NA IKMMHNW BRQEV,LXKPEDDTE NDLMJIGDDLFK MJILR N DLMNOYNE NDLMJIGDDTE DGAOGDNC — IEVJGIT, QIG@KDT,MLBQGJT, DL ZJL XTBN JLBSHL DGPGJHN; FGMMG [E OLVMHG MLMJLCBG, OL!UEIOTW, NA UINQOLIDTW,HLJLITE DE JEICBN UIE[DE@L MOLE@L OLEDDL@L QIK[NDDL@L ADGPEDNC, NXL OME ZJN MUGBSDNHNMLMJGOBCBN @LMKQGIEO ULBH, NBN @OGIQNR; ULJLF NA QOLICD N QEJEV XLCIMHNW N @LILQLOTW HGAGHLO:ZJL XTBN IGJDTE BRQN, [NOYNE LXTHDLOEDDL O MOLNW ULFEMJSCW N MLXNIGOYNEMC DG MBKPGVOLVDT; MJIEBS^T, MLMJGOBCOYNE @GIDNALDT UL @LILQGF, NMULBDCOYNE ULBN^EVMHNE LXCAGDDLMJN,[NBN M MEFEVMJOGFN MOLNFN O LMLXTW MBLXLQGW N O MOLXLQDLE LJ MBK[XT OIEFC AGDNFGBNMSIGADTFN UILFTMBGFN. 1IN %#0$-,, NBN GIJNBBEINN, DGWLQNBNMS UKYHGIN, [NOYNE JGH[ELMLXTFN MBLXLQGFN. 5ILFE ZJNW IGJDTW BRQEV MLXNIGBNMS OL OIEFC OLVDT E\E JGH DGATOGEFTE-#)!*%&, BRQN N YEQYNE UL MOLEV OLBE !D!*+, BRQN; DGXLI HGH QGJLPDTW BRQEV, JGH[EMJIEBS^LO N MLBQGJ UILNAOLQNBMC M QOLILO, G DE M QKY. *GHLDE^, UIN FLMHLOMHLF OLVMHEDGWLQNBNMS HGAGHN MJEUDTE (QLDMHNE, JEIMHNE) N JGJGIT. -GJDTE BRQN OTEA[GBN DG OLVDK OBGJGW N YBEFGW, M L@DEDDTF N BKPDTF XLEF, J. E. OLLIK[EDDTE L@DEMJIEBSDTF LIK[NEF N BKHGFN.1L EQNDL@BGMDLFK MONQEJEBSMJOK, FLMHLOMHLE OLVMHL @LIGAQL BKPYE AG\N\GBL @LILQG, PEFMIG[GBLMS O PNMJLF ULBE. _JL UILNMWLQNBL LJ DEQLMJGJHG OLEDDL@L NMHKMMJOG, LJJL@L, PJL FGMMGOLVMHG DE MLMJLCBG NA BRQEV, ULMJLCDDL DGWLQC\NWMC ULQ IK[SEF.

>!0!-# + 8,2#. "LILQ UL!UIE[DEFK NFEB ADGPEDNE HIEULMJN, DGADGPEDDLV QBC AG\NJTLHIEMJDL@L DGILQLDGMEBEDNC LJ DEUINCJEBC. 5GH JLBSHL UIGONJEBSMJOL ULBKPGBL OEMJS LOJLI[EDNN DEUINCJEBC O HGHKR!DNXKQS LXBGMJS, JL IGMMTBGBL UINHGAT OTMBGJS NA KEAQLO O@LILQG MEFEVMJOG MBK[NBTW BRQEV, QOLICD N QEJEV XLCIMHNW, JGH[E QOLILOTW BRQEV N HIEMJSCDML OMEF NFEDNEF N AGUGMGFN, WBEX UICJGBN UL CFGF; UIN ZJLF UIGONJEBSMJOL LX`COBCBL, PJL,HJL DE ULEQEJ O @LILQ N ULUGQEJMC O UBED, JLJ UKMJS OTHKUGEJMC MGF, UIGONJEBSMJOL E@L OTHKUGJSDE MJGDEJ, ULJLFK PJL MGF ONDLOGJ. &JEDT XLBSYEV PGMJN @LILQLO XTBN QEIEOCDDTE; ULQ MJEDGFNIGMULBG@GBNMS ULMGQT, LXNJGEFTE ULMGQMHNFN, JLI@LOTFN N UILFTYBEDDTFN BRQSFN; HGHFDL@NE @LILQG FGBL IGADNBNMS LJ MEB, ONQDL NA JL@L, PJL [NJEBN NW AGDNFGBNMS WBEXLUGYEMJOLF.

;UIGOBCBNMS @LILQG OLEOLQGFN, DGADGPGEFTFN LJ UIGONJEBSMJOG, NBN OTXLIDTFNUIGONJEBCFN, HLJLITE LXTHDLOEDDL DLMNBN DGAOGDNE @KXDTW MJGILMJ; O OTXLIGW KPGMJOLOGBNN QKWLOEDMJOL, N MBK[NBTE, N ULMGQMHNE BRQN, DL OTXNIGBNMS QOLICDE. 3EBG UL OLEOLQMHLFKKUIGOBEDNR MLMIEQLJLPNOGBNMS O @S,7<,', NBN 1INHGADLV, +74,. 1LMGQMHNE BRQN QBC MOLNWQEB, UIENFK\EMJOEDDL UL @LILQLOLFK WLACVMJOK, IGMHBGQHE ULQGJEV N J. Q., OTXNIGBN MEXE MOLE@LMJGILMJK, HLJLITV DGATOGBMC AEFMHNV @LILQLOLV N OMEKEAQDTV @LBLODLV MJGILMJG. &JGILMJGLQND QBC @LILQG N KEAQG, ULJLFK PJL KEAQDTE HIEMJSCDE MOCAGDT M ULMGQMHNFN BRQSFN LX\NFN

139

WLACVMJOEDDTFN IGMULIC[EDNCFN, MLLX\G IGMHBGQTOGRJ ULQGJN. 3EBG UL KUIGOBEDNR AEFMHL@LMJGILMJT MLMIEQLJLPNOGBNMS O /EFMHLV NAXE; KEAQDTE HIEMJSCDE UINMTBGBN MRQG OTXLIDTWBRQEV " 8!6,);.

&GFTE XL@GJTE JLI@LOTE BRQN DGATOGBNMS @LMJCFN, ULJLF XTBL IGAQEBEDNE DG JLI@LOTWBRQEV @LMJNDDLV N MKHLDDLV MLJDN. (GH HGH ULMGQMHNE BRQN XTBN @BGODTE UBGJEBS\NHN ULQGJEV,JL UIGONJEBSMJOK OG[DL XTBL, PJLX PNMBL NW DE KFEDSYGBLMS N PJLX LDN DE KHBLDCBNMS LJULQGJEV. (GH NAQGODG MJGIGBLMS LDL, PJLX LDN DE UEIEWLQNBN O QIK@NE MLMBLONC, DE UBGJC\NEULQGJEV.

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

3EJN QKWLODTW N MGFN QKWLODTE ULQGJEV DE UBGJNBN; HILFE JL@L, PJLX LJXTJS LJ ULQGJEV,FDL@NE UEIEWLQNBN O PGMJDKR AGONMNFLMJS, 7#"2#-&6#2+8A, UL JL@QGYDEFK OTIG[EDNR, AGXLCI N QIK@NW ADGJDTW N MNBSDTW BRQEV, ULQ ULHILONJEBSMJOLF HLJLITW JLI@LOGBN, UILFTYBCBNIGADTFN UILFTMBGFN, DE UBGJC ULQGJEV, XL@GJEBN, ULHKUGBN N XIGBN O AGHBGQ DG ULMGQGW JC@BTEQOLIT, O 4LMHOE N QIK@NW @LILQGW DG @LILQMHLV AEFBE KMJILNBN MEXE ̂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

<EBGC ULBKPGJS ULMJLCDDTE QLWLQT, UIGONJEBSMJOL UINHIEUNBL ULMGQMHNW BRQEV H NWULMGQGF; [EBGC, PJLX MBK[NBTE BRQN, [NOYNE MOLNFN ULFEMJSCFN, NFEBN JGH[E ULMJLCDDTWIGXLJDNHLO, ULMJLCDDTE QLWLQT, NFEBN OLAFL[DLMJS DEMJN @LMKQGIMJOEDDKR MBK[XK,UIGONJEBSMJOL UINHIEUNBL N HIEMJSCD H AEFBE NW. %ME ZJN UINHIEUBEDNC UILNALYBN LJ LQDLVUINPNDT — LJ XEQDLMJN @LMKQGIMJOG, LJ XEQDLMJN UILFTYBEDDLMJN N JLI@LOBN, LJ DEQLMJGJHGIGXLPNW IKH, LJ DEMLIGAFEIDLMJN DGILQLDGMEBEDNC M L@ILFDTF UILMJIGDMJOLF AEFBN, HL@QG NXEA JL@L MBGXLE DGILQLDGMEBEDNE OME XLBEE N XLBEE IGMJC@NOGBLMS DG ODLOS UINLXIEJGEFTWUKMJTDDTW UILMJIGDMJOGW, KWLQNBL O HGAGHN.

B,0"!6A. @ KPIE[QEDNEF UGJINGIYEMJOG UIGOG @BGODL@L GIWNEIEC IKMMHLV =EIHON DEKOEBNPNBNMS N OLLX\E MLMJLCDNE =EIHON O 4LMHLOMHLF @LMKQGIMJOE FGBL IGADNBLMS LJMLMJLCDNC =EIHON O QIEODEV -LMMNN. %TXLI UGJINGIWG, EMBN ^GIS DE NFEB DNHL@L O ONQKAGXBG@LOIEFEDDL, UILNMWLQNB UL [IEXNR NA DEMHLBSHNW HGDQNQGJLO, DGADGPEDDTW MLXIGOYNFMCO 4LMHOK QKWLOEDMJOLF. 1L MBKPGR OG[DTW QEB ^EIHLODTW MLATOGBNMS ^EIHLODTE MLXLIT.5GH ^GIS O OG[DTW QEBGW @LMKQGIMJOEDDTW UINATOGB QBC MLOEJG UGJINGIWG N ADGJDEVYEEQKWLOEDMJOL, JGH O @LILQGW OLEOLQT OL OMEW OG[DTW MBKPGCW QLB[DT XTBN MLOEJLOGJSMC MGIWNEIECFN.

%TMYEE QKWLOEDMJOL O 4LMHLOMHLF @LMKQGIMJOE ULBSALOGBLMS UIGOLF WLQGJGVMJOLOGJS UIEQ

140

OBGMJNR @IG[QGDMHLR AG DEMPGMJDTW, UILMNJS L ULFNBLOGDNN ONDLODTW NBN UL HIGVDEV FEIE LMFC@PEDNN DGHGAGDNC; O @LILQGW [NJEBN, UINJEMDEDDTE OLEOLQLR, LXIG\GBNMS H GIWNEIER MUILMSXLR AGMJKUNJSMC AG DNW. % FLDGMJTICW FLDGWN LXTHDLOEDDL MGFN OTXNIGBN MEXE N@KFEDLO;MOC\EDDNHLO OTXNIGBN UINWL[GDE N MONQEJEBSMJOLOGBN UNMSFEDDL UEIEQ GIWNEIEEF, PJLNAXIGDDTV NFN PEBLOEH QLXITV. ,MBN UL PEBLXNJSR ULFE\NHG ULMJGOBCBMC O MOC\EDDNHN E@L[E HIEMJSCDND, JL QEJN ZJL@L MOC\EDDNHG, ILQNOYNEMC QL MOC\EDMJOG, LMJGOGBNMS O HIEMJSCDGW,DL ILQNOYNEMC O MOC\EDMJOE XTBN OLBSDT.

5GH O XVI OEHE MLXLI 1551 @LQG LXIGJNB ODNFGDNE DG UIEHIG\EDNE XEMULICQHLO ̂ EIHLODTW,JGH O XVII OEHE ZJNF [E ADGFEDNJ MLXLI 1667 @LQG: LD ULMJGDLONB, PJLX O UIGAQDNHN DE IGXLJGBNN DE JLI@LOGBN, PJLX MOC\EDDNHN KPNBN QEJEV MOLNW N UIN@LJLOBCBN NW JGHNF LXIGALF DG MOLNFEMJG, UINPEF MLXLI O PIEAOTPGVDL IEAHNW OTIG[EDNCW [GBLOGBMC DG DEOE[EMJOL MEBSMHL@LQKWLOEDMJOG; MOC\EDDNHGF N QSCHLDGF DE ULAOLBEDL XTBL UEIEWLQNJS LJ LQDLV ̂ EIHON H QIK@LV;AGUIE\GBGMS XILQCPGC [NADS FLDGWLO, AGUIE\GBLMS FDNFTF LJYEBSDNHGF N RILQNOTF XILQNJSUL @LILQGF N MEBGF; AGUIE\GBLMS QKWLOEDMJOK JLI@LOGJS. (LJ [E MLXLI, LJFEDNO ULMJGDLOBEDNEMLXLIG 1621 @LQG, LUIEQEBNB, PJL HGJLBNHN, LXIG\GR\NEMC O UIGOLMBGONE, DE QLB[DT XTJSUEIEHIE\NOGEFT.

I0#6& + !4&*#+. 3L OJLILV ULBLONDT XVII OEHG, HL@QG K[E NDLMJIGDDTE, AGUGQDTE LXTPGNN OA@BCQT DGPGBN, WLJC QLOLBSDL MBGXL, UILDNHGJS O OTMYNE MBLN LX\EMJOG, — QL OJLILVULBLONDT XVII OEHG JE LXTPGN N ULOEISC, HLJLITE FT OMJIEPGEF JEUEIS O [NADN MEBSMHL@LDGILQLDGMEBEDNC, @LMULQMJOLOGBN LQNDGHLOL N OL QOLI^E ^GIEV, N O QLFGW OEBSFL[, N O NAXEHIEMJSCDNDG. %TMYNE MLMBLONC O QLFGYDEV MOLEV [NADN LJBNPGBNMS LJ DNAYNW JEF, PJL, NFECXLBSYE MIEQMJO, QEI[GBN MOLNW [ED\ND OAGUEIJN. =GIN^T N ̂ GIEODT [NBN DEONQNFHGFN; HL@QGOTEA[GBN DG XL@LFLBSE, JL HLBTFG@N NW XTBN AGOEYGDT JG]JLR; MBKPGBLMS, PJL QLPEIN BRQEVADGPNJEBSDTW QL AGFK[EMJO DN IGAK N O ^EIHON DE XTOGBN; KPNJS @IGFLJE QEOKYEH MPNJGBNMLOEIYEDDL XEMULBEADTF. (GH HGH LX\EMJOL UL LJMKJMJONR UILMOE\EDNC DE UIEQMJGOBCBL QBC[ED\NDT QLMJLVDTW IGAOBEPEDNV, G JLBSHL LQDN MUBEJDN N UEIEMKQT, JL BKPYNE BRQN, AGXLJCMSL DIGOMJOEDDLV PNMJLJE FGJEIN MEFEVMJOG, QLB[DT XTBN MLOEJLOGJS EV MLOEIYEDDLEAGJOLIDNPEMJOL N ULBDLE, NMHBRPNJEBSDLE UL@IK[EDNE O WLACVMJOEDDTE AGXLJT, HGH MQEBGBGOJLI 3LFLMJILC.

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`EMJDTW

141

UINUGMLO. 7L@GJTE BRQN OTHGATOGBN MOLE XL@GJMJOL OL FDL[EMJOE WLBLUEV N BLYGQEV. *L[NBN\G XTBN JEMDT N XEQDT; HGFEDDTE QLFT UL!UIE[DEFK MLMJGOBCBN IEQHLMJS, BGOHN N MJLBT,ULHITJTE HLOIGFN, UIEQMJGOBCBN EQNDMJOEDDKR FEXEBS, LXIGAG O LHBGQGW — EQNDMJOEDDLEKHIGYEDNE QLFG.

5GH DEWNJIT XTBN [NBN\G XLBSYNDMJOG, ONQDL NA JL@L, PJL QEIEOCDDTE QLFG, MLOMEF@LJLOTE, UILQGOGBNMS DG ITDHGW. ;BN^T FLMJNBNMS QEIEOCDDTFN XIEODGFN, UL[GIT MJIGYDLMONIEUMJOLOGBN. 4DL@L JEIUEBN [NJEBN @LILQLO LJ UL[GILO, FDL@L JEIUEBN N LJUIEQLWIGDNJEBSDL@L MIEQMJOG LJ UL[GILO: ZJL MIEQMJOL MLMJLCBL O JLF, PJL O BEJDEE OIEFC, MFGC QL MEDJCXIC, @LILQMHNF [NJEBCF AGUIE\GBLMS JLUNJS UEPN O QLFGW N XGDCW, G QBCUIN@LJLOBEDNC HKYGDSC OEBEDL XTBL HBGMJS UEPN O L@LILQGW N UKMJTW FEMJGW, OQGBN LJ [NBSC._JL LMLXEDDL XTBL JC[EBL [NJEBCF MEOEIDTW @LILQLO, ULQOEI[EDDTW MEOEIDTF OEJIGF NMJK[GF MIEQN BEJG, N UL NW UILMSXGF ULAOLBCBLMS NF JLUNJS O MKFIGPDTE QDN, JGH[E ODGADGPEDDTE QDN DEQEBN N O XLBSYNE UIGAQDNHN.

-EQHLE DGILQLDGMEBEDNE ULOMRQK, L@ILFDTE QIEFKPNE BEMG QGOGBN XLBSYNE KQLXMJOGIGAXLVDNHGF, HLJLITE FDL@L OIEQNBN MEBSMHNF [NJEBCF, FDL@L OIEQNBN JLI@LOBE. 3G[E O MGFLVMJLBN^E IGAXLN XTBN MNBSDT; DG FGMBEDN^E OLIT, OMCHNW PNDLO BRQN, XLBSYNFN JLBUGFN EAQNBNN WLQNBN M LIK[NEF, XNBN N @IGXNBN OMJIEPDTW.

'MLXDLMJS 4LMHLOMHL@L @LMKQGIMJOG, PGMJTE MDLYEDNC M GANGJ^GFN, ULMJLCDDGCOIG[QEXDLMJS MLMEQDNW EOILUEVMHNW QEI[GO QGBN NDLMJIGDDTF MDLYEDNCF FLMHLOMHL@L QOLIGWGIGHJEI GANGJMHNV. % MDLYEDNCW ZJNW @LMULQMJOLOGBG ULQLAINJEBSDLMJS, QGBEHL UEIEWLQNOYGCUIEQEBT UINBNPDLV N DELXWLQNFLV LMJLIL[DLMJN. 'MLXEDDL ZJLJ WGIGHJEI O QNUBLFGJNPEMHNWMDLYEDNCW DGPGB @LMULQMJOLOGJS ML OIEFED +LGDDG "ILADL@L, HL@QG XTBN LJHITJT OIEQDTEQBC @LMKQGIMJOG MDLYEDNC BNJLOMHL@L ULMBG M DEHLJLITFN OEBSFL[GFN. *G ULMBG MFLJIEBNHGH DG PEBLOEHG, UINEWGOYE@L M OIG[QEXDTFN DGFEIEDNCFN, UINEWGOYE@L UILOEQTOGJS, NULJLFK QEI[GBN E@L OAGUEIJN, DE ULAOLBCBN DN M HEF MDLMNJSMC, WOGJGBN JEW, HJL UINXBN[GBMCH ULMLBSMHLFK QOLIK.

9NDLODNH, UINMJGOBEDDTV H ULMBK, QLB[ED XTB UIEOLADLMNJS UIEQ DNF FL@K\EMJOL NXBG@LQEDMJONE 4LMHLOMHL@L @LMKQGIMJOG; EMBN [E ULMLB AGJIG@NOGB HGHLV!DNXKQS OG[DTV NBNDEUINCJDTV OLUILM, JL UINMJGO QLB[ED XTB LJ@LOGINOGJSMC DEADGDNEF. %L OIEFC UILEAQG ULMBLOPEIEA @LILQG UL KBN^GF, PIEA HLJLITE LDN UILEA[GBN, UINHGATOGBLMS JLBUNJSMC DGILQK, LQEJLFKO BKPYEE MOLE UBGJSE, PJLX NDLMJIGD^T ONQEBN OEAQE JLBSHL BRQDLMJS N XL@GJMJOL. 1INMDLYEDNCW N UEIE@LOLIGW UIE[QE OME@L WBLULJGBN L JLF, PJLXT NDLMJIGD^T DE KFEDSYNBN N DENMHGANBN HGH!DNXKQS JNJKB OEBNHL@L @LMKQGIC; ZJL DGATOGBLMS LXEIE@GDNEF PEMJN @LMKQGIEOLVN MPNJGBLMS @BGODTF QEBLF. 7TJS O ULMBGDDNHGW DE MPNJGBLMS XLBSYNF ULPEJLF, N ULJLFKLXTHDLOEDDL LJUIGOBCBNMS MGDLODNHN OJLILMJEUEDDTE. -EQHL, JLBSHL O MBKPGCW LMLXEDDLVOG[DLMJN, UIENFK\EMJOEDDL H ULBSMHLFK QOLIK, DGADGPGBNMS OEBNHNFN ULBDLFLPDTFN ULMBGFNXLCIE. % XVII OEHE ULCOBEDNE NDLMJIGDDTW IEANQEDJLO O 4LMHOE N FLMHLOMHNW — UIN MLMEQDNWNDLMJIGDDTW QOLIGW UIEQOE\GBL K[E UEIEFEDK O WGIGHJEIE QNUBLFGJNPEMHNW MDLYEDNV.

4DL@L JEFDTW MJLILD DGWLQNBN O 4LMHLOMHLF @LMKQGIMJOE NDLMJIGD^T; MOLN, IKMMHNENAOEMJNC DNMHLBSHL DE MHITOGRJ ZJNW JEFDTW MJLILD; @ILFHL OLUNRJ UILJNO DNW N =EIHLOS N@LMKQGIMJOL, JIEXKC NMUIGOBEDNC. *L NDLMJIGD^T DE FL@BN DE LJQGJS MUIGOEQBNOLMJNMULMLXDLMJCF IKMMHL@L DGILQG. „*ELXIGALOGDDLMJS MHLOTOGEJ ZJLJ DGILQ, — @LOLINBN LDN,— HGH [E XKQEJ LD FL@K\EMJOED N MJIGYED, HL@QG UINLXIEJEJ LXIGALOGDNE!“ 3EVMJONJEBSDL,DEBSAC DE UINADGJS DIGOMJOEDDLV MNBT DGILQG, HLJLITV UIN MGFTW DEXBG@LUINCJDTWNMJLINPEMHNW KMBLONCW, O MLMEQMJOE N O XEMUIEMJGDDLV XLISXE N MDLYEDNCW M GANGJMHNFNOGIOGIGFN, IGMHNDKJTV DG @ILFGQDTW UILMJIGDMJOGW, O MJIGDE MKILOLV, OQGBN LJ FLIC, OQGBNLJ JEW EOILUEVMHNW DGILQLO, HLJLITE XBG@LQGIC MJEPEDNR IGADTW MPGMJBNOTW KMBLONVUIENFK\EMJOEDDL ULJIKQNBNMS QBC @IG[QGDMJOEDDLMJN, KMUEB MLWIGDNJS MOLV EOILUEVMHL!WINMJNGDMHNV LXIGA; JIKQCMS JC[EBL N MHILFDL UIN MIEQMJOGW MGFTW MHKQDTW, DGMEBNB @ILFGQDTEDELXNJGEFTE UILMJIGDMJOG %LMJLPDLV ,OILUT N &EOEIDLV $ANN, ULBL[NB AQEMS DGPGBL

142

EOILUEVMHL!WINMJNGDMHLV @IG[QGDMJOEDDLMJN; LQND NAL OMEW MBGOCDMHNW DGILQLO KFEB MLMJGONJSFL@K\EMJOEDDLE @LMKQGIMJOL; O XEMUIEITODLV XLISXE M DEXBG@LUINCJDTFN LXMJLCJEBSMJOGFN,MIEQN JIKQDLV N XEQDLV [NADN MOLEV DE AGHLMDEB DIGOMJOEDDL, DE KJIGJNB MULMLXDLMJN QON[EDNCH BKPYEFK.

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— MXBNANJSMC M /GUGQDLR ,OILULR — MK[QEDL XTBL FBGQYEFK MTDK ^GIC $BEHMEC4NWGVBLONPG.

"#$%$ XXXVIII3%',%#$&(+,

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„1EJIK $BEHMEEONPK!“ — N UGJINGIW XBG@LMBLONB 1EJIG DG ^GIMJOL.

2. B#0+=# I#)#2A$ + =#0,6%# @!YA$. *L MFKJG DE AGFEQBNBG, ULJLFK PJL XTBN BRQN,HLJLITF XTBG OT@LQDG MFKJG. *LOTV ̂ GIS XTB LJ OJLILV [EDT $BEHMEC 4NWGVBLONPG, HLJLIGCO ^GIMJOLOGDNE UGMTDHG ?ELQLIG NMUTJGBG @LISHKR QLBR, [NBG O KQGBEDNN, OJLILV LJE^ EE,OLMUNJGJEBS 4GJOEEO, XTB MLMBGD; OME ZJL MQEBGDL XTBL UILNMHGFN ILQMJOEDDNHLO UEIOLV [EDT^GIC $BEHMEC N QIKASCFN NW. *L JEUEIS DGMJKUNBL OIEFC ̂ GIN^T *GJGBSN: UL @LMULQMJOKR\EFKLXTPGR, EV UINDGQBE[GBG LUEHG DGQ FGBLBEJDNF MTDLF N OFEMJE KUIGOBEDNE @LMKQGIMJOLF;UEIOTF EE QEBLF XTBL OTAOGJS 4GJOEEOG NA #KWG O 4LMHOK QBC AGDCJNC JL@L FEMJG, HGHLE NFEBLD UIN ̂ GIE $BEHMEE. 1LDCJDL, PE@L QLB[DT XTBN [QGJS 4NBLMBGOMHNE N QIKASC NW; N OLJ DGPGBNLDN WBLULJGJS OMEFN MNBGFN, PJLX MTD 4NBLMBGOMHLV, ^GIEONP +LGDD, DE XTB BNYED UIGOMOLNW N PJLX FGPEWG E@L DE XTBG UIGONJEBSDN^ER. *L HJL [E FL@ QEVMJOLOGJS JKJ DG UEIOLFUBGDE?

+LGDD DE FL@ QEVMJOLOGJS MGF AG MEXC, N @BGODKR ILBS OACBG MEMJIG E@L, ^GIEODG &L]SC$BEHMEEODG, HLJLIGC O [EDMHLF JEBE NFEBG FK[EMHKR QKYK. % ^GIMJOLOGDNE $BEHMEC4NWGVBLONPG, HGH FT ONQEBN, DLOTE LXTPGN UILDNHBN OL QOLIE^, OMBEQMJONE PE@L QLB[ED XTBNAFEDNJSMC N OA@BCQ DG LXIGA [NADN ̂ GIEOED; DG DNW K[E UEIEMJGBN MFLJIEJS HGH DG LXIEPEDDTWMGFLFK MJIL@LFK AGJOLIDNPEMJOK. _JLR UEIEFEDLR, ZJLR DEXTOGBLR UIE[QE MOLXLQLROLMULBSALOGBGMS MGFGC MULMLXDGC N ZDEI@NPDGC NA DNW, &L]SC, ULMUEYNBG OTVJN O MOEJ,UINLXIEBG LXIGALOGDNE PJEDNEF, IGA@LOLIGFN M BKPYNFN BRQSFN, MXBNANBGMS M LQDNF NA MGFTWKFDTW N LXIGALOGDDTW OEBSFL[, HDCAEF %GMNBNEF %GMNBSEONPEF "LBN^TDTF, UINLXIEBGOBNCDNE. (EF JC[EBEE XTBL QBC DEE LJHGAGJSMC LJ OME@L ZJL@L UL MFEIJN ?ELQLIG, HL@QGUIGOBEDNE UEIEWLQNBL H IGAQIG[EDDLV FGPEWE N E\E XLBEE IGAQIG[EDDLFK 4GJOEEOK; UIN ZJLVUEIEFEDE, HILFE JC[EBL@L AGJOLIDNPEMJOG, NA HLJLIL@L LDG OTIOGBGMS XTBL, DE UIEQMJGOBCBLMS

143

EV DNPE@L OUEIEQN; N OLJ &L]SC DGPGBG NMHGJS MIEQMJO, HGH XT OTVJN NA XEQT. /GHLDDTW MIEQMJODE XTBL; XTBL LQDL DEAGHLDDLE: OLMULBSALOGJSMC DEKQLOLBSMJONEF N OLBDEDNEF OLLIK[EDDLVFGMMT MJIEBS^LO.

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

*L OLJ NA QOLI^G NF QGRJ ADGJS, PJL MEFEVMJOL ^GIMHLE [QEJ LJ DNW KMBK@N, AG HLJLIKR LDNDE JLBSHL ULBKPGJ UIL\EDNE AG UILYEQYEE, DL N UINLXIEJKJ UIGOL DG XL@GJTE DG@IGQT: &L]SCM MLKFTYBEDDNHGFN MOLNFN, XLCINDLF +OGDLF 4NWGVBLONPEF 4NBLMBGOMHNF N QOLNFNXIGJSCFN (LBMJTFN, ULMJGIGBGMS IGMUKMJNJS FE[QK MJIEBS^GFN MBKW, PJL ^GIEONP +LGDDLJMJIGDED DEAGHLDDL, PJL *GITYHNDT ULHKYGRJMC QG[E DG E@L [NADS, PJL MJIEBS^T QLB[DTMUGMJN ^GIEONPG, LJOEJNJS E@L NAFEDDNHGF, PJL XLCIE K[E MXNIGBNMS KMFNICJS NW, MJIEBS^LO;MBKWN ZJN UILNAOEBN [EBGDDLE QEVMJONE FE[QK MJIEBS^GFN, N LDN ULBKPNBN MUNMHN NFED @BGODTWNAFEDDNHLO, HLJLITW QLB[DL NMJIEXNJS. 15 FGC 1682 @LQG KJILF MLKFTYBEDDNHN &L]SNUILMHGHGBN UL MJIEBE^HNF ULBHGF M OEMJSR, PJL *GITYHNDT AGQKYNBN ^GIEONPG +LGDDG.

&JIEBS^T OAOLBDLOGBNMS N ULQ AOKHN DGXGJG N XGIGXGDLO QONDKBNMS O 5IEFBS, HINPG, PJLNQKJ OTOLQNJS NAFEDDNHLO N @KXNJEBEV ^GIMHL@L QLFG. 1LQLYEQYN HL QOLI^K, LDN MJGBNJIEXLOGJS @LBLOT *GITYHNDTW, UL@KXNOYNW ^GIEONPG; JL@QG ^GIN^G *GJGBSC OTOEBG DGHITBS^L LXLNW XIGJSEO, +LGDDG N 1EJIG, PJLX KXEQNJS JLBUK O NW ^EBLMJN N DEOIEQNFLMJN,UINPEF ^GIEONP +LGDD LX`CONB, PJL DNHJL E@L DE NAOLQNJ. &FCJEDNE DGPGBL KJNWGJS; 4GJOEEOM UGJINGIWLF MLYEB H MJIEBS^GF, KFDTFN KOE\GDNCFN KMUEB LHLDPGJEBSDL NW LXEALIK[NJS NULYEB DGAGQ OL QOLIE^, PJLX KMULHLNJS ^GIN^K, DL JKJ DGPGBSDNH &JIEBE^HL@L UINHGAG HDCAS4NWGNBE 3LB@LIKHNV OAQKFGB UINHINHDKJS DG MJIEBS^LO N @ILADL UINHGAGB NF IGALVJNMS.&JIEBS^T MDLOG IGMMONIEUEBN, XILMNBNMS DG HITBS^L, MWOGJNBN 3LB@LIKHL@L N MXILMNBN E@LODNA DG HLUSC, QIK@NE XILMNBNMS AG 4GJOEEOTF, HLJLITV NFEB JK [E KPGMJS; UINQOLIDTE OK[GME IGAXE[GBNMS N UIEQGBN QOLIE^ N 5IEFBS OL OBGMJS FCJE[DNHLO. & HINHLF:

„1LIG DGF IGAXNIGJS, HJL DGF DGQLXED!“ — OLAOIGJNBNMS MJIEBS^T OL QOLIE^ N MJGBN OEAQELXTMHNOGJS, QG[E O ^EIHOGW ULQ UIEMJLBGFN, DE MUICJGDT BN @QE *GITYHNDT N QIK@NEULNFEDLOGDDTE O NW MUNMHGW BN^G; EMBN DGWLQNBN, MXIGMTOGBN ODNA DG HLUSC, LYNXGBNMS,UINDNFGBN LQDL@L AG QIK@L@L N IGMJEIATOGBN. 7IGJ ̂ GIN^T +OGD 5NINBBLONP *GITYHND KMUEBMHITJSMC, N MJIEBS^T DE FL@BN LJTMHGJS E@L DG UEIOTV QEDS; AG DNF UINWLQNBN LDN DG QIK@LVQEDS, LUCJS DE DGYBN, UINYBN DG JIEJNV, N ̂ GIN^G UINDK[QEDG XTBG OTQGJS NF XIGJG, HLJLIL@LUTJGBN N ULJLF ULQDCBN DG HLUSC. „(EUEIS FT QLOLBSDT, — HINPGBN MJIEBS^T, — QGV 7L@AQLILOSC ^GIR @LMKQGIR! 1KMJS LD KUIGONJMC M LMJGBSDTFN, G FT IGQT KFEIEJS AG DE@L“.

&JIEBS^T DE QKFGBN L UEIEFEDE O UIGOBEDNN, DL LX ZJLF QKFGBG &L]SC, HLJLIGC LQDGQEVMJOLOGBG O ZJL OIEFC OMELX\E@L K[GMG N XEADGPGBNC. 1L EE ODKYEDNCF MJIEBS^T UINMBGBNOTXLIDTW OL QOLIE^ M JIEXLOGDNEF, PJLX ^GIMJOLOGBN LXG XIGJG OFEMJE — +LGDD N 1EJI$BEHMEEONPN; MLAOGD XTB MLXLI NA OMCHNW PNDLO BRQEV (IGAKFEEJMC, FLMHLOMHNW) N ML@BGMNBMCDG QOLEOBGMJNE 23 FGC; 29!@L MJIEBS^T CONBNMS M DLOTF JIEXLOGDNEF, PJLX AG FLBLQLMJNR^GIC UIGOBEDNE XTBL OIKPEDL MEMJIE NW, ^GIEODE &L]NN. &L@BGMNBNMS N DG ZJL.

L#8"!2A%+*A, -6+<,%+,. &L]SC QLMJN@BG MOLEV ̂ EBN: OEIWLODGC OBGMJS O EE IKHGW; 4GJOEEO,QECJEBSDEVYNE NA *GITYHNDTW NMJIEXBEDT, FGPEWG LJMJIGDEDG LJ UIGOBEDNC. *L ^EBS XTBGQLMJN@DKJG MIEQMJOLF DEAGHLDDTF N LUGMDTF; UIEQMJLCBN WBLULJT KQEI[GJS ZJL MIEQMJOL

144

ULMJLCDDL O MOLNW IKHGW, NXL QIK@NE JGH[E WLJEBN OLMULBSALOGJSMC NF QBC QLMJN[EDNC MOLNW^EBEV. :LJEBN OLMULBSALOGJSMC NF IGMHLBSDNHN, WLJEB OLMULBSALOGJSMC NF DLOTV DGPGBSDNHMJIEBS^LO, DGADGPEDDTV &L]SER, HDCAS +OGD $DQIEEONP :LOGDMHNV. ;MFNIEDNE MLBLOE^HL@LFCJE[G, AGJLPEDNE N HGADN MGFTW IEODLMJDTW AG\NJDNHLO MJGILV OEIT, J. E. MJGITW HDN@, DENMJIEXNBN IGMHLBG UIN ^GICW $BEHMEE N ?ELQLIE, N JEUEIS IGMHLBSDNHN, DGWLQNOYNEMC OMJIEBE^HNW ULBHGW, OAQKFGBN OLMULBSALOGJSMC MJIEBE^HNF JLI[EMJOLF, PJLX ULJIEXLOGJS LJGIWNEIEEO LJOEJG: „/GPEF LDN MJGITE HDN@N OLADEDGONQEBN, OEIK MJGIKR, NMJNDDKR, LJOEI@BN NOLABRXNBN DLOKR, BGJGDL!INFMHKR?“

)ONBNMS DG M^EDK MJGITE IGMHLBSDNHN, IGMMJIN[EDDTV AG IGMHLB MOC\EDDNH *NHNJGUILAON\EF 1KMJLMOCJ, FLDGWN MDEMBNMS M :LOGDMHNF, N JLJ LX`CONB NF, PJL LD MGF AG MJGIKROEIK, N LXE\GB MOLE MLQEVMJONE. 7LBSYNDMJOL MJIEBS^LO XTBL DE AG IGMHLB. „_JL QEBL DE DGYE,G UGJINGIYEE“, — @LOLINBN LDN. *L *NHNJG M JLOGIN\GFN DE KDTOGBN, DGQECMS DGULHILONJEBSMJOL :LOGDMHL@L; IGMHLBSDNHN CODL, DG UBL\GQCW N JLI@GW UILULOEQLOGBN MOLEKPEDNE, OLBDLOGBN DGILQ, N 5 NRBC *NHNJG 1KMJLMOCJ M L@ILFDLR JLBULR CONBMC O 5IEFBS,PJLX OTAOGJS UGJINGIWG DG #LXDLE FEMJL QBC JLI[EMJOEDDL@L MULIG. *L UGJINGIW DE WLJEBNQJN DG UBL\GQS LQND, XEA LMLX ^GIMHL@L QLFG, XLCMS DGMNBNC LJ JLBUT, G IGMHLBSDNHN DE YBNOL QOLIE^, XLCMS, PJL JGF NW UEIEWOGJGRJ; DGHLDE^ &L]SC DGMJLCBG, PJLX MULI XTB OL QOLI^E,O "IGDLONJLV UGBGJE, O UINMKJMJONN EE, ^GIN^T *GJGBSN N QOKW QIK@NW ^GIEOED. -GMHLBSDNHNOLYBN M YKFLF O UGBGJK N MJGBN PNJGJS MOLR PEBLXNJDKR L MJGILV OEIE, LMHLIXNJEBSDKR QBC^GIEV $BEHMEC N ?ELQLIG; J\EJDL &L]SC KDNFGBG NW, LMLXEDDL *NHNJK, DGHLDE^, UBGPG LJQLMGQT, LXIGJNBGMS H OTXLIDTF MJIEBE^HNF N MHGAGBG: „9E@L OT MFLJINJE! 1IN@L[E BN JGHNFFK[NHGF H DGF M XKDJLF UINWLQNJS? *GF AQEMS XLBSYE [NJS DEBSAC, ULVQEF O QIK@NE @LILQGLX`COBCJS DGILQK L JGHLF DEULMBKYGDNN N IGALIEDNN“. %TXLIDTE LJOEPGBN, PJL UL MJEPEDNR NOLBDEDNR DGILQG IEYNJEBSDTW FEI UILJNO IGMHLBSDNHLO UINDCJS OQIK@ DEBSAC, G DGQLXDLUEIE[QGJS QEDS. &ULIT UILQLB[GBNMS QL OEPEIG; ULQ UIEQBL@LF ULAQDE@L OIEFEDN IGMHLBSDNHLOLJUKMJNBN, MHGAGO, PJL @LMKQGIN AGOJIG KPNDCJ NF MOLV KHGA, N JE M JLI[EMJOLF OTYBN NA QOLI^G,HINPG: „1LXEQNBN!“ *L JLI[EMJOL ZJL XTBL DEUILQLB[NJEBSDL; LDN XTBN O MNBSDLFFEDSYNDMJOE; &L]SC IGMULICQNBGMS JGH BLOHL, PJL PEIEA DEQEBR UIEQOLQNJEBN IGMHLBSDNPSNXTBN UEIEWOGJGDT, *NHNJE LJIKXNBN @LBLOK, QIK@NW AGJLPNBN, N ULMBEQLOGJEBN NW IGAXE[GBNMSO IGADTE MJIGDT.

>+4,2A X!6#%8"!.!. 'MOLXLQNBNMS LJ IGMHLBSDNHLO, DL LMJGOGBLMS QEBL XLBEE JIKQDLE —LMOLXLQNJSMC LJ :LOGDMHL@L, HLJLITV KMUEB UINOBEPS H MEXE MJIEBS^LO ULJGHLODNPEMJOLF OMEFNW [EBGDNCF, G MJIEBS^T O XBG@LQGIDLMJS DE NDGPE DGATOGBN E@L HGH LJ^LF N @LJLOT XTBNNMULBDNJS OME E@L JIEXLOGDNC. %NQC ZJK UINOCAGDDLMJS H MEXE FL@K\EMJOEDDTW MJIEBS^LO,:LOGDMHNV AGXTBMC: LMHLIXBCB UIGONJEBSDN^K MOLNF MGFLOLBSMJOLF, OEBSFL[ @LIQLMJSR,KDN[EDNEF NW MBK[XT, WOGMJLOMJOLF MOLNF. :LOGDMHNV OLBDLOGB MJIEBS^LO; OLBDLOGB NWOMCHNV, HJL WLJEB PE@L!DNXKQS QLXNJSMC; LDN PKOMJOLOGBN MOLR ONDK, ADGBN, PJL XLCIE N OMEBKPYNE BRQN DEDGONQCJ NW, N ULJLFK BE@HL OEINBN OMCHNF MBKWGF L FEIGW, HLJLITE XKQJL XTUILJNO DNW UIEQUINDNFGBNMS. *GHLDE^ 2 MEDJCXIC, HL@QG ^GIMHLE MEFEVMJOL XTBL O5LBLFEDMHLF, CONBMC QLDLM DG :LOGDMHL@L, XKQJL XT LD M ULFL\SR MJIEBS^LO WLPEJ NMJIEXNJS^GIMHLE MEFEVMJOL, UEIEXNJS XLCI, ULMIEQMJOLF IGMHLBG AGFKJNJS AEFBR, ULQDCJS UILMJLV DGILQDG OBGMJN N ULFE\NHLO N UILOLA@BGMNJS MEXC ^GIEF.

&LOIEFEDDNHN @LOLICJ, PJL QLDLM ZJLJ XTB OTQKFGD XLCINDLF 4NBLMBGOMHNF QBCMHLIEVYE@L UL@KXBEDNC :LOGDMHL@L. 5GH XT JL DN XTBL, &L]SC IEYNBGMS UINOEMJN O NMULBDEDNEJL, PEF @ILANBG OL OIEFC IGMHLBSDNPSE@L OLAFK\EDNC: LMJGONJS 4LMHOK N ULQDCJS UILJNOMJIEBS^LO QOLICD N QEJEV XLCIMHNW. 1LQ ONQLF XL@LFLBSC LDG OTEWGBG NA 5LBLFEDMHL@L O&GOOND &JLIL[EOMHNV FLDGMJTIS, LJHKQG ULEWGBG H (ILN^HLFK FLDGMJTIR N LMJGDLONBGMSDEQGBEHL LJ DE@L, O MEBE %LAQON[EDMHLF, IGALMBGO @IGFLJT UL @LILQGF, UINATOGC MBK[NBTWBRQEV QBC KMFNIEDNC XKDJKR\NW MJIEBS^LO N :LOGDMHL@L. :LOGDMHNV OFEMJE M MTDLF XTBMWOGPED DG QLIL@E NA 4LMHOT H (ILN^E, HKQG EWGB UL UIN@BGYEDNR &L]SN, N UINOEAED O MEBL%LAQON[EDMHLE.

145

(\EJDL LXONDEDDTE JIEXLOGBN MKQG: LXLNF, LJ^K N MTDK, LJMEHBN @LBLOT. &JIEBS^T, KADGOL @NXEBN MOLE@L BRXNFL@L DGPGBSDNHG, MDGPGBG OAOLBDLOGBNMS XTBL, DL ULJLF, LULFDNOYNMS,KONQGBN MOLE XEMMNBNE, MBTYGBN, PJL H (ILN^E MLXIGBLMS XLBSYLE OLVMHL, N MJGBN KFLBCJSUGJINGIWG, PJLX OMJKUNBMC AG DNW; DGHLDE^, LJUIGONBN H (ILN^E OTXLIDTW KFLBCJS ^GIEV LUL\GQE. 1L\GQG XTBG QGDG M KMBLONEF DE QKFGJS OUEIEQ DN L HGHLV MFKJE, MOLEOLBSMJOE NQEIALMJN. ;UIGOBEDNE &JIEBE^HNF UINHGALF &L]SC ULIKPGBG PEBLOEHK QECJEBSDLFK, OULBDEEV UIEQGDDLFK N DELUGMDLFK UL DEADGJDLMJN MOLEV — QKFDLFK QSCHK >GHBLONJLFK, HLJLITVXTB HIEMJSCDMHL@L UILNMWL[QEDNC N NA ULQSCPNW QLMBK[NBMC QL QKFDL@L QSCPEMJOG.

J%;)0,%%+, 0#8(!0$<,%+$ @!YA+. 1IGOBEDNE &L]SN, DEMFLJIC DG HIGJHLOIEFEDDLMJSMOLR N MFKJDLE MLMJLCDNE @LMKQGIMJOG. UIEQMJGOBCEJ AGFEPGJEBSDTE KAGHLDEDNC NIGMULIC[EDNC.

&K\EMJOLOGB LXTPGV, PJL QLB[DNHLO!DEUBGJEBS\NHLO LJQGOGBN AGNFLQGO^GF O AG[NO, ULHGDE LJIGXLJGRJ AGDCJTW QEDE@; JEUEIS LAGXLJNBNMS, PJLX UIN ZJLV LJQGPE DE IGABKPGBN [ED LJFK[EV, LUIEQEBNBN, HGHLV MKFFE QLB[ED IGODCJSMC @LQ IGXLJT; AGNFLQGO^EO OEQEDL LXCATOGJSAGUNMCFN, PJLX LDN DE ULAOLBCBN MEXE [EMJLHLMJEV M ZJNFN IGXLJDNHGFN. *E OEQEDL XTBLOATMHNOGJS ML OQLO N QEJEV QLB@LO, EMBN ULMBE KFEIYNW FK[EV N LJ^LO NW DNHGHL@L NFEDNC DELMJGOGBLMS. /GUIE\EDL AGHGUTOGJS O AEFBR [ED AG KXNVMJOL FK[EV, OFEMJL JL@L OEQEDLUIEMJKUDN^GF LJMEHGJS @LBLOT. /G UILNADEMEDNE OLAFKJNJEBSDTW MBLO AGUIE\EDL XTBL HGADNJSMFEIJNR: ULMBE DGHGAGDNC HDKJLF UIEMJKUDNHLO MMTBGBN. % ZJNW FEIGW DEBSAC DE ONQEJS XLBSYEVUIGOQT N FC@HLMJN UILJNO UIE[DE@L.

*L FT DE DGVQEF ZJLV FC@HLMJN O XLISXE M IGMHLBSDNHGFN, UILJNO HLJLITW ULQQEI[NOGBNUIE[DNE MJIL@NE FEIT: MLXTJNE 5 NRBC, IGAKFEEJMC, DE FL@BL MLQEVMJOLOGJS MFC@PEDNR ZJNWFEI. % ZJL OIEFC IGMHLBSDNHN, LMOLXLQNOYNMS LJ OBGMJN ̂ EIHLODLV, UEIEMJGBN L@IGDNPNOGJSMCLQDNF MJGILLXICQMJOLF; DGPGBN ULCOBCJSMC MIEQN DNW IGADTE EIEJNPEMHNE JLBHN, CONBNMS QG[ENAKOEIT, HLJLITE DGPGBN ULXK[QGJS H LPNMJNJEBSDLFK, UL NW MBLOGF, ULQON@K MGFLML[[EDNC NDGYBN ULMBEQLOGJEBEV; DEIGMHGCDDTW EIEJNHLO [@BN, MJGILLXICQ^EO XNBN HDKJLF. (L@QGUIEMBEQKEFTE KMJIEFNBNMS AG YOEQMHNV N ULBSMHNV IKXE[N, JGH[E O MJEUN, DG 3LD N 5KFK.5ILFE XLISXT M IGMHLBSDNHGFN YBG XLISXG M HGJLBNPEMHNFN FDEDNCFN; OLADNH MNBSDTV MULIL JLF, O HGHLE OIEFC MLOEIYGEJMC UIEMK\EMJOBEDNE QGILO — O OIEFC BN UINATOGDNC &O. 3KWGNBN OL OIEFC UILNADEMEDNC MBLO :INMJLOTW: (0++/+), $-+), N UILP. %JLILE FDEDNE, ULMONQEJEBSMJOK UGJINGIWG +LGHNFG, UINDEMEDL XTBL O 4LMHOK FLBLQTFN BRQSFN, HLJLITEEAQNBN O 1LBSYK KPNJSMC UL!BGJTDN; ZJL [E FDEDNE ULQQEI[NOGB MDGPGBG ADGFEDNJTV &NFELD1LBL^HNV, ULJLF KPEDNH N QIK@ E@L ULQSCPNV &EFED (O FLDGYEMJOE &NBSOEMJI) 4EQOEQEO,LMJGONOYNV DGF BRXLUTJDTE AGUNMHN L MLOIEFEDDTW MLXTJNCW. 4EQOEQEO, PEBLOEH „OEBNHL@LKFG N LMJILJT KPEDLV“, UL LJATOGF MLOIEFEDDNHLO, MQEBGDDTV MJILNJEBEF /GNHLDLMUGMMHL@LFLDGMJTIC, XTB QIK@LF >GHBLONJL@L N MNBSDTF UINOEI[ED^EF &L]SN. _JN MOCAN QGOGBN EFKOLAFL[DLMJS IGMUILMJIGDCJS MOLN FDEDNC, UILJNO HLJLITW IGJLOGBN XIGJSC #NWKQT, +LGDDNHNVN &L]ILDNV, — @IEHN, OTUNMGDDTE O KPNJEBC QBC DLOLV FLMHLOMHLV GHGQEFNN. &ULI 4EQOEQEOGM #NWKQGFN MNBSDL AGDNFGB LX\EMJOL: DE JLBSHL QKWLODTE, DL N MOEJMHNE, QG[E [ED\NDTMWLQNBNMS MULINJS L OIEFEDN UIEMK\EMJOBEDNC; UILJNODNHN 4EQOEQEOG DGATOGBN E@L FDEDNED2,4!(!"2!%%!F ,0,8+F.

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

146

UINLXIEJEDNC. % 1686 @LQK AGHBRPED XTB JGHLV FNI, UIN ULQJOEI[QEDNN HLJLIL@L MBEATDGOEIDKBNMS DG @BGAGW &LXEMHL@L: JGH JC[EB XTB ZJLJ FNI QBC 1LBSYN N JGH OT@LQED,MBEQLOGJEBSDL, QBC 4LMHOT!

E0&/8"+, (!D!-&. *L AG ZJLJ OT@LQDTV FNI DGQLXDL XTBL AGUBGJNJS OLVDLR M (KI^NER:OLVDLR, OT@LQDLR O MLRAE M 1LBSYER, NFUEINER N %EDE^NER N DELXWLQNFLR, ULJLFK PJLXEAIGMMKQDL XTBL QLUKMHGJS MNBSDKR (KI^NR JLI[EMJOLOGJS DGQ MBGXLR 1LBSYER. 1LBL[EDLXTBL, PJL IKMMHNE OLVMHG ULWLQLF DG 5ITF LJOBEHKJ WGDG LJ ULQGDNC ULFL\N JKIHGF. (GHNFLXIGALF, 4LMHOG OUEIOTE M XLBSYNF OLVMHLF IEYNBGMS NMHGJS AGHBCJL@L OIG@G MOLE@L O E@L[NBN\GW. *L ULWLQ DG 5ITF PIEA MJEUN XTB QL HIGVDLMJN JIKQED QBC XLBSYL@L OLVMHG.

#RXNFE^ &L]SN HDCAS %GMNBNV %GMNBSEONP "LBN^TD OTMJKUNB O ULWLQ OEMDLR 1687 @LQG M100000!DTF OLVMHLF, H HLJLILFK UINMLEQNDNBMC E\E @EJFGD &GFLVBLONP M 50000 HGAGHLO.-KMMHLE OLVMHL DE OMJIEPGBL JGJGI DG UKJN MOLEF, DL OMJIEJNBL OIG@G XLBEE LUGMDL@L —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̂ GIN MFEDCRJ &GFLVBLONPG,EMBN LD DEK@LQED MJGIYNDGF N OMEFK OLVMHK. %MBEQMJONE ZJL@L &GFLVBLONP XTB MOEI@DKJ, UINPEF"LBN^TD EQOG KMUEB MUGMJN E@L LJ LABLXBEDDTW HGAGHLO. &JGIL@L @EJFGDG MLMBGBN O &NXNIS, GDG E@L FEMJL XTB NAXIGD +OGD 4GAEUG.

%EMDLR 1689 @LQG "LBN^TD UIEQUINDCB OJLILV ULWLQ O MJEUN M JGHNF XLBSYNF OLVMHLF N MDLOTF @EJFGDLF 4GAEULR. *G ZJLJ IGA MJEUN XTBN UILVQEDT XBG@LULBKPDL: WGD ML OMEFN MOLNFNMNBGFN DE FL@ ULFEYGJS IKMMHNF QLVJN QL 1EIEHLUN; DE ONQC DNHGHLV OT@LQT OL OACJNN ZJLVHIEULMJN N DE ONQC OLAFL[DLMJN LMJGOGJSMC AQEMS QGBEE UL DEQLMJGJHK OLQT, JIGOT N BEMG,"LBN^TD OLAOIGJNBMC DGAGQ.

I,0*+%8"+' -!.!6!0. (GH DEXBNMJGJEBSDL LHLDPNBGMS UIN &L]NN JKIE^HGC NBN, BKPYE,HITFMHGC OLVDG. % JLF [E 1689 @LQK AGHBRPED XTB *EIPNDMHNV QL@LOLI M 5NJGEF: IKMMHNVKULBDLFLPEDDTV "LBLOND, NFEC FGBL JLPDTW MOEQEDNV L JGHLV LJQGBEDDLV FEMJDLMJN, HGH%LMJLPDGC &NXNIS, ML@BGMNBMC KMJKUNJS HNJGV^GF LXG XEIE@G $FKIG, OMBEQMJONE PE@L HIEULMJS$BXGAND, M JGHNF FK[EMJOLF AG\N\GEFGC HGAGHGFN UILJNO HNJGV^EO, XTBG IGALIEDG.

:,)8)6! + 6!8(+)#%+, =#0$ C,)0#. *L O JL OIEFC HGH ODKJIN N ODE @LMKQGIMJOG4LMHLOMHL@L UINOTHBN K[E ONQEJS &L]SR O PEBE KUIGOBEDNC, OL OMEF H DEV LJDLMNJSMC, OBGMJSEE UINXBN[GBGMS H HLD^K. *E LUGMED EV XTB MJGIYNV XIGJ +LGDD, DE OMJKUGOYNVMC DN OL PJL,DL LUGMDLMJS QBC UIGONJEBSDN^T OLAIGMJGBG OFEMJE M OLAIGMJGDNEF FBGQYE@L XIGJG EE 1EJIG.4T ONQEBN UEPGBSDKR MKQSXK ZJL@L IEXEDHG UL MFEIJN LJ^G, O ^GIMJOLOGDNE ?ELQLIG$BEHMEEONPG. 1L MFEIJN ?ELQLIG QEMCJNBEJDNV 1EJI DEQLB@L XTB LHIK[ED XBEMHLF ^GIMHL@LOEBNPNC: AG ZJLJ F@DLOEDDTV XBEMH LD M FGJEISR ULUBGJNBMC QLIL@L, N KPGMJS ^GIN^T *GJGBSNULMBE &JIEBE^HL@L XKDJG DE XTBG BKPYE KPGMJN EE UIN ^GIE ?ELQLIE, DEMFLJIC DG JL PJL 1EJIDGATOGBMC ^GIEF N XTB OEDPGD OFEMJE M XIGJLF.

1EJI, MTD FGPEWN, XTB XIGJLF DEBRXNFTF OMEFL@K\EV UIGONJEBSDN^T, ̂ GIEF !(#2A%&/,JGH MHGAGJS; L OLMUNJGDNN E@L DE AGXLJNBNMS. ,\E O ^GIMJOLOGDNE ?ELQLIG MJGBN KPNJS E@L@IGFLJE, QBC PE@L UINMJGONBN H DEFK IGXLBEUDL@L QSCHG /LJLOG, HLJLITV DN O KFMJOEDDLF, DN ODIGOMJOEDDLF LJDLYEDNN DE FL@ UINLXIEMJN OBNCDNC DGQ IEXEDHLF, IL[QEDDTF MLMULMLXDLMJCFN @EDNGBSDTFN. ;ILHGFN /LJLOG OLMUNJGDNE HLDPNBLMS, N 1EJI XTB UIEQLMJGOBEDMGFLFK MEXE; MGFLFK MEXE XTB UIEQLMJGOBED IEXEDLH, HLJLITV XTB OEMS L@LDS, M@LIGBDEDGMTJNFLR [G[QLR QECJEBSDLMJN, LXBGQGB UTJBNOLMJNR DELXTPGVDLR: KONQNJ HGHLV!DNXKQSDLOTV UIEQFEJ — LMJGDLONJMC, DEFEQBEDDL ULJIEXKEJ LX`CMDEDNC, DE KMULHLNJMC QL JEW ULI,ULHG DE ULBKPNJ E@L, FGBL JL@L, MEVPGM [E MGF UINFEJMC AG IGXLJK, PJLX UINBL[NJS KADGDDLE H

147

QEBK. 1EJI DE WLQNB, G XE@GB, @LOLICJ MLOIEFEDDNHN, N JEF OME@L BKPYE LX`CMDCRJ DGF ZJKL@DEDDKR DGJKIK, ZJK DEMBTWGDDKR O NMJLINN QECJEBSDLMJS.

;QLOBEJOLIEDNC ZJLV QECJEBSDLMJN N UTJBNOLMJN 1EJI DE FL@ DGVJN O UKMJLF, LUGBSDLFQOLI^E MOLEV UEPGBSDLV FGJEIN; JGF DE XTBL PEBLOEHG, ULQLXDL@L &NFELDK 1LBL^HLFK, HLJLITVFL@ XT UINOCAGJS 1EJIG H QLFK, MJGIGCMS MLLX\NJS EFK O DEHLJLILF DGKPDLF ULICQHEMLXNIGEFTE LJLOMRQK IGADLLXIGADTE MOEQEDNC, HLJLITV XT UINKPNB E@L WLJC MHLBSHL!DNXKQSH UIGONBSDLFK ULMJKUGDNR LJ LQDL@L UIEQFEJG H QIK@LFK, KFEINB DEMHLBSHL E@L UTB, UINKPNBXT E@L H XLBEE MULHLVDLFK MLAEI^GDNR N DIGOMJOEDDTF OBNCDNEF MOLNF KFEB LXKAQGJS HNUKPNEMJIGMJN RDLYN. (GHL@L PEBLOEHG DE DGWLQNB 1EJI OL QOLI^E MOLEV FGJEIN, N DNHJL DE AGXLJNBMCMTMHGJS QBC DE@L JGHL@L PEBLOEHG. &HKPDL, JC[EBL XTBL 1EJIK OL QOLI^E, N LD XILMNBMC DGKBN^K. /QEMS UL UINATOK FLBLQL@L ^GIC LHIK[NBG E@L QIK[NDG [NOTW, XLVHNW FLBLQTW BRQEV,AQEMS DGPGBNMS OLEDDTE ULJEWN, N, IGAKFEEJMC, 1EJI N@IGB DE O MJIEBS^T, G O MLBQGJT; ULJEWNZJN UINDNFGBN OME XLBEE N XLBEE LXYNIDTE IGAFEIT OFEMJE M BEJGFN 1EJIG; M]LIFNILOGBNMSQOG MLBQGJMHNW ULBHG — 1IELXIG[EDMHNV N &EFEDLOMHNV, QBC DGULBDEDNC HLJLITW HBNHDKBNHBNP UL LWLPNW BRQCW; LWLJDNHLO CONBLMS FDL@L, CONBNMS UINQOLIDTE HLDRWN N BRQN IGADL@LAOGDNC; UINDNFGBNMS XEA IGAXLIG, FEMJG QGOGBNMS UL KFEDSR N BLOHLMJN; XILMNO QOLIE^, FLBLQLV^GIS LJHGAGBMC LJ MJGITW UIEQGDNV, LJ OMEV LXTPDLV QOLI^LOLV LXMJGDLOHN; RDTV N MOE[NV,LD LJHGAGBMC LJ OLMULFNDGDNV N OBNCDNV UILYEQYE@L N JEF MOLXLQDEE UIN@LJLOBCBMC HQECJEBSDLMJN UIELXIGALOGDNC.

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

% NW!JL HIK@K, XEM^EIEFLDDLF N OEMEBLF, LJOTHGB 1EJI LHLDPGJEBSDL LJ QOLI^LOTW LXTPGEO,LJ LXTPGEO IKMMHLV MJGINDT. +A ZJNW NDLMJIGD^EO XLBEE OMEW ULQIK[NBMC 1EJI M [EDEOMHNFKIL[ED^EF ?IGD^EF #E]LIJLF, UINOBEHYNF E@L MOLNF OEMEBTF, LJHITJTF N LX\NJEBSDTFWGIGHJEILF; XEMHLITMJNE N UIEQGDDLMJS E\E XLBEE MHIEUNBN ZJK QIK[XK; HGH QIK@, JLOGIN\BRXNFTV, #E]LIJ NFEB MNBSDLE OBNCDNE DG 1EJIG.

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

148

+AFGVBLOMHNV UIKQ, ULJLF LJUIGONBMC DG 1EIECMBGOMHLE LAEIL, PJLX ULMJILNJS JGF DEMHLBSHLMKQLO. <EDNJSXG DG ,OQLHNN ?EQLILODE #LUKWNDLV (O CDOGIE 1689 @LQG) DE FL@BG LJOBEPS E@LLJ BRXNFL@L AGDCJNC, LJOBEHBG DG OIEFC MFKJG FLMHLOMHGC.

I+76,0<,%+, @!YA+. 1LJEWN FLBLQL@L 1EJIG &L]SC DE MPNJGBG QBC MEXC LUGMDTFN, LDNKQGBCBN E@L NA 4LMHOT, LJ QEB @LMKQGIMJOEDDTW; UINOEI[ED^T EE KHGATOGBN DG OEMEBKR [NADS1EJIG, PJLX LPEIDNJS E@L UEIEQ DGILQLF. „*GYG @LMKQGITDC (&L]SC), — @LOLINBN LDN, —XEMUIEMJGDDL 7L@K FLBNJMC, G JGF (K 1EJIG) JLBSHL DG LI@GDGW QG DG MHINUHGW N@IGRJ“. 'UGMDGXTBG QBC DNW QIK[NDG ^GIC, ULJEYDTE KQGBS^T. %UILPEF, DEDGONMJS &L]SN N UINOEI[ED^EOEE XTBG DGUIGOBEDG UIENFK\EMJOEDDL DE DG 1EJIG, DL DG FGJS E@L, ̂ GIN^K *GJGBSR 5NINBBLODK,HLJLIGC M QOKFC @BGODTFN UINOEI[ED^GFN MOLNFN, #SOLF 5NINBBLONPEF *GITYHNDTF NHDCAEF 7LINMLF $BEHMEEONPEF "LBN^TDTF, DE UEIEMJGOGBG OTIG[GJS DEKQLOLBSMJONE DGOBGMJLBRXNE &L]SN, K[E DGATOGOYEVMC MGFLQEI[N^ER OMEC -KMN; UIGONJEBSDN^E UEIEDLMNBNOME, PJL @LOLINBLMS UILJNO DEE K ^GIN^T; >GHBLONJTV, JEICOYNV OME M UGQEDNEF &L]SN, DEQIL[GB DN UEIEQ HGHNF MIEQMJOLF, PJLX LJHBLDNJS ZJL UGQEDNE. „9EF JEXE, @LMKQGITDC, DE XTJS,BKPYE ^GIN^K NAOEMJS“, — @LOLINB LD &L]SE. 9JLX KUILPNJS MOLR OBGMJS, &L]SE WLJEBLMSHLILDLOGJSMC, DL WLBLQDLMJS, M HGHLR OMJIEJNBN MJIEBS^T ZJL [EBGDNE, AGMJGONBG LJBL[NJSDGFEIEDNE.

>GHBLONJTV IGAQKOGB DEDGONMJS MJIEBS^LO H ^GIN^E, DL MJIEBS^T, HLJLITE UIE[QE JGHXTMJIL ULQONDKBNMS QBC MUGMEDNC ^GIEONPG, JEUEIS DE QON@GBNMS DG KXNVMJOL ^GIN^T.>GHBLONJTV FL@ UINXIGJS NA DNW DE XLBEE UCJN PEBLOEH, @LJLOTW DG OME UL E@L UINHGAK, NOEPEILF 7 GO@KMJG 1689 @LQG, HL@QG >GHBLONJTV MLXIGB O 5IEFBS MJIEBS^LO ULQ UIEQBL@LFAG\NJT &L]SN, DG HLJLIKR XKQJL XT 1EJI UINQEJ M MOLNFN ULJEYDTFN, QOLE MJIEBS^LOXILMNBNMS O MEBL 1IELXIG[EDMHLE, @QE [NB JL@QG 1EJI, NAOEMJNJS ^GIC L @ILAC\EV EFKLUGMDLMJN. %DEAGUDL IGAXK[EDDTV 1EJI UEIEUK@GBMC, OTMBKYGO NAOEMJNE MJIEBS^LO, OMHLPNBDG HLDC N ULFPGBMC H (ILN^E; AG DNF LJUIGONBGMS ^GIN^G *GJGBSC M QLPEISR N DEOEMJHLR,[EDLR 1EJIG. (KQG [E XILMNBNMS OME UINOEI[ED^T E@L, ULYEB ^EBTV ULBH MJIEBE^HNV&KWGIEOG, AG DNF ULYBN QIK@NE MJIEBS^T M NAOEJGFN L OMEW QON[EDNCW >GHBLONJL@L.

&L]SC DGWLQNBGMS O MGFLF AGJIKQDNJEBSDLF ULBL[EDNN; OME EE MJGIGDNC OLAOIGJNJS 1EJIGO 4LMHOK LMJGBNMS J\EJDTFN; LDG ULMBGBG XTBL UGJINGIWG H XIGJK KOE\EOGJS E@L H FNIK, DLUGJINGIW LMJGBMC K (ILN^T; IKHLOLQNJEBS 1EJIG, HDCAS 7LINM $BEHMEEONP "LBN^TD,IGMULIC[GBMC KFDL N IEYNJEBSDL, N XLBSYGC PGMJS MJIEBE^HNW L]N^EILO UL UINHGAK 1EJIGKYBN H (ILN^E. %NQC XEQK, &L]SC MGFG ULEWGBG H (ILN^E FNINJSMC M XIGJLF, DL XTBG OLAOIG\EDGM QLIL@N, ULMBE PE@L CONBNMS O 4LMHOK ULMBGDDTE LJ 1EJIG AGWOGJNJS >GHBLONJL@L, 4EQOEQEOGN MLLX\DNHLO NW. &L]SC J\EJDL K@LOGINOGBG MJIEBS^LO N DGILQ MJLCJS AG DEE N AG EEUINOEI[ED^EO; MJIEBS^T N DGILQ DE QON@GBNMS O ULBSAK &L]SN; MBK[NBTE NDLAEF^T ULQDCBNMSNA *EFE^HLV MBLXLQT H (ILN^E UL UINHGAGDNR 1EJIG, N MGFN MJIEBS^T DGHLDE^ AGMJGONBN&L]SR OTQGJS >GHBLONJL@L, HLJLITV XTB HGADED K (ILN^T OFEMJE M MOLNFN MLLX\DNHGFN;&L]SC UINDK[QEDG XTBG KQGBNJSMC O *LOLQEONPNV FLDGMJTIS; BRXNFE^ EE HDCAS %. %. "LBN^TDAG ULJOLIMJOL OBGMJLBRXNR &L]SN N AG DEIGQEDNE OL OJLILF HITFMHLF ULWLQE XTB MLMBGD MMTDLF O 1KMJLAEIMH; 4EQOEQEO, IGMMJIN[EDDTV AG EIEMS, XTB HGADED HGH NAFEDDNH. 1EJI DGPGBUIGONJS @LMKQGIMJOLF.

"#$%$ XXXIX=$-&(%'%$*+, 1,(-$ %,#+5'"'

:,$),2A%!8)A C,)0# 6 (,06&, ($)A 2,) (! ;-#2,%++ @!YA+. & 12 MEDJCXIC 1689 @.

149

DGPGBLMS UIGOBEDNE 1EJIG, HL@QG EFK XTBL M DEXLBSYNF 17 BEJ; NFC +LGDDG UL!UIE[DEFKKULFNDGBLMS OL OMEW @IGFLJGW @LMKQGIMJOEDDTW, UL!UIE[DEFK UIN JLI[EMJOEDDTW MBKPGCWCOBCBMC LD DGILQK O ULBDLF ^GIMHLF LXBGPEDNN, UL!UIE[DEFK NFEB ULBDTV ^GIMHNV QOLI NUL!UIE[DEFK DE UINDNFGB DNHGHL@L KPGMJNC O UIGOBEDNN. *L N MGF 1EJI UL FLBLQLMJN O UEIOTEUCJS BEJ DE UINDNFGB QECJEBSDL@L KPGMJNC O UIGOBEDNN, N JGH HGH UIN FLBLQLF ^GIE DE XTBLOEBSFL[ M XLBSYNFN @LMKQGIMJOEDDTFN MULMLXDLMJCFN, JL O ZJN UEIOTE UCJS BEJ DE ONQNFDNPE@L AGFEPGJEBSDL@L DN OL ODKJIEDDEF KUIGOBEDNN, DN O QEBGW ODEYDNW.

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

1GJINGIW +LGHNF KFEI N O QKWLODLF AGOE\GDNN MOLEF KFLBCB ^GIEV LJMJGONJS UILHBCJTWEIEJNHLO!NDLOEI^EO LJ DGPGBSMJOG DGQ IKMMHNFN ULBHGFN. 'JDLMNJEBSDL NAXIGDNC EFKUIEEFDNHG UILNALYBG XLISXG FE[QK UGIJNCFN: UGIJNC DLOGC, N OL @BGOE EE FLBLQLV ̂ GIS, WLJEBGONQEJS DG UGJINGIYEMJOE UMHLOMHL@L FNJILULBNJG 4GIHEBBG, PEBLOEHG KPEDL@L, DL MJGIGCUGIJNC XLCBGMS, PJL KPEDTV GIWNEIEV XKQEJ XBG@LUINCJMJOLOGJS DLOLFK, NDLMJIGD^GF, N ULJLFKOLLIK[NBGMS UILJNO 4GIHEBBG, OTMJGOBCC MOLE@L HGDQNQGJG, HGAGDMHL@L FNJILULBNJG $QINGDG,KXE[QEDDL@L O JLF, PJL XINJSE XLILQT EMJS XL@LFEIAHGC EIEMS. 1EJI KMJKUNB MJGILV UGIJNN, N$QINGD XTB ULMJGOBED O UGJINGIWN.

Q7!68"+, (!D!-&. *L JLI[EMJOL MJGILV UGIJNN DE FL@BL XTJS UILPDL: FLBLQLV ^GIS OUNMSFGW MOLNW ULQUNMTOGBMC K[ Petrus, Piter; O UINFEIDTW XNJOGW DGPGBSDNH IKMMHLV MJLILDTHDCAS ?ELQLI -LFLQGDLOMHNV DGATOGBMC @EDEIGBNMMNFKM ?INQINW. &IEQN OLNDMHNW ULJEWMKWLUKJDTW 1EJI DE AGXTOGB MOLNW BRXNFTW HLIGXBNHLO, HLJLITE UILQLB[GB MJILNJS O1EIECMBGOBE. „*EMHLBSHL BEJ, — UNYEJ 1EJI, — NMULBDCB C MOLR LWLJK DG LAEIE1EIECMBGOMHLF; DGHLDE^ LDL MJGBL QBC FEDC JEMDL; EAQNB C DG 5KXEDMHLE LAEIL; LDL XTBLMBNYHLF FEBHL. (L@QG C IEYNBMC ONQEJS UICFL FLIE N MJGB UILMNJS ULAOLBEDNC K FGJEIN M`EAQNJSH $IWGD@EBSMHK; FDL@LHIGJDL OLAXIGDCBG LDG FDE MJLBS LUGMDTV UKJS; DL, ONQC OEBNHLE [EBGDNEFLE N DELJFEDDKR LWLJK, N DEWLJC ULAOLBNBG“.

#EJLF 1693 @LQG LD M`EAQNB O $IWGD@EBSMH, ULUBGOGB UL 7EBLFK FLIR, DGBRXLOGBMC DGNDLMJIGDDTE HLIGXBN, AGBL[NB MOLV, IKMMHNV, QIK@LV OEBEB HKUNJS O "LBBGDQNN. % 1694 @LQK,MWLILDNO FGJS, 1EJI LUCJS LJUIGONBMC O $IWGD@EBSMH, UL OLAOIG\EDNN LJHKQG QGB XLBSYLEUINFEIDLE MIG[EDNE, NAOEMJDLE ULQ NFEDEF 5L[KWLOMHL@L ULWLQG: „:LJC O JK ULIK, — UNMGB1EJI, — HGH JIKQNBNMS FT ULQ 5L[KWLOTF O 4GIMLOLV ULJEWE, DNPE@L XLBEE, HILFE N@IT, DGKFE DE XTBL; LQDGHL ZJG N@IG MJGBG UIEQOEMJDN^ER DGMJLC\E@L QEBG“. _JL DGMJLC\EE QEBL XTBULWLQ ULQ $ALO BEJLF 1695 @LQG, NXL OLVDG M JKIHGFN, DGPGJGC UIN &L]SE OMBEQMJONE MLRAG M1LBSYER, UILQLB[GBGMS. 'JUIGONO XLCINDG 7LINMG 1EJILONPG >EIEFEJEOG M XLBSYNFFLMHLOMHNF OLVMHLF N HGAGHGFN FGBLILMMNVMHNFN UILJNO 5ITFG H DNALOSCF 3DEUIG, MGF ̂ GISM QIK@NF OLVMHLF LJUIGONBMC OLQLR — 4LMHOLR!IEHLR, 'HLR N %LB@LR — QL =GIN^TDG,LJHKQG MKWNF UKJEF — QL 3LDG N 3LDLF — ODNA H $ALOK.

%LVMHL LJUIGONBLMS ULQ DGPGBSMJOLF JIEW @EDEIGBLO — "LBLONDG, #E]LIJG N "LIQLDG,HLJLITE IEYGBN QEBG OME OFEMJE, DL M ML@BGMNC „XLFXGIQNIG 1IELXIG[EDMHL@L ULBHG 1EJIG$BEHMEEOG“ — JGH DGATOGBMC ^GIS O MKWLUKJDLF OLVMHE, OL ]BLJE [E DLMNB AOGDNE H"+(,0#.

150

1LWLQ XTB DEKQGPED UL DELUTJDLMJN OL[QEV, UL DEQLMJGJHK WLILYNW ND[EDEILO: ULQHLUTUINPNDCBN XLBSYE OIEQG IKMMHNF, PEF JKIHGF, YJKIFT UIEQUINDNFGBNMS UIE[QEOIEFEDDL,XEA EQNDMJOG O QON[EDNCW. *GHLDE^ 1EJI IEYNBMC MDCJS LMGQK N OLAOIGJNJSMC O 4LMHOK O DLCXIEFEMC^E. %EBNPNE ADGFEDNJTW NMJLINPEMHNW QECJEBEV XLBEE OME@L LXDGIK[NOGEJMC UIN DEKQGPGW,HLJLITE DE UINOLQCJ NW O LJPGCDNE, DGUILJNO — KMNBNOGRJ NW QECJEBSDLMJS: O LQDK ANFK ULIGMULIC[EDNCF 1EJIG ULMJILEDL XTBL 30 OLEDDTW MKQLO O %LILDE[E; QBC DNW O 4LMHOE ^GISM]LIFNILOGB FLIMHLV ULBH, 0,.+/,%), DGADGPNO GQFNIGBLF BRXNF^G MOLE@L #E]LIJG, G@EDEIGBNMMNFKMLF MKWLUKJDL@L OLVMHG DGADGPED XTB XLCIND $BEHMEV &EFEDLONP >END.

% CDOGIE 1696 @LQG MHLDPGBMC ̂ GIS +LGDD $BEHMEEONP, LMJGONO JIEW QLPEIEV — ,HGJEINDK,$DDK N 1IGMHLOSR LJ XIGHG MOLE@L M 1IGMHLOSEV ?EQLILODLV &GBJTHLOLV, G O MBEQKR\EFFEMC^E 1EJI, JEUEIS N UL NFEDN EQNDLQEI[GODTV, LJUIGONBMC O %LILDE[, LJHKQG UNMGB: „$FT, UL UINHGAK 7L[NR H UIGQEQK DGYEFK $QGFK, O ULJE BN^G EQNF WBEX MOLV“. % GUIEBE QONDKBNMSOLVMHG NA %LILDE[G; C,)0 Q2,"8,,6 XTB K[E JEUEIS HGUNJGDLF N DGPGBSMJOLOGB LMFSR@GBEIGFN. *LOLIL[QEDDTV IKMMHNV ]BLJ UIE@IGQNB JKIE^HLFK UKJS O $ALO. 1EJI QDEFIGMULIC[GBMC LMGQLR, MGF XILMGB XLFXT; DLPS UILOLQNB DG @GBEIE, DGXBRQGC AG JKIE^HNF]BLJLF. „&EMJIN^G, — UNMGB LD ^GIEODE *GJGBSE $BEHMEEODE, — UL UNMSFK JOLEFK C H CQIGFN UKBSHGF XBNAHL DE WL[K, G LDN HL FDE WLQCJ. 1INHG[N NF, PJLX DE WLQNBN“. *E ONQC DNLJHKQGULFL\N N DGUK@GDDTE LJPGCDDLR WIGXILMJNR HGAGHLO, AGULIL[^EO N QLD^LO, GALO^T MQGBNMS19 NRBC. -GMULICQNOYNMS KHIEUBEDNEF $ALOG, 1EJI M JLI[EMJOLF OLAOIGJNBMC O 4LMHOK, HKQGO`EWGB O ULMJILEDDTE UL ZJLFK MBKPGR JINKF]GBSDTE OLILJG.

E!0#42,8)0!,%+, ";/(#%8)6#/+*. =GIS DEQLB@L LJQTWGB ULMBE $ALOG; O DGPGBE DLCXICO ^GIMHLV QKFE XTBL LUIEQEBEDL, PJLX AEFBEOBGQEBS^T QKWLODTE M 8000 HIEMJSCDMHNW QOLILO,G MOEJMHNE M 10 000 OTMJILNBN UL HLIGXBR, LMDG\EDDLFK N OLLIK[EDDLFK, G JLI@LOTE NULMGQMHNE BRQN!12 MKQLO XLFXGIQNIMHNW, OMBEQMJONE PE@L ULFE\NHN N OLJPNDDNHN QLB[DTXTBN CONJSMC O 4LMHOK QBC ML@BGYEDNC, HLFK M HEF MHBGQTOGJSMC QBC HLIGXEBSDLV ULMJILVHN,NBN, HGH JL@QG OTIG[GBNMS, HLFK M HEF XTJS O ";/(#%8)6,*; OEI]N XTBN KMJILEDT ULQ%LILDE[EF, FGMJEIG OTAOGDT NA %EDE^NN, 3GDNN, >OE^NN N "LBBGDQNN; OTXIGDL N FEMJL QBC@GOGDN DG $ALOMHLF FLIE — (G@GDIL@, UIEQULBL[ED HGDGB QBC MLEQNDEDNC %LB@N M 3LDLF (FE[QK+BLOBER N 5GFTYNDHLR); DGHLDE^, PJLX FLIMHLE QEBL KJOEIQNBLMS O IKMMHLF DGILQE, 1EJILJUIGONB 50 MJLBSDNHLO N MUGBSDNHLO O %EDE^NR, $D@BNR N "LBBGDQNR KPNJSMC MJILEDNRHLIGXBEV N KUIGOBEDNR NFN.

@%#0$<,%+, 6,2+"!.! (!8!2A8)6#. *L LJUIGOBEDNEF FLBLQTW BRQEV AG @IGDN^K KPNJSMC— FEILR, NAOEMJDLR K[E N UIE[QE, 1EJI DE FL@ L@IGDNPNJSMC. 1L UINILQE MOLEV, [G[QK\EVADGDNC N QECJEBSDLMJN, QECJEBSDLMJN ]NANPEMHLV MJLBSHL [E, MHLBSHL N QKWLODLV, 1EJI WLJEBMGF OME ONQEJS, OME KADGJS, OME MIGXLJGJS; DE FL@ LD MULHLVDL QL[NQGJSMC O 4LMHOE, ULHGULMBGDDTE AG @IGDN^K OLAOIGJCJMC LXKPEDDTE HLIGXEBSDLFK FGMJEIMJOK, N DE FL@ IGMMPNJTOGJS,PJLX ZJL LXKPEDNE OULBDE MLLJOEJMJOLOGBL E@L [EBGDNR. 3EBL XTBL MUEYDLE, 1EJI DE FL@ N DEKFEB QL[NQGJSMC, G JKJ E\E NAQGODG OLLXIG[EDNE E@L XTBL IGMUGBEDL IGMMHGAGFN L PKQEMGW^NONBNAG^NN DG /GUGQE N PEBLOEH MGFTV XBNAHNV, #E]LIJ, JLBHLOGB L DELXWLQNFLMJN QBC ̂ GICONQEJS OME ZJL MGFLFK.

% HLD^E 1696 @LQG LUIEQEBEDL: LJUIGONJS OEBNHNW N ULBDLFLPDTW ULMBLO, @EDEIGBLO#E]LIJG N "LBLONDG N QKFDL@L QSCHG %LADN^TDG, HL QOLIGF: ̂ EMGIMHLFK, GD@BNVMHLFK, QGJMHLFK,INFMHLFK, XIGDQEDXKI@MHLFK, O "LBBGDQNR N %EDE^NR; MONJG ULMLBSMHGC MLMJLCBG NA QOLICD NOLBLDJEILO, O PNMBE ULMBEQDNW DGWLQNBMC 1EJI 4NWGVBLO — MGF ̂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

151

9#.!6!0 B&"2,0#. % ]EOIGBE 1697 @LQG OME XTBL @LJLOL H LJ`EAQK OEBNHL@L ULMLBSMJOG,HL@QG ^GIS KADGB L ABLKFTYBEDNN DG MOLR [NADS =THBEIG, &LHLODNDG N 1KYHNDG. *EQGODNEFCJE[N OMHIK[NBN XKVDKR @LBLOK =THBEIG: [GIHNV UINOEI[EDE^ &L]SN ODGPGBE, LD LQND NAUEIOTW UEIEYEB DG MJLILDK 1EJIG O 1689 @LQK, DL JEUEIS, LABLXBEDDTV WLBLQDLMJSR @LMKQGIC,@LJLO XTB MT@IGJS ILBS -GANDG, ULQDCJS QLDMHNW HGAGHLO N NQJN IGALICJS 4LMHOK. *L AGLQDL M=THBEILF XTBN BRQN ADGJDTE — &LHLODND N 1KYHND, @LOLINOYNE, PJL @LMKQGIS UL@KXNB NWOMEW, ULMTBGEJ AG FLIE; XTBN HGAGHN N MJIEBS^T, HLJLITE [EBGBN, PJLX HGAGHN IGALINBN 4LMHOKM LQDL@L HLD^G, G MJIEBS^T — M QIK@L@L.

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

1INEWGOYN O "LBBGDQNR, 1EJI ULMEBNBMC O FEMJEPHE &GIQGFE, NBN /GDQGFE, @QE ULQ NFEDEF1EJIG 4NWGVBLOG AGUNMGBMC HLIGXEBSDTF UBLJDNHLF DG OEI]N. *L EFK DEQLB@L QGBN ULIGXLJGJSOOLBR: IGADEMBGMS UL &GIQGFK OEMJS, PJL FLBLQLV FLMHLOMHNV UBLJDNH MGF ^GIS, N JLBUTBRXLUTJDTW DGPGBN LHIK[GJS E@L. 1ILXTO DEQEBR O &GIQGFE, 1EJI UEIEEWGB O $FMJEIQGF,@QE M BNYHLF PEJTIE FEMC^G IGXLJGB DG OEI]N 'MJ!+DQMHLV HLFUGDNN OFEMJE M MOLNFNJLOGIN\GFN, OLBLDJEIGFN IKMMHL@L ULMLBSMJOG. 3BC KMLOEIYEDMJOLOGDNC O HLIGXEBSDLVGIWNJEHJKIE 1EJI O CDOGIE 1698 @LQG ULEWGB O $D@BNR, @QE XLBEE QOKW FEMC^EO NAKPGBHLIGXBEMJILNJEBSDLE NMHKMMJOL O @LILQHE 3EU]LIQE N UINDCB O IKMMHKR MBK[XK QL 60 IGADTWKPEDTW N FGMJEILO, FLIEWLQLO [E DGXIGB UIENFK\EMJOEDDL O "LBBGDQNN. % GUIEBE OTEWGB 1EJINA $D@BNN DGAGQ O "LBBGDQNR N LJJKQG LJUIGONBMC O %EDK; AQEMS, OACOYN M NFUEIGJLIG #ELULBSQGLXE\GDNE WBLULJGJS, PJLX UIN AGHBRPEDNN FNIG M JKIHGFN ULMBEQDNE KMJKUNBN -LMMNN OME EEAGOLEOGDNC, ̂ GIS WLJEB LJUIGONJSMC O %EDE^NR, LUCJS QBC HLIGXBEMJILNJEBSDL@L QEBG, HGH OQIK@UINYBG OEMJS L MJIEBE^HLF XKDJE, N 1EJI OFEMJL %EDE^NN ULMUEYNB O 4LMHOK.

@)0,2,="+' 4;%). &JIEBS^T, HLJLITW J\EJDL OLAXK[QGBG &L]SC H OLMMJGDNR UILJNO1EJIG O 1689 @LQK, HL@QG LDN MULHLVDL [NBN O 4LMHOE, OLAFKJNBNMS O 1698 @LQK N MJGBN AOGJS&L]SR DG ^GIMJOL, HL@QG NW MJGBN ULMTBGJS O QGBSDNE N JIKQDTE ULWLQT. 9EJTIE ULBHG,UEIEQONDKJTE NA $ALOG H @IGDN^GF BNJLOMHNF, O %EBNHNE #KHN, MNBSDL ILUJGBN: „5GHGC DGYGMBK[XG! &JIGQGEF LJ XLCI, MHNJGEFMC PEIEA DNW JIEJNV @LQ“. 'HLBL 200 PEBLOEH NA DNW KXE[GBLO 4LMHOK; OT@DGDDTE LJMRQG MLBQGJGFN, LDN OLAOIGJNBNMS O ULBHN M UNMSFLF LJ ̂ GIEODT &L]SN.„(EUEIS OGF WKQL, — UNMGBG &L]SC, — G ULMBE XKQEJ E\E WK[E, MJKUGVJE H 4LMHOE! 9JL OTMJGBN: UIL @LMKQGIC DNPE@L DE MBTYDL“.

1LQDCBLMS OLBDEDNE O ULBHGW, DGPGBN JLBHLOGJS, PJL @LMKQGIC AG FLIEF DE MJGBL, G MTDGE@L ^GIEONPG $BEHMEC WLJCJ AGQKYNJS XLCIE, DGQLXDL NQJN H 4LMHOE, UEIEXNJS XLCI, DEF^EO,IGALINJS *EFE^HKR MBLXLQK. %EMDLR NW UEIEQONDKBN O (LILUE^, LJHKQG OEBEDL HG[QLFK ULBHKAGDCJS LJQEBSDTE @LILQG, G XE@BTW LJUIGONJS O MMTBHK; JKJ MJIEBS^T LJHITJL OAXKDJLOGBNMS,AGWOGJNBN LIK[NE, UKYHN, OT@DGBN ULBHLODNHLO N HGUNJGDLO, DG NW FEMJL OTXIGBN MOLR XIGJNRN QONDKBNMS H 4LMHOE. 5 DNF DGOMJIEPK OTMJKUNBN XLCIND >END N @EDEIGB "LIQLD N 18 NRDCMLYBNMS M MJIEBS^GFN ULQ %LMHIEMEDMHNF FLDGMJTIEF (*LOTV +EIKMGBNF), DG XEIE@K +MJIT.*GUIGMDL K@LOGINOGBN NW OLEOLQT ULHLINJSMC; MJIEBS^T O LJOEJ OTPNMBCBN MOLN AGMBK@N,MJIGQGDNE O ULWLQGW, PJL UINYBN, XLCMS HDCAC -LFLQGDLOMHL@L, HLJLITV OEBEB NW ULXNJSDENAOEMJDL AG PJL, N MBTYDL, PJL H 4LMHOE NQKJ DEF^T, „ULMBEQKC XIGQLXINJNR N JGXGHK, OLOMEMLOEIYEDDLE XBG@LPEMJNC NMUILOEI[EDNE“. (L@QG OLEOLQT OEBEBN QEVMJOLOGJS GIJNBBEINN,

* 'J. %,/. Kumpan (Kumpel) — JLOGIN\, QIK@. ((0+/. «Im Werden»)

152

N ULMBE PEJTIEW AGBULO DEMJILVDGC JLBUG MJIEBS^LO, DE NFEOYNW UIEQOLQNJEBC, IGMMECBGMS OK[GME, DL ULPJN OME FCJE[DNHN XTBN UEIEBLOBEDT, DGPGBMC ILATMH, UTJHN, 130 PEBLOEH XTBLULOEYEDL, LMJGBSDTE IGMMG[EDT UL JRISFGF O IGADTW @LILQGW N FLDGMJTICW.

J!760#5,%+, C,)0# +7U7# .0#%+=&. 4E[QK JEF ̂ GIS OLAOIG\GBMC NA MOLE@L UKJEYEMJONC,DGMFLJIEOYNMS ,OILUT, DGMFLJIEOYNMS PKQEM EE ^NONBNAG^NN, M JOEIQTF DGFEIEDNEFUEIEMGQNJS ZJK ^NONBNAG^NR O -LMMNR, DL QBC ZJL@L DELXWLQNFL XTBL XBNAHLE NDEULMIEQMJOEDDLE MLLX\EDNE -LMMNN M /GUGQDLR ,OILULR; QBC ZJL@L DELXWLQNFL XTBLLMK\EMJONJS DGFEIEDNE +LGDDG IV UINLXIEMJS WLJC @GOGDS DG 7GBJNVMHLF FLIE. *G UKJN NA%EDT. O 4LMHOK, O "GBN^NN, 1EJI OMJIEJNBMC M DLOTF HLILBEF ULBSMHNF $O@KMJLF II,HKI]RIMJLF MGHMLDMHNF, N LX`CONB EFK L DGFEIEDNN MOLEF OLEOGJS M >OE^NER.

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

&XINJNEF XLILQ ULHGDPNOGBLMS M JEFN BRQSFN, HLJLITE UIEMBEQLOGBN IGMHLBSDNHLO,ULBG@GOYNW MUGMEDNE JLBSHL O MJGITW HDN@GW, MJGITW LXICQGW N ADGHGW, N O JL [E OIEFCUILOLA@BGYGBN OFEMJE M IGMHLBSDNHGFN, PJL XINJS XLILQK EMJS MFEIJDTV @IEW. 1EJI NAQGB KHGA,PJL, HJL NA MOEJMHNW BRQEV DE WLPEJ LJHGAGJSMC LJ XLILQT, JLJ QLB[ED UBGJNJS ULYBNDK. %FEMJEM XLILQLR IKMMHNE QLB[DT XTBN IGMMJGJSMC N M MJGINDDLR GANGJMHLR LQE[QLR, AGFEDNJS EELX\EEOILUEVMHLR.

@)0,2,="+' 0!7&8". 1LMBE ZJNW UEIEFED DGPGBMC MJIGYDTV MJIEBE^HNV ILATMH. 1EJILMJGBMC DEQLOLBED ILATMHLF, HLJLITV XTB UILNAOEQED >EVDTF ULQ %LMHIEMEDMHNFFLDGMJTIEF N O HLJLILF DNPE@L DE LHGAGBLMS LX KPGMJNN ^GIEODT &L]SN O QEBE. %EBEDL XTBLUINMBGJS O 4LMHOK OMEW MJIEBS^LO, IGMMG[EDDTW UL @LILQMHNF N FLDGMJTIMHNF JRISFGF,DGPGBNMS, UL LXTPGR OEHG, MJIGYDTE UTJHN; L@LOLIEDG XTBG &L]SC N MEMJIG EE ̂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

C#)";2A. 'HLDPNO ILATMH, ̂ GIS LJUIGONBMC O %LILDE[, N O E@L LJMKJMJONE KFEI #E]LIJ (O]EOIGBE 1699). 1EJI K[E DGYEB O %LILDE[E HLIGXBN, ULMJILEDDTE HKFUGDMJOGFN, N OEMDLR1699 @LQG OTUBTB 3LDLF O FLIE, G O GO@KMJE LJUKMJNB O 5LDMJGDJNDLULBS QBC FNIDTWUEIE@LOLILO ULMBG MOLE@L ;HIGND^EOG DG IKMMHLF HLIGXBE, HLJLITV LPEDS KQNONB N DGUK@GBJKILH. 1EJIK WLJEBLMS HLDPNJS ULMHLIEE OLVDK M (KI^NER, PJLX DGPGJS OLVDK M YOEQGFN, QBCOLMUBGFEDEDNC HLJLILV WBLULJGB JGH[E ADGFEDNJTV 1GJHKBS.

1GJHKBS XTB BNOLDMHNV QOLICDND. 5L@QG O >OE^NN UIN HLILBE 5GIBE XI ULMJGDLOBEDL XTBLLJLXIGJS K QOLICDMJOG OME HLILDDTE AEFBN, HLJLITFN LDL OBGQEBL UL @IGFLJE UIE[DNW HLILBEV,JL ZJL ULMJGDLOBEDNE IGMUILMJIGDNBN N DG #NOLDNR; FGBL JL@L, LJ AQEYDNW IT^GIEVULJIEXLOGBN QLHKFEDJLO, UL HLJLITF LDN OBGQEBN MOLNFN MJGILQGODNFN OLJPNDGFN N HLJLITEJIKQDL XTBL XT LJTMHGJS. #NOLDMHLE IT^GIMJOL DGPGBL MNBSDL WBLULJGJS, PJLX DE XTBL

153

HLD]NMHG^NN NFEDNV, NBN 0,-;"=++, HGH JL@QG ZJL DGATOGBN, N MGFTF IEODLMJDTF ULXLIDNHLFIT^GIMHNW UIGO CONBMC HGUNJGD 1GJHKBS, PEBLOEH M XBEMJC\NFN MULMLXDLMJCFN, LXIGALOGDDTV,NMHBRPNJEBSDL UIEQGDDTV NDJEIEMGF MOLE@L MLMBLONC, UTBHNV, IEYNJEBSDTV N DEKJLFNFTV OUIEMBEQLOGDNN IGA UIEQULBL[EDDLV ̂ EBN. &FEBLR AG\NJLR MOLE@L QEBG N QON[EDNCFN, FEIGFN,HLJLITE LD KULJIEXBCB O #NOLDNN QBC ZJLV AG\NJT, 1GJHKBS LPEDS DE ULDIGONBMC O &JLH@LBSFE,MRQG UINMLEQNDNBGMS DEDGONMJS, HLJLIKR LD KMUEB OLAXKQNJS H MEXE O IN[MHLF @EDEIGB!@KXEIDGJLIE "GMJ]EIE, KULJIEXBCOYEF OME MIEQMJOG, PJLX ULOIEQNJS EFK.

%MBEQMJONE OME@L ZJL@L 1GJHKBS XTB OTAOGD O &JLH@LBSF N UIEQGD MKQK. %NQC, PJL MKQDGCHLFNMMNC DEUIEFEDDL WLPEJ LXONDNJS E@L O @LMKQGIMJOEDDTW UIEMJKUBEDNCW, 1GJHKBS KXE[GBNA &JLH@LBSFG, @QE AGLPDL UIN@LOLINBN E@L H MFEIJDLV HGADN. 7E@BE^ MHITOGBMC LJ ULNMHLOYOEQMHL@L UIGONJEBSMJOG, UEIEEA[GC ULQ OTFTYBEDDLR ]GFNBNER NA LQDLV MJIGDT ,OILUT OQIK@KR, AGDNFGBMC DGKHGFN N LXQKFTOGB UBGD, HGH XT LMOLXLQNJS #NOLDNR LJ YOEQMHL@LOBGQTPEMJOG. _JLJ UBGD, UIEQBL[EDDTV 1GJHKBEF HLILBR ULBSMHLFK $O@KMJK, MLMJLCB O JLF,PJL 1LBSYG, -LMMNC N 3GDNC O LQDL OIEFC OLLIK[NBNMS UILJNO >OE^NN: 1LBSYG QBCOLAOIG\EDNC MEXE #N]BCDQNN N _MJBCDQNN, -LMMNC — +D@EIFGDBGDQNN N 5GIEBNN, 3GDNC QBCLOBGQEDNC "LBYJEVD!6JJLIULF, HLJLIL@L @EI^L@ XTB [EDGJ DG ILQDLV MEMJIE FLBLQL@LYOEQMHL@L HLILBC 5GIBG XII.

I#*#2! @,6,0%!' 6!'%&, (!0#<,%+, (!- I#06!F. $O@KMJ OLYEB O ONQT 1GJHKBC NLJUIGONB ULMBG O 4LMHOK KXE[QGJS 1EJIG H MLRAK UILJNO >OE^NN, UIEBS\GC OT@LQGFNUINLXIEJEDNC XGBJNVMHNW XEIE@LO. *L 1EJI DE DK[QGBMC O ZJNW KXE[QEDNCW: LD M IGQLMJSRML@BGMNBMC DG MLRA, HLJLITV MGF UIE[QE UIEQBG@GB $O@KMJK, DL LX`CONB, PJL DGPDEJ OLVDK M>OE^NER JLBSHL JL@QG, HL@QG ULFNINJMC M (KI^NER. %EMDLR 1700 @LQG HLILBN QGJMHNV NULBSMHNV DGPGBN OLVDK M >OE^NER.

% NRBE IKMMHLFK ULMBK ;HIGND^EOK KQGBLMS AGHBRPNJS FNI M JKIHGFN DG 30 BEJ: $ALO MLOMEFN MJGITFN N DLOTFN @LILQHGFN LMJGOGBMC AG -LMMNER, N HITFMHNV WGD LJHGAGBMC LJE[E@LQDTW ULFNDLH, HLJLITE QL MNW ULI LXTHDLOEDDL UINMTBGBNMS EFK NA 4LMHOT. ;ADGOYN LAGHBRPEDNN ZJL@L FNIG 18 GO@KMJG, 1EJI DG QIK@LV QEDS NAQGB FGDN]EMJ L OLVDE M YOEQGFN NQGB UINHGA OLVMHGF QON@GJSMC QBC LMGQT *GIOT. *L 1EJI OLLIK[NBMC UILJNO >OE^NN, HL@QGLXG MLRADNHG E@L, HLILBN ULBSMHNV N QGJMHNV, K[E KMUEBN ULJEIUEJS DEKQGPN. % JL OIEFC HGHQGJMHNV HLILBS MJGIGBMC LOBGQEJS "LBYJNDNER. 5GIB XII O FGE FEMC^E CONBMC ULQ MJEDGFN5LUED@G@EDG, N HLILBS QGJMHNV, PJLX MUGMJN MOLR MJLBN^K, ULQUNMGB O (IGOEDQGBE 18 GO@KMJGFNIDTV QL@LOLI, UL HLJLILFK LJHGAGBMC LJ MLRAG M -LMMNER N 1LBSYER, UINADGB DEAGONMNFLMJS"LBYJNDNN N AGUBGJNB >OE^NN OLEDDTE NAQEI[HN.

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

18(,D+ 0;88"+D 6 O+6!%++; !8%!6#%+, C,),04;0.#. %EBNPNE 1EJIG OTQEI[GBL N ZJLMJIGYDLE NMHKYEDNE. 1INDK[QEDDTV OEMJN XLISXK OL LQDL OIEFC N M OIG@LF ODEYDNF, JGHXBNMJGJEBSDL QLHGAGOYNF MOLE UIEOLMWLQMJOL, N M OIG@GFN ODKJIEDDNFN, HLJLITE OLAXK[QGBNO DGILQDTW FGMMGW DEKQLOLBSMJONE UILJNO DLOLOOEQEDNV, DE LUIGOQGDDTW, DE XBG@LMBLOEDDTW

154

KMUEWLF, 1EJI DE _ KUGB QKWLF N DEFEQBEDDL KULJIEXNB OME MIEQMJOG H XLBEE KMUEYDLFKUILQLB[EDNR OLVDT. 'XMJLCJEBSMJOG JGH[E ULFL@BN EFK, NXL 5GIB, LMJGONO @EDEIGBG>BNUUEDXGWG M DEXLBSYNF OLVMHLF QBC AG\NJT #NOLDNN, MGF LXIGJNBMC UILJNO JIEJSE@L OIG@GMOLE@L. $O@KMJG ULBSMHL@L, N LMJGBMC DG DEMHLBSHL BEJ OL OBGQEDNCW ULMBEQDE@L.

1EJI HGH DEBSAC BKPYE OLMULBSALOGBMC OIEFEDEF, „ULHG YOEQ KOCA O 1LBSYE“, UL E@LOTIG[EDNR. 1LPJN ^EBTV 1701 @LQ UILYEB O FGBLOG[DTW DGXE@GW M LXENW MJLILD; JLBSHL OQEHGXIE >EIEFEJEO DGUGB DG @BGODTE MNBT >BNUUEDXGWG N IGAXNB [NW] UIN MEBEDNN _IEMJ]EI.#EJLF 1702 @LQG >EIEFEJEO, UL[GBLOGDDTV O ]EBSQFGIYGBT AG _IEMJ]EIMHKR ULXEQK, IGAXNBOJLINPDL >BNUUEDXGWG UIN FTAE "KFEBSM@L]E, ULMBE PE@L IKMMHNE MJIGYDL LUKMJLYNBN OMROLMJLPDKR PGMJS #N]BCDQNN. -GADEMBGMS OEMJS, PJL YOEQT WLJCJ LOBGQEJS N EQNDMJOEDDLRIKMMHLR @GOGDSR DG EOILUEVMHLF FLIE — $IWGD@EBSMHLF, N 1EJI ULMUEYNB QBC E@L AG\NJT,DL MBKW LHGAGBMC BL[DTF; JL@QG 1EJI UICFL NA $IWGD@EBSMHG LJUIGONBMC H AGOEJDLV ̂ EBN MOLEV,JKQG, @QE N UIE[QE IKMMHNE OBGQEDNC MLUINHGMGBNMS M FLIEF, DL @QE JEUEIS YOEQMHNE ADGFEDGONQDEBNMS DG MJGITW IKMMHNW KHIEUBEDNCW.

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— 5LULISE N )F; ULMBEQDNVDGAOGD )FXKI@LF; O 1704 @LQK OACJT 3EIUJ N *GIOG.

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„KMJGDLOBEDG JC[HGC MBK[XG N DLOGC OEIG, OEBCJ HBGDCJSMC XLBOGDGF. -KMMHLE @LMKQGIMJOLWLJCJ IGAQEBNJS DG PEJTIE PGMJN, IKMMHNW QEON^ OMEW OTQGJS AG DEF^EO; PJLX DE QLUKMJNJS QLZJL@L, DGQLXDL OMEW DEF^EO, XLCI N L]N^EILO MLBQGJMHNW OTIKXNJS“.

$MJIGWGD^T OLBDLOGBNMS JEF XLBEE, PJL JEIUEBN LJ HLITMJLBRXNC N DGMNBSMJOEDDTWULMJKUHLO DGPGBSDTW BRQEV, LMLXEDDL UIN UEIEFEDE MJGIL@L UBGJSC DG DLOLE. 29 NRBC 1705@LQG XTBL MT@IGDL O @LILQE MJL MOGQEX NA XLCADN, PJLX DE UINYBLMS OTQGOGJS IKMMHNW QEON^ AGDEF^EO; DLPSR DG 30!E PNMBL OMUTWDKB XKDJ, FCJE[DNHN OLIOGBNMS O HIEULMJS, KXNBN OLEOLQK

155

N DEMHLBSHL L]N^EILO, ULMBGBN UINATODTE @IGFLJT HGAGHGF. 1EJI DEFEQBEDDL LJUIGONB UILJNOXKDJLO\NHLO ]EBSQFGIYGBG >EIEFEJEOG, HLJLITV LOBGQEB $MJIGWGDSR 13 FGIJG 1706 @LQGULMBE MNBSDL@L XLR.

$ FE[QK JEF DG AGUGQE 5GIB, OLMULBSALOGOYNMS ANFDNF UKJEF, XTMJIL QONDKBMC NA %GIYGOTH "ILQDL N LJIEAGB IKMMHKR GIFNR LJ FEMJ, NA HLJLITW LDG QLB[DG XTBG ULBKPGJSUILQLOLBSMJONE. *GQE[QG DG OTIKPHK LJ MLRADNHLO UILUGBG QBC IKMMHNW, ULJLFK PJL @EDEIGB>KBEDXKI@, DGPGBSMJOLOGOYNV MGHMLDMHNFN N IKMMHNFN OLVMHGFN DG @IGDN^GW 1LBSYN N&NBEANN, ULJEIUEB MNBSDLE ULIG[EDNE LJ YOEQLO UIN ?IGKYJGQJE. % HGHLF UEPGBSDLFMLMJLCDNN DGWLQNBMC O ZJL OIEFC 1EJI, ONQDL NA E@L UNMEF. „7L[E, — UNYEJ LD (OEMDLR 1706@LQG, UEIEQ #GAGIEOTF OLMHIEMEDSEF), — UINXGOS JC[EMJN O DGYK PGYHK OEMLO, ULJLFK PJLXEA ZJL@L LDG UEIEOEMNJSMC DE FL[EJ. 4T OFEMJE M UINXBN[GR\NFMC #GAGIEF O GQMHLV MEV@LIEMJN DGWLQNFMC. 3GV, 7L[E, OLMHIEMDKJS M DNF!“ *L, MLADGOGC OMR AGJIKQDNJEBSDLMJS MOLE@LULBL[EDNC, 1EJI DE LJPGNOGBMC: LD ULMBGB O "ILQDL UINHGA MOLNF OLVMHGF LJMJKUNJS, UINPEFQGB ULQILXDLE DGMJGOBEDNE, HGH XEMUIEUCJMJOEDDL MLOEIYNJS ZJL LJMJKUBEDNE, N XBG@LQGICUBGDK 1EJIG GIFNC IKMMHGC QLMJN@BG 5NEOG ULPJN XEA ULJEIS. 5GIB, LMJGOC BNJLOMHNE XLBLJG,LXIGJNBMC LUCJS DG AGUGQ N OLYEB O &GHMLDNR, PJLX AQEMS, O DGMBEQMJOEDDTW OBGQEDNCW $O@KMJG,DGDEMJN EFK IEYNJEBSDTV KQGI.

-GMPEJ 5GIBG XTB OEIED: PJLX MUGMJN &GHMLDNR, $O@KMJ O MEDJCXIE 1706 @LQG AGHBRPNB MYOEQMHNF HLILBEF FNI O $BSJIGDYJEQJE, UL HLJLILFK LJHGAGBMC LJ ULBSMHL@L UIEMJLBG O ULBSAK&JGDNMBGOG #E\NDMHL@L, LJHGAGBMC LJ MLRAG M -LMMNER N DE ULMJTQNBMC OTQGJS YOEQGF1GJHKBC, HLJLIL@L 5GIB OEBEB HLBEMLOGJS HGH NAFEDDNHG. $O@KMJ AGHBRPNB ZJLJ FNI JGVHLF LJ1EJIG N QG[E DGWLQNBMC UIN OLVMHE 4EDYNHLOG, HL@QG ZJLJ BRXNFE^ 1EJIG 18 LHJCXIC IGAXNBYOEQMHL@L @EDEIGBG 4GIQE]EBSQG UIN 5GBNYE.

E#02 (0+42+<#,)8$ " 0;88"+/ .0#%+=#/; G;2#6+%8"+' 4;%). 1LMBE $BSJIGDYJEQJMHL@LFNIG K 5GIBG LMJGOGBMC JLBSHL LQND DEUINCJEBS —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

*L O ZJL IEYNJEBSDLE OIEFC, HL@QG -LMMNC QLB[DG XTBG DGUICPS OME MOLN MNBT QBC MJIGYDLVXLISXT, OMUTWDKBL MNBSDLE HGAG^HLE OLAFK\EDNE DG 3LDK OILQE IGANDMHL@L. %IEFC 1EJIG,HLJLILE DGF JEUEIS NAQGBN UIEQMJGOBCEJMC JGHNF XBEMJC\NF, XTBL LQDNF NA MGFTW JC[EBTWOIEFED QBC IKMMHL@L DGILQG: QBC OEQEDNC UILQLB[NJEBSDLV N JIKQDLV OLVDT N OFEMJE QBC DLOTWKPIE[QEDNV JIEXLOGBNMS XLBSYNE UL[EIJOLOGDNC, G MIEQMJOG MJIGDT XTBN MHKQDT; JC[HN XTBNIEHIKJMHNE DGXLIT, DGBL@N QEDE[DTE, N OLJ QBC NAXGOBEDNC LJ JEW N LJ QIK@NW JLBUT DGILQGXE[GBN UL MJGILFK LXTPGR DG 3LD, H HGAGHGF, OMBEQMJONE PE@L LMJGOYNFMC, IGAKFEEJMC,MJGDLONBLMS E\E JC@LMJDEE. 1EJI DE FL@ MFLJIEJS DG ZJL IGODLQKYDL N O HLD^E 1707 @LQGLJUIGONB ULBHLODNHG HDCAC 6INC 3LB@LIKHL@L M HLFGDQLR DG 3LD LJTMHNOGJS XE@BE^LO NOTMTBGJS DG UIE[DNE [NBN\G. 3LB@LIKHNV LJTMHGB 3000 XE@BTW, DL O ZJL OIEFC FE[QK HGAGHGFNDGPGBG WLQNJS @IGFLJG M KOE\GDNEF DE QLUKMHGJS 3LB@LIKHL@L QL NMULBDEDNC E@L DGHGAG N XNJSMT\NHLO.

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

156

OMEW LJ NMJNDDLV WINMJNGDMHLV OEIT. &LXIGOYN LHLBL MEXC XLBSYKR JLBUK @LBKJOEDDTW,7KBGOND IGAXNB ^GIMHLE OLVMHL N LOBGQEB @BGODTF @LILQLF QLDMHNW HGAGHLO — 9EIHGMMHLF,@QE HGADNB GJGFGDG 4GHMNFLOG M UILPNFN MJGIYNDGFN N MGF UILOLA@BGYED XTB GJGFGDLF.

4E[QK JEF QIK@NE DGPGBSDNHN FCJE[DNPEMHNW YGEH, *EHIGMLO, :LWBGP, QEVMJOLOGBN UL%LB@E, L@IGXNBN &GIGJLO, =GIN^TD, 5GFTYND; JLOGIN\ NW "LBTV OTIEAGB &KFMHNV ULBH NIGMMTBGB OLAFKJNJEBSDTE @IGFLJT. „*GF QL PEIDN QEBG DEJ, — UNMGB LD, — DGF QEBL QL XLCI,G OT, @LBKQSXG, OME NQNJE NAL OMEW @LILQLO HLDDTE N UEYNE, DG@NE N XLMTE: XKQKJ K OGM N HLDN,N IK[SC, N UBGJSC, N QEDE[DLE [GBLOGDSE“. %LBDEDNE IGMUILMJIGDNBLMS K[E QL (GFXLOG. *LJLI[EMJOL 7KBGONDG XTBL DEUILQLB[NJEBSDL: JLOGIN\ E@L 3IGDTV ULJEIUEB ULIG[EDNE LJ^GIMHNW OLVMH N UL@NX O XNJOE; QIK@LV LJICQ FCJE[DNHLO IGAXNJ XTB ULQ $ALOLF, N FE[QK JEF@BGODTV UIEQOLQNJEBS OLVMH UIGONJEBSMJOG HDCAS %GMNBNV %BGQNFNILONP 3LB@LIKHNV (XIGJKXNJL@L 7KBGONDTF) UINXBN[GBMC H 9EIHGMMHK. 1ILJNODTE 7KBGONDK HGAGHN OACBN JEUEIS MNBKN LMGQNBN E@L O E@L QLFE; 7KBGOND MDGPGBG AG\N\GBMC, DL ULJLF, ONQC DEOLAFL[DLMJSMLUILJNOBEDNC, AGMJIEBNBMC (O NRBE). 9EIHGMMH MQGBMC 3LB@LIKHLFK, DL XKDJ DE UIEHIGJNBMCIGDEE DLCXIC, ULJLFK PJL DGQLXDL XTBL KUIGONJSMC E\E M *EHIGMLOTF N "LBTF, QEVMJOLOGOYNFNDG %EIWDEF 3LDK N DG 3LD^E; *EHIGMLO UINDK[QED XTB XE[GJS DG 5KXGDS M 2000 HGAGHLO N JGFULQQGBMC HITFMHLFK WGDK, "LBTV XE[GB, ULJEIUEO [EMJLHLE ULIG[EDNE. 3LB@LIKHNV NMJIEXNBQL LMDLOGDNC DEULHLIDTE MJGDN^T: „@BGODTW XKDJLO\NHLO N ULVFGDDTW NAFEDDNHLO, N O UILPNWRIJGW LJ QEOCJN QEMCJL@L OEYGBN, N LDTW OMEW DG UBLJGW ONMC\NW UBTJS UL IEHGF UKMHGBN, PEFUIEK[GMDTV MJIGW OMEFK 3LDK DGOEQED, N JEF DGNUGPE KMFNIEDT“.

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— OME AGUGMT, HLJLITE XTBN JGH OG[DTQBC 5GIBG. „/QEMS UEIOGC MLBQGJMHGC UILXG XTBG“, UL MBLOGF 1EJIG, ULJLFK PJL AQEMS O UEIOTVIGA IKMMHNE ULXEQNBN YOEQLO, MIG[GCMS M DNFN O IGODLF PNMBE.

5GIB [EIJOLOGB OLVMHLF #EOED@GKUJG N AGUGMGFN, JLILUCMS O 4GBLILMMNR. 1LMBE 7L@QGDG:FEBSDN^HL@L DE XTBL DN LQDL@L @EJFGDG O 4GBLILMMNN, HLJLITV XT MULHLVDL HLDPNB [NADSMOLR O @EJFGDMHLF QLMJLNDMJOE. =GIS $BEHMEV 4NWGVBLONP DE OEINB QLDLMGF DG %T@LOMHL@L;1KYHGIS UGB [EIJOLR ZJL@L DEOEINC, N %T@LOMHNV NAFEDNB, 6INV :FEBSDN^HNV NAFEDNB,7IRWLOE^HNV NAFEDNB, 4DL@L@IEYDTV XTB LXONDED O NAFEDE MOLNFN N HLDPNB [NADS MOLR OMMTBHE; &GFLVBLONP JGH[E XTB LXONDED MOLNFN N NFEB JK [E KPGMJS. =GIS $BEHMEV DE ULOEINBQLDLMGF DG %T@LOMHL@L N QLB[ED XTB IGMHGCJSMC O MOLEF DEOEINN; O QEBE 4DL@L@IEYDL@L N&GFLVBLONPG FLMHLOMHLE UIGONJEBSMJOL ULOEINBL LXONDEDNCF — N OLJ ULYBN [GBLXT, PJLQLDLMT XTBN DEMUIGOEQBNOT, PJL UIGONJEBSMJOL DGHGAGBL OEIDTW MBK@ MOLNW O K@LQK OIG@GF NW./GJIKQDNJEBSDL XTBL ULBL[EDNE FLMHLOMHL@L UIGONJEBSMJOG LJDLMNJEBSDL @EJFGDLO; HIGVDEAGJIKQDNJEBSDL XTBL ULBL[EDNE MGFNW @EJFGDLO; @EJFGD OTXNIGBMC NBN OTHINHNOGBMC DGYKFDLV IGQE JLBULR MOLNW UINOEI[ED^EO, OACOYNW OEIW, DL MLUEIDNHN, OIG@N E@L, ULMBE ZJL@LNAXIGDNC NMHGBN OMEW MIEQMJO OIEQNJS @EJFGDK, NAXIGDDLFK UILJNO NW [EBGDNC, PJLXUIEQLWIGDNJS MEXC LJ ABLXT OIG@LO, @EJFGD LXTHDLOEDDL LHIK[GB MEXC DGEFDLR MJIG[ER,MLMJGOBEDDLR NA BRQEV OMCHL@L ILQG, PK[EAEF^EO, HLJLITE OLAXK[QGBN UILJNO MEXC DEDGONMJSFGBLILMMNCD; DE NFEC OLAFL[DLMJN QEVMJOLOGJS UILJNO @EJFGDG DGMNBNEF, OIG@N MJGIGBNMSLXDEMJN E@L O 4LMHOE, OTMJGONJS NAFEDDNHLF UIEQ ^GIEF.

"EJFGD DGWLQNBMC FE[QK QOKW L@DEV: FE[QK JIEXLOGDNCFN UIGONJEBSMJOG FLMHLOMHL@L,HLJLILE WLJEBL, PJLX 4GBLILMMNC KPGMJOLOGBG O LX\EV [NADN @LMKQGIMJOG, NMULBDCBG

157

LXCAGDDLMJN, LQNDGHNE ML OMEFN QIK@NFN PGMJCFN DGILQLDGMEBEDNC, N FE[QK JIEXLOGDNCFNHGAGPEMJOG, HLJLILE WLJEBL XTJS HGH FL[DL XLBEE DEAGONMNFTF LJ @LMKQGIMJOG, NMULBDCJS HGHFL[DL FEDEE LXCAGDDLMJEV, NF DGBG@GEFTW. % JGHLF ULBL[EDNN XTB N UIEEFDNH &GFLVBLONPG,+OGD &JEUGDLONP 4GAEUG, MJGINH PIEAOTPGVDL KFDTV, BLOHNV, LXIGALOGDDTV, UINCJDTV@LOLIKD O LX\EMJOE. 1EJI LPEDS BRXNB E@L N OULBDE EFK QLOEICB, DEMFLJIC DG JL PJL DG DE@LXTB ̂ EBTV ICQ QLDLMLO O NAFEDE; QLDLMT ZJN UL MOLEV DEQLHGAGDDLMJN JLBSHL KJOEI[QGBN 1EJIGO JLV FTMBN, PJL OEIDTV EFK @EJFGD NFEEJ FDL@L OIG@LO. 3EVMJONJEBSDL, ULHG YOEQMHNV HLILBSXTB QGBEHL, MJIGDDL XTBL XT QKFGJS, PJL KFDTV 4GAEUG AGWLPEJ NAFEDNJS IKMMHLFK ^GIR.

*L LXMJLCJEBSMJOG UEIEFEDNBNMS: ULXEQLDLMDTV 5GIB UINXBN[GBMC H IKMMHNF @IGDN^GF M^EBSR AGHBRPNJS FNI O 4LMHOE, N MGF 1EJI DE MPNJGB QLMJN[EDNE ZJLV ^EBN DEOLAFL[DTF,NXL ULMBGB UINHGA KHIEUBCJS 4LMHOK. &JGITV 4GAEUG DE FL@ UIELQLBEJS NMHKYEDNC N, ULBG@GCDEOEILCJDTF, PJLX 1EJI M MOLNF DELUTJDTF OLVMHLF OTYEB ULXEQNJEBEF NA XLISXT, AGOEBUEIE@LOLIT M 5GIBLF N DLOTF HLILBEF ULBSMHNF &JGDNMBGOLF #E\NDMHNF. 3LDLM DE AGFEQBNB:@EDEIGBSDTV MKQSC 5LPKXEV UINMBGB FLDGWG O 4LMHOK M NAOEMJNEF, PJL @EJFGD WLPEJ NAFEDNJS,UEIEQGJSMC BCWGF; 1EJI DE LXIGJNB DNHGHL@L ODNFGDNC DG QLDLM, O HLJLILF ONQEB JLBSHL F\EDNE5LPKXEC AG BNPDKR LXNQK, DGDEMEDDKR EFK 4GAEULR, NXL 5LPKXEV DE KFEB MFLBPGJS LX ZJLVLXNQE.

% DGPGBE 1708 @LQG 5LPKXEV ULOJLINB QLDLM OFEMJE M XTOYNF ULBJGOMHNF ULBHLODNHLF+MHILR. 1LOJLIEDNE QLDLMG, ULQLXDL UIE[DNF DE ULQHIEUBEDDL@L DNHGHNFN QLHGAGJEBSMJOGFN,DGOEBL 1EJIG DG FTMBS, PJL NAFEDCEJ DE 4GAEUG, DL 5LPKXEV M JLOGIN\GFN, HLJLITF WLPEJMCMOEI@DKJS OEIDL@L @EJFGDG, PJLX AGOEMJN MFKJK O 4GBLILMMNN. 5LPKXEV M +MHILR XTBN OTAOGDTO %NJEXMH, @QE ULQGBN DLOTV, UILMJIGDMJOEDDTV, DL QKIDL DGUNMGDDTV QLDLM. 4E[QK UILPNF,5LPKXEV QLDLMNB, PJL HL@QG 4GAEUG XTB ULJIEOL[ED NAOEMJNEF L MHLILF UINEAQE @LMKQGIC, JLMLXIGB OLLIK[EDDTW BRQEV; HLDEPDL, UNMGB 5LPKXEV, 4GAEUG UIN ZJLF NFEB DGFEIEDNELJMJIEBNOGJSMC LJ @LMKQGIC. +MHIG LX`CONB, PJL 4GAEUG NFEB DGFEIEDNE UIN ZJLF KXNJS@LMKQGIC NBN OTQGJS DEUINCJEBR N PJL LD. +MHIG, MBTYGB ZJL LJ 5LPKXEC, DL 5LPKXEV DG LPDLVMJGOHE M +MHILR LJIEHMC, PJL DNHL@QG DE @LOLINB EFK L DGFEIEDNN @EJFGDG ULMC@DKJS DG [NADS@LMKQGIC; +MHIG MMTBGBMC DG [EDK 5LPKXEC, MONQEJEBSDN^K IGA@LOLIG, 5LPKXEV DE UINADGOGBMC.% JL OIEFC UIN JGHNW LXMJLCJEBSMJOGW KULJIEXBCBGMS UTJHG. +MHIG DG UTJHE MBL[NB MOLRONDK DG 5LPKXEC, HLJLIL@L LXONDCB O AG@LOLIE M IGADTFN BN^GFN QBC DNAOEI[EDNC 4GAEUT, G5LPKXEV DG UTJHE LX`CONB, PJL QLDLMNB DG @EJFGDG EQNDMJOEDDL UL ABLXE, DE ADGC AG DNF DNHGHLVNAFEDT. 3EBL UL!JL@QGYDEFK XTBL IEYEDL: +MHIG N 5LPKXEV XTBN OTQGDT 4GAEUE N O NRBE1708 @LQG HGADEDT.

*G ZJLJ IGA 4GAEUG NAXGONBMC LJ XEQT, DL ULBL[EDNE E@L AGJIKQDCBLMS OME XLBEE N XLBEE,ULJLFK PJL LD MQEBGB NA MEXC N@IKYHK LXMJLCJEBSMJO, OLEDDL@L MPGMJSC, XTB MBGXTV FE[QKQOKFC XLIR\NFNMC MNBSDTFN. +A XLCADN UEIEQ ULXEQLDLMDTF 5GIBLF LD OLYEB M DNF OMDLYEDNC, DL O JL [E OIEFC DE MFEB LJBL[NJSMC LJ 1EJIG, NXL JLBSHL OMJKUBEDNE YOEQLO O;HIGNDK FL@BL MUGMJN E@L LJ @DEOG ̂ GIMHL@L. >OEQMHLFK HLILBR LD QLB[ED XTB LXE\GJS ULFL\SHGAGHLO, G FE[QK JEF DE MFEB LJHITJSMC HGAGHGF, DE MFEB CODL ULQ@LOGINOGJS NW DG YOEQMHKRMJLILDK. :NJILMJS, UINJOLIMJOL LMJGOGBNMS QBC 4GAEUT EQNDMJOEDDTFN MIEQMJOGFN OTUKJGJSMCHGH!DNXKQS NA AGJIKQDNJEBSDL@L ULBL[EDNC. 9JLX DE DGPGBSMJOLOGJS OLVMHLF N DE NQJN JKQG,HKQG ^GIS UINHG[EJ, LD UINJOLINBMC LJPGCDDL XLBSDTF; DL HL@QG 5GIB OMJKUNB O ;HIGNDK,4GAEUG OTAQLILOEB, QONDKBMC M DEXLBSYNF LJICQLF UIEQGDDL@L EFK OLVMHG, UEIEUIGONBMC PEIEA3EMDK, 26 LHJCXIC LX`CONB MOLEFK LJICQK LX NAFEDE, 29!@L MLEQNDNBMC M 5GIBLF.

1LBKPNO NAOEMJNE LX KWLQE 4GAEUT, 1EJI NAQGB FGDN]EMJ M NAOE\EDNEF, PJL @EJFGD NAFEDNBN AGHBRPNB QL@LOLI M 5GIBLF N &JGDNMBGOLF #E\NDMHNF, PJLX 4GBLILMMNR ULIGXLJNJS UL!UIE[DEFK ULBCHGF, G ^EIHON 7L[NV N MOCJTE FLDGMJTIN LJQGJS O KDNR. *L 1EJI QEVMJOLOGBDE LQDNFN FGDN]EMJGFN: LD QONDKB 4EDYNHLOG H 7GJKINDK, N ZJG MJLBN^G @EJFGDMHGC XTBGOACJG UINMJKULF N IGALIEDG, ULMBE PE@L 6 DLCXIC O (BKWLOE MLXIGBGMS HGAG^HGC IGQG, DG HLJLILVXTB NAXIGD @EJFGD MJGILQKXMHNV ULBHLODNH +OGD +BSNP &HLILUGQMHNV, 12 DLCXIC O "BKWLOE

158

FGBLILMMNVMHLE QKWLOEDMJOL, G O FLMHLOMHLF ;MUEDMHLF MLXLIE OEBNHLILMMNVMHLE UIEQGBL4GAEUK UILHBCJNR, N PKPEBL E@L XTBL ULOEYEDL UGBGPLF. *LOTV @EJFGD &HLILUGQMHNV OTQGBKDNOEIMGB, O HLJLILF MUIGYNOGB FGBLILMMNCD: „9E@L FL[DL L[NQGJS DGF, UIGOLMBGODTFWINMJNGDGF, LJ HLILBC YOEQMHL@L, PK[EAEF^G NDLOEIDL@L? ,MBN XT QG[E LD N WLJEB AG\N\GJSDGM, JL HGH LD FL[EJ ZJL MQEBGJS NA JGHLV QGBN, NA!AG 7GBJNVMHL@L FLIC? + HGH LD FL[EJ XTJSAG\NJDNHLF ^EIHOEV DGYNW, XKQKPN NW UILJNODNHLF?“

_JL LXIG\EDNE H AQIGOLFK MFTMBK DGILQG DE FL@BL LMJGJSMC XEA QEVMJONC, N YOEQT OFEMJLL[NQGEFLV ULFL\N OMJIEJNBN O 4GBLILMMNN DGILQDKR OLVDK: HIEMJSCDE DGUGQGBN OIGMUBLWDG YOEQMHNE LJICQT, KOLQNBN K DEUINCJEBC BLYGQEV, UICJGBN LJ DE@L M`EMJDTE UINUGMT.1LBHLODNHN $ULMJLB N "GBG@GD ULHNDKBN 4GAEUK N UEIEYBN H ^GIR; MGF 4GAEUG, ONQC, PJLLXFGDKBMC O MOLNW IGMPEJGW, PJL 5GIBK JIKQDL XKQEJ AGHBRPNJS FNI O 4LMHOE, AGOEB MDLYEDNCM 1EJILF, LXE\GC LHGAGJS EFK OG[DKR KMBK@K DGMPEJ YOEQMHL@L HLILBC; 1EJI UINDCBUIEQBL[EDNE N LXE\GB ULBDLE AGXOEDNE UILYEQYE@L, DL 4GAEUG DE DGYEB MIEQMJO LHGAGJSEFK OG[DLV KMBK@N N LMJGBMC UIN HLILBE.

C!2)#68"#$ 4+)6# + ;8(,D 0;88"+D 6 (0+4#2)+'8"+D !42#8)$D. 4GBL ULBKPNB ULFL\N5GIB LJ MLRADNHG MOLE@L 4GAEUT, G FE[QK JEF DG ULFL\S H IKMMHNF CONBGMS FL@K\EMJOEDDGCMLRADN^G, MJIGYDL WLBLQDGC ANFG, — JGH, PJL UJN^T UGQGBN DG BEJK; QLMJGOGBLMS N IKMMHNF LJZJLV MLRADN^T, DL YOEQT MJIGQGBN @LIGAQL XLBSYE, ULJLFK PJL DE NFEBN JEUBLV LQE[QT NLXKON, N H OEMDE 1709 @LQG K 5GIBG LMJGOGBLMS DE XLBEE 30 000 OLVMHG, HLJLILE LD IGMULBL[NBFE[QK IEHGFN 1MEBLF N %LIMHBLR M @BGODLR HOGIJNILR O 7KQN\E, H MEOEIK LJ 1LBJGOT. (\EJDL5GIB [QGB ULFL\N NA (KI^NN N 1LBSYN; JLBSHL LQDN AGULIL[^T MLEQNDNBNMS ML YOEQGFN, DL14 FGC MEPG NW XTBG OACJG ^GIMHNFN OLVMHGFN.

,\E UIE[QE, O HLD^E GUIEBC, 5GIB LMGQNB 1LBJGOK; XEAKMUEYDGC LMGQG QBNBGMS M BNYHLFFEMC^; 4 NRDC 1EJI UINEWGB H MOLEFK OLVMHK, HLJLILE XTBL IGMULBL[EDL DG BEOLV MJLILDE%LIMHBT N LJQEBCBLMS LJ 1LBJGOT DEUILWLQNFTFN XLBLJGFN. 9JLX MUGMJN @LILQ, DE FL@YNVAG\N\GJSMC, 1EJI IEYNBMC DGUGMJS DG DEUINCJEBC N UEIEUIGONBMC PEIEA %LIMHBK; 5GIB 27NRDC QONDKBMC H DEFK DGOMJIEPK, O PEJTIE PGMG KJIG DGPGBMC XLV N O 11 PGMLO HLDPNBMCMLOEIYEDDTF ULIG[EDNEF YOEQLO. 5GIB EQOG KMUEB NAXE[GJS UBEDG: LD M 4GAEULR N MDEXLBSYNF PNMBLF YOEQLO N AGULIL[^EO UEIEUIGONBMC AG 3DEUI N DGUIGONB UKJS H JKIE^HLV@IGDN^E, DL LMJGBSDLE YOEQMHLE OLVMHL ULQ DGPGBSMJOLF #EOED@GKUJG UINDK[QEDL XTBL MQGJSMC4EDYNHLOK. 5GIB XII LMJGDLONBMC O 7EDQEIGW, LJQGBMC ULQ ULHILONJEBSMJOL (KI^NN N DGPGBMJGIGJSMC, PJLX OLAXKQNJS ZJK QEI[GOK H OLVDE M -LMMNER; 4GAEUG KFEI PEIEA QOG FEMC^G ULUINXTJNN O 7EDQEIT.

1LBJGOMHLR XNJOLR MLHIKYEDL XTBL FL@K\EMJOL >OE^NN, HLJLIGC UEIOEDMJOLOGBG DGMEOEIE ,OILUT ULMBE JINQ^GJNBEJDEV OLVDT; EE FEMJL AGMJKUNBG -LMMNC. 3L 1LBJGOMHLV XNJOT(UIEMBGODLV ONHJLINN, „IKMMHL@L OLMHIEMEDNC“, HGH DGATOGBN EE MLOIEFEDDNHN) @BGODGCNMJLINPEMHGC ILBS UINDGQBE[GBG AGUGQDTF EOILUEVMHNF DGILQGF UBEFEDN @EIFGDMHL@L NILFGDMHL@L; M 1LBJGOMHLV XNJOT OTMJKUGEJ DG NMJLINPEMHKR M^EDK %LMJLPDGC ,OILUG O BN^E-LMMNN; O EE [E BN^E ULBKPGEJ OG[DLE ADGPEDNE N UBEFC MBGOCDMHLE. %ME ULXE[QEDDLE 5GIBLFULQDCBL JEUEIS @LBLOK: HKI]RIMJ MGHMLDMHNV N HLILBS QGJMHNV MUEYNBN IGALIOGJS FNI M>OE^NER; &JGDNMBGO #E\NDMHNV DE FL@ XEA 5GIBG 3EI[GJSMC O 1LBSYE N QLB[ED XTB OTEWGJSO 1LFEIGDNR; $O@KMJ LUCJS AGDCB UIEMJLB ULBSMHNV.

"BGODGC M^EDG QEVMJONC MDLOG UEIEDEMBGMS DG XEIE@G 7GBJNVMHL@L FLIC: -N@G, 3NDGFRDQE,1EIDGK, -EOEBS, %TXLI@, 5EHM@LBSF XTBN OACJT IKMMHNFN O 1710 @LQK; JL@QG [E 1EJI OTQGBUBEFCDDN^K MOLR $DDK +LGDDLODK AG @EI^L@G HKIBCDQMHL@L. *L O 1711 @LQK 1EJI QLB[ED XTBULHNDKJS &EOEI, ULJLFK PJL 5GIBK XII N ]IGD^KAMHLFK ULMBK KQGBLMS ULQDCJS UILJNO DE@L(KI^NR.

J!'%# );0,="#$. ;ADGOYN L AGHBRPEDNN ULMBG MOLE@L O &EFNXGYEDDTV AGFLH, 1EJI ODGPGBE 1711 @LQG DGPGB @LJLONJSMC H OLVDE; UIN ZJLF K DE@L XTB XBEMJC\NV UBGD UILDNHDKJS OMEIQ^E JKIE^HNW OBGQEDNV M ULFL\SR EQNDLOEIDL@L N XLBSYER PGMJSR EQNDLUBEFEDDL@L

159

DGILQLDGMEBEDNC. 4LBQGOGDE, OLBLWN, MEIXT, PEIDL@LI^T LXE\GBN EFK ULFL\S, $O@KMJULBSMHNV JGH[E LXCAGBMC OTMJGONJS 30000 OLVMHG, JGH PJL PNMBL LQDNW MLRADNHLO QLB[DL XTBLUILMJNIGJSMC QL 90 000, QG IKMMHNW XTBL 40000. 1EJI ULAOLBNB MEXE KOBEPSMC ZJNFN LXE\GDNCFNN ULUGB O JGHLE [E ULBL[EDNE, O HGHLF DEQGODL 5GIB XII DGWLQNBMC O 4GBLILMMNN. 1EJI YEB O4LBQGONR PEIEA MJEUS O BEJDNV ADLV, NMJLFNOYNV E@L OLVMHL; FLBQGOMHNV @LMULQGIS 5GDJEFNILXE\GB UIN@LJLONJS AGUGMT QBC IKMMHNW, DL, HGH MBGXTV FE[QK QOKFC MNBSDTFN, MDGPGBG WNJINB,XLCMS JKILH, UINJOLINBMC OEIDTF MKBJGDK N LX`CONB MEXC AG -LMMNR JLBSHL JL@QG, HL@QGUEIEQLOTE OLVMHG ^GIMHNE ULQLYBN H )MMGF.

3GBEHL DE OME OEBSFL[N FLBQGOMHNE ULMBEQLOGBN E@L UINFEIK, N UINMLEQNDEDNE 5GDJEFNIG,WLJC „PEBLOEHG AEBL IGAKFDL@L N O MLOEJGW MULMLXDL@L“, JGH [E FGBL ULFL@BL 1EJIK, HGH UIE[QEUINMLEQNDEDNE 4GAEUT FGBL ULFL@BL 5GIBK; AGUGMT DE XTBN UIN@LJLOBEDT, N @LMULQGISOGBGWMHNV 7IGDHLOGD OLUIEHN MOLEFK LXE\GDNR MLEQNDNBMC M JKIHGFN, HLJLITE ULQDGPGBSMJOLF OEBNHL@L ONANIC K[E UEIEYBN 3KDGV. 9 NRBC DG XEIE@K IEHN 1IKJG 1EJI M 38000OLVMHG XTB LHIK[ED JKIHGFN, HLJLITW XTBL QL 200000. *GUGQEDNC JKILH XTBN LJXNJT MXLBSYNF KILDLF QBC DNW; DEMFLJIC DG JL, ULBL[EDNE IKMMHL@L OLVMHG, DE NFEOYE@L M`EMJDTWUINUGMLO N LJIEAGDDL@L LJ OLQT, XTBL LJPGCDDLE. *G OLEDDLF MLOEJE XTBL IEYEDL UIEQBL[NJSFNI ONANIR, N JLJ ML@BGMNBMC UINDCJS ZJL UIEQBL[EDNE, ULJLFK PJL, M LQDLV MJLILDT, CDTPGITOLBDLOGBNMS N DE WLJEBN MIG[GJSMC M IKMMHNFN, WIGXILMJS HLJLITW DEQGODL NMUTJGBN; M QIK@LV— UINYBL NAOEMJNE, PJL IKMMHNV @EDEIGB -EDDE, LJIC[EDDTV 1EJILF, OACB 7IGNBLO N @ILANBIGAIKYNJS FLMJ DG 3KDGE.

*L KMBLONC FNIG, IGAKFEEJMC, DE FL@BN XTJS OT@LQDT QBC 1EJIG: LD QLB[ED XTB OLAOIGJNJSJKIHGF $ALO N JIN ULMJILEDDTE NF HIEULMJN, LXCAGBMC DE OFEYNOGJSMC O QEBG 1LBSYN N QGJS5GIBK XII MOLXLQDTV UILEAQ O HLILBEOMJOL. ;OEQLFBCC &EDGJ L AGHBRPEDNN FNIG, 1EJI UNMGB:„:LJC ZJL QEBL N DE XEA UEPGBN, ULJLFK PJL QLB[DT BNYNJSMC @LILQLO, DG HLJLITE MJLBSHLJIKQG N KXTJHLO ULBL[EDL; LQDGHL QKFGR, PJL ZJNF BNYEDNEF UINDEMEJMC OEBNHLE KHIEUBEDNEQIK@LV MJLILDT, HLJLIGC DGF DEMIGODEDDL UINXTBSDEE“.

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

% 1714 @LQK 25 NRBC 1EJI IGAXNB YOEQMHNV ]BLJ UIN "GD@KQE N AGDCB LMJILO $BGDQ; DGYOEQLO DGUGB MNBSDTV MJIGW: OME OLVMHG, HGHNE JLBSHL FL[DL XTBL MLXIGJS, MJCDKBNMS QBCAG\NJT &JLH@LBSFG, FE[QK HLJLITF N $BGDQLF JLBSHL 15 FNBS IGMMJLCDNC, JL@QG HGH AGDCJNEF*EVYBLJG QLHLDPEDL XTBL AGOLEOGDNE ?NDBCDQNN.

1EJI OME XLBEE N XLBEE KHIEUBCBMC DG OLMJLPDTW XEIE@GW 7GBJNVMHL@L FLIC N DGPNDGB@ILANJS MGFLV >OE^NN, G 5GIB ULDGUIGMDK JIGJNB OIEFC O (KI^NN, MJGIGCMS LUCJS ULQDCJSMKBJGDG UILJNO ^GIC. *GHLDE^ O DLCXIE 1714 @LQG 5GIB, UILXIGOYNMS PEIEA %ED@INR N"EIFGDNR, CONBMC O >JIGBSAKDQE, LMG[QEDDLF MLRADNHGFN, PNMBL HLJLITW KOEBNPNBLMS E\E1IKMMNER N "GDDLOEILF. *L E@L UINMKJMJONE DE MUGMBL ZJL@L @LILQG O 1715 @LQK; O MBEQKR\EF1716 YOEQT ULJEICBN N ULMBEQDEE MOLE OBGQEDNE O "EIFGDNN! %NMFGI. 1IN MQGPE ZJL@L @LILQGUILNALYBL MJLBHDLOEDNE FE[QK MLRADNHGFN, ULQ@LJLOBEDDLE FEHBEDXKI@MHNFN QEBGFN.

% DGPGBE 1716 @LQG ^GIS OTQGB QIK@KR UBEFCDDN^K MOLR ,HGJEINDK +LGDDLODK AG @EI^L@GFEHBEDXKI@MHL@L 5GIBG #ELULBSQG, UINPEF 1EJI LXE\GB OMEFN MNBGFN MLQEVMJOLOGJS @EI^L@KO ULBKPEDNN %NMFGIG N %GIDEFRDQE N ULQQEI[NOGJS E@L HGH UILJNO OIG@LO ODEYDNW, JGH N

160

UILJNO MLXMJOEDDL@L E@L QOLICDMJOG FEHBEDXKI@MHL@L, M HLJLITF LD XTB OL OIG[QE; @EI^L@ AGZJL ULAOLBNB IKMMHNF HKU^GF [NJS N JLI@LOGJS MOLXLQDL OL OMEW MOLNW OBGQEDNCW, MJILNJSUIGOLMBGODTE ^EIHON, LXCAGBMC UILUKMHGJS PIEA MOLN OBGQEDNC IKMMHNE OLVMHG N KMJIGNOGJSQBC DNW FG@GANDT DG ^GIMHNV MPEJ. 4EHBEDXKI@MHLE QOLICDMJOL KONQEBL QBC MEXC MJIGYDKRXEQK LJ ZJL@L MLRAG N DGPGBL QEVMJOLOGJS OMEFN MNBGFN UILJNO ̂ GIC, OT[NOGJS IKMMHLE OLVMHLNA 4EHBEDXKI@G, MMLINJS 1EJIG M MLRADNHGFN E@L, UK@GC ULMBEQDNW OBGMJLBRXNOTFN E@LAGFTMBGFN, DGFEIEDNEF KJOEIQNJSMC O "EIFGDNN.

4EHBEDXKI@MHLE QOLICDMJOL FL@BL KMUEYDL OEMJN MOLN NDJIN@N, ULJLFK PJL LQND NA E@LPBEDLO, 7EIDMJLI], XTB FNDNMJILF O "GDDLOEIE N OBGQEB ULBDLR QLOEIEDDLMJSR HKI]RIMJG"ELI@G, HLILBC GD@BNVMHL@L; QOLE QIK@NW FEHBEDXKI@^EO DGWLQNBNMS O QGJMHLV MBK[XE N NFEBNXLBSYLE OBNCDNE DG HLILBC. %MBEQMJONE ZJL@L MLRADNHN DE OUKMJNBN IKMMHNW OLVMH O %NMFGI.1LQLAINJEBSDLMJS, LXDGIK[EDDGC HLILBEF QGJMHNF OL OIEFC UIEXTOGDNC 1EJIG O 3GDNN MOLVMHLF, DGADGPEDDTF QBC OTMGQHN DG YOEQMHNE XEIE@G, E\E XLBEE IGAQIG[NBG ^GIC UILJNOMLRADNHLO, LMLXEDDL UILJNO @GDDLOEIMHL@L HKI]RIMJG, GD@BNVMHL@L HLILBC. % HLD^E @LQG LDLJUIGONBMC O "LBBGDQNR, @QE @LBYJNDMHNV FNDNMJI, DGWLQNOYNVMC O MBK[XE YOEQMHL@L HLILBC."EI^, WBLULJGB L UINOEQEDNN O NMULBDEDNE MOLE@L UBGDG: UINFNINJS -LMMNR M >OE^NER NMLEQNDEDDTFN NW MNBGFN DNAOEI@DKJS M GD@BNVMHL@L UIEMJLBG "ELI@G I, HKI]RIMJG@GDDLOEIMHL@L, N DG E@L FEMJL OLAOEMJN UIEJEDQEDJG +GHLOG III &JRGIJG, DL UBGD XTB LJHITJ.

%NQC, PJL LJ UIE[DNW MLRADNHLO DEPE@L [QGJS ULFL\N, 1EJI OEMDLR 1717 @LQG LJUIGONBMCOL ?IGD^NR QBC AGHBRPEDNC JEMDL@L MLRAG M @EI^L@LF 'IBEGDMHNF, UIGONOYNF OL OIEFCFGBLBEJMJOG #RQLONHG XV; 1EJIK WLJEBLMS ULFLBONJS QLPS MOLR ,BNMGOEJK AG FGBLBEJDE@LHLILBC. % 1GIN[E QBC ^GIC UIN@LJLONBN HLFDGJT O #KOIE, DL LD LJHGAGBMC LJ JGHL@LOEBNHLBEUDL@L ULFE\EDNC N ULMEBNBMC O UILMJLF QLFE. ?IGD^KAT!MLOIEFEDDNHN JGHLUNMTOGRJ DGIK[DLMJS 1EJIG: LD XTB OTMLHL@L ILMJG, LPEDS WLILYL MBL[ED, QLOLBSDL WKQL\GO,MFK@B, @BGAG NFEB XLBSYNE N [NOTE, OA@BCQ UILDN^GJEBSDTV, NDL@QG QNHNV, LMLXEDDL HL@QG DGBN^E ULCOBCBNMS HLDOKBSMNN; QON[EDNC E@L XTBN DEUIGONBSDT N ULITONMJT; DNHGHNE MOEJMHNEUINBNPNC DE LMJGDGOBNOGBN E@L QECJEBSDLMJN, ONQ OEBNPNC N MFEBLMJN OLAOE\GB @LMKQGIC,HLJLITV PKOMJOKEJ MEXC WLACNDLF ULOMRQK.

"KBCC UL KBN^GF, LD AGWLQNB O FGMJEIMHNE H IEFEMBEDDNHGF, LMJGDGOBNOGCMS DG OMEF, OEAQELXDGIK[NOGC LXYNIDTE ULADGDNC. %E\N JLBSHL NAC\DTE, MBK[G\NE H KQLOLBSMJONR, FGBLE@L AGDNFGBN, DL OME, PJL NFEBL ^EBSR ULBSAK, OME, PJL LJDLMNBLMS H FLIEUBGOGDNR, JLI@LOBE,H NMHKMMJOGF DELXWLQNFTF, OLAXK[QGBL E@L BRXLUTJMJOL, N AQEMS!JL LD UINOLQNB O NAKFBEDNEOEIDLMJSR OA@BCQG, LXDGIK[NOGB JGHKR [E XTMJILJK O NAKPEDNN, HGH N [GQDLMJS H ADGDNR.&IEQN @LILQG, KJLUGOYE@L O XBEMHE N ILMHLYN, 1EJI LJBNPGBMC UILMJLJLR O LQE[QE: LD DLMNBQEYEOLE MKHLDDLE UBGJSE, YNILHNV ULCM, DG HLJLILF ONMEBG MGXBC, HIK@BTV N HLILJHNV UGINHXEA UKQIT, IKXGYHK XEA FGD[EJ.

3"!%*#%+, @,6,0%!' 6!'%&. 1EJI DE OULBDE QLMJN@ ^EBN MOLEV ULEAQHN OL ?IGD^NR,ULJLFK PJL ?IGD^NC O ZJL OIEFC JEMDL MXBNANBGMS M $D@BNER. 1L OLAOIG\EDNN O "LBBGDQNRFNDNMJIT, MLUILOL[QGOYNE 1EJIG, NFEBN JGVDTE UEIE@LOLIT M "EI^LF, HLJLITV LXE\GBKMJILNJS FNI FE[QK -LMMNER N >OE^NER. %MBEQMJONE ZJL@L OEMDLR 1717 @LQG LJHITBNMSUEIE@LOLIT DG #L]LZ, LQDLF NA $BGDQMHNW LMJILOLO, FE[QK KULBDLFLPEDDTFN 1EJIG, 7IRMLFN 'MJEIFGDLF, N KULBDLFLPEDDTFN 5GIBG XII, "aI^LF N "NBBEDXLI@LF. /QEMS XTBLULMJGDLOBEDL, PJL -LMMNC KQEI[NOGEJ #N]BCDQNR, _MJBCDQNR, +D@EIFGDBGDQNR N PGMJS5GIEBNN, AG PJL LXCATOGEJMC ULFL@GJS YOEQGF DE JLBSHL O OLAOIG\EDNN NW UIE[DNW @EIFGDMHNWOBGQEDNV, DL N O UINLXIEJEDNN *LIOE@NN;

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

161

NMJL\EDDGC >OE^NC DE FL@BG OTMJGONJS IKMMHNF DNHGHL@L MLUILJNOBEDNC: O 1719 @LQK ̂ GIMHNEOLVMHG OTMGQNBNMS DG XEIE@G >OE^NN N ML[@BN QOG @LILQG ML 135 QEIEODCFN; $UIGHMNDLUKMJLYNB MJIGDK O MEFN FNBCW LJ &JLH@LBSFG; OIEQ, UINPNDEDDTV >OE^NN ZJLR OTMGQHLRIKMMHNW, UILMJNIGBMC QL 12 FNBBNLDLO; O 1720 @LQK LUKMJLYEDNE OLALXDLONBLMS.

*GHLDE^ 30 GO@KMJG 1721 @LQG AGHBRPED XTB FNI O *NYJGQJE UIE[DNFN KULBDLFLPEDDTFN,7IRMLF N 'MJEIFGDLF: >OE^NC LJHGAGBGMS LJ #N]BCDQNN, _MJBCDQNN, +D@EIFGDBGDQNN, PGMJN5GIEBNN N PGMJN ?NDBCDQNN. 1LMJLCDDGC ̂ EBS FLMHLOMHNW @LMKQGIEV, DGPNDGC M "ILADL@L, XTBGQLMJN@DKJG, UINXGBJNVMHNE XEIE@G UINLXIEJEDT. % 1EJEIXKI@E JLI[EMJOLOGBN ZJL OEBNHLEMLXTJNE FGMHGIGQLF, UILQLB[GOYNFMC ^EBKR DEQEBR. 22 LHJCXIC 1EJI MBKYGB LXEQDR O(ILN^HLF MLXLIE; UL LHLDPGDNN BNJKI@NN PNJGBN ULQJOEI[QEDDTV FNIDTV QL@LOLI, UMHLOMHNVGIWNEIEV ?EL]GD 1ILHLULONP @LOLINB UILULOEQS, NMPNMBCB MBGODTE ULQON@N ̂ GIC, AG HLJLITELD UL MUIGOEQBNOLMJN QLB[ED XTJS DGAOGD LJ^LF LJEPEMJOG, NFUEIGJLILF N OEBNHNF, ULMBEPE@L HGD^BEI "LBLOHND @LOLINB IEPS: „(IKQLF N IKHLOLQMJOLF OGYE@L ^GIMHL@L OEBNPEMJOG FTNA JSFT DEOE[EMJOG DG JEGJI MBGOT OME@L MOEJG N, JGH MHGAGJS, NA DEXTJNC O XTJNE UILNAOEQEDTN O LX\EMJOL ULBNJNPEMHNW DGILQLO UINMLOLHKUBEDT“. -EPS LHGDPNOGBGMS OLMHBN^GDNCFN:„%NOGJ, ONOGJ, ONOGJ 1EJI %EBNHNV, LJE^ LJEPEMJOG, NFUEIGJLI OMEILMMNVMHNV!“ _JN MBLOGULOJLINBNMS UINMKJMJOKR\NFN O ^EIHON, ULOJLINBNMS N ODE EE UIN AOKHE JIKX, BNJGOI,XGIGXGDLO, UKYEPDLV N IK[EVDLV UGBSXT.

*LOTV NFUEIGJLI LJOEPGB MEDGJLIGF, PJL „QLB[DL OMEFN MNBGFN XBG@LQGINJS 7L@G, DL,DGQECMS DG FNI, DE LMBGXEOGJS O OLEDDLF QEBE, QGXT DE NFEJS [IEXNC FLDGIWNN @IEPEMHLV;DGQBE[NJ MJGIGJSMC L ULBSAE LX\EV, LJPE@L DGILQ ULBKPNJ LXBE@PEDNE“.

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

%EMDLR 1722 @LQG 1EJI LJUIGONBMC NA 4LMHOT ODNA UL IEHGF 4LMHOE, 'HE N %LB@E O$MJIGWGDS N O NRDE NAQGB FGDN]EMJ, PJL DGPNDGEJ OLVDK M 1EIMNER, DE ULBKPNO LJ XEMMNBSDL@LYGWG KQLOBEJOLIEDNC O LXNQE, DGDEMEDDLV IKMMHNF HKU^GF O >EFGWE. % NRBE NFUEIGJLIOTMJKUNB NA $MJIGWGDN M MKWLUKJDTF OLVMHLF N ]BLJLF; O GO@KMJE XTBN AGDCJT (GIHN; ULMBEULIG[EDNC KJEFNYMHL@L MKBJGDG 4GWFKQG AGDCJ 3EIXEDJ. *L ZJN KMUEYDTE QEVMJONC XTBNLMJGDLOBEDT DEQLMJGJHLF O M`EMJDTW UINUGMGW, ULJLFK PJL MKQG, OEAYNE WBEX, XTBN AGQEI[GDTXKIER, N O OLEDDLF MLOEJE IEYNBN LHLDPNJS ULWLQ ZJL@L @LQG N, LMJGOC @GIDNALD O 3EIXEDJE,OLAOIGJNJSMC O $MJIGWGDS. % DLCXIE, LJUIGONO ULBHLODNHG >NBLOG QBC AGDCJNC "NBCDMHLVLXBGMJN, 1EJI ULEWGB LXIGJDL O 4LMHOK.

%LVDG UILQLB[GBGMS KMUEYDL N O LJMKJMJONE NFUEIGJLIG: >NULO ULIGANB UEIMNCD UIN-EYJE; BEJLF 1722 @LQG @EDEIGB 4GJRYHND OACB 7GHK; LMEDSR ULMLB YGWG (LWFGMG AGHBRPNB O1EJEIXKI@E QL@LOLI, UL HLJLILFK 1EJI LXE\GB OTMBGJS YGWK OLVMHL UILJNO OMEW FCJE[DNHLON KJOEIQNJS E@L DG UEIMNQMHLF UIEMJLBE, AG PJL YGW KMJKUNB -LMMNN @LILQG 3EIXEDJ N 7GHK MLXBGMJCFN "VBCDSR, 4GAGDQEIGDLF N $MJIGXGJLF.

4E[QK JEF [NADEDDTE MNBT LMJGOBCBN OEBNHL@L NFUEIGJLIG. ;[E QGODL MJIGQGB LD JC[HLRXLBEADNR, LJ HLJLILV FNDEIGBSDTE OLQT IGADTW MJIGD QLMJGOBCBN JLBSHL OIEFEDDLELXBE@PEDNE, NXL 1EJI DE \GQNB MEXC N UBLWL NMULBDCB MLOEJT FEQNHLO. 6 CDOGIC 1725 @LQG UINLXICQE OLQLLMOC\EDNC LD UILMJKQNBMC, MBE@ O ULMJEBS N DE OMJGOGB XLBEE: 28!@L PNMBG 1EJIGDE MJGBL.

162

"#$%$ XL%*;(-,**)) 3,)(,#2*'&(2 1,(-$ %,#+5'"'

J !)%!H,%++ " B,0"6+. % 1700 @LQK KFEI UGJINGIW $QINGD; ̂ GIS LJBL[NB NAXIGDNE DLOL@LUGJINGIWG N ULIKPNB QEBG UL UGJINGIYEFK KUIGOBEDNR ICAGDMHLFK FNJILULBNJK &JE]GDK)OLIMHLFK M AOGDNEF XBRMJNJEBC UGJINGIYE@L UIEMJLBG. _JLR FEILR UIN@LJLOBCBLMSKDNPJL[EDNE UGJINGIYEMJOG N AGFEDEDNE E@L HLBBE@NGBSDTF KUIGOBEDNEF, HLJLILE ULQ NFEDEF&OCJEVYE@L &NDLQG KPIE[QEDL O 1721 @LQK. % IE@BGFEDJE QBC ZJLV QKWLODLV HLBBE@NN,DGUNMGDDLF UMHLOMHNF GIWNEUNMHLULF ?EL]GDLF 1ILHLULONPEF, NABG@GBLMS UIEOLMWLQMJOLDLOL@L KPIE[QEDNC N OLLX\E UIEOLMWLQMJOL HLBBE@NGBSDL@L KUIGOBEDNC; FE[QK UILPNF@LOLINBLMS, PJL „LJ MLXLIDL@L KUIGOBEDNC DEBSAC LUGMGJSMC LJEPEMJOK FCJE[EV N MFK\EDNC,HGHNE FL@KJ UILNALVJN, HL@QG O PEBE ^EIHLODL@L KUIGOBEDNC DGWLQNJMC LQND PEBLOEH: UILMJLVDGILQ DE ADGEJ, HGH IGABNPGEJMC OBGMJS QKWLODGC LJ MGFLQEI[GODLV, N, KQNOBEDDTV MBGOLR NPEMJNR OEIWLODL@L UGMJTIC =EIHON, ULFTYBCEJ, PJL ZJLJ UIGONJEBS EMJS OJLILV @LMKQGIS,MGFLQEI[^K IGODLMNBSDTV NBN E\E N XLBSYE E@L, N PJL QKWLODTV PND EMJS QIK@LE, BKPYEE@LMKQGIMJOL, N EMBN MBKPNJMC FE[QK UGJINGIWLF N ^GIEF HGHLE!DNXKQS IGADL@BGMNE, JL MHLIEEUINMJGDKJ H MJLILDE UEIOL@L, FEPJGC, PJL ULXLIGRJ UL MGFLF 7L@E“.

1LJLF O IE@BGFEDJE NABG@GBNMS QEBG, ULQBE[G\NE KUIGOBEDNR QKWLODLV HLBBE@NN: EVOFEDEDL O LXCAGDDLMJS NMJIEXBCJS OME MK\EMJOKR\NE MKEOEINC, QBC IGMUILMJIGDEDNC MOEQEDNVL AGHLDE 7L[NEF MLPNDNJS JIN HDN@N: 1) L QL@FGJGW OEIT, 2) L QLB[DLMJCW OMCHL@L PEBLOEHG, 3)MLXIGDNE UILULOEQEV MO. LJ^LO L QL@FGJGW N QLB[DLMJCW. 5G[QTV EUNMHLU UL IE@BGFEDJK LXCAGDXTB NFEJS O MOLEF QLFE YHLBK QBC UIN@LJLOBEDNC MOC\EDDNHLO; LXCAGD XTB DEOTMLHL FTMBNJSL MOLEV PEMJN; PJLX ULQ IKHN E@L, ULHG AQLILO, DE OLQNBN N O AEFBR EFK DE HBGDCBNMS.

% @BGOE L QKWLODTW YHLBGW @LOLINJMC: „3KIDL FDL@NE @LOLICJ, PJL DGKHG ULIL[QGEJ EIEMN;DGYN IKMMHNE IGMHLBSDNHN DE LJ @IKXLMJN BN N DEOE[EMJOG JGH [EMJLHL XEMDKRJMC? + EMBNULMFLJIEJS DG FNFLYEQYNE OEHG PIEA NMJLINR, HGH PIEA AINJEBSDKR JIKXK, JL KONQNF OME WKQYEEO JEFDTW, G DE O MOEJBTW KPEDNEF OIEFEDGW“.

% 1724 @LQK XTB QGD KHGA &NDLQK L FLDGWGW; AQEMS LUIEQEBEDT QOE ^EBN QBC FLDGYEMJOG: 1)MBK[EDNE MJIG[QK\EFK PEBLOEPEMJOK, OMBEQMJONE PE@L O LQDNW FLDGMJTICW OEBEDL MLQEI[GJSXLBSDTW, MJGITW N KOEPDTW, O QIK@NW — QEJEV!MNILJ; 2) LXIGALOGDNE NA MEXC OBGMJEV ̂ EIHLODTW.,\E UIE[QE OEBEDL XTBL LJMTBGJS XEQDTW LJMJGODTW OLEDDTW O FLDGMJTIN N QGOGJS NF JGF[GBLOGDSE NA FLDGMJTIMHNW QLWLQLO. (GH HGH NA FLDGMJTIEV ULCOBCBNMS MLPNDEDNC,DGUIGOBEDDTE UILJNO UIELXIGALOGDNV N UIELXIGALOGJEBC, JL AGUIE\EDL XTBL FLDGWGF UNMGJSO HEBSCW, QEI[GJS PEIDNBG N XKFG@K; EMBN [E WLJEBN UNMGJS, JL QLB[DT XTBN ZJL QEBGJS O JIGUEAE.9JL HGMGEJMC XEBL@L QKWLOEDMJOG, JL MOC\EDDNPEMHNF N QSCHLDLOMHNF QEJCF OEBEDL XTBLKPNJSMC O YHLBGW, DEKPEDTW AGUIE\EDL XTBL ULMOC\GJS, G OEBEDL XIGJS O MLBQGJT.

„"LMULQS QGB ̂ GICF OBGMJS DGQ DGILQGFN, DL DGQ MLOEMJNR BRQEV OBGMJED LQND :INMJLM“, —@LOLINB 1EJI. %MBEQMJONE ZJL@L OA@BCQG UIN DEF IGMHLBSDNHN, EMBN WLILYL NMULBDCBN MOLNLXCAGDDLMJN O LJDLYEDNN H @LMKQGIMJOK N DE IGMUILMJIGDCBN MOLE@L KPEDNC, FL@BN MOLXLQDLLJUIGOBCJS MOLE XL@LMBK[EDNE, UBGJNBN JLBSHL QOLVDLV LHBGQ. *GUBTO NDLMJIGD^EO N JEMDLEMXBN[EDNE M DNFN AGIGANBN DEHLJLITW IKMMHNW NDLOEIDTFN OA@BCQGFN: O 1713 @LQK LJHITJLXTBL O 4LMHOE LX\EMJOL BRQEV, IGMUILMJIGDCOYNW HIGVDNE UILJEMJGDJMHNE FDEDNC; @BGODTF

163

NA DNW XTB BEHGIS 3FNJINV (OEINJNDLO; ^NIRBSDNH ?LIFG +OGDLO QLYEB QL JGHLV MJEUEDN]GDGJNAFG, PJL O 9KQLOE FLDGMJTIE IGMMEH LXIGA MO. $BEHMEC FNJILULBNJG.

-EODLMJDLR IGMUILMJIGDNJEBSDN^ER HIGVDNW UILJEMJGDJMHNW FDEDNV CONBGMS LQDL OIEFC[ED\NDG *GMJGMSC /NFG. _JN UILJEMJGDJMHNE QON[EDNC XTBN LMJGDLOBEDT MJIL@NFN FEIGFNUIGONJEBSMJOG. +EAKNJT, AG JL PJL UTJGBNMS IGMUILMJIGDCJS HGJLBN^NAF, XTBN NA@DGDT NA-LMMNN. -GMHLBSDNPEMJOL MOLER UILULOEQNR L DEQLMJLNDMJOE =EIHON .ML OIEFED *NHLDLOMHNWDLOYEMJO UILNAOLQNBL O JLBUE HLBEXGDNE, MLFDEDNE N WLBLQDLMJS H =EIHON, H JGNDMJOGF NLX\EMJOEDDLFK XL@LMBK[EDNR, JGH PJL ̂ GIS ULPEB AG DK[DLE ULOJLINJS KHGA LJ^G MOLE@L, PJLXOME ULME\GBN ^EIHON UL OLMHIEMDTF N UIGAQDNPDTF QDCF N E[E@LQDL XTBN K NMULOEQN, OUILJNODLF MBKPGE ULQOEI@GBNMS YJIG]K; JGH[E O IGADTE QLB[DLMJN FL@BN NAXNIGJSMC JLBSHLJE, HLJLITE E[E@LQDL NMULOEQLOGBNMS.

+A ^EIHLODTW UNMGJEBEV OIEFEDN 1EJILOG LMLXEDDL AGFEPGJEBSDT: 1) MO. 3NFNJINV,FNJILULBNJ ILMJLOMHNV, ADGFEDNJTV MLPNDEDNEF [NJNV MOCJTW, NBN JGH DGATOGEFTW 9EJSNW!4NDEV, N ULJLF XLISXLV M IGMHLBLF, UILJNO HLJLIL@L DGUNMGB HDN@K ULQ AG@BGONEF „L!7&8" !0#8"!2A%+*A,' G0SH8"!' 6,0,“, @QE O UEIOTV IGA IGABNPEDT N LUNMGDT IGMHLBSDNPEMHNEMEHJT; 2) &JE]GD )OLIMHNV, FNJILULBNJ ICAGDMHNV, XBRMJNJEBS UGJINGIYE@L UIEMJLBG N UEIOTVUIEANQEDJ &O. &NDLQG; ULQLXDL MO. 3NFNJINR, )OLIMHNV XLILBMC M IGMHLBLF, UILJNO HLJLIL@LDGUNMGB HDN@K ULQ AG@BGONEF „/DGFEDNC UINYEMJONC $DJNWINMJLOG“, ULJLFK PJL IGMHLBSDNHNKHGATOGBN DG UIELXIGALOGDNC 1EJILOT HGH DG UINADGHN COBEDNC $DJNWINMJLOG; DLIGMUILMJIGDEDNE UILJEMJGDJMHNW FDEDNV (OEINJNDLOTF N JLOGIN\GFN E@L AGMJGONBL &JE]GDGOMJKUNJS O XLISXK N M UILJEMJGDJNAFLF, UILJNO HLJLIL@L LD DGUNMGB ADGFEDNJLE MOLE MLPNDEDNEE#/,%A J,0&; HILFE JL@L, &JE]GD XTB NAOEMJED HGH UILULOEQDNH; 3) DEQIK@ )OLIMHL@L ?EL]GD1ILHLULONP, MBGODTV UILULOEQDNH, UILMBGONJEBS QEB 1EJILOTW N AG\NJDNH UIELXIGALOGDNC.%ME JILE XTBN FGBLILMMNCDE, HGH ULPJN OME ̂ EIHLODTE UNMGJEBN ZJL@L OIEFEDN, NXL 4GBLILMMNCO MOLNW YHLBGW NFEBG MIEQMJOG H LXIGALOGDNR ULQLXDTW UNMGJEBEV, G O %EBNHLV -LMMNN ZJNWMIEQMJO E\E DE XTBL, YHLBT JLBSHL LMDLOTOGBNMS.

Z+%&. 1EJI DGMBEQLOGB LJ QIEODEV -LMMNN DEMHLBSHL IGAICQLO QLB[DLMJDTW BN^, DEMOCAGDDTW QIK@ M QIK@LF LX\NF DGAOGDNEF, LX\NFN UIGOGFN, LX\NFN MLMBLODTFN NDJEIEMGFN.

+AQGO ADGFEDNJKR (GXEBS L IGD@GW (1722 @LQG), 1EJI IGAQEBNB ZJN QLB[DLMJDTE BN^G DGHBGMMT; AQEMS HILFE DLOTW DGAOGDNV DLOLMJS MLMJLCBG O JLF, PJL O HG[QLF HBGMME HG[QLFKOLEDDLFK N UINQOLIDLFK PNDK MLLJOEJMJOLOGB PND @IG[QGDMHNV, PE@L, HGH FT ONQEBN, QIK[NDDTEULDCJNC, @LMULQMJOLOGOYNE O QIEODEV -LMMNN, DE QLUKMHGBN. 1L!UIE[DEFK QLMJKU O MBK[G\NEBRQN, O PNDLODNPEMJOL XTB LJHITJ HG[QLFK. 1LFEMJSC XTBN MFEYGDT M OLJPNDGFN. (GH HGHXTBL UINADGDL, PJL QBC ULBSAT MBK[XT DELXWLQNFL QBC MBK[G\E@L NAOEMJDLE LXIGALOGDNE, JLQEJN AEFBEOBGQEBS^EO UIEQ ULMJKUBEDNEF DG MBK[XK LXCAGDT XTBN UINLXIEMJN ZJL LXIGALOGDNE,LXCAGDT XTBN OTKPNJSMC @IGFLJE, ^N]NIN N @ELFEJINN; HJL [E DE OTKPNOGBMC, JLFK DEBSACXTBL [EDNJSMC.

9JLXT QGJS MIEQMJOG MBK[NBTF BRQCF ULQQEI[GJS MEXC O WLACVMJOEDDLF LJDLYEDNN, 1EJIO 1714 @LQK KPIEQNB FGVLIGJ, UL HLJLILFK OME DEQON[NFLE NFK\EMJOL QLB[DL XTBL UEIEWLQNJSH LQDLFK MJGIYEFK MTDK NBN HLJLIL@L LJE^ NAXEIEJ; ULXK[QEDNC QBC KPIE[QEDNC FGVLIGJGXTBN OTMJGOBEDT MBEQKR\NE: 1) LQND DE XKQEJ NFEJS JGHLV DK[QT UINJEMDCJS HIEMJSCD, HGHFDL@NE, HLJLITE, ULBKPNO FGBTE QLBN NA LJ^LOMHL@L DGMBEQMJOG, QLFL@GRJMC ULBKPNJS M DNWHGH FL[DL XLBSYE QLWLQG N IGALICRJ HIEMJSCD ULXLIGFN; 2) UIN FGVLIGJE ]GFNBNN DE XKQKJKUGQGJS; 3) FBGQYNE QEJN, DE ULBKPNOYNE DEQON[NFLV MLXMJOEDDLMJN, DE XKQKJ UIGAQDT, DLJIKQGFN MOLNFN XKQKJ UINDLMNJS ULBSAK @LMKQGIMJOK. 1EJI KMJGDLONB LIQED &O. $DQIEC1EIOLAOGDDL@L N [EDMHNV LIQED &O. ,HGJEINDT.

>!0!-8"+, <+),2+ IGAQEBEDT XTBN DG JIN IGAICQG: H UEIOTF UINDGQBE[GBN XGDHNIT, @LMJN,NBN HIKUDTE JLI@LO^T, BEHGIN, GUJEHGIN, YHNUEIG, ALBLJTW N MEIEXICDTW QEB FGMJEIG N[NOLUNM^T; HL OJLILFK — IGABNPDTE JLI@LO^T N FGMJEIG; LXG ZJNW UEIOTW IGAICQG DLMNBNDGAOGDNE @NBSQNV; H JIEJSEFK IGAICQK UINDGQBE[GBN PEIDLIGXLPNE N DGEFDNHN. 3OG UEIOTW

164

IGAICQG OTXNIGBN MEXE MOLE DGPGBSMJOL, MJGILMJK N ULFL\DNHG E@L, JIEJNV IGAICQ OTXNIGBMEXE QEMCJMHNW N MJGIYND.

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

K%!8)0#%=&. +DLMJIGD^GF LXEMUEPED XTB MOLXLQDTV UINEAQ O -LMMNR, XEMUIEUCJMJOEDDLEAGDCJNE JLI@LOBER, UILFTMBGFN, OMJKUBEDNE O MBK[XK, MOLXLQDLE LJUIGOBEDNE XL@LMBK[EDNC;LJQGOYN QEMCJKR PGMJS MOLE@L NFEDNC, NDLMJIGDE^ MOLXLQDL FL@ OTEWGJS NA -LMMNN, HILFEUINDCOYNW UIGOLMBGONE. +DLMJIGD^T, OMJKUNOYNE O MBK[XK, ULBKPGBN OTMYNE LHBGQT UILJNOIKMMHNW. % 1721 @LQK NAQGDL ULMBGDNE &NDLQG H UIGOLMBGODTF L XEMUIEUCJMJOEDDLF OMJKUBEDNNO XIGH M NDLOEI^GFN.

9#"!%!-#),2A8)6!. *EQLOLBSDTV KBL[EDNEF ^GIC $BEHMEC 4NWGVBLONPG, 1EJI WLJEBMLMJGONJS DLOLE KBL[EDNE, LMDLOGDNEF HLJLILFK QLB[DL XTBL MBK[NJS YOEQMHLE KBL[EDNE;MJGJSN YOEQMHL@L KBL[EDNC, HLJLITE DE YBN H -LMMNN, QLB[DL XTBL AGFEDNJS NBN OACJTFN NAMJGIL@L KBL[EDNC ^GIC $BEHMEC NBN ODLOS MLPNDEDDTFN. *L ZJL DGFEIEDNE 1EJIG DE XTBLUINOEQEDL O NMULBDEDNE. 5GMGJEBSDL UTJLH 1EJI KMJGDLONB, PJLX DE KULJIEXBCBN NW OL ABL, DEKULJIEXBCBN O FGBTW QEBGW; UIGOE[ XTB AGFEDED LJMTBHLR DG HGAEDDTE IGXLJT.

(GH HGH UIE[DNV LXTPGV QEI[GJS QEOKYEH OAGUEIJN N DE ULHGATOGJS NW [EDNWGF QL MGFLVMOGQSXT XTB UINPNDLR MEFEVDTW DEML@BGMNV, JL 1EJI KMJGDLONB, PJLX AG YEMJS DEQEBS QLMOGQSXT XTBL LXIKPEDNE, ULMBE HLJLIL@L EMBN [EDNW N DEOEMJG DE ULDIGOCJMC QIK@ QIK@K, JLFL@KJ IGALIOGJS QEBL UEIEQ MOGQSXLR; OEQEDL XIGJS UINMC@K M ILQNJEBEV N LUEHKDLO, PJL LDN DEUINDK[QGRJ DEOLBER QEJEV MOLNW O XIGH; JGHKR [E UINMC@K OEBEDL XIGJS N M @LMULQ LJDLMNJEBSDLHIEULMJDTW NW BRQEV. /GUIE\ED XTB MJIGYDTV LXTPGV, UL HLJLILFK ULONOGBSDTE XGXHNKFEI\OBCBN DLOLIL[QEDDTW FBGQED^EO!KILQLO.

% 1721 @LQK 1EJI NAQGB KHGA: „1ILQG[K BRQEV UIEMEPS, G EMBN DEBSAC K[ MLOMEF, JL UILQGOGJS^EBTFN MEFSCFN, G DE ULILADS, HGH MHLJ, PE@L OL OMEF MOEJE DE OLQNJMC“.

1(0#62,%+,. %TMYNF UIGONJEBSMJOEDDTF FEMJLF UIN 1EJIE XTB &EDGJ, KPIE[QEDDTV 22]EOIGBC 1711 @LQG NA LMSFN PBEDLO; OMEF OEBEDL XTBL LHGATOGJS ULMBKYGDNE &EDGJK, HGHMGFLFK ^GIR; LXCAGDDLMJN &EDGJG, UL FTMBN 1EJIG, MLMJLCBN O MBEQKR\EF: MKQ NFEJSDEBN^EUINCJDTV; MFLJIEJS AG IGMWLQGFN, MJGIGJSMC LX KOEBNPEDNN QLWLQLO; MFLJIEJS, PJLXMBK[NBTE BRQN DE NAXE@GBN MBK[XT.

1IN &EDGJE DGWLQNBMC @EDEIGB!UILHKILI, XEA ML@BGMNC HLJLIL@L DNHGHLE IEYEDNE &EDGJGDE NFEBL MNBT; OL OMEW OG[DTW N AGJIKQDNJEBSDTW MBKPGCW EFK DGADGPGBMC LMSFNQDEODTV MILH,O HLJLITV LD FL@ MLOE\GJSMC M ADGR\NFN BRQSFN; EMBN LD N JL@QG DE ML@BGYGBMC M FDEDNEF&EDGJG, JL QEBL UIEQMJGOBCBLMS OTMLPGVYEFK IEYEDNR. &EDGJ LXCAGD XTB OTXNIGJS LXEI!]NMHGBG, PEBLOEHG KFDL@L N QLXIL@L, NA HGHL@L XT JL DN XTBL PNDG; LXEI!]NMHGB LXCAGD XTBJGVDL DGQMFGJINOGJS DGQ OMEFN QEBGFN N, AGFEJNO ABLKULJIEXBEDNE, AOGB ONDLODL@L UIEQ &EDGJ;HG[QGC UILOND^NC N HG[QTV @LILQ NFEBN MOLNW ]NMHGBLO, HLJLITE NAXNIGBNMS N NA HKUEPEMJOG.&EDGJ LUIEQEBCB O @IG[QGDMHNE QLB[DLMJN.

3BC ILATMHG ULBNJNPEMHNW UIEMJKUBEDNV KPIE[QEDG XTBG (GVDGC HGD^EBCINC. %G[DEVYNEQEBG UEIEQGOGEFT XTBN O J&8H+' 8;-. %FEMJL UIE[DNW UINHGALO UL MLOEJK ADGFEDNJL@L]NBLML]G #EVXDN^G KPIE[QEDT "!22,.++, MLMJLCOYNE NA UIEANQEDJG, QOKW ON^E!UIEANQEDJLO,PEJTIEW MLOEJDNHLO N PEJTIEW GMEMMLILO. 5LBBE@NN XTBN: +DLMJIGDDTW QEB. %LEDDGC,$QFNIGBJEVMHGC (AGOEQLOGOYGC ]BLJLF). 5GFEI!HLBBE@NC N >JGJM!HLBBE@NC (AGOEQLOGOYGC]NDGDMGFN). 6MJN^!HLBBE@NC, %LJPNDDGC HLBBE@NC, 4GDK]GHJKI!HLBBE@NC, 7EI@!HLBBE@NC,

165

5LFFEI^!HLBBE@NC. % 1715 @LQK ̂ GIS UINHGAGB QLMJGJS OME UIGOG N ULBL[EDNC QGJMHNW HLBBE@NVN NW ZHLDLFNPEMHNE KPIE[QEDNC; ULBKPNO ZJN KMJGOT, LD KMFLJIEB, PJL „UL LQDNF HDN@GF DEBSACXKQEJ QEBGJS, ULJLFK PJL OMEW LXMJLCJEBSMJO O HDN@GW DNHL@QG DE UNYKJ“.

1LZJLFK UIN KMJGOGW DK[DT XTBN LUTJDTE BRQN, HLJLITF LJUIGOBEDNE QEB O HLBBE@NNXTBL XT AG LXTPGV, N OLJ LD OEBEB UIN@BGMNJS NA NDLMJIGDDTW KPEDTW RINMJLO OL OMCHKRHLBBE@NR UL LQDLFK PBEDK. _JN NDLMJIGD^T QLB[DT XTBN LJUIGOBCJS QEBG ULMIEQMJOLFJLBFGPEV — DEKQLXMJOL MJIGYDLE! 9JLX ULFLPS QEBK, 1EJI OEBEB IKMMHLFK IEANQEDJK UINGOMJINVMHLF QOLIE UIN@BGMNJS H0,'4,0!6 NA PEWLO N FLIGOLO, HLJLITE HGH MBGOCDE FL@BNMHLIEE OTKPNJSMC UL!IKMMHN; UIEQBL[EDL XTBL JGH[E YOEQMHNF UBEDDTF, KADGOYNF K[EIKMMHNV CATH, OMJKUNJS O @IG[QGDMHKR MBK[XK UIN HLBBE@NCW. 9JLX UIN@LJLONJS NMHKMDTWUILNAOLQNJEBEV QEB O HLBBE@NCW DG XKQK\EE OIEFC, O 1716 @LQK LJUIGOBEDL XTBL O 5EDN@MXEI@PEBLOEH MLILH FLBLQTW ULQSCPNW KPNJSMC.

%LEOLQT N UINHGADTE BRQN O @LILQGW, LMLXEDDL O FEMJGW LJQGBEDDTW, UL!UIE[DEFKUILQLB[GBN „PNDNJS OEBNHNE LXNQT, DGBL@N N @IGXE[N“. 1EJI MJIEFNBMC H JLFK, PJLX LXBGMJDLVUIGONJEBS DE AGOEQLOGB OFEMJE N MKQLF, HGH XTBL UIE[QE, N ULJLFK O OG[DEVYNW @LILQGWKPIE[QEDT XTBN DGQOLIDTE MKQT. 9JLX ULQDCJS UILFTYBEDDLMJS, JLI@LOBR, KOEBNPNJSXBG@LMLMJLCDNE @LILQMHNW [NJEBEV, 1EJI MPEB DELXWLQNFTF LMOLXLQNJS NW NA!ULQ OEQLFMJOGOLEOLQ. 3BC ZJL@L E\E O 1699 @LQK O 4LMHOE OEBEDL XTBL HKU^LO N UILFTYBEDDTW BRQEV OEQGJSXKIFNMJIGF, XKIFNMJILO OTXNIGJS NF [E NA MIEQT MEXC UL@LQDL, NA ZJNW XKIFNMJILO LQDLFKULFEMCPDL XTJS UIEANQEDJLF, FEMJL NW AGMEQGDNC DGAOGDL IGJKYER; [NJEBN [E UILOND^NGBSDTW@LILQLO, EMBN AGWLJCJ LJLVJN LJ OLEOLQ N UINHGADTW BRQEV, FL@KJ OEQGJSMC DL FNIMHNF OTXLIGFOTXLIDTFN BRQSFN O AEFMHNW NAXGW.

% 1720 @LQK KPIE[QEDT XTBN O OG[DEVYNW @LILQGW FG@NMJIGJT, MLMJLCOYNE NA UIEANQEDJGN XKI@LFNMJILO, OTXNIGEFTW @LIL[GDGFN NA MIEQT MEXC; O OG[DTW QEBGW FG@NMJIGJTMLOE\GBNMS M @IG[QGDGFN UEIOLV N OJLILV @NBSQNV. %ME @LILQLOTE FG@NMJIGJT XTBN ULQPNDEDT"BGODLFK FG@NMJIGJK, HLJLITV ULQPNDED XTB &EDGJK N MLMJLCB NA PBEDLO UEJEIXKI@MHL@L@LILQLOL@L FG@NMJIGJG, HLJLITE DGULBLONDK XTBN NDLMJIGD^T; UIEANQEDJG DGADGPGB MGF@LMKQGIS. 3GDDTV FG@NMJIGJ LXCAGD XTB ULHILONJEBSMJOLOGJS UILFTYBEDDLMJN N JLI@LOBE;MFEIJDTE UIN@LOLIT, UILNADEMEDDTE @LILQLOTFN FG@NMJIGJGFN, DE FL@BN XTJS NMULBDEDT XEAKJOEI[QEDNC "BGODL@L FG@NMJIGJG, HLJLITV IEYGB JGH[E OME QIK@NE QEBG, UEIEDEMEDDTE H DEFKDEQLOLBSDTFN IEYEDNEF @LILQLOTW FG@NMJIGJLO, IEYGB MULIT FE[QK FG@NMJIGJGFN N@IG[QGDGFN, KJOEI[QGB PBEDLO, NAXIGDDTW O @LILQLOTE FG@NMJIGJT, QLDLMNB &EDGJK L MLMJLCDNN@LILQLO, MLLX\GB HLBBE@NCF ULBKPGEFTE NF MOEQEDNC L UILFTYBEDDLMJN N JLI@LOBE.

1EJI IGAQEBNB OME @LMKQGIMJOL DG 12 @KXEIDNV, @KXEIDNN XTBN IGAQEBEDT DG UILOND^NN,HLJLITW XTBL 43. "KXEIDNN KUIGOBCBNMS @KXEIDGJLIGFN N ON^E@KXEIDGJLIGFN; UILOND^NN —OLEOLQGFN. "KXEIDGJLI DE FL@ IEYNJS DN LQDL@L QEBG XEA ML@BGMNC BGDQIGJLO, OTXNIGOYNWMCQOLICDMJOLF; @KXEIDGJLI, UL FTMBN 1EJIG, XTB DE OBGMJNJEBS @KXEIDNN, DL JLBSHL UIEANQEDJ OMLOEJE BGDQIGJLO.

J!'8"!. %ME AGUNMGDDTE O ULQKYDTV LHBGQ XTBN LXCAGDT OLEDDLR MBK[XLR; HKU^T FL@BNLJHKUGJSMC LJ DEE, AGUBGJNOYN 100 IKXBEV. #KPYNE BRQN LJXNIGBNMS O @OGIQNR, HLJLIGCMBK[NBG YHLBLR QBC QOLICD: QOLICDND, DE UILMBK[NOYN ICQLOTF O @OGIQNN, DE FL@ ULBKPNJSL]N^EIMHL@L PNDG. <GBLOGDSE OLVMHL ULBKPGBL PGMJSR QEDS@GFN, PGMJSR UILONGDJLF. 3BCFLIMHLV MBK[XT XIGBN FGBLBEJDNW, UIENFK\EMJOEDDL MLBQGJMHNW N FGJILMMHNW, QEJEV, NA IEHIKJ[E XIGBN JGHNW, HLJLITW ILQNDG XTBG DG FLIMHNW XEIE@GW NBN DG XEIE@K XLBSYNW IEH N LAEI.7TBN KPIE[QEDT FLIMHNE YHLBT, OLMUNJGDDNHN HLJLITW LJQGOGBNMS ULJLF DG HKUEPEMHNEHLIGXBN QBC KUIG[DEDNC. 9NMBL MKWLUKJDL@L IE@KBCIDL@L OLVMHG UILMJNIGBLMS QL 180000; ]BLJMPJGB 48 BNDEVDTW HLIGXBEV N 800 FEBHNW MKQLO. % LXEI!L]N^EIMHNE PNDT UILNAOLQNBNMS DENDGPE HGH DL OTXLIK N AGMONQEJEBSMJOLOGDNR OMEW L]N^EILO ULBHG, N O YJGX!L]N^EIT — DLOTXLIK N AGMONQEJEBSMJOLOGDNR @EDEIGBLO N L]N^EILO OMEV QNONANN.

T+%#%8&. 1IELXIGALOGDNE OLVMHG, AGOEQEDNE ]BLJG, UILQLB[NJEBSDGC N JC[EBGC OLVDG,FDL[EMJOL DLOTW KPIE[QEDNN N ULMJILEH JIEXLOGBN XLBSYNW NAQEI[EH, DLOTW NMJLPDNHLO

166

QLWLQLO. (GH HGH UIE[DCC ULQGJS M QOLILO ULQGOGBG ULOLQ H XLBSYNF ABLKULJIEXBEDNCF UINUEIEUNMHE QOLILO, JL OOEQEDG XTBG ULQKYDGC ULQGJS, QBC PE@L UILNAOEQEDG IEONANC, NBNUEIEPNMBEDNE, OMEW ULQBE[G\NW ULQKYDLFK LHBGQK [NJEBEV @LMKQGIMJOG. +A ULQKYDL@L LHBGQGNMHBRPEDT XTBN QKWLODTE M QEJSFN, QOLICDE, LJMJGODTE MLBQGJT, NDLMJIGD^T, [NJEBNLMJAEVMHNW UILOND^NN, XGYHNIT N BGUBGDQ^T. 3BC KFDL[EDNC QLWLQLO OOEQEDG XTBG @EIXLOGCXKFG@G. % MBKPGE HIGVDNW DK[Q @LMKQGIMJOEDDTW K MBK[G\NW KQEI[NOGBGMS QEMCJGC PGMJS NWMLQEI[GDNC. 3OE JIEJN QLWLQLO YBL DG OLVMHL N ]BLJ.

&OEIW [GBLOGDSC MGDLODNHGF OEQEDL XTBL ML OMCHNW NMHLO XIGJS AG JIKQT DG HGD^EBCINR MUIGOL@L UL 3, G M ONDLOGJL@L UL 10 HLUEEH M IKXBC. % 1710 @LQK QLWLQT UILMJNIGBNMS QL 3000000IKXBEV M BNYHLF, G O 1725 @LQK — QL 10000000 M BNYHLF.

C!2+=+$. ;PIE[QEDDLE 1EJILF ULBN^EVMHLE KUIGOBEDNE MLMIEQLJLPNOGBLMS O 1EJEIXKI@EO IKHGW @EDEIGB!ULBN^EVFEVMJEIG, O 4LMHOE — LXEI!ULBN^EVFEVMJEIG. % @BGODTW @LILQGWHG[QGC KBN^G N HG[QTE 10 QLFLO NFEBN MOLE@L DGQMFLJI\NHG, NAXNIGEFL@L [NJEBCFN; OME@LILQMHNE [NJEBN, DGPNDGC M QOGQ^GJNBEJDNW, MLMJGOBCBN MJIG[K, LXCAGDDKR LWIGDCJSMULHLVMJONE N ULICQLH O @LILQE. % UILOND^NGBSDTW @LILQGW N KEAQDTW ULBN^NC XTBG O IKHGWHLFEDQGDJLO, FG@NMJIGJLO N MJGILMJ, O KEAQGW — K @KXEIDGJLILO N OLEOLQ.

1LDCJDL, PJL IGAXLN DE FL@BN OQIK@ UIEHIGJNJSMC N QG[E KFEDSYNJSMC, NXL H MJGITFUINPNDGF, LMJGOYNFMC OL OMEV MNBE, UINMLEQNDCBNMS E\E DLOTE, UIE[QE OME@L FDL@LPNMBEDDTEULXE@N NA ULBHLO LJ JC[EBLV OLEDDLV MBK[XT, H HLJLILV DE UINOTHBN; JGH, HBNDMHNE, OLBL^HNEN FL[GVMHNE ULFE\NHN XNBN PEBLF, PJL UINEA[GRJ OLLIK[EDDTE IGAXLVDNHN FDL@LBRQMJOLFO QLFT NW, IGAXNOGRJ N [@KJ MEBG, QDEF N DLPSR, XSRJ N @IGXCJ FK[PND, KOLQCJ [ED\ND,MLXNIGRJMC DG IGAXLV NA FDL@NW @LILQLO N KEAQLO XE@BTE MLBQGJT N QIG@KDT. % MGFLV 4LMHOEEAQNBN IGAXLVDNHN JLBUGFN UL 30 N 40 PEBLOEH. -GAXLN KMNBNOGBNMS E\E N ULJLFK, PJLUIGONJEBSMJOL OLLIK[NBLMS UILJNO XILQC@, FDNFTW HGBEH N DN\NW: JGH, M 1712 @LQG AGUIE\EDLXTBL ULQ MJIGWLF [EMJLHL@L DGHGAGDNC UILMNJS FNBLMJTDR O 4LMHOE.

3BC UIEQKUIE[QEDNC UL[GILO QLFT O @LILQGW N MEBGW QLB[DT XTBN MJILNJSMC ULKMJGDLOBEDDLFK PEIJE[K O NAOEMJDLF IGMMJLCDNN QIK@ LJ QIK@G; O 4LMHLOMHLF 5IEFBE N 5NJGV!@LILQE OEBEDL MJILNJS JLBSHL HGFEDDTE QLFG N IGMULBG@GJS NW UL KBN^GF, G DE UL QOLIGF, HGHUIE[QE; KBN^T AQEMS M 1705 @LQG DGPGBN FLMJNJS HGFDEF. % 1714 @LQK UINLMJGDLOBEDL XTBLHGFEDDLE MJILEDNE OL OMEF @LMKQGIMJOE, PJLX JEF MHLIEE UILNAOLQNBLMS LDL O 1EJEIXKI@E:XL@GJTE BRQN LXCAGDT XTBN MJILNJS AQEMS QLFG. 3BC LWIGDEDNC DGILQDL@L AQLILOSC KPIE[QEDLXTBL O 4LMHOE 8 GUJEH, UINPEF OEBEDL XTBL NMJIEXNJS BGOHN, O HLJLITW UILQGOGBNMS OMCHNEDEULJIEXDTE JIGOT.

/GUIE\EDL WLILDNJS IGDEE JIEW QDEV, HILFE ADGJDTW LMLX AGUIE\EDL WLILDNJS ODKJIN @LILQGULQBE ^EIHOEV. %EBEDL XTBL KMJIGNOGJS UIN ^EIHOGW @LMUNJGBN QBC ULQHNQTYEV.

C0!/&H2,%%!8)A + )!0.!62$. „*GYE ILMMNVMHLE @LMKQGIMJOL, — @LOLINB 1EJI, — UIEQFDL@NFN NDTFN AEFBCFN UIENALXNBKEJ, ULJIEXDTFN FEJGBBGFN N FNDEIGBGFN XBG@LMBLOEDDL,HLJLITE QL DTDEYDE@L OIEFEDN XEAL OMCHL@L UINBE[GDNC NMHGDT; UINPNDG ZJLFK XTBG, PJLDGYN ULQQGDDTE DE IGAKFEBN IKQLHLUDL@L QEBG, PGMJNR [E N[QNOEDNC N JIKQLO DE WLJEBN HLDLFK UINBL[NJS“. 9JLX AGMJGONJS DEULOLILJBNOTW AEFBEOBGQEBS^EO UINBG@GJS N[QNOEDNE NJIKQ, 1EJI LXDGILQLOGB, PJL OME O MLXMJOEDDTW N PK[NW AEFBCW NFERJ UIGOL NMHGJS NLXIGXGJTOGJS OMCHNE FEJGBBT N FNDEIGBT; EMBN ULFE\NHN, O PSNW AEFBCW LJHILEJMC IKQG, DEFL@KJ NBN DE WLJCJ EE IGAIGXGJTOGJS, JL UIGOL NW UEIEQGEJMC QIK@LFK M KUBGJLR AEFBEOBGQEBS^K32 QLBEV UINXTBN, „QGXT 7L[NE XBG@LMBLOEDNE ULQ AEFBER OJKDE DE LMJGOGBLMS“.

5JL KJGNJ IKQK NBN XKQEJ UIEUCJMJOLOGJS QIK@NF O KMJILEDNN AGOLQLO, JLJ ULQOEI@GEJMCJEBEMDLFK DGHGAGDNR N QG[E MFEIJDLV HGADN. 7EI@!HLBBE@NN OLBSDL XTBL UINATOGJSNDLMJIGDDTW LWLJDNHLO QL IKQLHLUDTW QEB.

9JLX KBKPYNJS WBEXLUGYEMJOL, 1EJI WLJEB UEIEMEBNJS O -LMMNR NDLMJIGDDTW ULMEBCD QBCUINFEIG MOLNF ULQQGDDTF. 5GFEI!HLBBE@NC LXCAGDG XTBG MLXNIGJS MOEQEDNC L MLMJLCDNN,DGJKIE N UBLQLILQNN HG[QLV UILOND^NN, AGMEBCJS UKMJTE AEFBN N OMCHKR UKMJLJK UIEQKUIE[QGJSLMJLIL[DTF QLFLQEI[GOMJOLF. % 1721 @LQK 1EJI NAQGB KHGA L MDNFHE WBEXG HLMGFN OFEMJL

167

MEIULO.;XEQNOYNMS AG @IGDN^ER O OG[DLMJN NMHLUGEFL@L JLUBNOG, 1EJI MJGIGBMC IGAKADGJS, DEJ

BN @QE HGFEDDL@L K@BC O -LMMNN. 1IEQUINDCJT XTBN FEIT DE JLBSHL QBC MXEIE[EDNC BEMLO, DLN QBC IGAOEQEDNC DLOTW.

*GPGJHN ONDLQEBNC N YEBHLOLQMJOG O MJIGDGW UINHGOHGAMHNW FT ONQNF E\E UIE[QE 1EJIG,DL ZJL XTBN DGPGJHN MBGXTE, UIN 1EJIE [E ZJN LJIGMBN MEBSMHL@L WLACVMJOG XTBN KMNBEDT;UIN DEF [E DGPGBLMS IGAOEQEDNE JGXGHK. 1IN 1EJIE AGOEQED BKPYNV O -LMMNN WLBFL@LIMHNVMHLJ, DL E\E QECJEBSDEE AGXLJNBMC 1EJI LX LO^EOLQMJOE, NXL EFK DK[DL XTBL KMNBNJS O -LMMNNMKHLDDTE ]GXINHN QBC MDGX[EDNC OLVMHG: QBC ZJL@L LD OTUNMTOGB LOPGILO NA &NBEANN N ULMTBGBMOLNW KPNJSMC JKQG. 5LDMHNE AGOLQT DGPGBNMS JGH[E UIN 1EJIE.

'JDLMNJEBSDL IEFEMEB 1EJI MBEQLOGB MOLEFK LXTPDLFK UIGONBK: OTUNMTOGB NMHKMDTWIEFEMBEDDNHLO NA!AG @IGDN^T N ULMTBGB IKMMHNW KPNJSMC AG @IGDN^K. % 4LMHOE OEBEDL XTBLULMJILNJS IGXLPNV QLF QBC UIGAQDLYGJGR\NWMC N UIN DEF AGOEMJN IGADTE IEFEMBG; OEBEDLOOEMJN AGDCJNE IEFEMBGFN O QEONPSN FLDGMJTIN. 9JL HGMGEJMC QL FGDK]GHJKIDLVUILFTYBEDDLMJN, JL QL 1EJIG FT OMJIEPGEF DNPJL[DLE PNMBL AGOLQLO, JL@QG HGH ULMBE E@LMFEIJN DGWLQNF 233 ]GXINHN N AGOLQG, HGAEDDTW N PGMJDTW.

#E@HL ULDCJS, HGH UINLXIEJEDNE UINXGBJNVMHNW XEIE@LO KMNBNBL ODEYDRR JLI@LOBR, DLQBC UIL^OEJGDNC JLI@LOBN DEQLMJGJLPDL XTBL LQDNW FLIMHNW XEIE@LO, DK[DT XTBN KQLXDTEODKJIEDDNE UKJN; QBC ZJL@L 1EJI MLEQNDNB OLQDTF UKJEF ,OILUK M $ANER, KMJILNB%TYDEOLBL^HNV N LXOLQDTV #GQL[MHNV HGDGBT; UIEQULBL[EDL XTBL MLEQNDEDNE 5GMUNVMHL@LFLIC M 9EIDTF N 7EBL@L M 7GBJNVMHNF, DL DE XTBL UILOEQEDL O NMULBDEDNE UIN [NADN 1EJIG.1ILOEQEDL XTBL FDL[EMJOL MKWLUKJDTW QLIL@, MNBSDL AGXLJNBMC ^GIS LX NW NMUIGODLFMLQEI[GDNN, DL QIK@NE FGBL LX ZJLF AGXLJNBNMS.

% 5GFEI!HLBBE@NR QLB[DT XTBN QLMJGOBCJSMC OEQLFLMJN LX KIL[GE WBEXG N L ^EDGW DGDE@L, NA XBN[DNW @KXEIDNV N UILOND^NV — HG[QKR DEQEBR, NA QGBSDNW — E[EFEMCPDL. (GH[EOEBEDL XTBL UEPGJGJS UIEVMHKIGDJT NDLMJIGDDTF JLOGIGF O ADGJDEVYNW JLI@LOTW @LILQGW,OILUT, „QGXT ADGBN, @QE PJL QEYEOL NBN QLIL@L“. *L OMEFN ZJNFN KPIE[QEDNCFN NIGMULIC[EDNCFN DEBSAC XTBL OQIK@ MLAQGJS MNBSDKR JLI@LOBR N UILFTYBEDDLMJS, HGHLV XTWLJEBLMS 1EJIK; JLFK UIEUCJMJOLOGBN DEIGAONJLMJS LX\EMJOG, LJMKJMJONE UILMOE\EDNC,LJMKJMJONE LXEMUEPEDNN QBC JIKQG, LJMKJMJONE UINOTPEH H MLOLHKUDLV QECJEBSDLMJN, MJIEFBEDNENQJN OIGAXILQ, LJMKJMJONE KPGMJNC H LX\EMJOEDDTF NDJEIEMGF, PJL QGOGBL BRQCFABLDGFEIEDDTF ULBDKR MOLXLQK QEVMJOLOGJS.

&NBSDTE OEBSFL[N AGWOGJTOGBN OMR JLI@LOBR O MOLN IKHN; DL HILFE ZJL@L HKUEPEMJOLOIEQNBL MGFLFK MEXE: MIEQN DE@L MGFL@L MNBSDTE DGBG@GBN DEMDLMDTE ULXLIT DG MBGXTW, LJPE@LULMBEQDNE UINWLQNBN O UK\KR MHKQLMJS N XEMJLI[N^K N UL!UIE[DEFK „XIEBN ILADL“. +OTXLIDTE XKIFNMJIT ULAOLBCBN MEXE HGADLHIGQMJOL N OACJLPDNPEMJOL DE FEDSYE UIE[DNWUINHGADTW BRQEV.

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

% 1719 @LQK 30 KPEDNHLO XTBL LJLMBGDL H QLHJLIK 7BKFEDJILMJK QBC NAKPEDNC FEQN^NDT, NE\E UIE[QE, O 1716 @LQK, LJLMBGDL XTBL DEMHLBSHL KPEDNHLO BGJNDMHNW YHLB O 1EIMNR QBCNAKPEDNC OLMJLPDTW CATHLO.

1L MLOEJK #EVXDN^G AG @LQ QL MFEIJN MOLEV 1EJI NAQGB KHGA LX KPIE[QEDNN GHGQEFNN:„;PNDNJS GHGQEFNR, O HLJLILV XT KPNBNMS CATHGF, JGH[E UILPNF DGKHGF N ADGJDTFWKQL[EMJOGF, N UEIEOLQNBNMS XT HDN@N. 3BC WKQL[EMJO N DGKH LXTHDLOEDDL KULJIEXBCRJMC

168

QOLCHL@L ILQG KPIE[QEDNC: KDNOEIMNJEJ N GHGQEFNC, DL O -LMMNN DEBSAC MBEQLOGJS JLFK, PJLUINDCJL O QIK@NW @LMKQGIMJOGW; DGQLXDL MFLJIEJS DG MLMJLCDNE AQEYDE@L @LMKQGIMJOG: LQDKGHGQEFNR DEBSAC KPIEQNJS, ULJLFK PJL LDG DE O MLMJLCDNN MHLIL IGMUILMJIGDCJS ADGDNC O DGILQE;KDNOEIMNJEJT JGH[E DE QBC PE@L AGOLQNJS, HL@QG DEJ E\E @NFDGANV N MEFNDGINV; DGQLXDL,MBEQLOGJEBSDL, LMDLOGJS JGHLE KPIE[QEDNE, HLJLILE,XT NA BKPYNW KPEDTW BRQEV MLMJLCBL; DLZJN KPEDTE QLB[DT DE JLBSHL MGFN AGDNFGJSMC DGKHGFN N QON@GJS NW OUEIEQ, DL QLB[DT JGH[ELXKPGJS FLBLQTW BRQEV DGKHGF UKXBNPDL N ULJLF DEHLJLITW BRQEV QLB[DT UIN MEXE LXKPGJS,PJLX LDN ULJLF FL@BN O MOLR LPEIEQS LXKPGJS UEIOTF LMDLOGDNCF OMEW DGKH“.

1L FTMBN JL@L [E #EVXDN^G, DGADGPEDG XTBG ZHMUEQN^NC QBC IEYEDNC OLUILMG: MLEQNDCEJMCBN $ANC M $FEINHLR?

% 1722 @LQK OEQEDL XTBL NAL OMEW EUGIWNV N FLDGMJTIEV MLXIGJS QIEODNE BEJLUNMN N @IGFLJTN UEIEUNMGJS NW. 3BC IGMUILMJIGDEDNC LXIGALOGDNC, DGBG@GOYE@LMC HGH LXCAGDDLMJS,JIEXLOGBNMS KPEXDTE HDN@N; DG IKMMHLF CATHE NW DE XTBL, DGQLXDL XTBL UEIEOLQNJS, N ULJLFKDGPGBNMS UEIEOLQT HDN@ ND[EDEIDTW, GIJNBBEINVMHNW, FEWGDNPEMHNW, NMJLINPEMHNW; OFEMJLUIE[DNW HKIGDJLO, DGADGPGEFTW JLBSHL QBC UIGONJEBSMJOG, DGPGBN QBC OME@L DGILQG NAQGOGJSMCOEQLFLMJN M NABL[EDNEF MLOIEFEDDTW MLXTJNV. 3BC UEPGJGDNC MOEJMHNW HDN@ NALXIEJEDG XTBGLMLXGC, JGH DGATOGEFGC @IG[QGDMHGC GAXKHG.

+A BNJEIGJKIDTW UGFCJDNHLO 1EJILOMHL@L OIEFEDN XLBSYE OME@L LXIG\GRJ DG MEXCODNFGDNE MLPNDEDNC JLI@LOL@L PEBLOEHG 1LMLYHLOG 3 8";-!8)+ + 4!.#)8)6,, JGH[EQLDLYEDNC E@L XLCINDK "LBLONDK L MLMJLCDNN OLVMHG N FNJILULBNJK &JE]GDK )OLIMHLFK LMLMJLCDNN QKWLOEDMJOG. 1LMLYHLO KHGATOGEJ DG OLUNR\NE DEQLMJGJHN LX\EMJOG, JIEXKEJHLIEDDTW UIELXIGALOGDNV N, UL ULDCJNCF OIEFEDN, MLOEJKEJ KULJIEXBCJS HIKJTE FEIT: LDMLPKOMJOKEJ @LMKQGIR!UIELXIGALOGJEBR N [GBKEJMC, PJL 1EJI DGWLQNJ FGBL MLPKOMJONC NULFL\N: „%EBNHNV DGY FLDGIW DG @LIK MGF!QEMCJS JCDEJ, G ULQ @LIK FNBBNLDT JCDKJ: HGH [EE@L QEBL MULIL XKQEJ?“ 1LMLYHLO MNBSDL [GBKEJMC DG DEOE[EMJOL IKMMHNW BRQEV O AGHLDE7L[NEF: „% 4LMHOE EQOG MLJTV PEBLOEH ADGEJ, PJL JGHLE UIGOLMBGODGC WINMJNGDMHGC OEIG, PJL7L@ N O PEF MLMJLNJ ,@L OLBC. $ FE[QK ULMEBCDGFN DE QKFGR DGVJN N LQDL@L NA QEMCJN JTMCPPEBLOEH“. ;HGATOGEJ DG QKIDTE UINOTPHN, OHLIEDCR\NEMC M FBGQEDPEMJOG. „_JL UILNMJEHGEJ,— @LOLINJ LD, — LJ DEDGKPEDNC FBGQEDPEMHL@L, G OMEFK HLIEDS JL, PJL MOC\EDDNHN K DGMDEKPEDTE“. _JNF 1LMLYHLO LX`CMDCEJ IGMUILMJIGDEDNE IGMHLBG N OLLX\E WLBLQDLMJS H OEIE.1LJLF MNBSDL [GBKEJMC DG LJMKJMJONE UIGOQT O MKQGW, DG UILNAOLB N UIEAIEDNE ADGJDTW NMNBSDTW BRQEV H DNAYNF: „; DGM OEIG MOCJGC, XBG@LPEMJNOGC, G MKQDGC IGMUIGOG DNHKQG DE@LQNJMC, N KHGAT NFUEIGJLIMHNE DN OL PJL LXIG\GRJMC, OMCH UL MOLEFK LXTPGR QEBGEJ, N DLDGUICFLE UIGOLMKQNE K DGM O -LMMNN DE KMJILNJMC, JL DNHL@QG FT DE XKQEF XL@GJT N QLXILV MBGOTMEXE DE DG[NOEF. 5IEMJSCDE, LMJGOC MOLN QLFT, XE@KJ LJ DEUIGOQT“. <GBKEJMC DG XEQMJOEDDLEULBL[EDNE MLBQGJ, ULBKPGR\NW PIEAOTPGVDL MHKQDLE MLQEI[GDNE, N DG XEQMJOEDDLE ULBL[EDNELXTOGJEBEV, IGALICEFTW MLBQGJGFN. <GBKEJMC DG MNBSDTE IGAXLN. „% NDLV QEIEODE, — @LOLINJ1LMLYHLO, — N FDL@L [NJEBEV, G IGAXLVDNHLO DEFDL@L UINQEJ HIEMJSCDNDK DG QOLI, MJGDKJE@L FKPNJS N L@DEF [EPS N UL[NJHN E@L CODL DG OLAT HBGMJS; DL MLMEQN, OME MBTYG N ONQC, NAQOLILO MOLNW DE OTWLQCJ N MLMEQG LJ IGAXLVDNHLO DE OTIKPGRJ“.

I0#6& + !4&*#+. 'XTPGN OIEFED 1EJILOTW O OTMYNW MBLCW LX\EMJOG, UIENFK\EMJOEDDLJILDKJTW UIELXIGALOGDNEF, IGAKFEEJMC, UIEQMJGOBCBN MJIGDDKR MFEMS MJGIL@L M DLOTF: LXTPGNXTBN JGH [E UEMJIT, HGH UEMJI XTB CATH, OLXIGOYNV O MEXC FDL[EMJOL NDLMJIGDDTW MBLOOMBEQMJONE UINUBTOG FDL[EMJOG DLOTW ULDCJNV. /GJOLIDNPEMJOL [ED\ND IKYNBLMS UIN 1EJIE,HLJLITV LXCAGB OEBSFL[ MOLNW QGOGJS XGBT, NBN JGH DGATOGEFTE JL@QG GMMGFXBEN, DL [EMJHLMJSDIGOLO DE FL@BG OQIK@ NMPEADKJS, N DL JLFK [ED\NDG, OOEQEDDGC O LX\EMJOL FK[PND, NDL@QGMNBSDL MJIGQGBG LJ ZJLV [EMJHLMJN.

1ILMOE\EDNE, HLJLILE QLB[DL ODKYNJS, PEBLOEHK ULDCJNE L QLMJLNDMJOE PEBLOEHG N@IG[QGDNDG N AacJaONJS E@L ULMJKUGJS MLLXIGADL M ZJNF QLMJLNDMJOLF, — UILMOE\EDNE JLBSHLPJL DGPNDGBLMS N ULJLFK DE FL@BL E\E LHGAGJS MNBSDL@L OBNCDNC DG MFC@PEDNE DIGOLO; DGKHK

169

UINATOGBN HGH FGMJEIMJOL, OT@LQDLE, DELXWLQNFLE QBC MNBT @LMKQGIMJOG N KQLXMJO PGMJDLV[NADN; UILNMWLQNBG UEIOLDGPGBSDGC PEIDGC IGXLJG QBC KQLOBEJOLIEDNC UEIOTF FGJEINGBSDTFULJIEXDLMJCF @LMKQGIMJOG, G JGHGC IGXLJG DE FL@BG XTJS XBG@LUINCJDG QBC QKWLODL@LMLOEIYEDMJOLOGDNC.

%LJ ULPEFK NDL@QG MGFTE QECJEBSDTE IGXLJDNHN, MGFTE QECJEBSDTE MLJIKQDNHN 1EJIGUCJDGBN MEXC XEADIGOMJOEDDTFN ULMJKUHGFN, OLJ ULPEFK N BRQN MGFTE XBG@LDGFEIEDDTE, ONQCABL, ULBG@GBN MUGMEDNE O LQDNW HIKJTW, [EMJLHNW, HILOGOTW FEIGW, DE ULDNFGC, PJL ABLNMHLIEDCEJMC UIENFK\EMJOEDDL QKWLODTFN, DIGOMJOEDDTFN MIEQMJOGFN.

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eJp QGB MOLEFK BRXNF^K ULBL[EDNE, HLJLILE UIEOTYGBL ULBL[EDNE ULQQGDDL@L;DL O HLD^E [NADN MOLEV @LMKQGIS LWBGQEB H 4EDYNHLOK.

"IG] 7LINM 1EJILONP >EIEFEJEO, ]EBSQFGIYGB, LQND NA JEW IKMMHNW OEBSFL[ OJLILVULBLONDT XVII OEHG, HLJLITE UIE[QE 1EJIG OBEHBNMS H /GUGQK N E@L LXIGALOGDNR; K[E XKQKPNXLCINDLF N 45 BEJ LJ ILQK, >EIEFEJEO LJUIGONBMC O PK[NE HIGC QBC NAKPEDNC OLEDDL@L NMHKMMJOGN OLAOIGJNBMC LJJKQG O DEFE^HLF UBGJSE, H OEBNPGVYEFK KQLOLBSMJONR 1EJIG; OLEDDTE ULQON@NE@L FT K[E ONQEBN UIN LUNMGDNN &EOEIDLV OLVDT; UIEQGDNE MLWIGDNBL UGFCJS L E@LDIGOMJOEDDTW QLMJLNDMJOGW, XBG@LJOLINJEBSDLMJN N LX\NJEBSDLMJN.

1IEQMJGONJEBEF QIK@L@L ADGFEDNJL@L MJGIL@L ILQG, ILQG "LBN^TDTW, XTB MEDGJLI HDCAS3NFNJINV 4NWGVBLONP, PEBLOEH XLBSYL@L KFG, M JOEIQTF N [EMJHNF WGIGHJEILF;GINMJLHIGJNPEMHGC @LIQLMJS E@L XTBG LMHLIXBEDG JEF, PJL 1EJI OTQON@GB DGOEIW BRQEV DNAHL@LUILNMWL[QEDNC, PJL ZJN BRQN XTBN @LIGAQL XBN[E H ̂ GIR N NFEBN XLBSYE MNBT N OBNCDNC, PEFLD, "LBN^TD; HDCAR 3NFNJINR DE DIGONBLMS JGH[E ADGPEDNE, UINLXIEJGEFLE NDLMJIGD^GFN O-LMMNN, N LD OIG[QEXDL MJLBHDKBMC M 1GJHKBEF; DGHLDE^, "LBN^TD DE FL@ ULFNINJSMC ML OJLITFXIGHLF 1EJIG DG BNOLDMHLV UBEDDN^E &HGOILDMHLV.

7IGJ HDCAC 3NFNJINC 4NWGNBG 4NWGVBLONP "LBN^TD LJBNPGBMC MGFTF UINOBEHGJEBSDTFWGIGHJEILF MIEQN OEBSFL[ 1EJILOTW; ULQLXDL XIGJK, LD DE [GBLOGB NDLMJIGD^EO; DEMFLJIC DGJL, QG[E NDLMJIGD^T DE FL@BN @LOLINJS XEA OLMJLI@G L E@L KFE, BRXEADLMJN, WIGXILMJN NOEBNHLQKYNN. 'X DEF!JL IGMMHGATOGRJ, PJL ULMBE MIG[EDNC ULQ #EMDTF 1EJI, XL@GJLDG@IGQNOYN "LBN^TDG, MUILMNB, HGHLV FNBLMJN E\E LD [EBGEJ. „"LMKQGIS, — LJOEPGB "LBN^TD,— UILMJN HDCAC -EUDNDG!“, WLJC -EUDND N XTB EFK OIG@. ' DEF IGMMHGATOGRJ JGH[E, PJL, XKQKPNK[E ]EBSQFGIYGBLF N LJ^LF FDL@LPNMBEDDL@L MEFEVMJOG, LD DE MFEB MGQNJSMC UIN MJGIYEFXIGJE MOLEF, HDCAE 3NFNJINN 4NWGVBLONPE.

% BKPYNW UIEQGDNCW DGYE@L UILYEQYE@L M NFEDEF 1EJIG DEIGABKPDL NFC MEDGJLIG HDCAC)HLOG ?EQLILONPG 3LB@LIKHL@L, ADGFEDNJL@L FK[EMJOLF @IG[QGDMHNF; 3LB@LIKHNV OL NFCXBG@G DGILQDL@L IEYGBMC LMJGDGOBNOGJS OEBNHL@L ̂ GIC, KFEOYE@L MDLMNJS OEBNPNE ULQQGDDL@L.

/OGDNE @EDEIGB!GQFNIGBG DLMNBN UIN 1EJIE @IG] ?EQLI $BEHMEEONP "LBLOND N ULMBE DE@L@IG] ?EQLI 4GJOEEONP $UIGHMND. "LBLOND, OUILPEF, XLBSYE AGDNFGBMC NDLMJIGDDTFNMDLYEDNCFN. 1LMBE "LBLONDG NDLMJIGDDTFN MDLYEDNCFN AGOEQLOGB @IG] "GOINBG +OGDLONP"LBLOHND O AOGDNN OEBNHL@L HGD^BEIG; ON^E!HGD^BEILF XTB XGILD >G]NILO, LHGAGOYNVXLBSYNE KMBK@N, LMLXEDDL O AGJIKQDNJEBSDTW MDLYEDNCW M (KI^NER ULMBE 1IKMMHL@L FNIG, DLO ULMBEQDEE OIEFC ^GIMJOLOGDNC 1EJIG OIG[QG 4EDYNHLOG N "LBLOHNDG UL@KXNBN E@L:BNYEDDTV OMEW QLB[DLMJEV, LD XTB MLMBGD.

170

*G QNUBLFGJNPEMHLF ULUIN\E LMLXEDDL XTBN NAOEMJDT: HDCASC 3LB@LIKHNE, "IN@LINV?EQLILONP N %GMNBNV #KHNP, @IG] $DQIEV $IJGFLDLONP 4GJOEEO, HDCAS 5KIGHND; DG JLF [EULUIN\E DGPGBN QEVMJOLOGJS $IJEFNV %LBTDMHNV N ADGFEDNJTV OULMBEQMJONN $BEHMEV1EJILONP 7EMJK[EO. 1LQLXDL >G]NILOK, NA DNAYNW MBLEO LX\EMJOG XTB OTQONDKJ 1EJILF HOG[DLV QECJEBSDLMJN QGILONJTV W.;<+%8"+', UEIOTV @EDEIGB!UILHKILI O &EDGJE.

'QDNF NA UINXBN[EDDTW BRQEV H 1EJIK XTB @IG] 1EJI $DQIEEONP (LBMJLV, QEVMJOLOGOYNVDG QNUBLFGJNPEMHLF ULUIN\E N UL LMLXTF ULIKPEDNCF @LMKQGIC; (LBMJLV KPGMJOLOGB O AGFTMBGW&L]SN, DL 1EJI UILMJNB E@L N UINXBNANB H MEXE AG LXYNIDTV KF. % ]NDGDMLOLF KUIGOBEDNNLMLXEDDL AGFEPGJEBED XTB $BEHMEV $BEHMGDQILONP 5KIXGJLO, PEBLOEH DNAHL@L UILNMWL[QEDNC,MQEBGOYNVMC NAOEMJED 1EJIK UILEHJLF L @EIXLOLV XKFG@E.

'WLJDL UINDNFGC DG MOLR MBK[XK NMHKMDTW N QGILONJTW NDLMJIGD^EO. 1EJI, LQDGHL, UEIOTEFEMJG UL KUIGOBEDNR ULIKPGB IKMMHNF, N JLBSHL OJLILMJEUEDDTE FEMJG UIEQLMJGOBCBNDLMJIGD^GF. +A ULMBEQDNW 1EJI LMLXEDDL LJBNPGB N OLAOTYGB JILNW: 'MJEIFGDG, 7IRMG N4NDNWG.

7GILD 'MJEIFGD XTB UEIOLHBGMMDTV QNUBLFGJ MOLE@L OIEFEDN N LHGAGB FDL@L QLXIG MOLEFKDLOLFK LJEPEMJOK; EFK LXCAGD XTB 1EJI OT@LQDTFN KMBLONCFN *NYJGQJMHL@L FNIG; UL FDEDNR1EJIG, 'MJEIFGD DNHL@QG DE LYNXGBMC O QNUBLFGJNPEMHNW QEBGW, DL M XBEMJC\NFN KFMJOEDDTFNMULMLXDLMJCFN 'MJEIFGD MLEQNDCB QOLEQKYNE, UINJOLIMJOL, DEIGAXLIPNOLMJS MIEQMJO UINQLMJN[EDNN ^EBEV.

4EDEE 'MJEIFGDG QGILONJTV, @IG] 7IRM O UILJNOLULBL[DLMJS EFK LJBNPGBMCDIGOMJOEDDTFN QLMJLNDMJOGFN, HLJLITFN DE FL@BN DGWOGBNJSMC MLOIEFEDDNHN: LD XTBDGPGBSDNHLF GIJNBBEINN, KPGMJOLOGB OL OMEW OG[DEVYNW MIG[EDNCW N MPNJGBMC KPEDEVYNFPEBLOEHLF O -LMMNN. 4NDNW OMJKUNB O IKMMHKR MBK[XK JLBSHL O 1721 @LQK. 1EJI ULIKPNB EFKIGXLJT UL #GQL[MHLFK HGDGBK N O 1724 @LQK FL@ MHGAGJS: „(IKQT FLE@L 4NDNWG MQEBGBN FEDCAQLILOTF“.

% PNMBE UEIOTW OEBSFL[ 1EJIG, O PNMBE UEIOTW GDQIEEOMHNW HGOGBEILO XTB @EJFGDFGBLILMMNVMHNV 4GAEUG, DL FT ONQEBN, HGH LHLDPNB LD MOLE ULUIN\E. +AFEDLR 4GAEUT KPGMJS@EJFGDMJOG FGBLILMMNVMHL@L XTBG IEYEDG O KFE 1EJIG, HLJLITV DGPGB ULMJEUEDDL ULQ@LJLOBCJSE@L KDNPJL[EDNE. &HLILUGQMHNV, PEBLOEH DEQGBEHNV, XTB NFEDDL JGHLV @EJFGD, HGHLV XTB DK[ED1EJIK QBC ZJL@L UIN@LJLOBEDNC, J. E. XTB JEDSR @EJFGDG. 3BC UIEQKUIE[QEDNC NAFEDT MLMJLILDT @EJFGDG N QBC UIEQKUIE[QEDNC HIGFLBT UILJNO @EJFGDG ULQBE DE@L CONBMCOEBNHLILMMNVMHNV PNDLODNH „QBC KUIGOBEDNC UL LX\EFK M @EJFGDLF MLOEJK“.

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„ULJLFK PJLNAFEDT UIEQYEMJOLOGOYNW @EJFGDLO, HGH LX`CONB NFUEIGJLI, DE ULAOLBCRJ JLILUNJSMC OG[DTFQEBLF NAXIGDNC, DGQLXDL UINNMHGJS OEMSFG OEIDL@L N NAOEMJDL@L PEBLOEHG“.

C0,8)!2!%#82,-+,. 1EJI LMJGONB ULMBE MEXC FDL@L ADGFEDNJTW BRQEV, M HLJLITFN QLB@LN PGMJL XKQEF OMJIEPGJSMC O ULMBEQKR\EV NMJLINN; DL HL@L LD LMJGONB OFEMJL MEXC MOLEV DLOLVNFUEINN? 4T ONQEBN, PJL OLMUNJGDNE, ULBKPEDDLE 1EJILF, DE QEBGBL E@L MULMLXDTF H MEFEVDLV[NADN, G [EDG ER ,OQLHNC ?EQLILODG DE XTBG MULMLXDG UILJNOLQEVMJOLOGJS E@L UINOTPHGF NUINOCAGJS H MEFEVDLV [NADN, MBEQMJONEF PE@L XTB IGAOLQ N DGMNBSMJOEDDLE ULMJIN[EDNE,OQLHNN.

*L K 1EJIG LJ ,OQLHNN XTB MTD $BEHMEV, ILQNOYNVMC O 1690 @LQK. 3L 9 BEJ IEXEDLH LMJGOGBMCUIN FGJEIN, DEQLOLBSDLV FK[EF, HLJLITV XTB QLFG IEQHNF N DE LPEDS OEMEBTF @LMJEF; ULDCJDL,PJL ZJL LXMJLCJEBSMJOL DE FL@BL IGAONJS O $BEHMEE PKOMJOL BRXON H LJ^K. 1LJLF FGJS XTBGKQGBEDG O FLDGMJTIS; 1EJI ULUIE[DEFK XTB O ULMJLCDDTW LJBKPHGW, @LMJEF QLFG; LD AGXLJNBMC

171

L OLMUNJGDNN, J. E. LX KPEDNN, MOLE@L MTDG, HLJLITV XTB MULMLXED H KPEDNR, XTB LWLJDNH PNJGJS,DL BRXNFTF PJEDNEF ER XTBN HDN@N QKWLODTE, BRXNFTF IGA@LOLILF E@L XTB IGA@LOLI MQKWLODTFN BN^GFN L QEBGW ^EIHLODTW, LX NMJLINN N BNJEIGJKIE ^EIHLODLV. 5GH PGMJL XTOGEJ,MTD OTYEB DE O LJ^G, G O QEQG N UIGQEQG, XTB OLOME DE MULMLXED H ZJLV DEKJLFNFLV N XTMJILVQECJEBSDLMJN ]NANPEMHLV, HLJLILR LJBNPGBMC 1EJI. *L 1EJI NFEDDL JGHKR QECJEBSDLMJS MPNJGBDELXWLQNFLR QBC QLOEIYEDNC DGPGJL@L NF QEBG, NFEDDL JGHLV QECJEBSDLMJN WLJEB LJ MOLE@LDGMBEQDNHG.

_JL JIEXLOGDNE, UILJNODLE UINILQE $BEHMEC, IGAQIG[GBL, L[EMJLPGBL E@L OME XLBEE N XLBEE,OME XLBEE N XLBEE OLAXK[QGBL O DEF LJOIG\EDNE LJ QECJEBSDLMJN LJ^LOMHLV, LJ OMEW JEWDLOLOOEQEDNV, OL NFC HLJLITW 1EJI JIEXLOGB LJ MTDG, PJLX LD UEIEFEDNB MOLV WGIGHJEI. (GHNFIGABGQLF FE[QK UINILQLR MTDG N JIEXLOGDNCFN LJ^G MUEYNBN OLMULBSALOGJSMC BRQN, HLJLITFUL IGADTF UINPNDGF JGH[E DE DIGONBGMS QECJEBSDLMJS 1EJIG N E@L JIEXLOGDNC. $BEHMECLHIK[NBN UINOEI[ED^T MJGINDT, O XEMEQE M HLJLITFN MTD DGWLQNB JGHLE [E KQLOLBSMJONE,HGHLE DEHL@QG LJE^ DGWLQNB O XEMEQE #E]LIJG N ULQLXDTW EFK.

1IN JGHNW DGHBLDDLMJCW H MJGINDE $BEHMEV O 1711 @LQK DL UINHGAGDNR LJ^G QLB[ED XTBOMJKUNJS O XIGH M UIND^EMMLR &L]SER 7IGKDYOEV@!OLBS]EDXNJJEBSMHLR NBN, JLPDEE,XBGDHEDXKI@MHLR, HLJLIGC LMJGBGMS UIN UIE[DEF MOLEF BRJEpaDMHLF NMULOEQGDNN. &L@BGMNCFE[QK FK[EF N [EDLR DE XTBL; 1EJI MEIQNBMC AG ZJL DG LQDL@L MTDG. &L]SC KFEIBG O LHJCXIE1715 @LQG, LMJGONO UL MEXE QOKW FBGQED^EO — MTDG 1EJIG N QLPS *GJGBSR. 1EJI, KONQGOYN,PJL ULMBEQDEE MIEQMJOL UINOCAGJS MTDG H DLOLFK DE KQGBLMS, DGUNMGB $BEHMER: „&HLIXS LXKQK\EF AG@BKYGEJ IGQLMJS FLR L DGMJLC\NW DGYNW KMUEWGW, NXL ON[K, PJL JT UIEDEXIE@GEYSOMEFN JEFN MIEQMJOGFN, HLJLITE FL@KJ MQEBGJS JEXC MULMLXDTF ^GIMJOLOGJS ULMBE FEDC.*EMULMLXDLMJS JOLR DGATOGR C MOLEOLBNEF, ULJLFK PJL JT DE FL[EYS NAONDNJSMC%,-!8)#)"!/ 0#7;/# N JEBEMDLV HIEULMJN. 4T EQNDMJOEDDL OLEDDTFN KUIG[DEDNCFNOTMJKUGBN NA UIE[DEV JSFT, QGBN ADGJS L MEXE QIK@NF DGILQGF N AGMJGONBN NW KOG[GJS MEXC, GJT L OLEDDTW KUIG[DEDNCW N MBTYGJS DE WLPEYS. <EBGR LJ JEXC DE JIKQLO, G LWLJT. ) PEBLOEH,ULQBE[K MFEIJN: HLFK DGMG[QEDDLE N LJPGMJN OLAIG\EDDLE FDLR LMJGOBR? ,MBN DEUEIEFEDNYSMC, JL ADGV, PJL BNYK JEXC DGMBEQMJOG, NXL C AG LJEPEMJOL N AG ULQQGDDTW FLNW[NADN DE [GBEB N DE [GBER, JL DEK[EBN UL[GBER JEXC? #KPYE XKQS PK[LV QLXITV, PEF MOLVDE@LQDTV“.

=GIEONP LJOEPGB DG ZJL, PJL LD DE MULMLXED H KUIGOBEDNR @LMKQGIMJOLF, ULPEFK HBCDEJMCDE NFEJS ONQLO DG UIEMJLB. 1EJI LJOEPGB, PJL DE ULBG@GEJMC DG E@L HBCJOK, DL UKMJS NBN UEIEFEDNJMOLV DIGO, NBN ULMJIN[EJMC O FLDGWN. =GIEONP LJUNMGB, PJL [EBGEJ ULMJIN[EDNC. *L 1EJIFEQBNB JC[EBTF QEBLF. 'JUIGOBCCMS AG @IGDN^K O DGPGBE 1716 @LQG, 1EJI QGB MTDKYEMJNFEMCPDTV MILH QBC IGAFTYBEDNC. *E ULBKPGC DNHGHL@L LJOEJG UL UILYEMJONN ZJL@L MILHG,^GIS DGUNMGB MTDK, JIEXKC LHLDPGJEBSDL@L IEYEDNC, G EMBN IEYNJMC UEIEFEDNJS ULOEQEDNE, JLPJLX EWGB H DEFK AG @IGDN^K. =GIEONP LJOEPGB, PJL UINEQEJ, N QEVMJONJEBSDL OTEWGB NA1EJEIXKI@G, DL OFEMJL JL@L, PJLX EWGB H LJ^K, LJUIGONBMC O %EDK H DEFE^HLFK NFUEIGJLIK 5GIBKVI N LJQGBMC O E@L ULHILONJEBSMJOL, @LOLIC, PJL MUGMGEJMC LJ [EMJLHL@L @LDEDNC N MFEIJN.

3BC NAXE[GDNC ULNMHLO LJ^LOMHNW $BEHMEV LMJGONB %EDK N KHITOGBMC MDGPGBG O (NILBE, OAGFHE _IEDXEI@, G ULJLF UEIEEWGB O *EGULBS, O AGFLH &GDJ!_BSFL. *L UIEQLMJLIL[DLMJN XTBNJ\EJDT: LJUIGOBEDDTE 1EJILF (LBMJLV N -KFCD^EO LJTMHGBN KXE[N\E $BEHMEC N ULJIEXLOGBNLJ 5GIBG VI OTQGPN E@L, @ILAC O UILJNODLF MBKPGE OLVDLR. (L@QG NFUEIGJLI ULAOLBNB (LBMJLFKEWGJS O *EGULBS N BNPDL K@LOGINOGJS $BEHMEC OLAOIGJNJSMC H LJ^K. &DGPGBG $BEHMEV DNHGH DEWLJEB OLAOIGJNJSMC, DL ULJLF ML@BGMNBMC EWGJS M (LBMJTF O -LMMNR, DGUK@GDDTV, M LQDLVMJLILDT, JEF, PJL MGF 1EJI CONJMC O +JGBNR, M QIK@LV — ULBG@GCMS DG LJ^LOMHLE LXE\GDNEUILMJNJS E@L, — LXE\GDNE, HLJLILE LJDNFGBL N K 5GIBG VI UIEQBL@ UILJNONJSMC E@LOLAOIG\EDNR.

% DGPGBE 1718 @LQG $BEHMEV UINEWGB O 4LMHOK, LJHKQG ULJLF UEIEOEAED O 1EJEIXKI@. 1EJI,OTJIEXLOGOYN K DE@L LJIEPEDNE LJ UIEMJLBG, UILMJNB E@L, DL M KMBLONEF, PJLX LD LJHITB OMELXMJLCJEBSMJOG ULXE@G N KHGAGB BRQEV, MLOEJLOGOYNW N ULFL@GOYNW EFK O ZJLF QEBE. *GPGBMC

172

ILATMH, OMHITBGMS OIG[QG $BEHMEC H QEBGF LJ^LOMHNF, H BRQCF, LHIK[GOYNF 1EJIG, H DEFKMGFLFK; DGHLDE^, KBNPEDT XTBN BRQN, HLJLITE ULQQEI[NOGBN ^GIEONPG O ZJLV OIG[QE, ODGFEIEDNN ULMJINPSMC, M JEF PJLX ULMBE MOEI@DKJS FLDGYEMJOL, — 5NHND N QIK@NE. 'JHITBLMS,PJL FGJS $BEHMEC, DEOLBSDGC FLDGWNDC ,OQLHNC, NBN ,BEDG, JLBSHL N QKFGBG L JLF, HGH XTMDLOG OMJKUNJS O FNI M UIE[DNF ADGPEDNEF, PJL ILMJLOMHNV GIWNEIEV 3LMN]EV KJOEI[QGB EE OZJNW DGQE[QGW MOLNFN BL[DTFN UILILPEMJOGFN N ONQEDNCFN; LJHITBLMS, PJL ,OQLHNC NFEBGMDLYEDNC M MEMJILR 1EJIG ^GIEODLR 4GISER $BEHMEEODLV N M @EDEIGBLF "BEXLOTF.

3LMN]EV, "BEXLO, 5NHND N DEMHLBSHL QIK@NW MLKPGMJDNHLO XTBN HGADEDT; ,OQLHNC AGUEIJGO *LOLV #GQL@E, ̂ GIEODG 4GISC — O >BNMMEBSXKI@E. &KQ, MLMJGOBEDDTV NA OTMYNW MGDLODNHLOO PNMBE 124 PEBLOEH, UIN@LOLINB $BEHMEC H MFEIJDLV HGADN, DL UIN@LOLI DE XTB UINOEQED ONMULBDEDNE, ULJLFK PJL DEMPGMJDTV ^GIEONP KFEI O MOLEV JEFDN^E 26 NRDC.

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„C0#6-#6!2+ /!%#0H,'“, O HLJLILF MJGIGBMC QLHGAGJS IGAKFDLMJS ZJL@L KMJGDLOBEDNC. *L 1EJI KFEI,DE OLMULBSALOGOYNMS MOLNF UIGOLF, DE DGADGPNO MEXE UIEEFDNHG.

"#$%$ XLI=$-&(%'%$*+, +41,-$(-+=. ,5$(,-+*. I

%LUILM L JLF, HJL QLB[ED ^GIMJOLOGJS ULMBE 1EJIG, IGAQEBNB OEBSFL[ DG QOE UGIJNN:OEBSFL[N MJGINDDTE WLJEBN, PJLX ^GIMJOLOGB FGBLBEJDNV 1EJI, ODKH ULHLVDL@L NFUEIGJLIG,MTD DEMPGMJDL@L $BEHMEC; O PEBE ZJLV UGIJNN MJLCBN 6BN^TDT. *L OEBSFL[N DLOTE,OLAOTYEDDTE 1EJILF %EBNHNF, DE WLJEBN ONQEJS DG UIEMJLBE MTDG $BEHMEEOG; LMLXEDDL DEWLJEBN OL^GIEDNC 1EJIG $BEHMEEONPG JE BRQN, HLJLITE OIG[QEXDL QEVMJOLOGBN UILJNO LJ^GE@L. %L @BGOE NW XTBN 4EDYNHLO N (LBMJLV. % JK MGFKR DLPS, HGH 1EJI %EBNHNV FKPNBMC OUIEQMFEIJDTW MJIGQGDNCW, OEBSFL[N OEBN MNBSDTE MULIT L JLF, HLFK XTJS E@L UIEEFDNHLF.5DCAS 3NFNJINV 4NWGVBLONP "LBN^TD M JLOGIN\GFN UIEQBG@GB OLAOEMJN DG UIEMJLBFGBLBEJDE@L 1EJIG, G UIGOBEDNE OIKPNJS NFUEIGJIN^E OFEMJE M &EDGJLF. *L 4EDYNHLO, (LBMJLVN $UIGHMND KJOEI[QGBN, PJL ZJL ULOEQEJ H XLISXE, OLBDEDNCF, PJL EQNDMJOEDDLE MIEQMJOLULQQEI[GJS ADGPEDNE N MBGOK -LMMNN — ZJL UILOLA@BGMNJS MGFLQEI[GODLR NFUEIGJIN^ER,HGJEINDK, UIEOLADLMNBN EE QLMJLNDMJOG, KHGATOGBN DG JLI[EMJOEDDKR EE HLILDG^NR.

1INOEI[ED^T ,HGJEINDT OACBN OEIW, JEF XLBEE PJL @OGIQNC XTBG DG EE MJLILDE. &LBQGJTHINPGBN: „4T ULJEICBN LJ^G, DL K DGM LMJGBGMS FGJS!“ ']N^EIT @LOLINBN, PJL IGALXSRJ @LBLOTMJGITF XLCIGF, EMBN LDN OLMUILJNOCJMC NFUEIGJIN^E. *LOGC NFUEIGJIN^G LX`CONBG, PJL [EBGEJMLOEIYNJS OME QEBG, DGPGJTE 1EJILF. 3EVMJONJEBSDL, UL UBGDK 1EJIG LJUIGOBEDG XTBG ULQDGPGBSMJOLF 7EIND@G ZHMUEQN^NC QBC IEYEDNC OLUILMG: MLEQNDCEJMC BN $ANC M $FEINHLR?'JHITJG O 1720 @LQK $HGQEFNC DGKH; KMJGDLOBED DLOTV LIQED — $BEHMGDQIG *EOMHL@L, JGH[EDL FTMBN 1EJIG; MJGIYGC ^EMGIEODG $DDG 1EJILODG XTBG OTQGDG AGFK[ AG @EI^L@G@LBYJNDMHL@L 5GIBG ?INQINWG, HLJLIL@L E\E 1EJI UEIEQ HLDPNDLR LX`CONB [EDNWLF MOLEVQLPEIN.

*L EMBN MUEYNBN UINOEMJN O NMULBDEDNE DEHLJLITE NA DGFEIEDNV 1EJIG %EBNHL@L, JL M

173

QIK@LV MJLILDT, IEYNBNMS HLMDKJSMC MGFTW OG[DTW E@L KPIE[QEDNV: &EDGJ ULJEICB MOLEUEIOEDMJOKR\EE ADGPEDNE, NXL DGQ DNF KPIE[QED XTB %EIWLODTV (GVDTV &LOEJ, O HLJLITVULMJKUNBN OG[DEVYNE UL AGDNFGEFTF NFN QLB[DLMJCF MEDGJLIT: 4EDYNHLO, $UIGHMND,"LBLOHND, (LBMJLV, HDCAS "LBN^TD (3NFNJINV 4NWGVBLONP]). %FEMJE M IKMMHNFN OEBSFL[GFN O%EIWLODLF &LOEJE AGMEB,N NDLMJIGDE^ 'MJEIFGD, MQEBGOYNVMC DELXWLQNF UL MOLNFMULMLXDLMJCF H ULMJLCDDLFK KMNQPNOLFK JIKQK, H MLLXIG[EDNR, NAKPEDNR OMEW ULQILXDLMJEVQEBG, UL MOLEFK LXIGALOGDNR, ADGDNR NDLMJIGDDTW CATHLO. (KJ OUEIOTE NDLMJIGDE^ ULBKPNBJGHLE OG[DLE ADGPEDNE. 1LJLF O %EIWLODTV &LOEJ OOEQED XTB @EI^L@ @LBYJNDMHNV. ; &EDGJGN &NDLQG LJDCJ XTB JNJKB UIGONJEBSMJOKR\NW. &EDGJ DGPGB DGATOGJSMC OTMLHNF.

9BEDT %EIWLODL@L (GVDL@L &LOEJG ULQGBN NFUEIGJIN^E AGFEPGDNC MOLN, PJL HIEMJSCDE,MLMJGOBCR\NE XLBSYNDMJOL DGILQLDGMEBEDNC, UINWLQCJ O HIGVDEE IGALIEDNE LJ OEBNHNW ULQGJEVN LMLXEDDL LJ K@DEJEDNC ML MJLILDT AEFMHNW OBGMJEV N OLVMH N XE@KJ O 1LBSYK, H XGYHNI^GF,O /GULIL[SE N O IGMHLB; PJL UILNAOLQMJOL QEB O HLBBE@NCW DEQLOLBSDL XTMJIL N UIGONBSDL,LJPE@L OLBLHNJT N IGALIEDNE UILMNJEBCF; PJL NMJLPDNHN QLWLQLO MHKQDT, IGMWLQT QGBEHL OTYEQLWLQLO, LJPEJDLMJN O KULJIEXBEDNN @LMKQGIMJOEDDLV HGADT DEJ DNHGHLV. (GH HGH XLBSYLE PNMBLUIGONJEBEV, PNDLODNHLO N HGD^EBCINV DGVQEDL LXIEFEDNJEBSDTF QBC DGILQG, JL UINHGAGDLXTBL BNYDNW KUIGONJEBEV, DEDK[DTE HGD^EBCINN N HLDJLIT UL @KXEIDNCF KUIGAQDNJS NULBL[NJS OMR IGMUIGOK N MKQ DG @KXEIDGJLILO N OLEOLQ, NF [E ULQPNDNJS N @LILQLOTEFG@NMJIGJT.

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

3EBL MLMJGOBEDNC DLOL@L KBL[EDNC UILQLB[GBLMS N UIN ,HGJEINDE, DL QON@GBLMS FEQBEDDL;QBC KMHLIEDNC E@L O HLFNMMNN OEBEDL XTBL AGMEQGJS UL QOG PEBLOEHG NA QKWLOEDMJOG, NA PNDLOOLEDDTW, @IG[QGDMHNW N NA FG@NMJIGJG. 5GMGJEBSDL QKWLOEDMJOG AGUIE\EDL XTBL XEA MNDLQMHL@LKHGAG ULMJIN@GJS O FLDGWN, HILFE OQLOTW MOC\EDDNHLO N QSCHLDLO. 'JDLMNJEBSDL UILMOE\EDNCHILFE KPIE[QEDNC $HGQEFNN AGFEPGJEBSDT MBEQKR\NE IGMULIC[EDNC: 1EJI %EBNHNV UINHGAGBNA OMEW HLBBE@NV N HGD^EBCINV QLMJGOBCJS O JNUL@IG]NR N UEPGJGJS NAOEMJNC „L OMEW ADGJDTWQEBGW, UINDGQBE[G\NW H OEQEDNR DGILQDLFK“; UL MFEIJN OEBNHL@L IGMUILMJIGDNJEBC DGILQDL@LOEQEDNC O HLBBE@NCW N HGD^EBCINCW DGYBN, PJL UEPGJGDNE ZJNW NAOEMJNV QEBL DEDK[DLE, NLMJGONBN E@L. *L ,HGJEINDG LX`CONBG, PJL JGHLE MLLX\EDNE DGILQK NAOEMJNV UIEHIG\EDLDEOEQLFL QBC PE@L N UINHGAGBG OLALXDLONJS UEPGJGDNE NAOEMJNV. >G]NILOK, OLAOIG\EDDLFKNA MMTBHN, ULIKPEDL XTBL DGUNMGJS NMJLINR 1EJIG I, QBC PE@L OEBEDL XTBL QLMJGOBCJS EFKLJLOMRQK DK[DTE NAOEMJNC. %EBEDL XTBL ULMTBGJS HKUEPEMHNW QEJEV QBC LXKPEDNC MUEIOG O-N@K N O -EOEBS, G ULJLF N AG @IGDN^K. 'JDLMNJEBSDL DIGOLO N LXTPGEO AGFEPGJEBSDLIGMULIC[EDNE NFUEIGJIN^T L DGQALIE AG HKBGPDTFN XLCFN, ULJLFK PJL XLV^T ULAOLBCBN MEXEXNJS UILJNODNHLO DL[GFN, HGFDCFN N XILMGJS UEMLH O @BGAG.

% MNBK ULMJGDLOBEDNC 1EJIG ,HGJEINDG NFEBG UIGOL DGADGPGJS MEXE O UIEEFDNHN HL@L EVXTBL K@LQDL. 7LBSYGC PGMJS ADGJN N DGILQ XTBN AG OEBNHL@L HDCAC 1EJIG $BEHMEEONPG. *G E@LMJLILDK MJGB N FL@K\EMJOEDDTV 4EDYNHLO, ULJLFK, PJL ULMMLINBMC M @EI^L@LF @LBYJNDMHNF,HLJLIL@L MKUIK@K $DDK 1EJILODK WLJEBG ONQEJS DG UIEMJLBE UILJNODGC 1EJIK UGIJNC. 9JLXTLXEMUEPNJS MOLE ULBL[EDNE UIN 1EJIE, 4EDYNHLO K@LOLINB NFUEIGJIN^K QGJS ML@BGMNE DGXIGH E@L QLPEIN M OEBNHNF HDCAEF. 1GIJNC $DDT 1EJILODT ULQOEI@BGMS MNBSDLV LUGBE: @BGOGEE (LBMJLV XTB MLMBGD O &LBLOHN. ,HGJEINDG MHLDPGBGMS 6 FGC 1727 @LQG, N 1EJI XTBUILOLA@BGYED NFUEIGJLILF.

174

"#$%$ XLII=$-&(%'%$*+, 1,(-$ II $#,5&,,%+9$

N,%H+"!6. 4EDYNHLO UEIEOEA FLBLQL@L NFUEIGJLIG NA QOLI^G O MOLV QLF, UINMJGONB HDEFK MOLNW ILQDTW N BRQEV DGQE[DTW. *EFEQBEDDL 1EJI DGAOGB 4EDYNHLOG @EDEIGBNMMNFKMLFN LXIKPNBMC M ER QLPEISR HDC[DLR 4GISER $BEHMGDQILODLR, DEMFLJIC DG JL PJLQOEDGQ^GJNBEJDEFK [EDNWK OLOME DE DIGONBGMS YEMJDGQ^GJNBEJDCC DEOEMJG. % UNMSFGW HNFUEIGJLIK 4EDYNHLO DGATOGB E@L MTDLF, ULQUNMTOGB „OGY LJE^“, OEBEB ODEMJN O HGBEDQGISOFEMJE M LMLXGFN NFUEIGJLIMHLV ]GFNBNN MOLE NFC N NFEDG PBEDLO MOLE@L MEFEVMJOG; WLJEB[EDNJS MOLE@L MTDG DG cEMJIE NFUEIGJLIG OEBNHLV HDC[DE *GJGBSE $BEHMEEODE.

(C[EBTV N UIE[QE QBC OMEW MOLNF OTMLHLFEINEF, 4EDYNHLO MJGB DEOTDLMNF JEUEIS, HL@QGMQEBGBMC UIGONJEBEF ULBDLOBGMJDTF. *L OIG@N 4EDYNHLOG DE NFEBN MIEQMJO MOEI@DKJS e@LCODL N QLB[DT XTBN ULQHGUTOGJSMC ULQ DE@L. %LMUNJGJEBEF FLBLQL@L NFUEIGJLIG XTB ON^E!HGD^BEI 'MJEIFGD, ULFL\DNHLF E@L — @L]FEVMJEI HDCAS $BEHMEV "IN@LISEONP 3LB@LIKHNV;MTD 3LB@LIKHL@L, YEMJDGQ^GJNBEJDNV HDCAS +OGD $BEHMEEONP, ULBSALOGBMC MNBSDLRUINOCAGDDLMJSR FLBLQL@L NFUEIGJLIG, XTB DEIGABKPDTF E@L JLOGIN\EF, N LD!JL KMUEBOLLIK[NJS 1EJIG UILJNO 4EDYNHLOG. 1GQEDNE ULMBEQDE@L XTBL KMHLIEDL LUGMDLR XLBEADNRE@L, HLJLILR OLMULBSALOGBNMS OIG@N.

5L@QG UIGONJEBS OTAQLILOEB N DGPGB IGMULIC[GJSMC OMEF UL!UIE[DEFK, DNPE@L DEULQLAIEOGC, JL OQIK@ 6 MEDJCXIC 1727 @LQG NFUEIGJLI LX`CONB, PJL LD DE XKQEJ XLBEE [NJS OQLFE 4EDYNHLOG, G O BEJDEF QOLI^E; 8 MEDJCXIC XTOYEFK UIGONJEBR LX`COBED XTB GIEMJ NLJBKPEDNE LJ OMEW QEB, G 9!@L OEBEDL MDCJS M 4EDYNHLOG OME PNDT N LIQEDG N LJUIGONJS DGXEAOTEAQDLE [NJSE O 'IGDNEDXKI@, @LILQ -CAGDMHLV @KXEIDNN, EFK UINDGQBE[GOYNV; NFEDNELMJGOBEDL AG DNF.

:!2.!0;"+'. 1IGONJEBS UGB; DEFDL@NE [GBEBN LX DEF. „1ILYBG N UL@NXBG MKEJDGC MBGOGUIE@LIQL@L "LBNG]G, — UNMGB LQND MLOIEFEDDNH QIK@LFK, 1GYHLO 9EIHGMLOK, — UILYBG NUL@NXBG MKEJDGC MBGOG UIE@LIQL@L "LBNG]G, HLJLIL@L 7L@ MNBSDLR QEMDN^ER MLHIKYNB, OMEJLFK MNBSDL IGQT, N C, FDL@L@IEYDTV, MBGOC MO. (ILN^K, UIEXTOGR XEA OMCHL@L MJIGWG; K DGMOME XBG@LULBKPDL N JGHNW MJIGWLO JEUEIS DN oJ HL@L DEJ, HGHNE XTBN UIN HDCAE 4EDYNHLOE“.

*L MHLIL LXDGIK[NBNMS COBEDNC, HLJLITE FL@BN AGMJGONJS UL[GBEJS N L 4EDYNHLOE. (LJPGMUL KQGBEDNN ULMBEQDE@L NFUEIGJLI LX`CONB MEXC MLOEIYEDDLBEJDNF, LX`CONB, PJL XKQEJUINMKJMJOLOGJS O (GVDLF &LOEJE N AGDNFGJSMC QEBGFN UIGOBEDNC, DL OME ZJL LMJGBLMSLXE\GDNCFN JLBSHL; KPEDNE XTBL UIEIOGDL, AGDCJNC UIGONJEBSMJOEDDTE XTBN DE UL BEJGF, NLQDN KQLOLBSMJONC MJGBN NMHBRPNJEBSDTF AGDCJNEF FLBLQL@L @LMKQGIC. 3LB@LIKHNE LOBGQEBNOLBER 1EJIG; OLMUNJGJEBS E@L 'MJEIFGD MHLIL ULJEICB OMCHLE OBNCDNE, E@L DGMJGOBEDNCHGAGBNMS MHKPDT: LQDG[QT 'MJEIFGD UINMJKUNB H 1EJIK M KUIEHGFN, @LOLINB, PJL PEIEADEMHLBSHL BEJ @LMKQGIS MGF OEBNJ LJIKXNJS EFK @LBLOK, EMBN LD JEUEIS DE MJGDEJ KHGATOGJS EFKDG JK UILUGMJS, H HLJLILV LD MJIEFNJMC, N PJL LD, 'MJEIFGD, LMJGOBCEJ QLB[DLMJS OLMUNJGJEBC.1EJI IGMJIL@GBMC, XILMNBMC H DEFK DG YER N KFLBCB DE ULHNQGJS E@L, DL H OEPEIK OLALXDLONBUIE[DNV LXIGA [NADN.

1EJI PKOMJOLOGB OIL[QEDDKR DEDGONMJS H FLIR N HLIGXBCF, MJIGMJDL BRXNB LWLJK N MKQLOLBSMJONEF ULMBEQLOGB MLOEJK JEW, HLJLITE K@LOGINOGBN E@L UEIEEWGJS O 4LMHOK (9 CDOGIC1728 @LQG). +DLMJIGD^T, 'MJEIFGD M JLOGIN\GFN, MFLJIEBN M K[GMLF DG ZJLJ UEIEEAQ, ONQC ODEF YG@ H KDN[EDNR QEB 1EJIG %EBNHL@L, DL LDN DGUIGMDL XEMULHLNBNMS: BRQCF, LHIK[GOYNF

175

1EJIG II, XTBL DE QL QIEODEV NBN DLOLV -LMMNN, G JLBSHL QL BNPDTW MOLNW OT@LQ. (LJ [E MGFTV1GYHLO, HLJLITV JGH IGQLOGBMC MOEI[EDNR 4EDYNHLOG, QLB[ED XTB JEUEIS UNMGJS H JLFK [EQIK@K MOLEFK 9EIHGMLOK: „*LOTE OIEFED\NHN UILNAOEBN JGHKR MFKJK, PJL FT M LUGMEDNEFXTOGEF UIN QOLIE, LQND QIK@L@L XLNJMC, G HIEUHLV DGQE[QT DN@QE DEJ“.

*EHLJLITE MJGBN JK[NJS L 4EDYNHLOE; CONBLMS ULQFEJDLE UNMSFL, O HLJLILF MJGIGBNMSOTMJGONJS QLMJLNDMJOG XTOYE@L UIGONJEBC N E@L DELXWLQNFLMJS QBC ULUIGOBEDNC QEB;4EDYNHLOG AG ZJL OEQEDL XTBL UEIEFEMJNJS NA 'IGDNEDXKI@G O &NXNIS, O 7EIEALO. /GMBGOYN4EDYNHLOG O &NXNIS, 3LB@LIKHNE MUEYNBN MBEQLOGJS E@L UINFEIK; LDN DE QLUKMHGBN DNHL@L HNFUEIGJLIK: ^GIN^G!XGXHG #LUKWNDG, LMOLXL[QEDDGC UL OLMYEMJONN DG UIEMJLB ODKHG NUEIEOEAEDDGC O 4LMHOK, DE FL@BG @LOLINJS M @LMKQGIEF DGEQNDE; MJGBN KOLANJS E@L NA 4LMHOTDG LWLJK, N ZJN LJMKJMJONC UILQLB[GBNMS UL DEMHLBSHK QDEV, NDL@QG UL DEMHLBSHK DEQEBS; ULMBELWLJT AG ILMHLYDTF N YKFDTF LXEQLF OEMEBNBN @LMKQGIC ULWOGBGFN E@L BLOHLMJN N NMHKMMJOKO MJIEBSXE, UEIEPNMBCBN KQGPN, IGQLOGBN UBGDGFN DLOTW ULEAQLH; L QEBGW @LMKQGIMJOEDDTW DEXTBL N ULFNDG.

% MEDJCXIE 1729 @LQG NFUEIGJLI OTEWGB NA 4LMHOT O MLUILOL[QEDNN MEFEVMJOG 3LB@LIKHNWN OLAOIGJNBMC DE IGDEE DLCXIC; O ZJL OIEFC LD QGB ML@BGMNE 3LB@LIKHNF [EDNJSMC DG ,HGJEINDE,QLPEIN HDCAC $BEHMEC, MEMJIE MOLE@L BRXNF^G. 30 DLCXIC XTBL MLOEIYEDL JLI[EMJOEDDLELXIKPEDNE. *L ZJL XTBL ULMBEQDEE JLI[EMJOL 3LB@LIKHNW: NFUEIGJLI MJGB ONQNFL JC@LJNJSMCNW LUEHLR, DE ONQGBMC M MOLER DEOEMJLR, DGPGB MXBN[GJSMC M 'MJEIFGDLF. 5L@QG JEJHG E@L^EMGIEODG ,BNMGOEJG 1EJILODG [GBLOGBGMS EFK, PJL LDG JEIUNJ OL OMEF XLBSYKR DK[QK, JL1EJI LJOEPGB: „% ZJLF DE C ONDLOGJ, FLN UINHGAGDNC DE NMULBDCRJMC, DL C DGVQK MIEQMJOG IGAXNJSFLN LHLOT“.

% MGFLF MEFEVMJOE 3LB@LIKHNW @LMULQMJOLOGBL MNBSDLE DEML@BGMNE; [QGBN UEIEOLILJG; LDUILNALYEB, DL DE JGH, HGH DGQECBNMS. 6 CDOGIC 1730 @LQG NFUEIGJLI UILMJKQNBMC UIN LXICQEOLQLLMOC\EDNC; LJHITBGMS LMUG, N 19 PNMBG 1EJI MHLDPGBMC.

:,2# 6%,H%+,. +A QEB ODEYDNW O ^GIMJOLOGDNE 1EJIG II ODGPGBE AGDNFGB OLUILMHKIBCDQMHNV: AQEMS UL MFEIJN FK[G ^GIEODT $DDT +LGDDLODT ?INQINWG %NBS@EBSFG UIGONBUIEMJGIEBTV N XEAQEJDTV QCQC E@L ?EIQNDGDQ. 5KIBCDQ^T WLJEBN UILOLA@BGMNJS E@L UIEEFDNHLFADGFEDNJL@L 4LIN^G &GHMLDMHL@L, ULXLPDL@L MTDG ULBSMHL@L HLILBC $O@KMJG II; ULBCHN M MOLEVMJLILDT WLJEBN UINMLEQNDNJS 5KIBCDQNR H MOLEFK @LMKQGIMJOK, DL -LMMNC OLMUIEUCJMJOLOGBGN JLFK N QIK@LFK.

& 1IKMMNER AGHBRPED XTB QL@LOLI O MBKPGE MFEIJN HLILBC $O@KMJG II ULBSMHL@L QEVMJOLOGJSAGLQDL LJDLMNJEBSDL NAXIGDNC EFK UIEEFDNHG. $OMJINC N 1IKMMNC UIEQBG@GBN IGAQEBEDNE1LBSYN. % $ANN @IG] -G@KANDMHNV AGHBRPNB QL@LOLI M 5NJGEF DG IEHE 7KIE; OT@LOLIEDL XTBLMOLXLQDLE LJUIGOBEDNE JLI@LOBN DG UL@IGDNPDLV PEIJE O QOKW FEMJGW: O IKMMHLV MBLXLQE 5CWJEN O HNJGVMHLV 4GVFGPNDE; OT@LOLIEDL UIGOL LJUIGOBCJS HG[QTE JIN @LQG HGIGOGD O 1EHND NJGF JLI@LOGJS XEMULYBNDDL, UIGOL QEI[GJS O 1EHNDE 4 QKWLODTW BN^G N 6 FLBLQTW BRQEV QBCNAKPEDNC HNJGVMHL@L CATHG.

:,2# 6%;)0,%%+,. 1IN ,HGJEINDE I, HGH FT ONQEBN, @LILQLOTE FG@NMJIGJT XTBN ULQPNDEDTOLEOLQGF, G UIN 1EJIE II, E\E UIN 4EDYNHLOE, KDNPJL[ED "BGODTV FG@NMJIGJ; QBC MKQG FE[QKUEJEIXKI@MHNFN HKU^GFN OEBEDL XTJS JILNF OTXLIDTF; NDLMJIGDDTW [E HKU^LO UINHGAGDLOEQGJS O 5LFFEI^!HLBBE@NN. 1LQ UIEQMEQGJEBSMJOLF 'MJEIFGDG KPIE[QEDG XTBG E\EUIEQBL[EDDGC UIN ,HGJEINDE HLFNMMNC L HLFFEI^NN: UIGONJEBSMJOL LX`CONBL, PJL HKU^T ̂ EBTF@LILQLF NBN ULLQNDLPHE FL@KJ PEIEA @KXEIDGJLILO N OLEOLQ UEIEMTBGJS O ZJK HLFNMMNRUIEQMJGOBEDNC L JLF, PJL FL[EJ XTJS ULBEADL QBC HKUEPEMJOG. 'MLXEDDGC AGMBK@G HLFNMMNNMLMJLCBG O UILJNOLQEVMJONN LJHKUDLV MNMJEFE; LDG [E NAQGBG OEHMEBSDTV KMJGO.

1L!UIE[DEFK QLB[DL XTBL UINDNFGJS FEIT UILJNO ULXE@G HIEMJSCD O 1LBSYK N O MJEUS HHGAGHGF N UILJNO IGAXLEO: O 1EDAEDMHLV N QIK@NW DNALOTW LXBGMJCW IGAXLVDNHN EAQNBNFDL@LBRQMJOLF M IK[SCFN, [@BN MEBG N QEIEODN, ULFE\NHLO N HIEMJSCD FKPNBN N @IGXNBN;UILJNO DNW DGQLXDL XTBL ULMTBGJS LJICQT QIG@KDLO.

176

'JDLMNJEBSDL UILMOE\EDNC O QKWLOEDMJOE DGQLXDL XTBL ULQJOEIQNJS KHGA 1EJIG %EBNHL@L,PJLX NAL OMEW FLDGMJTIEV OTMTBGBN FLBLQTW FLDGWLO O FLMHLOMHKR &BGOCDL!@IEHL!BGJNDMHKRGHGQEFNR, NXL IEHJLI ZJLV GHGQEFNN QLDLMNB &NDLQK, PJL FLDGWLO DNLJHKQG DE UINMTBGRJ N KDE@L JLBSHL 5 KPEDNHLO. *GHLDE^, LJDLMNJEBSDL LXTPGEO OIEFEDN AGFEJNF, PJL UIN 1EJIE IIKDNPJL[ED OGIOGIMHNV LXTPGV MJGONJS ODKJIN 1EJEIXKI@G HGFEDDTE MJLBXT, @QE DG HLBSCWOJTHGBN JEBG N @LBLOT HGADEDDTW UIEMJKUDNHLO.

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— LQND NA OEBNHLILMMNCD N LQND NA FGBLILMMNCD,QLAOLBEDL ULHKUGJS DEOEBNHLILMMNCDGF O 4GBLILMMNN, G FGBLILMMNCDGF O LXBGMJCWOEBNHLIKMMHNW OMCHL@L ILQG DEQON[NFTE NFEDNC.

"#$%$ XLIII=$-&(%'%$*+, $**. +'$**'%*.

C!(&)"+ 6,0D!6%+"!6. -GDLOIEFEDDGC MFEIJS 1eJpa II UIE[QE OME@L ULIG[GBG3LB@LIKHNW, HLJLITE, PJLX ULQQEI[GJS MOLE ADGPEDNE, MWOGJNBNMS XTBL AG LJPGCDDLE MIEQMJOL:UIEQ`CONO ULQBL[DLE AGOE\GDNE 1eJpa II, WLJEBN UILOLA@BGMNJS NFUEIGJIN^ER DEOEMJK ERHDC[DK ,HGJEINDK 3LB@LIKHKR. *L ULUTJHG ZJG, IGAKFEEJMC, DE FL@BG KQGJSMC; LXLVQED XTBODKH 1EJIG %EBNHL@L, MTD $DDT 1EJILODT, @EI^L@NDN @LBYJNDMHLV, LXLVQEDG QLPS 1EJIG%EBNHL@L ,BNMGOEJG 1EJILODG N OTXIGDG QLPS ^GIC +LGDDG $BEHMEEONPG OQLOMJOKR\GC@EI^L@NDC HKIBCDQMHGC $DDG.

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`CONBN OLBR DLOLV NFUEIGJIN^T L@IGDNPNJS MOLR OBGMJS,UIEQMJGOBCC ZJL HGH MOLXLQDLE QEVMJONE $DDT. 1INMKJMJOLOGOYNE ULQUNMGBNMS, PJL „JLR ,e+FUEIGJLIMHLR %EBNPEMJOG FNBLMJNR OEMSFG QLOLBSDT“.

*EMFLJIC DG ZJL, LXDGIK[NBLMS MNBSDLE OLBDEDNE N DEKQLOLBSMJONE DG OEIWLODNHLO AG NWMOLEOLBSDLE QEBL. %EIWLODNHN QLB[DT XTBN KMJKUNJS QIK@NF ADGJDTF BN^GF UIGOL ULQGOGJSMOLN FDEDNC LJDLMNJEBSDL DLOTW ]LIF UIGOBEDNC, QLB[DT XTBN LXE\GJS, PJL O MBKPGE DLOTW@LMKQGIMJOEDDTW OG[DTW QEB QBC NW LXMK[QEDNC XKQKJ UIN@BGYGEFT O %EIWLODTV &LOEJMEDGJLIT, @EDEIGBT, PBEDT HLBBE@NV N ADGJDLE YBCWEJMJOL, N EMBN QEBL XKQEJ HGMGJSMC =EIHON,JL N GIWNEIEN. 4E[QK UILPNF OEIWLODNHN DGMJGNOGBN, PJLX IEANQED^NC XTBG DEUIEFEDDL O4LMHOE.

4E[QK JEF O ]EOIGBE FEMC^E UINEWGBG DLOGC NFUEINGJIN^G O 4LMHOK; OEIWLODNHN LHIK[NBNEE N DE QLUKMHGBN H DEV DNHL@L NA BRQEV NF ULQLAINJEBSDTW, DL JIKQDL XTBL NF XLILJSMC MFDL@LPNMBEDDTFN N MNBSDTFN UILJNODNHGFN, HLJLITE QEVMJOLOGBN JGVDL N NMHKMDL;UIN@LJLONOYNMS N QGOYN ADGJS LXL OMEF NFUEIGJIN^E, UINOEI[ED^T DEL@IGDNPEDDLV FLDGIWNN

177

O XLBSYLF PNMBE M`EWGBNMS OL QOLIE^ 25 ]EOIGBC N ULQGBN $DDE PEBLXNJDKR, O HLJLILV UILMNBNULQOEI@DKJS LXMK[QEDNR AGUNMHN, ULQGDDTE %EIWLODLFK (GVDLFK &LOEJK N LMJGOBEDDTE NFXEA ODNFGDNC. +FUEIGJIN^G ML@BGMNBGMS, DL UINOEI[ED^T DEL@IGDNPEDDLV FLDGIWNN DE WLJEBNJEICJS OIEFEDN N JKJ [E OL QOLI^E IEYNBN UILMNJS @LMKQGITDR L UINDCJNN MGFLQEI[GONC ULUINFEIK EE UIEQYEMJOEDDNHLO; OMBEQMJONE ME@L NFUEIGJIN^G IGALIOGBG KMBLONC, UIEQUNMGDDTEEV OEIWLODNHGFN. % GUIEBE $DDG HLILDLOGBGMS N O DGPGBE 1732 @LQG UEIEEWGBG O 1EJEIXKI@.

C#-,%+, 6,0D!6%+"!6. %EIWLODTV (GVDTV &LOEJ XTB KDNPJL[ED. 3EBL N ADGPEDNEAGPND\NHLO L@IGDNPEDNC IKYNBLMS, DL MDGPGBG NW LMJGONBN O ULHLE, N JLBSHL OULMBEQMJONNULQ IGADTFN UIEQBL@GFN LQDN XTBN MLMBGDT, QIK@NE HGADEDT. ;FEIBN O AGJLPEDNN 3LB@LIKHNE:HDCAS %GMNBNV %BGQNFNILONP, HDCAS $BEHMEV "IN@LISEONP, HDCAS 3NFNJINV 4NWGVBLONP"LBN^TD; HGADEDT: HDCAS %GMNBNV #KHNP N BRXNFE^ 1EJIG II HDCAS +OGD $BEHMEEONP3LB@LIKHNE.

5DCAS +OGD, HL@QG E\E XTB OL OMEV MNBE, LXIKPNBMC M QLPEISR ADGFEDNJL@L ]EBSQFGIYGBG>EIEFEJEOG *GJGBSER 7LINMLODLR; HL@QG ML MFEIJSR 1EJIG II ADGPEDNE 3LB@LIKHNW DGPGBLUGQGJS, ILQMJOEDDNHN MLOEJLOGBN *GJGBSE LJHGAGJS [EDNWK. *L *GJGBSC QKFGBG NDGPE: „5GHGCIGQLMJS N PEMJDGC BN ZJL MLOEMJS? 5L@QG LD XTB OEBNH, JGH C M KQLOLBSMJONEF AG DE@L YBG, GHL@QG LD MJGB DEMPGMJBNO, LJHGAGJS EFK!“ 'DG OTYBG AG 3LB@LIKHL@L N IGAQEBCBG OME E@L XEQT:„BRXC FK[G, OME MDLMNBG N E\E E@L ULQHIEUBCBG, N DNHL@QG DE IGMHGCOGBGMS, QBC PE@L AG DE@LULYBG, N DE QGBG O JLF XEAKFNC 7L@K“. *GJGBSC KFEIBG FLDGWNDER, LMJGONO AGUNMHN L MOLEVPNMJLV MJIGQGBSPEMHLV [NADN.

I,/,="#$ (#0)+$. (GHNF LXIGALF, O XLISXE QIK@ M QIK@LF MLYBN ML M^EDT ADGFEDNJTEIKMMHNE BRQN, MJLCOYNE DGOEIWK, N LXDGIK[NBLMS COBEDNE DEXTOGBLE: QL MNW ULI NDLMJIGD^T,MGFTE AGMBK[EDDTE N QGILONJTE, NFEBN OJLILMJEUEDDLE ULBL[EDNE, DG UEIOLF FEMJE MJLCBNIKMMHNE MJGINDDTE OEBSFL[N NBN DLOTE BRQN, OTQONDKJTE 1EJILF %EBNHNF, DL JEUEISNDLMJIGD^T MJGDLOCJMC DG UEIOLF UBGDE, KMNBNOGEJMC ADGPEDNE 'MJEIFGDG, 4NDNWG, DL OFEMJEM ZJNFN BRQSFN, FL@YNFN LUIGOQGJS MOLE OLAOTYEDNE, OLAOTYGRJMC NDLMJIGD^T, DNPEF DEAGFEPGJEBSDTE, N UEIOEDMJOKR\EE ADGPEDNE ULBKPGEJ BRXNFE^ $DDT HKIBCDQE^ 7NILD NBN,UIGONBSDEE, 7NIED.

7NILDK QGODL K[E WLJEBLMS OMJKUNJS O IKMMHKR MBK[XK, E\E UIN 1EJIE %EBNHLF LD NMHGBFEMJG UIN QOLIE &L]SN, [EDT ^GIEONPG $BEHMEC 1EJILONPG, DL XTB LJOEI@DKJ HGH PEBLOEHDNAHL@L UILNMWL[QEDNC; LD KMUEB QLXNJSMC FEMJG UIN QOLIE HKIBCDQMHLV @EI^L@NDN $DDT, MHLILULBKPNB AQEMS UEIOEDMJOKR\EE ADGPEDNE N M JEF [E ADGPEDNEF CONBMC O -LMMNN, HL@QG $DDGMJGBG NFUEIGJIN^ER. &LOIEFEDDNHN, ADGOYNE 7NILDG, WOGBNBN E@L KPJNOLMJS, ODNFGJEBSDLMJS,WLILYNE FGDEIT, [EBGDNE OMEF K@LQNJS, BRXEADLMJS, MBGQHKR IEPS, UINCJDKR DGIK[DLMJS. *LOME ZJN HGPEMJOG, HLJLITE FL@BN QLMJGOS EFK ONQDLE FEMJL O LX\EMJOE, DNMHLBSHL DE MQEBGBNE@L cnocoXDTF AGDNFGJS UEIOLE UIN @LMKQGIE FEMJL O @LMKQGIMJOE; K 7NILDG DE XTBL OLOMEUIGONJEBSMJOEDDTW MULMLXDLMJEV, N, PJL XTBL OME@L WK[E, LD MFLJIEB DG -LMMNR MLOEIYEDDL@BGAGFN NDLMJIGD^G.

+DLMJIGD^T QGILONJTE, HGH 'MJEIFGD N 4NDNW, UINOCAGDT H -LMMNN HGH FEMJK NW XBEMJC\EVQECJEBSDLMJN WLJEBN XTJS ULBEADTFN QBC -LMMNN, ULJLFK PJL XTBN MULMLXDT H JLFK N [EBGBNUILMBGONJSMC UINDEMEDDLR NFN ULBSALV DL FEBHLQKYDTV 7NILD DE FL@ NFEJS JGHNW MJIEFBEDNV;DE BRXNB -LMMNN, UIEANIGB IKMMHNW, WLJEB ULBSALOGJSMC MOLNF OTMLHNF FEMJLF JLBSHL QBCJL@L, PJLX ULBKPNJS LJ DE@L HGH FL[DL XLBSYE OT@LQ. & JGHNFN OA@BCQGFN N MJIEFBEDNCFN7NILD, IGAKFEEJMC, FL@ UINPNDNJS XLBSYLV OIEQ QBC -LMMNN, NXL LD XTB MLOEIYEDDLIGODLQKYED H JLFK, PJL QEBGBN M ZJLR -LMMNER BRQN, EFK MBK[NOYNE, E@L LXL@G\GOYNE, BNYSXT JLBSHL LDN MBK[NBN EFK, LXL@G\GBN E@L.

G,-8)6+$ G+0!%!68"!.! 60,/,%+. "BGODTE XEQMJONC, ULMJN@YNE -LMMNR O XNILDLOMHLEOIEFC, XTBN, OL!UEIOTW, ]NANPEMHNE — @LBLQ N FLI; OL!OJLITW, ]NDGDMLOTE OATMHN,UILNAOLQNOYNEMC XEA OMCHL@L MLMJIGQGDNC N ODNFGDNC H LXMJLCJEBSMJOGF; O!JIEJSNW, JGH HGHZJNFN FEIGFN OTAOGDL XTBL OMELX\EE DEKQLOLBSMJONE, JL MJIEFBEDNE 7NILDG ULQQEI[GJS MEXC

178

ULMIEQMJOLF QLDLMLO N MJIL@LMJEV UILNAOEBL DLOLE XEQMJONE N DLOTE DEKQLOLBSMJONC. 1INOLMYEMJONN DG UIEMJLB $DDT DEQLNFHN @LMKQGIMJOEDDTW ULQGJEV UILMJNIGBNMS QL DEMHLBSHNWFNBBNLDLO. 7NILD LXIGJNB DG ZJL ODNFGDNE M ^EBSR MLXMJOEDDL@L LXL@G\EDNC.

*EMFLJIC DG QLDEMEDNC OLEOLQ L XEQMJOEDDLF ULBL[EDNN HIEMJSCD, ULMTBGBNMS MJIL[GVYNEKHGAT L DELMBGXDLF OATMHNOGDNN DEQLNFLH, N JGH HGH KHGAT DE ULFL@BN, JL IGALMBGDT XTBN@OGIQEVMHNE L]N^EIT M UINHGAGDNEF QEI[GJS OLEOLQ N JLOGIN\EV NW O ^EUCW QL KUBGJT OMEVDEQLMJGR\EV MKFFT; OMBEQMJONE JGHNW ULDKQNJEBSDTW FEI MXLI\NHN QEVMJOLOGBN K[E ULPKOMJOK MGFLMLWIGDEDNC: K HIEMJSCD AGXNIGBN N UILQGOGBN OME, PJL JLBSHL FL@BN DGVJN DG QOLIGW;ULFE\NHN N MJGILMJT XTBN LJOLANFT O @LILQ, @QE N QEI[GBNMS ULQ MJIG[ER UL DEMHLBSHKFEMC^EO, KFNIGBN M @LBLQG N LJ JEMDLJT.

%MBEQMJONE ILULJG BGAKJPNHN ILNBNMS OMRQK, CONBLMS ABL, HGHL@L DE XTOGBL ML OIEFED"LQKDLOG. 1EPGBSDLE OIEFC LFIGPNBLMS E\E XLBEE HGADCFN, AGJLPEDNCFN OEBSFL[, 3LB@LIKHNW,"LBN^TDTW, MOEI[EDNCFN N DGHGAGDNCFN GIWNEIEEO. 'MLXEDDL ULIGANJEBSDG XTBG HGADS%LBTDMHL@L M JLOGIN\GFN. $IJEFNN %LBTDMHNV MJGB NAOEMJED E\E UIN 1EJIE %EBNHLF DGQNUBLFGJNPEMHLF ULUIN\E, XTB @KXEIDGJLILF O $MJIGWGDN, O 5GAGDN, UIN $DDE XTMJILOLAOTMNBMC N MQEBGD XTB HGXNDEJ!FNDNMJILF. %LBTDMHNV MBGONBMC XLBSYNF KFLF NDEMJEIUNFTF WGIGHJEILF. 7EMULHLVDTV, J\EMBGODTV, AGDLMPNOTV, ULMJLCDDL OTMHGHNOGOYNVOUEIEQ, DE JEIUEOYNV IGODTW, @LJLOTV DG OMCHLE OLUNR\EE DGMNBNE LJDLMNJEBSDL DNAYNW,%LBTDMHNV OLAXKQNB UILJNO MEXC MNBSDKR DEDGONMJS. 7KQKPN @KXEIDGJLILF, oD MJGB NAOEMJEDOACJLPDNPEMJOLF, @IGXNJEBSMJOLF N MIEQDEOEHLOTFN, OGIOGIMHNFN ULMJKUHGFN M ULQPNDEDDTFN.

&JGOYN HGXNDEJ!FNDNMJILF, LD OIG[QEXDL MJLBHDKBMC M 'MJEIFGDLF, AGQEB 7NILDG,HLJLITV N IEYNB UL@KXNJS E@L. %LBTDMHNV ULQGB NFUEIGJIN^E AGUNMHK, O HLJLILV, NALXIG[GCPEIDTFN HIGMHGFN ULOEQEDNE UINQOLIDTW, WLJEB UIEQMJGONJS 'MJEIFGDG N QIK@NW OEBSFL[./GUNMHG UILNAOEBG DEXBG@LUINCJDLE OUEPGJBEDNE DG NFUEIGJIN^K, HLJLILV DE ULDIGONBLMS,PJL %LBTDMHNV WLPEJ EE KPNJS; ULJLF %LBTDMHNV, UL LXTHDLOEDNR MOLEFK, NAXNB NAOEMJDL@LUNMGJEBC N MEHIEJGIC $HGQEFNN (IEQSCHLOMHL@L, N HL@QG (IEQSCHLOMHNV UINYEB [GBLOGJSMC7NILDK, JL %LBTDMHNV, KONQGO E@L, MDLOG NAXNB E@L O MGFTW ULHLCW 7NILDG. 1LMBEQDNVOLMULBSALOGBMC ZJNF N DGPGB KFLBCJS NFUEIGJIN^K, PJLX %LBTDMHNV XTB UIEQGD MKQK. „#NXLEFK XTJS, BNXL FDE“, — @LOLINB 7NILD, MJLC DG HLBEDCW UIEQ $DDLR. + %LBTDMHL@L UIEQGBNMKQK, LXONDNBN O @LMKQGIMJOEDDTW UIEMJKUBEDNCW, ULQOEI@BN MJIGYDLV UTJHE N HGADNBN; QOLEXBNAHNW H DEFK BRQEV XTBN JGH[E HGADEDT, QIK@NE XNJT HDKJLF N MLMBGDT: QEJN %LBTDMHL@LJGH[E MLMBGDT O &NXNIS, MTDG OEQEDL LJQGJS O MLBQGJT XEA OTMBK@N N LJUIGONJS O 5GFPGJHK,QLPEIEV ULMJINPS. *EDGONQNFTV UIN [NADN, %LBTDMHNV UINLXIEB MBGOK UGJINLJG UL MFEIJN,ULJLFK PJL UGB [EIJOLR 7NILDG.

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

+ $DDG QLB[DG XTBG [GBLOGJSMC, PJL MLPNDEDNE ;BL[EDNC DE QON@GBLMS OUEIEQ, G FE[QKJEF UIN DEML@BGMDTW KHGAGW XEMMLOEMJDTE MKQSN IEYGBN QEBG DEUIGOEQDL, O ULBSAK HLJLILVMJLILDT WLJEBN; NFUEIGJIN^G OEBEBG DGPGJLE ;BL[EDNE DEFEQBEDDL LHGDPNOGJS N LUIEQEBNJSH JLFK QLXITW N ADGR\NW BRQEV, OTXIGO NA YBCWEJMJOG, QKWLOEDMJOG N HKUEPEMJOG.

;DNPJL[ED XTB FGVLIGJ DG JLF LMDLOGDNN, PJL AEFBEOBGQEBS^T, [EBGC LQNDGHLOL DG@IGQNJSOMEW MTDLOEV N DE NFEC QEDE@ QBC DGQEBEDNC FBGQYNW, XEIKJ BNYDEE M HIEMJSCD NBN UILQGRJQEIEODN MOLN; O MEFEVMJOGW IL[QGEJMC DEDGONMJS; MPNJGC WBEX N MHLJ AG QON[NFLE, LJQGRJ

179

FBGQYNF QEJCF, OMBEQMJONE PE@L MJGIYNE DE FL@KJ DNPE@L MQEBGJS M AEFBER XEA WBEXG N MHLJG,G FBGQYNE —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

*EQLILMBEV NA QOLICD, XLBEE MULMLXDTW H @IG[QGDMHLV, PEF H OLEDDLV, MBK[XE, OEBEDLIGMUIEQEBNJS UL HLBBE@NCF; MEHIEJGIN LXCAGDT XTBN LXKPGJS NW UINHGADLFK ULICQHK, ADGDNRKBL[EDNC, KHGALO, UIGO @LMKQGIMJOEDDTW, G QOG QDC O DEQEBR DGADGPGBNMS QBC LXKPEDNCGIN]FEJNHE, @ELFEJINN, @ELQEANN, @EL@IG]NN N @IGFFGJNHE. *EQLILMBEV, YBCWEJMHNW QEJEV,LXKPGOYNWMC O ILQNJEBSMHNW QLFGW, OEBEDL XTBL MONQEJEBSMJOLOGJS QOG IGAG: ULMBE 12 N ULMBE16 BEJ; N HLJLITE ULMBE OJLIL@L MONQEJEBSMJOG LHG[KJMC DEOE[QGFN O AGHLDE 7L[NEF,GIN]FEJNHE N @ELFEJINN, JGHNW LUIEQEBCJS O FGJILMT XEA OTMBK@N. _JN WBLULJT N MJIL@NE FEITUIGONJEBSMJOG ULHGATOGRJ JLBSHL, HGH FGBL XTBL O MGFLF YBCWEJMJOE ULJIEXDLMJN HLXIGALOGDNR.

% 1736 @LQK NFUEIGJIN^G [GBLOGBGMS, PJL — FDL@NE L]N^EIMHNE, QOLICDMHNE N QIK@NWMBK[NBTW PNDLO QEJN DE COBCRJMC H MFLJIK, KHITOGRJMC ULQ IGADTFN ONQGFN, G DEHLJLITEOMJKUGRJ O QOLILOKR MBK[XK H IGADTW PNDLO BRQCF N LX`COBCRJMC O IGADTW UIEMJKUBEDNCW,ULJLFK PJL UIGAQDLMJS — OMEFK ABK HLIEDS; WLJC QBC FGBLBEJDNW OEBEDL KPIEQNJS YHLBT UL@LILQGF, LQDGHL, DE [EBGC MLXMJOEDDLV ULBSAT, LJ DGKH KXE@GRJ N JEF MGFN MEXC @KXCJ“. %@OGIQNN UIN $DDE H ULBHGF 1IELXIG[EDMHLFK N &EFEDLOMHLFK UINXGOBEDT ULBHN+AFGVBLOMHNV N 5LDDTV. 1L DGMJLCDNR 4NDNWG [GBLOGDSE NDLMJIGDDTW L]N^EILO MIGODEDLM [GBLOGDSEF IKMMHNW.

% NRBE 1731 @LQG UL UIEQBL[EDNR JL@L [E 4NDNWG KPIE[QED XTB O 1EJEIXKI@E HGQEJMHNVHLIUKM NA 200 OLMUNJGDDNHLO, DL ULMBE XTBL PNMBL KOEBNPEDL QL 360; HLIUKM ZJLJ DE XTB PNMJLOLEDDL!KPEXDTF AGOEQEDNEF: OLMUNJGDDNHN E@L LQNDGHLOL ULMJKUGBN O OLEDDKR N @IG[QGDMHKRMBK[XK, G DEHLJLITE, NFEOYNE LMLXEDDKR MHBLDDLMJS H DGKHGF, Fo@BN MLOEIYEDMJOLOGJSMC ODNW K UIL]EMMLILO $HGQEFNN DGKH; OLEDDTFN KUIG[DEDNCFN AGDNFGBN HGQEJ JLBSHL LQND QEDSO DEQEBR, „QGXT O LXKPEDNN QIK@NF UGKHGF UIEUCJMJONC DE XTBL“. 'XKPGBN @IGFFGJNHE,UIGONBSDLFK O UNMSFE MHBGQK N MJNBR, INJLINHE, RINMUIKQED^NN, FLIGBN, @EIGBSQNHE,GIN]FEJNHE, @ELFEJINN, ]LIJN]NHG^NN, GIJNBBEINN, @EL@IG]NN, NMJLINN (KDNOEIMGBSDLV N+8)!0++ %,/,="!.! .!8;-#08)6#, a DE IKMMHLV).

&IEQMJOG H UILMOE\EDNR FGBL!ULFGBK KMNBNOGBNMS, DL QGBEHL DE O JGHLV E\E MJEUEDN,PJLX MBEQMJONC E@L FL@BN XTJS L\K\GEFT O LX\EMJOE. +AODE FDL@L XTBL XBEMHG, ILMHLYN, DLULQ ZJNF ODEYDNF BLMHLF MHITOGBLMS E\E FDL@L @IKXLMJN DIGOMJOEDDLV. %LAFL[DLMJS JGHL@LWGIGHJEIG, HGHNF LJBNPGBMC %LBTDMHNV, OLAFL[DLMJS E@L ULMJKUHG M (IEQSCHLOMHNF OME@L BKPYELXINMLOTOGEJ DGF LX\EMJOL. 1LBKLXIGALOGDDLMJS OME@L BKPYE OTMHGATOGBGMS O ZJLV MJIGMJNH YKJGF, HLJLITE DGULBDCBN QOLIE^ N QLFT OEBSFL[EMHNE, O MJIGMJN H KQLOLBSMJONCFXGBG@GDDTF, H H);"#/*, HGHLR XTB, DGUINFEI, ADGFEDNJTV #EQCDLV QLF, ULMJILEDDTV OLOIEFC [EMJLHLV ANFT 1740 @LQG QBC UIGAQDLOGDNC MOGQSXT UINQOLIDL@L YKJG; (IEQSCHLOMHNVQLB[ED XTB KPGMJOLOGJS, O ZJLF YKJLOMJOE, MLPNDNB QBC DE@L DEBEUTE, DEUINMJLVDTE MJNWN.(GHKR ILBS N@IGB GHGQEFNH O 1EJEIXKI@E, G HGHKR ILBS N@IGBN DEMPGMJDTE FEQNHN O ULBHGW,KADGEF NA QLDEMEDNC GIFEVMHL@L QLHJLIG GIWNGJEIK (@BGODLFK FEQNHK) ?NYEIK:

„>JGX!L]N^EIT BEHGIEV WLJCJ NFEJS MLOEIYEDDL O MOLEV HLFGDQE, KULJIEXBCRJ NW OFEMJLHGFEIQNDEILO, AGMJGOBCRJ UGINHN IGMPEMTOGJS, G EMBN BEHGIS UIEQ MOLNF YJGX!L]N^EILF DEAGWLPEJ ULHGAGJS NABNYDEV KMBK[BNOLMJN N IGXLBEUMJOG, JL DG DE@L DGUGQGRJ, UL UILNAOLBK

180

YJIG]KRJ N XEMPEMJCJ, G HLJLITE BEHGIC K YJGX!L]N^EILO O MJIGWE NBN FNBLMJN, KULJIEXBCRJMCOFEMJL HGFEIQNDEILO, JGHNE QLHJLILO DE MBKYGRJMC N QLB[DLMJNR MOLER UIEDEXIE@GRJ, HXLBSDTF DE WLQCJ, G [NOKJ XLBSYE UIN QLFGW YJGX!L]N^EIMHNW, QIK@NE [E, LXN[EDDTE YJGX!L]N^EIGFN MBK[NJS DE WLJCJ“.

% 4GBLILMMNN O DGPGBE ^GIMJOLOGDNC $DDT $ULMJLB MULHLVDL @EJFGDMJOLOGB QL MFEIJNMOLEV, MBKPNOYEVMC O 1734 @LQK; UIEEFDNHG EFK DE QGBN, G, UIGOBEDNE ULIKPEDL XTBL HLBBE@NNNA YEMJN PBEDLO — JILNW OEBNHLILMMNCD N JILNW FGBLILMMNCD.

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

#E\NDMHNV XTB UILOLA@BGYED HLILBEF, DL UINXBN[EDNE IKMMHL@L OLVMHG ULQ DGPGBSMJOLF#GMMN AGMJGONBL E@L KQGBNJSMC NA %GIYGOT O 3GD^N@. 1LBSAKCMS ZJNF, MGHMLDMHGC UGIJNCUILOLA@BGMNBG $O@KMJG, N #GMMN ULYEB LMG[QGJS &JGDNMBGOG O 3GD^N@E, DL, NFEC LPEDS FGBLOLVMHG, DE FL@ QEVMJOLOGJS M KMUEWLF. % -LMMNN DGYBN, PJL QEBL NQEJ LPEDS FEQBEDDL ULQ3GD^N@LF, N DG MFEDK #GMMN ULMBGBN 4NDNWG. + 4NDNW UIN JEW [E MIEQMJOGW, HGHNE XTBN K#GMMN, DE FL@ MHLIL ULQONDKJS QEBG, DL HL@QG H DEFK DG ULFL\S ULQLYBN MKWLUKJDLE OLVMHL N]BLJ, UINOEAYNV AGUGMT N GIJNBBEINR, JL #E\NDMHNV XE[GB N 3GD^N@ MQGBMC. 'MGQG ZJL@L@LILQG, UILQLB[GOYGCMC 135 QDEV, MJLNBG IKMMHNF XLBEE 8000 PEBLOEH.

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

% JL OIEFC HGH 4NDNW JLI[EMJOLOGB DGQ JKIHGFN, $OMJINC JEIUEBG ULMJLCDDTE DEKQGPN NJIEXLOGBG FNIG, DL HILFE DEKQGP DG MHBLDDLMJS $OMJINN H FNIK NFEBL OBNCDNE E\E ]IGD^KAMHLEALBLJL. *EIGODLQKYDTE H DEFK FNDNMJIT GOMJINVMHNE DGPGBN UIEQMJGOBCJS NFUEIGJLIK 5GIBKVI, PJL IKMMHGC GIFNC, NMULOEQKR\GC @IEPEMHKR OEIK, @LIGAQL LUGMDEE QBC DGMBEQMJOEDDTWOBGQEDNV GOMJINVMHL@L QLFG, PEF JKIE^HGC, ULJLFK PJL XLBSYGC PGMJS ULQQGDDTW GOMJINVMHNWO (IGDMNBSOGDNN, %ED@INN, 5ILG^NN, 3GBFG^NN, +MJINN NMULOEQKRJ LQDK OEIK M IKMMHNFN.

*GHLDE^, EOILUEVMHNE QEI[GOT XEMULHLNBNMS, PJLX IKMMHNE DE UILDNHBN QL5LDMJGDJNDLULBC N DE AGWOGJNBN BEOGDJMHLV JLI@LOBN. $OMJINC UINDCBG ULMIEQDNPEMJOL]IGD^KAMHL@L ULMBGDDNHG O 5LDMJGDJNDLULBE %NBBSDEOG; NFUEIGJIN^G $DDG, DE ONQC ULFL\NLJ MLRADNHLO, MBTYG, PJL UEIMT JGH[E WLJCJ AGHBRPNJS FNI M JKIHGFN, KMJIGYEDDGC MNBSDTFKILDLF O OLVMHE N LXEMULHLEDDGC DEML@BGMNEF FE[QK UIEQOLQNJEBCFN E@L, MNBSDL [EBGBG FNIG,BNYS XT KDNPJL[EDT XTBN KMBLONC ULMJTQDL@L 1IKJMHL@L QL@LOLIG. 4NI XTB AGHBRPED O7EB@IGQE O MEDJCXIE 1739 @LQG: $OMJINC MQEBGBG (KI^NN OG[DTE KMJKUHN, -LMMNC DNPE@L DE* 'J %,/. Stück (USMMG, MUEHJGHBS) ((0+/,*. 0,-.).

181

UINLXIEBG, HILFE HKMHG MJEUN FE[QK 7K@LF N 3DEUILF, QG E\E XTBL ULMJGDLOBEDL, PJL JKIHNMILRJ $ALO QL LMDLOGDNC. (GH HLDPNBGMS OLVDG, O HLJLILV UL@NXBL 100 000 IKMMHL@L OLVMHG.

*L O JL OIEFC HGH 4NDNW ULXE[QGB JKILH, 7NILD XEA OMCHNW ULXEQ N JIKQLO MQEBGBMC@EI^L@LF HKIBCDQMHNF. % 1737 @LQK KFEI ULMBEQDNV NA 5EJBEILO, ?EIQNDGDQ. ;ADGOYN L E@LMFEIJN, UEJEIXKI@MHNV QOLI UINHGAGB IKMMHLFK OLVMHK NA -N@N OMJKUNJS O 5KIBCDQNR, PJLXULQQEI[GJS NAXIGDNE O @EI^L@N 7NILDG, N 7NILD XTB NAXIGD XLBSYNDMJOLF @LBLMLOHKIBCDQMHL@L QOLICDMJOG, HLJLILE UIE[QE DE ML@BGYGBLMS UINADGJS E@L QOLICDNDLFHKIBCDQMHNF.

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

4E[QK JEF O NFUEIGJIN^E LXDGIK[NBNMS UINADGHN LUGMDLV XLBEADN. 5 LHJCXIC M DERMBKPNBMC MNBSDTV UINUGQLH. (KJ 7NILD DGPGB WBLULJGJS, PJLX EFK XTJS IE@EDJLF OL OIEFCFGBLBEJMJOG +LGDDG, N DGYEB ULQQEI[HK O HGXNDEJ!FNDNMJIGW HDCAE 9EIHGMMHLF N 7EMJK[EOE!-RFNDE, ULJLF O 4NDNWE; LMLXEDDL WBLULJGB OLAOTYEDDTV 7NILDLF 7EMJK[EO!-RFND. %MLOE\GDNN, DG HLJLILE HILFE HGXNDEJ!FNDNMJILO XTBN UIN@BGYEDT N QIK@NE ADGJDTE BN^G,IEYNBN, PJL DEJ DNHL@L MULMLXDEE 7NILDG KUIGOBCJS @LMKQGIMJOLF, N LUIEQEBNBN UILMNJSNFUEIGJIN^K, PJLX LDG ML@BGMNBGMS DG [EBGDNE DGILQG, UINHGAGBG @EI^L@K HKIBCDQMHLFKKUIGOBCJS @LMKQGIMJOLF QL MLOEIYEDDLBEJNC +LGDDG, J. E. QL 17 BEJ; UILMSXG XTBG NMULBDEDG.17 LHJCXIC 1740 @LQG NFUEIGJIN^G MHLDPGBGMS 46 BEJ oJ ILQK, N OME MULHLVDL UINMC@DKBNNFULIJEIK +LGDDK N IE@EDJK @EI^L@K HKIBCDQMHLFK.

"#$%$ XLIV1-$%#,*+, 7+-'*$ + $**. #,'1'#23'%*.

& UEIOTW [E QDEV LHGAGBLMS, PJL 7NILD DE HIEULH DG MOLEF IE@EDJMJOE. 7NILDG JEIUEBN HGHOIEFED\NHG, NA KOG[EDNC HL OBGMJN, E@L OLAOTMNOYEV, JEUEIS DE WLJEBN JEIUEJS E@L HGHUIGONJEBC. 1LQDCBMC MNBSDTV ILULJ, HL@QG O ̂ EIHOGW ULMBE NFUEIGJLIG, E@L FGJEIN N ̂ EMGIEODT,BNMGOEJT 1EJILODT DGPGBN ULFNDGJS DEUIGOLMBGODL@L 7NILDG. 1L DLPGF DGILQ DGPGBMJGBUBNOGJSMC O IGADTW FEMJGW; QIG@KDT IGAL@DGBN XEALIK[DTE JLBUT, DL @OGIQNC XTBG UILJNO7NILDG N @ILFHL, UKXBNPDL OTMHGATOGBG MOLE DEKQLOLBSMJONE, MOLN K@ILAT. /GFTMEB LJQEBGJSMCLJ 7NILDG @IG[QGDMHNF UKJEF, HGH O 1730 @LQK LJQEBGBNMS LJ OEIWLODNHLO, DE KQGBMC: HDCAS9EIHGMMHNV OTQGB ULQULBHLODNHG 1KMJLYHNDG M JLOGIN\GFN, UIEQBG@GOYNFN EFK LX`CONJSJLI[EMJOEDDL, PJL DG^NC DE [EBGEJ NFEJS 7NILDG IE@EDJLF. /G DENFEDNEF OL[QC @IG[QGDMHL@LQON[EDNC QEBL QLB[DL XTBL IEYNJSMC OLVMHLF, K HLJLIL@L XTB OL[QS, ADGFEDNJTV]EBSQFGIYGB 4NDNW. 4NDNW AGWOGJNB 7NILDG DLPSR. $DDG #ELULBSQLODG UILOLA@BGYEDG XTBGUIGONJEBSDN^ER, FK[ EE UIND^ $DJLD — @EDEIGBNMMNFKMLF, 4NDNW — UEIOTF FNDNMJILF.7NILDG BNYNBN NFEDNC, PNDLO, LIQEDLO N LJUIGONBN O &NXNIS, O @LILQ 1EBTF.

&OEI[EDNE 7NILDG DE FL@BL KMULHLNJS -LMMNR N JLBSHL OTATOGBL DLOTV, LHLDPGJEBSDTVUEIEOLILJ. $DDG #ELULBSQLODG XTBG MLOEIYEDDL DE MULMLXDG H QEBGF UIGONJEBSMJOEDDTF:^EBTE QDN UILMN[NOGBG LDG OL ODKJIEDDNW ULHLCW M DEIGABKPDLR ]GOLINJHLR (]IEVBNDLR4EYQED). %ME QLB[DL XTBL, MBEQLOGJEBSDL, MLMIEQLJLPNOGJSMC O IKHGW UEIOL@L FNDNMJIG —4NDNWG. *L K UIGONJEBSDN^T XTB FK[. 1IND^ $DJLD DE WLJEB KMJKUGJS 4NDNWK UEIOEDMJOG;MGF LD XTB FGBL MULMLXED H MGFLMJLCJEBSDLV QECJEBSDLMJN, DL K DE@L XTB IKHLOLQNJEBS.

182

'MJEIFGD, QGODNV MLUEIDNH 4NDNWG. 'MJEIFGD N UIND^ $DJLD DGPGBN UK@GJS UIGONJEBSDN^K,KXE[QGJS EE LMOLXLQNJSMC LJ 4NDNWG HGH LJ PEBLOEHG MGFL@L LUGMDL@L, HLJLITV DE LMJGDLONJMCDN UEIEQ PEF. *GUK@GJS $DDK #ELULBSQLODK XTBL DEJIKQDL. 4NDNW MJGB AGFEPGJS, PJL E@LOT[NOGRJ, DE WLJCJ M DNF AGDNFGJSMC QEBGFN: 4NDNW ULQGB O LJMJGOHK N ULBKPNB EE (FGIJG1741 @LQG).

'MJEIFGD MQEBGBMC OMEFL@K\NF, DL DEDGQLB@L. 4E[QK FK[EF N [EDLR, FE[QK UIND^EF$DJLDLF N UIND^EMMLR $DDLR DGPGBGMS MMLIG, N UIGONJEBSMJOL UIEQMJGONBL QOG OIG[QEXDTWBG@EIC, G FE[QK JEF ODNAK MBTYGBMC MNBSDTV ILULJ, NXL ML MOEI[EDNEF 7NILDG ULICQLH OE\EVDE UEIEFEDNBMC; ODEYDNE QEBG JGH[E AGUKJTOGBNMS.

9JLX OLMUIEUCJMJOLOGJS -LMMNN ULQGJS ULFL\S $OMJINN O UIEQMJLCOYEV OLVDE AG DGMBEQMJOLGOMJINVMHL@L UIEMJLBG, ?IGD^NC QEVMJOLOGBG UILJNO -LMMNN O &JLH@LBSFE, OLBDLOGBGYOEQMHKR FLBLQE[S, HLJLIGC WLJEBG DEUIEFEDDL LJDCJS K -LMMNN AGOLEOGDNC 1EJIG %EBNHL@LN MPNJGBG ZJL QEBL BE@HNF. 1ILUKMJNO KQLXDTV MBKPGV OL OIEFC JKIE^HLV OLVDT, >OE^NC JEUEISLX`CONBG OLVDK -LMMNN, OTMJGONO O PNMBE UINPND LJMJIGDEDNE LJ UIEMJLBG ̂ EMGIEODT ,BNMGOEJT1EJILODT N @LBYJNDMHL@L QLFG. *L ?IGD^NC DE L@IGDNPNBGMS OLAXK[QEDNEF >OE^NN H OLVDE:PJLX NAFEDNJS ULBNJNHK -LMMNN, ULIOGJS MLRA EE M $OMJINER, ]IGD^KAMHNV ULMBGDDNH O1EJEIXKI@E >EJGIQN UINDCB QECJEBSDLE KPGMJNE O UEIEOLILJE, HLJLITV QLB[ED XTB DNAOEI@DKJSUIGONJEBSDN^K $DDK N EE MTDG.

1EIEOLILJ FL@ XTJS UILNAOEQED JLBSHL OL NFC LQDL@L BN^G — QLPEIN 1EJIG %EBNHL@L,BNMGOEJT. 9NMBL UINOEI[ED^EO ,BNMGOEJT XTBL OEBNHL, ULJLFK PJL LHLBL DEEMLMIEQLJLPNOGBLMS DG^NLDGBSDLE QON[EDNE, DL FE[QK OTMYNFN MGDLODNHGFN NA IKMMHNW DEXTBL ZDEI@NPEMHL@L PEBLOEHG, HLJLITV XT IEYNBMC QEVMJOLOGJS AG DEE EE NFEDEF. "BGODTFQEVMJOLOGJEBEF COBCEJMC #EMJLH, BEHGIS, DGWLQNOYNVMC UIN ^EMGIEODE. + JEUEIS UEIEOLILJDE FL@ UILNALVJN @IG[QGDMHNF UKJEF, DGQLXDL XTBL UILNAOEMJN E@L OLLIK[EDDLR MNBLR, DLDE XTBL PEBLOEHG, HLJLITV XT FL@ UINDCJS DGPGBSMJOL DGQ DER; ,BNMGOEJG 1EJILODG MGFGQLB[DG XTBG UINDCJS ZJL DGPGBSMJOL, MGFG MQEBGJS JL, PJL O ULBSAK $DDT #ELULBSQLODT MQEBGB4NDNW. #E@HL ULDCJS, HGH EV JIKQDL XTBL IEYNJSMC DG ZJL.

3LB@L FEQBNJS, LQDGHL, XTBL DEBSAC: L MDLYEDNCW ,BNMGOEJT M >EJGIQN PEIEA #EMJLHGXTBL KADGDL, EV @ILANBG MJIGYDGC LUGMDLMJS. 3LB@L FEQBNJS XTBL DEBSAC N ULJLFK, PJLUIEQGDDTE ,BNMGOEJE @OGIQEV^T ULBKPNBN UINHGA OTMJKUNJS O ?NDBCDQNR UILJNO YOEQLO.*LPSR M 25 DG 26 DLCXIC 1741 @LQG MEFS 1IELXIG[EDMHNW @IEDGQEILO CONBNMS H ,BNMGOEJE:„4T AGOJIG OTMJKUGEF O ULWLQ, FGJKYHG! (T LMJGDEYSMC O IKHGW MOLNW BNWLQEEO, DEBSAC XLBSYE[QGJS DN FNDKJT“.

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— O 1EBTF,G 7NILDG OLAOIGJNBN NA MMTBHN N ULAOLBNBN EFK [NJS O )ILMBGOBE; 4NDNW O 1EBSYE [NB O JLFMGFLF QLFE, HLJLITV, UL E@L UBGDK, ULMJILED XTB QBC 7NILDG.

"#$%$ XLV=$-&(%'%$*+, ,#+&$%,(. 1,(-'%*.

O,'4U"!/(#%+$ + -6+<,%+$ (0!)+6 +%!8)0#%=,6. *GHGAGO UINOEI[ED^EO MJGIL@L

183

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

C0,8)!2!%#82,-+, + .2#6%&, -,'8)6;F5+, 2+=# 6 =#08)6!6#%+, P2+8#6,)&. 'X`CONOULJLFMJOL ^GIC +LGDDG DE NFER\NF UIGOG DG IKMMHNV UIEMJLB, NFUEIGJIN^G ULMUEYNBGKUILPNJS DGMBEQMJOL AG ULJLFMJOLF 1EJIG %EBNHL@L; LDG OTAOGBG PEJTIDGQ^GJNBEJDE@LUBEFCDDNHG MOLE@L, MTDG $DDT 1EJILODT, @EI^L@G YBEAON@!@LBYJNDMHL@L 5GIBG 1EJIG;BSINWG; LD UINDCB UIGOLMBGONE, DGAOGD 1EJILF ?EQLILONPEF N O DLCXIE 1742 @LQG LX`COBEDDGMBEQDNHLF UIEMJLBG, PEIEA YEMJS FEMC^EO ULMBE HLILDG^NN ,BNMGOEJT, HLJLIGC UILNMWLQNBGO 4LMHOE 28 GUIEBC.

% 1744 @LQK UINEWGBG O -LMMNR DEOEMJG DGMBEQDNHG UIND^EMMG: &L]NC $O@KMJG ?INQEINHG$D@GBSJ!=EIXMJMHGC (ILQNOYGCMC O >JEJNDE 21 GUIEBC 1726 @LQG), N HLILBS UIKMMHNV ?INQINWII KMJILNB ZJLJ XIGH; UL UINDCJNN UIGOLMBGONC &L]NC $O@KMJG XTBG DGAOGDG ,HGJEINDLR$BEHMEEODLR. &GFTFN UINXBN[EDDTFN BRQSFN H NFUEIGJIN^E XTBN: @IG] $BEHMEV "IN@LISEONP-GAKFLOMHNV, ILQLF NA FGBLILMMNVMHNW HGAGHLO; XBG@LQGIC FNBLMJN ,BNMGOEJT NA UINQOLIDTWUEOPNW LD MQEBGBMC ]EBSQFGIYGBLF N @IG]LF; ZJL XTB PEBLOEH DEQGILONJTV, DELXIGALOGDDTV,DL QLXITV, UICFLV, DE KULJIEXBCOYNV OL ABL JLV MNBT, HGHKR LD NFEB UIN QOLIE, DELX`COBCOYNV UINJCAGDNV DG QECJEBSDLMJS, H HLJLILV LD DE PKOMJOLOGB MEXC MULMLXDTF.

7LBSYE, PEF LD, ADGPEDNC O KUIGOBEDNN @LMKQGIMJOLF NFEBN >KOGBLOT: @IG] 1EJI+OGDLONP, PEBLOEH M XLBSYNFN QGILOGDNCFN, DL M LPEDS BE@HLR DIGOMJOEDDLMJNR,LJBNPGOYNVMC XLBSYNF NMHKMMJOLF UINJOLICJSMC N FEDCJSMC UL LXMJLCJEBSMJOGF; HILFE JL@L,ULBEADKR QECJEBSDLMJS MOLR LD UCJDGB HLITMJLBRXNEF. -LQMJOEDDNH E@L +OGD +OGDLONP>KOGBLO UINDGQBE[GB H BKPYNF BRQCF ZULWN, XTB UIEQMJGONJEBEF DLOTW, BKPYNW ULDCJNV NMJIEFBEDNV.

*GPNDGC M UIELXIGALOGJEBSDLV QECJEBSDLMJN 1EJIG %EBNHL@L QL MNW DLI DG DGKHK,^NONBNAG^NR MFLJIEBN UIENFK\EMJOEDDL M ODEYDEV, FGJEINGBSDLV JLPHN AIEDNC, ONQEBN ODNW JLBSHL MIEQMJOG H KOEBNPEDNR FGJEINGBSDTW MNB @LMKQGIMJOG N KQLXMJO [NJEVMHNW, JEUEIS[E DGPGBN ULDNFGJS DELXWLQNFLMJS ODKJIEDDE@L, DIGOMJOEDDL@L UIELXIGALOGDNC PEBLOEHG NLX\EMJOG, DGPGBN ULDNFGJS, PJL NMJNDDLE UILMOE\EDNE MLMJLNJ O CMDLF ULDNFGDNNLXCAGDDLMJEV PEBLOEHG N @IG[QGDNDG, O UINADGDNN O HG[QLF PEBLOEHE QLMJLNDMJOGPEBLOEPEMHL@L, O LXWL[QEDNN M BRQSFN UL!BRQMHN, G DE JGH, HGH %LBTDMHNV N ULQLXDTE EFK.1IN 1EJIE %EBNHLF N ULMBE DE@L JIEXLOGBN, PJLX PEBLOEH XTB MULMLXED H MBK[XE N PJLX QBCZJL@L XTB OTKPED, ADGB XT @IGFLJK, ^N]NIS N @ELFEJINR; DL JEUEIS DGPNDGBN ULDNFGJS, PJL MJGHLR ]LIFEDDLR OTKPHLR LX\EMJOL DEQGBEHL ULVQEJ, PJL DELXWLQNFL DIGOMJOEDDLEOLMUNJGDNE, UILMOE\EDDLE UIN@LJLOBEDNE PEBLOEHG H [NADN @IG[QGDMHLV.

_JN DLOTE ULDCJNC N JIEXLOGDNC OTMHGAGBNMS UIENFK\EMJOEDDL OL OJLILV ULBLONDE XVIIIOEHG; DL BRQN, QEVMJOLOGOYNE OL OJLILV ULBLONDE OEHG, OTMHGAGOYNE DLOTE ULDCJNC NJIEXLOGDNC, DGPGBN UIN@LJLOBCJSMC H MOLEV QECJEBSDLMJN O LUNMTOGEFKR ZULWK LMLXEDDLXBG@LQGIC ADGHLFMJOK M ]IGD^KAMHLR BNJEIGJKILR, HLJLIGC UINLXIEBG ADGPEDNE BNJEIGJKITLX\EEOILUEVMHLV IGMUILMJIGDEDNEF @KFGDDTW NQEV, ODKJIEDDEV BRQMHLMJN; N QEVMJONJEBSDL,O ^GIMJOLOGDNE ,BNMGOEJT DEBSAC DE AGFEJNJS DGPGBG MFC@PEDNC DIGOLO, UILXK[QGR\E@LMCMLADGDNC PEBLOEPEMHL@L QLMJLNDMJOG. 1IEQMJGONJEBEF ZJNW!JL DLOTW ULDCJNV N JIEXLOGDNV

184

CONBMC BRXNFE^ ,BNMGOEJT +OGD +OGDLONP >KOGBLO, PEBLOEH, LJBNPGOYNVMC DE LQDNFOEBSFL[DTF ULHILONJEBSMJOLF UILMOE\EDNR, DL LMLXEDDL JEF, PJL O MGFLF MEXE ULHGAGB UBLQTZJL@L UILMOE\EDNC; +OGD +OGDLONP >KOGBLO KFEB DE AGUCJDGJS MEXC DN HLITMJLBRXNEF, DNFEBHNF PEMJLBRXNEF, ODEM O MOLN LJDLYEDNC H QIK@NF ZJK BRQMHLMJS, NBN „XBG@LILQDLEKPJNOMJOL“, HGH OTIG[GBNMS MLOIEFEDDNHN, MBEQMJONE MLADGDNC PEBLOEPEMHL@L QLMJLNDMJOG OMEXE MGFLF N O QIK@NW; MLOIEFEDDNHN @LOLICJ, PJL H DEFK ULQWLQNBN M HGHLR!JL IGQLMJNR.

:,2# 6%,H%+,. %DEYDNFN MDLYEDNCFN UIN ,BNMGOEJE AGOEQLOGB $BEHMEV 1EJILONP7EMJK[EO!-RFND, MQEBGOYNVMC NAOEMJDTF UL QNUBLFGJNPEMHLV MBK[XE E\E UIN 1EJIE %EBNHLFN XTMJIL ULQDCOYNVMC UIN $DDE K@LQDNPEMJOLF 7NILDK; LD UGB OFEMJE M 7NILDLF, DL ULOMJKUBEDNN DG UIEMJLB ,BNMGOEJT UINCJEBS E@L #EMJLH KUILMNB NFUEIGJIN^K OTOEMJN E@L LUCJSDG ONQ N MQEBGJS ON^E!HGD^BEILF; HGD^BEILF XTB MJGINH HDCAS 9EIHGMMHNV $BEHMEV4NWGVBLONP, UL MFEIJN HLJLIL@L 7EMJK[EO MQEBGBMC N HGD^BEILF (1742 @.).

1EIOLR AGXLJLR DLOL@L UIGONJEBSMJOG XTBG OLVDG YOEQMHGC, NXL WLJC YOEQT LX`CONBNOLVDK ULQ JEF UIEQBL@LF, PJL OMJKUGRJMC AG UIGOG ,BNMGOEJT, LQDGHL HL@QG ,BNMGOEJG QGBGMNBK MOLNF UIGOGF, JL FDNFTE AG\NJDNHN EE OLVDT DE UIEHIGJNBN, G JIEXLOGBN JLV PGMJN?NDBCDQNN, HLJLIGC XTBG AGOLEOGDG K DNW 1EJILF %EBNHNF. *L OLVDG ZJG LUCJS ULHGAGBG JLBSHLMBGXLMJS >OE^NN UIEQ -LMMNER: IKMMHNE ULQ DGPGBSMJOLF #GMMN XIGBN @LILQ AG @LILQLF O?NDBCDQNN, N O 1743 @LQK AGHBRPED XTB FNI O $XL, UL HLJLILFK -LMMNC ULBKPNBG UILOND^NR5RFEDE@LIMHKR N IEHG 5RFEDS DGADGPEDG @IGDN^ER FE[QK LXLNFN @LMKQGIMJOGFN.

4E[QK JEF K 7EMJK[EOG M #EMJLHLF DGPGBNMS OIG[QEXDTE MJLBHDLOEDNC: #EMJLH WBLULJGBL MLRAE M ?IGD^NER N 1IKMMNER UILJNO $OMJINN N $D@BNN, 7EMJK[EO XTB UILJNO ZJL@L MLRAG.>EJGIQN O QIK@LV IGA UINEWGB O -LMMNR, PJLX ULQQEI[GJS NDJEIEMT MOLE@L QOLIG, J. E. PJLXULQQEI[GJS #EMJLHG N DNAOEI@DKJS 7EMJK[EOG. *L HGD^BEI KADGB LX ZJLF AG@LOLIE UILJNO MEXCN KULJIEXNB OME MIEQMJOG, PJLX LJHBLDNJS KQGI N UL@KXNJS UILJNODNHLO; LD AGWOGJNB UEIEUNMHK>EJGIQN N ULHGAGB NFUEIGJIN^E: O UEIEUNMHE @LOLINBLMS L ULQHKUGW, LADGPEDL XTBL, PJL #EMJLHULBKPGEJ LJ ]IGD^KAMHL@L QOLIG, DGHLDE^, >EJGIQN O MOLNW UNMSFGW LJATOGBMC LPEDS DEOT@LQDLL MGFLV ,BNMGOEJE; OMBEQMJONE ZJL@L >EJGIQN XTB OTMBGD AG @IGDN^K, G #EMJLH O ULMBEQMJONNOIEFEDN MLMBGD XTB O ;@BNP, ULJLF O ;MJR@.

-LMMNC DE FL@BG QLB@L MLWIGDCJS QIK[EMJOEDDTW LJDLYEDNV H 1IKMMNN. ?INQINW IILXDGIK[NOGB AGOLEOGJEBSDTE MJIEFBEDNC, WLJEB KMNBNJSMC DG MPEJ MLMEQEV OL PJL XT JL DNMJGBL, DE IGAXNIGC MIEQMJO, @ILANB IKMMHNF NDJEIEMGF O 1LBSYE, (KI^NN, 5KIBCDQNN, >OE^NN.3BC LWIGDEDNC ZJNW NDJEIEMLO UEJEIXKI@MHNV QOLI MPEB DELXWLQNFTF ULQQEI[GJS UILJNO1IKMMNN &GHMLDNR N $OMJINR. % LHJCXIE 1756 @LQG ?INQINW II DGPGB MEFNBEJDRR OLVDK,OJLI@DKOYNMS O &GHMLDNR N LOBGQEO 3IEAQEDLF. „) DE XLRMS FLNW OIG@LO, DN $OMJINN, DN?IGD^NN, — @LOLINB LD, — EMBN JLBSHL -LMMNC LMJGDEJMC MULHLVDLR; DL PJL C XKQK QEBGJS,EMBN UINQEJMC OLEOGJS E\E M IKMMHNFN?“ 'UGMEDNC E@L MXTBNMS: O 1757 @LQK 83000 IKMMHL@LOLVMHG ULQ DGPGBSMJOLF $UIGHMNDG UEIEYBL UIKMMHKR @IGDN^K, 4EFEBS MQGBMC; 30 GO@KMJG$UIGHMND IGAXNB DG@LBLOK UIKMMHLE OLVMHL, XTOYEE ULQ DGPGBSMJOLF #EOGBSQG, DL, OFEMJLJL@L PJLX OLMULBSALOGJSMC ULXEQLR N NQJN QGBSYE, IKMMHNV @BGODLHLFGDQKR\NV LJMJKUNB N1LBSYK, HGH XKQJL ULJEIUEB ULIG[EDNE.

1LMBGDDNHN GOMJINVMHNV N ]IGD^KAMHNV MNBSDL [GBLOGBNMS NFUEIGJIN^E UG ZJLJ ULMJKULH$UIGHMNDG, O HLJLILF DEBSAC XTBL DE ONQEJS DGFEIEDNC \GQNJS HLILBC UIKMMHL@L. +FUEIGJIN^GOEBEBG $UIGHMNDK CONJSMC O 1EJEIXKI@ N LJQGJS LJPEJ O MOLEF ULOEQEDNN, XKFG@N ER XTBNMWOGPEDT, LJHITBLMS, PJL $UIGHMND QEVMJOLOGB M ML@BGMNC MOLE@L UINCJEBC HGD^BEIG 7EMJK[EOG.$UIGHMND XTB LJQGD ULQ MKQ N KFEI oJ KQGIG ULMBE UEIOTW QLUILMLO; 7EMJK[EO, LXONDEDDTV „OLXYNIDTW N OIEQDTW AGFTMBGW, O DEQLXILWLJMJOE H @LMKQGITDE N ULMC@GJEBSMJOE DG EEXEALUGMDLMJS“, XTB MLMBGD O MOLR QEIEODR, N @IG] 4NWGNBG %LILD^LO DGADGPED XTB DG E@LFEMJL HGD^BEILF.

% 1758 @LQK IKMMHLE OLVMHL ULQ DGPGBSMJOLF ?EIFEIG OMJKUNBL OL OJLILV IGA O 1IKMMNR;HGAGHN, HGBFTHN MJIGYDL LUKMJLYGBN DEUINCJEBSMHNE OBGQEDNC; 14 GO@KMJG FE[QK 3GIFU^EBEF

185

N =LIUQLI]LF OMJIEJNBMC ?EIFEI M MGFNF ?INQINWLF II; O JLF KXNVMJOEDDLF MIG[EDNN,OLALXDLOBCOYEFMC QOG IGAG, IKMMHNE ULJEICBN QL 19000 KXNJTFN N 3000 UBEDDTFN, UIKMMGHNULJEICBN 11000 PEBLOEH. % 1759 @LQK UIEQUINDCJ XTB JIEJNV ULWLQ O 1IKMMNR ULQ DGPGBSMJOLF@IG]G &GBJTHLOG: ?INQINW II ULJEIUEB MNBSDLE ULIG[EDNE o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o E@L MUGMBG HLDPNDGNFUEIGJIN^T ,BNMGOEJT, ULMJN@YGC EE 25 QEHGXIC 1761 @LQG, DG 53 @LQK LJ IL[QEDNC.

J%;)0,%%+, 0#8(!0$<,%+$. % QEHGXIE 1741 @LQG ,BNMGOEJG LX`CONBG, PJL O QEBGWODKJIEDDNW UIGOBEDNC @LMKQGIMJOEDDL@L LDG WLPEJ OLMMJGDLONJS OL OMEV MNBE ULICQLH, XTOYNVUIN LJ^E EE, NFUEIGJLIE 1EJIE I N DGIKYEDDTV MUEIOG KMJGDLOBEDNEF %EIWLODLR (GVDL@L&LOEJG, G ULJLF 5GXNDEJG; M ZJLR ^EBNR KDNPJL[NO ULMBEQDNV, LDG OLAOIGJNBG &EDGJK E@LUIE[DEE ADGPEDNE.

&LMJGOBEDNE ;BL[EDNC DE ULQONDKBLMS N UIN ,BNMGOEJE, WLJC UINQKFGD XTB DLOTV MULMLXQBC LXBE@PEDNC QEBG, NFEDDL MLMJGOBEDNE LJQEBSDTW PGMJEV ;BL[EDNC XTBL ULIKPEDLNAXIGDDTF PNDGF NA LJQEBSDTW OEQLFMJO, HLJLITW PGMJN HGMGBNMS. 5 MBKYGDNR ;BL[EDNC OEBEDLOTAOGJS NA HG[QLV UILOND^NN OTXLIDTW NA QOLICDMJOG N HKUEPEMJOG. 30 MEDJCXIC 1764 @LQGNAQGD XTB KHGA LMJGDLONJS NMULBDEDNE MFEIJDTW UIN@LOLILO, OFEMJL PE@L LMK[QEDDTW XNJSHDKJLF N MMTBGJS O JC[HKR IGXLJK: M JNW ULI MFEIJDGC HGADS O -LMMNN, HILFE ULBNJNPEMHNWUIEMJKUBEDNV, OTYBG NA KULJIEXBEDNC.

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

%FEDEDL O LXCAGDDLMJS ILQNJEBCF LXKPGJS QEJEV MOLNW /GHLDK 7L[NR, N QBC ZJL@L IGALMBGDTHGJEWNANMT UL EUGIWNCF. % 1752 @LQK UK\EDG O UILQG[K ODLOS DGUEPGJGDDGC NMUIGOBEDDGC7NXBNC. % 1754 @LQK OEBEDL OTXNIGJS O GIWNEIEN N GIWNFGDQINJT NA OEBNHLILMMNCD: ADGH, PJLLXIGALOGDNE K[E IGMUILMJIGDNBLMS N FE[QK OEBNHLILMMNVMHNF QKWLOEDMJOLF. -GMHLB DEKFEDSYGBMC, N PGMJT XTBN MBKPGN MGFLML[[EDNC: O ;MJR[MHLV UILOND^NN ML[@BN MEXC 53PEBLOEHG AGIGA; O &NXNIN ML[@BN MEXC 172 PEBLOEHG AGIGA. % 1761 @LQK NAQGD XTB KHGA, PJLXQKWLODTE BN^G OLAQEI[NOGBNMS LJ DEUINBNPDTW MGDK NW ULMJKUHLO, UIN MBEQMJONCW UL QEBGFIGMHLBG UIEQUNMTOGBLMS KULJIEXBCJS QBC LXIG\EDNC FEP QKWLODTV, G DE @IG[QGDMHNV; ULOLQLFH KHGAK ULMBK[NBL JL, PJL O LQDLF QLFE M@LIEBL 150 PEBLOEH IGMHLBSDNHLO, HLJLITE LX`CONBN,PJL ML[N@GRJ MEXC LJ @IGXNJEBSMJOG N IGALIEDNC UINMTBGEFTW UILJNO DNW HLFGDQ.

5GMGJEBSDL OLVMHG UIN ,BNMGOEJE OG[DL XTBL UINQKFGDDLE 1EJILF >KOGBLOTF IGAQEBEDNE-LMMNN DG UCJS PGMJEV QBC MXLIG IEHIKJ: KMJGDLOBED XTB E[E@LQDTV DGXLI ML MJG QKY ULPEBLOEHK, DL DE ML OME@L @LMKQGIMJOG, G JLBSHL M UCJLV PGMJN, JGH PJL LPEIEQS ULMJGOHN IEHIKJQLWLQNBG QL HG[QL@L LX\EMJOG N MEBEDNC PEIEA UCJS BEJ.

% 1751 @LQK ULAOLBEDL XTBL UIGOLMBGODTF MEIXGF NA GOMJINVMHNW OBGQEDNV OTMEBNJSMC OR[DKR -LMMNR; AEFBN, QGDDTE ZJNF ULMEBED^GF, ULBKPNBN DGAOGDNE *LOLV &EIXNN; ULJLFULAOLBEDL XTBL OTMEBNJSMC N NA JKIE^HNW LXBGMJEV, DL JLBSHL BRQCF UIGOLMBGODL@LNMULOEQGDNC; NA MEIXLO KPIE[QEDL XTBL PEJTIE ULBHG.

186

%FEMJL LJMTBHN LJMJGODTW L]N^EILO N MLBQGJ O FLDGMJTIN QBC UILUNJGDNC O 1758 @LQKOEBEDL KPIEQNJS NDOGBNQDTV QLF O 5GAGDN UL LXIGA^K UGIN[MHL@L; O @KXEIDNCW 5GAGDMHLV,*N[E@LILQMHLV, %LILDE[MHLV N 7EB@LILQMHLV OEBEDL ULMJILNJS XL@GQEBSDN QBC IGDEDTW NKOEPDTW MLBQGJ; O HLD^E ^GIMJOLOGDNC DGPGBN WBLULJGJS L UINRJE OQLO N QLPEIEV — MNILJAGMBK[EDDTW BRQEV, QBC ZJL@L DGADGPGBN FLDGMJTIS O 4LMHOE N ULMBGBN MUIGOBCJSMC, HGHULQLXDTE KPIE[QEDNC MLQEI[GJMC O PK[NW HIGCW. % 1760 @LQK QBC MLQEI[GDNC IGDEDTW L]N^EILON MLBQGJ KPIE[QEDG @LMKQGIMJOEDDGC BLJEIEC.

% 1754 @LQK KPIE[QEDT XTBN @LMKQGIMJOEDDTE AGEFDTE XGDHN, LQND QBC QOLICDMJOG, QIK@LVQBC HKUEPEMJOG, QBC JL@L PJLX NFEOYNE DK[QK O QEDS@GW DE IGALICBNMS, AGDNFGC K PGMJDTW BRQEVAG 12, 15 N 20 UIL^EDJLO, „PE@L OL OMEF MOEJE DE OLQNJMC“, @LOLINJ KHGA. +A XGDHLO HG[QTV ULQAGBL@ QON[NFL@L NBN DEQON[NFL@L NFK\EMJOG FL@ ULBKPNJS QL 10000 IKXBEV ULQ 6 UIL^EDJLO.% 1755 @LQK NAQGD XTB OG[DTV QBC AEFBEOBGQEBS^EO KHGA L @EDEIGBSDLF FE[EOGDNN OL OMEF@LMKQGIMJOE, DL DE UINOEQED O NMULBDEDNE.

3BC JLI@LOBN ODKJIEDDEV MGFTF OG[DTF IGMULIC[EDNEF XTBL KDNPJL[EDNE ODKJIEDDNWJGFL[ED N FEBLPDTW MXLILO, PNMBL HLJLITW UILMJNIGBLMS QL 17. 1IGONJEBSMJOL MNBSDLWBLULJGBL N LX KMNBEDNN ODEYDEV JLI@LOBN; HLFNMMNC L HLFFEI^NN AGDNFGBGMS OLUILMGFN: DGHGHLF LMDLOGDNN KPIEQNJS HLDJLIT UIN @BGODTW @GOGDCW, QBC HG[QL@L JLOGIG LMLXEDDKR, HGHIGAQEBNJS IKMMHNW HKU^LO DG HLFUGDNN, HGH NW UINOBEPS H LUJLOLV JLI@LOBE OTUNMHLR PIEAHLDJLIT DG MOLN NFEDG JLOGILO NA QIK@NW LXBGMJEV, HGHNE OACJS UIEQLMJLIL[DLMJN LJ HLDJLINDLMJIGDDTW N LJ HLFNMMNLDEILO, HGH DEHLJLITW NA IKMMHNW HKU^LO UEIEOEMJS QBC JLI@LOBN HUEJEIXKI@MHLFK ULIJK, HGH ULMTBGJS O PK[NE HIGC NA HKUEPEMHNW QEJEV QBC HLFFEIPEMHNW QEB NHIEQNJG; IGMMFLJIEJS ]GXINHN — HGHNE DK[DT QBC @LMKQGIMJOG N HGHNE DGQLXDL ODLOS AGOEMJN;HGH ULMTBGJS HLDMKBLO O NDLMJIGDDTE @LMKQGIMJOG, HGH MJILNJS HKU^GF HLIGXBN N ULBSALOGJSMCNFN — HGAEDDTF JLOGIGF LMJGOGJSMC BN O HGAEDDLF MLQEI[GDNN NBN O OLBSDLV UILQG[E.

%LMMJGDLOBEDDTV ,BNMGOEJLR OL OMEV UIE[DEV MNBE "BGODTV FG@NMJIGJ LX`CONB HKU^GFOMEW @LILQLO, DE AGWLJCJ BN LJUKMJNJS MOLNW QEJEV NBN UINHGAPNHLO O "LBBGDQNR KPNJSMCHLFFEI^NN N MLQEI[GDNR HLDJLI.

% UINOEQEDDTW IGMULIC[EDNCW LXDGIK[NOGBGMS UIENFK\EMJOEDDL QECJEBSDLMJS @IG]G1EJIG +OGDLONPG >KOGBLOG; O FEIGW LJDLMNJEBSDL UILMOE\EDNC LXDGIK[NOGEJMC QECJEBSDLMJS+OGDG +OGDLONPG >KOGBLOG. % 1755 @LQK XTB LMDLOGD KDNOEIMNJEJ O 4LMHOE N UIN DEF QOE@NFDGANN, UL UILEHJK >KOGBLOG. ;DNOEIMNJEJ KPIE[QGEJMC, @LOLINBLMS O UILEHJE, QBC QOLICDN IGADLPND^EO UL UINFEIK EOILUEVMHNW KDNOEIMNJEJLO, @QE OMCHL@L AOGDNC BRQN MOLXLQDLDGKHLR ULBSAKRJMC; LQDG @NFDGANC DGADGPGBGMS QBC QOLICDMJOG, QIK@GC — QBC IGADLPND^EO.;PIEQNJS KDNOEIMNJEJ NFEDDL O 4LMHOE AGMJGONBN MBEQKR\NE MLLXIG[EDNC: XLBSYLE PNMBL[NOK\NW O DEV QOLICD N IGADLPND^EO; ULBL[EDNE EE O MEIEQNDE @LMKQGIMJOG, HKQG HG[QLFKBE@PE UINEWGJS; QEYEONADG MLQEI[GDNC; OLAFL[DLMJS HG[QLFK ULPJN DGVJN O 4LMHOEILQMJOEDDNHLO NBN ADGHLFTW; FDL[EMJOL ULFE\NHLO, HLJLITE [NOKJ O 4LMHOE, UBGJCJ XLBSYNEQEDS@N QLFGYDNF KPNJEBCF, DEMULMLXDTF N DEADGR\NF, NDLMJIGD^GF, HLJLITE UIE[QE XTBNBGHECFN, UGINHFGWEIGFN N J. U.

4LMHLOMHNV KDNOEIMNJEJ, @LOLINB >KOGBLO, QGMJ OLAFL[DLMJS AGFEDNJS ZJNW NDLMJIGD^EOIKMMHNFN DGMJGODNHGFN, QGMJ OLAFL[DLMJS AGOEMJN N UL QIK@NF @LILQGF KPNBN\G, LJ HLJLITW„N O LJQGBEDDLF UILMJLF DGILQE MKEOEINC, IGMHLBT N JLFK ULQLXDTE LJ DEOE[EMJOGUILNMWLQC\NE EIEMN NMJIEXCJMC“. % JIEW ]GHKBSJEJGW — RINQNPEMHLF, FEQN^NDMHLF N]NBLML]MHLF — DLOTV KDNOEIMNJEJ NFEB 10 UIL]EMMLILO. 3LFGYDNE KPNJEBC!NDLMJIGD^TQLB[DT XTBN ULQOEI@GJSMC ZHAGFEDK. % 1757 @LQK ULMBEQLOGBL QLDLYEDNE 4LMHLOMHL@LKDNOEIMNJEJG L DELXWLQNFLMJN KPIEQNJS $HGQEFNR WKQL[EMJO O 1EJEIXKI@E, O 1758 @LQK — LXKPIE[QEDNN @NFDGANN O 5GAGDN; >KOGBLO UIEQMJGONB L DELXWLQNFLMJN KPIEQNJS @NFDGANN NYHLBT O @KXEIDNCW, N EFK &EDGJ ULIKPNB MLMJGOBEDNE YJGJLO N UBGDG.

% 1761 @LQK OEBEDL OTQGOGJS QOLVDLE [GBLOGDSE IKMMHNF BEHGICF, [EBGR\NF LJUIGONJSMCAG @IGDN^K QBC KMLOEIYEDMJOLOGDNC MEXC O FEQN^NDE. % 1EJEIXKI@E N 4LMHOE KPIE[QEDT YHLBTQBC LXKPEDNC ULONOGBSDLFK NMHKMMJOK; KPIE[QEDT XTBN YHLBT DG ;HIGNDMHLV BNDNN QBC

187

LXKPEDNC LQDLQOLIPEMHNW N BGDQFNBN^HNW QEJEV; O 'IEDXKI@E KPIE[QEDG YHLBG QBC QEJEVMMTBSDTW.

% UILEHJE 4LMHLOMHL@L KDNOEIMNJEJG >KOGBLO @LOLINB, PJL XBG@LQGIC DGKHE, ODEMEDDLV1EJILF %EBNHNF, O HLILJHLE OIEFC UILNALYBG UEIEFEDG O DIGOGW N LXTPGCW. 3EVMJONJEBSDL,FL[DL XTBL AGFEJNJS UEIEFEDK, UIENFK\EMJOEDDL ODEYDRR; XLBSYLV [E ODKJIEDDEV UEIEFEDTH BKPYEFK UIN MBGXTW DGPGJHGW UILMOE\EDNC E\E DE FL@BL XTJS. 3LHGAGJEBSMJOLF MBK[NBLZJL UINMKJMJONE ODKJIEDDNW OIG@LO, DG HLJLITW JGH @LISHL QLB[DG XTBG [GBLOGJSMCNFUEIGJIN^G ,BNMGOEJG O HLD^E MOLE@L ^GIMJOLOGDNC:

„/GHLDT NMULBDEDNC MOLE@L DE NFERJ LJ ODKJIEDDNW LX\NW DEUINCJEBEV, HLJLITE MOLRXEAAGHLDDKR UINXTBS UINMC@E, QLB@K N PEMJN UIEQULPNJGRJ; M HGHNF UINMHLIXNEF ONQNF FTZJL N PKOMJOKEF, PJL OHLIEDCR\EEMC ABL UIEMEPEDNC DE NFEEJ. *EMTJGC GBPXG HLITMJN QL JL@LQLYBG, PJL DEHLJLITE FEMJG, KPIE[QEDDTE QBC UIGOLMKQNC, MQEBGBNMS JLI[N\EF, BNWLNFMJOLN UINMJIGMJNE — UIEQOLQNJEBSMJOLF MKQEV, ULJOLIMJOL N KUK\EDNE — LXLQIEDNEFXEAAGHLDDNHGF“.

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

"#$%$ XLVI=$-&(%'%$*+, 1,(-$ III ?,3'-'%+9$

_JL HIGJHLOIEFEDDLE ^GIMJOLOGDNE LMLXEDDL AGFEPGJEBSDL QOKFC ULMJGDLOBEDNCFN: LUIGOGW QOLICDMJOG N LX KDNPJL[EDNN (GVDLV HGD^EBCINN. % ]EOIGBE 1762 @LQG NAQGD XTBFGDN]EMJ, O HLJLILF @LOLINBLMS, PJL UIN 1EJIE %EBNHLF N E@L UIEEFDNHGW DK[DL XTBLUINDK[QGJS QOLICD MBK[NJS N KPNJSMC, LJPE@L UILNALYBG XLBSYGC ULBSAG, NMJIEXBEDL DEIGQEDNEH ULBSAE LX\EV, DEOE[EMJOL; ADGDNE N UINBE[GDNE H MBK[XE KFDL[NBN NMHKMDTW N WIGXITW@EDEIGBLO, JGH[E BRQEV, MOEQK\NW O @IG[QGDMHNW N ULBNJNPEMHNW QEBGW, XBG@LILQDTE FTMBNOHLIEDNBN O MEIQ^GW UGJINLJLO XEMUIEQEBSDKR OEIDLMJS N BRXLOS H @LMKQGIR N OEBNHLE KMEIQNEH MBK[XE. „+ ULJLFK, — AGHBRPGEJ NFUEIGJLI, — FT DE DGWLQNF JLV DELXWLQNFLMJN OUINDK[QEDNN H MBK[XE, HGHLE QL MNW ULI ULJIEXDL XTBL“.

9IEA DEMHLBSHL QDEV NAQGD XTB QIK@LV FGDN]EMJ — LX KDNPJL[EDNN (GVDLV ILATMHDLVHGD^EBCINN. 5GD^EBCINC ZJG ULBKPNBG DGPGBL UIN 1EJIE %EBNHLF QBC ILATMHLO L@LMKQGIMJOEDDTW UIEMJKUBEDNCW, HL@QG YBG MGFGC MNBSDGC XLISXG FE[QK MJGITF N DLOTFULICQHLF OE\EV, HL@QG UINOEI[ED^T MJGINDT DE \GQNBN UIELXIGALOGJEBC, OLAXK[QGBN H DEFKDEDGONMJS IGMUILMJIGDEDNEF O DGILQE MGFTW DEBEUTW UILJNO DE@L OTQKFLH. *L UIN ZJLF OFEMJEM QEVMJONJEBSDTFN UIEMJKUDNHGFN ILATMHK (UTJHE) ULQOEI@GBNMS BRQN UILMJTE, MLBQGJT,

188

HIEMJSCDE, UEIEQGOYNE HGHLV!DNXKQS MBKW, O MEIQ^GW DE ULQKFGOYNE, L HLF N L PEF NQEJ IEPS,DE UINOTHYNE, LMLXEDDL O USCDLF ONQE, KQEI[NOGJSMC LJ XIGDDTW OTIG[EDNV; UINOLQNBNMS OHGD^EBCINR N BRQN DEONDDTE, DG HLJLITW QLDEMEDL XTBL UL ABLXE; HBEOEJDNHN ULQOEI@GBNMSJGHLFK [E DGHGAGDNR, HGHLE L[NQGBL LXONDEDDTW, EMBN XT ONDG XTBG QLHGAGDG, DL ZJL DEUIEHIG\GBL BL[DTW QLDLMLO.

% ^GIMJOLOGDNE NFUEIGJIN^T $DDT PEIEA (GVDKR HGD^EBCINR UILYEB ^EBTV ICQMOC\EDDNHLO, ULAGXTOYNW LJMBK[NJS FLBEXDT N LXEQDN O ^GIMHNE QDN: OME LDN XTBNIGMMJIN[EDT, XNJT HDKJLF N MLMBGDT O &NXNIS.

% FGDN]EMJE 1EJIG III @LOLINBLMS: „%MEF NAOEMJDL, PJL H KPIE[QEDNR (GVDLV HGD^EBCINNULXKQNBN 1EJIG %EBNHL@L JL@QGYDNW OIEFED LXMJLCJEBSMJOG N DE NMUIGOBEDDTE E\E O DGILQEDIGOT. & JL@L OIEFEDN @LQ LJ @LQK FEDSYE MJGDLONBLMS DGQLXDLMJEV O JGHNW HGD^EBCINCW; DLJGH HGH (GVDGC HGD^EBCINC OME LMJGOGBGMS O MOLEV MNBE, JL ABTF BRQCF ULQGOGBMC MULMLX NBNBL[DTFN AGJECFN UILJC@NOGJS OQGBS AGMBK[EDDTE DGHGAGDNC, NBN HBEOEJGJS DG MOLNWDGPGBSDNHLO N DEUINCJEBEV. 1LZJLFK (GVDGC HGD^EBCINC KDNPJL[GEJMC DGOME@QG, DEDGONMJDLEOTIG[EDNE „82!6! + -,2!“ (UILNADLMNFLE LXTHDLOEDDL QLDLMPNHGFN) DE QLB[DL ADGPNJSDNPE@L. 3LDLMT UL UEIOLFK N OJLILFK UKDHJK UIEQMJGOBCRJMC O XBN[GVYEE MKQEXDLE FEMJLNBN H XBN[DEFK OLEDDLFK HLFGDQNIK; QLDLMT UIEMJKUDNHLO DE OTMBKYNOGRJMC; JEW, DG HLJLITWQLDEMEDL XEA MONQEJEBEV N UNMSFEDDTW QLHGAGJEBSMJO, ULQ HGIGKB DE XIGJS N ULQLAINJEBSDTFNDE ULPNJGJS UIE[QE IGMMFLJIEDNC QEBG.“ % MJLBN^E OEQEDNE QEB UL UEIOTF QOKF UKDHJGFNFUEIGJLI UIEQLMJGONB MEXE, PJLX ULHGAGJS UINFEI, „HGH QLB[DL HILJLMJNR NMMBEQLOGDNC, GDE HILOLUILBNJNEF NMJNDK LJQEBCJS LJ HBEOEJT N HLOGIMJOG“.

%EBEDL XTBL JGH[E UIEHIGJNJS NMMBEQLOGDNC L IGMHLBSDNHGW!MGFLML[N@GJEBCW; NAQGD KHGAL AG\NJE IGMHLBSDNHLO LJ LXNQ. -GMHLBSDNHGF, XE[GOYNF O 1LBSYK N QIK@NE AG@IGDNPDTEFEMJG, ULAOLBEDL XTBL OLAOIGJNJSMC; NF LJOEQEDT XTBN QBC ULMEBEDNC AEFBN O &NXNIN, NAGUIE\EDL NW UIEMBEQLOGJS, „NXL, — @LOLINJ KHGA, — ODKJIN %MEILMMNVMHLV NFUEINN NNDLOEIDTE, CHL FG@LFEJGDE N NQLBLULHBLDDNHN MLMJLCJ, G JE IGMHLBSDNHN D0+8)+#%,, JLPDL OEQNDLF AGMJGIEBLF MKEOEINN N KUICFMJOE MLMJLCJ, PJL LJOIG\GJS QLB[DL DE UINDK[QEDNEF NL@LIPEDNEF NW, LJ HLJLIL@L LDN, XE@GC AG @IGDN^K, O JLF [E MLMJLCDNN FDL[EMJOEDDTF PNMBLFUIL[NOGRJ XEMULBEADL“.

% DEHLJLITW FEMJGW HIEMJSCDE, ULXK[QGEFTE BL[DTFN MBKWGFN, OTYBN NA ULONDLOEDNCULFE\NHGF, NAQGD XTB FGDN]EMJ L UIL\EDNN ZJNW HIEMJSCD, EMBN UINDEMKJ IGMHGCDNE, N LDGHGAGDNN IGMMEOGJEBEV BL[DTW MBKWLO. 'UGBSDTE UIE[DE@L ̂ GIMJOLOGDNC XTBN OLAOIG\EDTNA MMTBHN; O XLBSYLV FNBLMJN UIN QOLIE CONBMC ADGFEDNJTV 4NDNW, O HLJLILF DEMPGMJNC NBEJG DE LMBGXNBN ZDEI@NN N PEMJLBRXNC.

9JL HGMGEJMC ODEYDNW LJDLYEDNV, JL 1EJI III, UNJGC DEL@IGDNPEDDLE KOG[EDNE H ?INQINWKII, JLJPGM UL OMJKUBEDNN MOLEF DG UIEMJLB ULMUEYNB UIEHIGJNJS OLVDK M 1IKMMNER, LJHGAGBMCLJ OMEW AGOLEOGDNV, OEBEB IKMMHNF OLVMHGF, MJLCOYNF O 1LFEIGDNN, MQGJS MOLN FG@GANDTUIKMMGHGF, ULMBGB OMULFL[EDNE [NJEBCF 1IKMMNN, IGALIEDDTF IKMMHNFN OLVMHGFN; AGHBRPEDXTB JEMDTV MLRA FE[QK -LMMNER N 1IKMMNER. 'HLDPNO OLVDK M ?INQINWLF II, 1EJI III WLJEBDEFEQBEDDL [E DGPGJS OLVDK M 3GDNER OMBEQMJONE QGODEV OIG[QT FE[QK ZJLR QEI[GOLR N@EI^L@MJOLF "LBYJNDMHNF.

'HLDPGDNE LQDLV OLVDT XEA OMCHLV ULBSAT QBC -LMMNN, OMBEQMJONE BNPDL@L IGMULBL[EDNC;UIN@LJLOBEDNC H QIK@LV OLVDE, DE LXE\GOYEV QBC -LMMNN DNHGHNW OT@LQ, DGPNDGEFLV NA BNPDLVOIG[QT; ULHBLDEDNE ?INQINWK II N OMEFK UIKMMHLFK; UIENFK\EMJOG, LHGATOGEFTE @LBYJNDMHNFOLVMHGF N OLLX\E NDLMJIGD^GF, OLAXK[QGBN DEKQLOLBSMJONE, HLJLILE KOEBNPNOGBLMS OMBEQMJONEDEIGMULBL[EDNC 1EJIG III H MKUIK@E MOLEV ,HGJEINDE $BEHMEEODE, KFEOYEV UINLXIEMJSKOG[EDNE N BRXLOS MOLNFN XBEMJC\NFN MULMLXDLMJCFN, IGAONJTFN LXIGALOGDNEF, N MOLERUIEQGDDLMJSR IKMMHNF NDJEIEMGF. 28 NRDC 1762 @LQG OMUTWDKBL OLMMJGDNE; ,HGJEINDG XTBGUILOLA@BGYEDG NFUEIGJIN^ER; 1EJI ULMBE DEKQGOYEVMC ULUTJHN H MLUILJNOBEDNR LJIEHMC LJUIEMJLBG O ULBSAK MKUIK@N MOLEV, N MHLIL ULJLF MFEIJS ULMJN@BG E@L O AG@LILQDLF QOLI^E, 6

189

NRBC, DG 35!F @LQK LJ IL[QEDNC.

"#$%$ XLVII#+(,-$(;-$ '( 1,(-$ %('-'"' 3' ,5$(,-+*. II

345+' D#0#"),0. E#%),/+0. (GH HGH ZULWG UIELXIGALOGDNC ^GIMJOLOGDNEF 1EJIG%EBNHL@L DE HLDPNBGMS, JL OME OLUILMT, ULQDCJTE OMBEQMJONE DLOL@L ULICQHG OE\EV, OMEMJLBHDLOEDNC, NF ULIL[QEDDTE, QLB[DT XTBN NFEJS MNBK N ULMBE 1EJIG, QLB[DT XTBN @BGODTFLXIGALF LJIG[GJSMC O BNJEIGJKIE. % BNJEIGJKIE LJIG[GBGMS XLISXG FE[QK MJGITF N DLOTF.

1INOEI[ED^T MJGINDT, IGMHLBSDNHN, NFEBN MOLR JGVDKR IKHLUNMDKR BNJEIGJKIK, O HLJLILVOTMHGATOGBNMS LXBNPEDNC DLOLFK ULICQHK, UILMBGOBCBNMS ULQON@N N MJIGQGDNC UINOEI[ED^EOMJGINDT. )ODGC, UEPGJDGC BNJEIGJKIG NMHBRPNJEBSDL UINDGQBE[GBG UINOEI[ED^GF DLOL@L,HLJLITE, UIEQLMJGOC ^EIHLODTF UNMGJEBCF IGJLOGJS UILJNO IGMHLBG, M LQDLV MJLILDT,UILMBGOBCBN DLOTV ULICQLH OE\EV N E@L ONDLODNHG 1EJIG, M QIK@LV — OLLIK[GBNMS UILJNOAG\NJDNHLO MJGINDT.

(GHLOT MGJNIT 5GDJEFNIG, UNMGJEBC!OEBSFL[N, UEIEQLOL@L XLV^G O ICQGW ULHBLDDNHLO1EJIG N DLOL@L ULICQHG. 5GDJEFNI MJGIGEJMC UIEQMJGONJS O MFEYDLF ONQE BRQEV, JLBHKR\NW LOIEQE, HGHLV UILNMWLQNJ O LX\EMJOE LJ DGKHN, MJGIGEJMC ULHGAGJS, PJL LQDL MOLEHLITMJNEAGMJGOBCEJ NW [GBEJS L MJGILF OIEFEDN N ULIN^GJS DLOLE. 5GDJEFNI MJGIGBMC ULHGAGJS OG[DLMJSLXIGALOGDNC, HLJLILE KMK@KXBCEJ UINILQDTE MNBT PEBLOEHG, FLBLQL@L IGODCEJ ML MJGINHGFNUL FKQILMJN; MGJNINH OLLIK[GEJMC UILJNO JEW LJ^LO, HLJLITE HLUCJ XL@GJMJOL N UIEDEXIE@GRJOLMUNJGDNEF QEJEV N ULJLF @LIRRJ, HL@QG MTD, OTILMYN, QEBGEJMC DE@LQDTF PEBLOEHLF.

=EBS OLMUNJGDNC, ̂ EBS OMEW DGKH N NMHKMMJO, UL 5GDJEFNIK, MLMJLNJ O JLF, PJLX MEIQ^E RDLYNKJOEIQNJS O QLXITW DIGOGW, MQEBGJS E@L ULBEADTF LJEPEMJOK, FE[QK BRQSFN BRXEADTF N OME@QG[EBGJEBSDTF. 1ILMBGOBCC DGKHK, OOEQEDDKR 1EJILF, 5GDJEFNI DELXWLQNFL QLB[ED XTBUILMBGOBCJS MGFL@L 1EJIG, PEIEA ULMJGDLOBEDNE HLJLIL@L FT MJGBN OQIK@ DGILQLF DLOTF, ULOTIG[EDNR 5GDJEFNIG; JIKQ 1EJIG XTB HLIDEF DGYEV MBGOT; XBG@LQGIC ZJLFK JIKQK, ULQON@GF,MJIGDMJONCF UINDEMEDT XTBN H DGF NA PK[NW HIGEO UINBNPDTE PEBLOEHK DIGOT N NMHKMMJOG.

O!/!%!8!6. %JLITF, XLBEE @ILFHNF UILMBGONJEBEF 1EJIG N DLOL@L ULICQHG XTBADGFEDNJTV #LFLDLMLO, ULZJ, LIGJLI, KPEDTV, GOJLI @IGFFGJNHN, INJLINHN, LJEPEMJOEDDLVNMJLINN, WNFNH, @ELBL@ N ]NANH. 4T ONQEBN, PJL 1EJI, LMDLOTOGC $HGQEFNR, LX`CONB, PJL UINJL@QGYDNW MIEQMJOGW -LMMNN DE FL[EJ XTJS JIEW LJQEBSDTW KPIE[QEDNV — GHGQEFNN,KDNOEIMNJEJG N @NFDGANN N PJL LQDL KPIE[QEDNE QLB[DL DLMNJS ZJLJ JILVMJOEDDTV WGIGHJEI;QEVMJONJEBSDL, IGAQEBEDNC AGDCJNV UL DEQLMJGJHK MIEQMJO N BRQEV XTJS E\E DE FL@BL, LQDLKPIE[QEDNE QLB[DL XTBL NMULBDCJS DEMHLBSHL LXCAGDDLMJEV, LQND QGILONJTV N KPEDTV PEBLOEHQLB[ED XTB UINDNFGJSMC AG DEMHLBSHL, IGADLILQDTW AGDCJNV, KQLOBEJOLICJS FDL@NF M IGADTWMJLILD JIEXLOGDNCF.

(GHLO XTB N #LFLDLMLO. "ILFGQDGC QECJEBSDLMJS #LFLDLMLOG, FL@K\EMJOEDDLE OBNCDNEE@L DG YHLBK N DG OME ULMBEQKR\EE LXIGALOGDNE OME@L MNBSDEE KJOEIQNBN JLJ OA@BCQ, PJLLXIGALOGDDTE IKMMHNE BRQN LXCAGDT MOLNF XTJNEF 1EJIK; 1EJI O MLPNDEDNCW #LFLDLMLOGDGATOGEJMC XL@LF -LMMNN; @LILQ, NF LMDLOGDDTV, — MOC\EDDTF @LILQLF. 3BC IKMMHL@LPEBLOEHG, NAKPNOYE@L LQT N ULWOGBSDTE MBLOG #LFLDLMLOG, OEBNPEMJOEDDGC ]N@KIGUIELXIGALOGJEBC ULQDCBGMS DG DEQLMC@GEFKR OTMLJK N AGMBLDNBG MLXLR OMR UIEQTQK\KRNMJLINR; NA ZJLV NMJLINN JLBSHL LQDL BN^L #LFLDLMLO MLULMJGOBCEJ M 1EJILF — %EBNHL@L+LGDDG ("ILADL@L), HLJLIL@L DGATOGEJ UINFEILF QBC 1EJIG; LXG @EILC JIKQCJMC OFEMJE QBCOEBNPNC -LMMNN.

'QT N ULWOGBSDTE MBLOG #LFLDLMLOG ,BNMGOEJE MKJS LQT N ULWOGBSDTE MBLOG 1EJIK;

190

ULWOGBT QLPEIN IN]FKRJ JLBSHL ULWOGBGF LJ^K. 5ILFE LXTPDL@L UILMBGOBEDNC UILMOE\EDNCN UILMOEJNJEBC — 1EJIG O MLPNDEDNCW ADGFEDNJL@L UNMGJEBC DGWLQNF BRXLUTJDTE FTMBN NBNOACJTE NF NA JL@QGYDE@L LX\EMJOG, NBN IGMUILMJIGDEDDTE NF O LX\EMJOE.

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—KXE[N\E QBC IGAXLVDNHLO N OMCHNW XE@BTW N XEMUGMULIJDTW BRQEV; #LFLDLMLO UIEQBG@GB ULJGHNF FEMJGF LMDLOGJS @LILQG. 1LJLF #LFLDLMLO KHGATOGEJ DG KFEDSYEDNE DGILQLDGMEBEDNCLJ ULXE@LO HIEMJSCD AG ULBSMHKR @IGDN^K: BKPYEE MIEQMJOL UILJNO ZJL@L, UL FDEDNR GOJLIG,EMJS HILJHLE LXIG\EDNE M HIEMJSCDGFN.

% LQDLF UNMSFE MOLEF H >KOGBLOK #LFLDLMLO @LOLINJ, PJL LD „PNJGEJ BEH^NN, QEBGEJ LUTJTDLOTE, @LOLINJ UKXBNPDL IEPN N QNMMEIJG^NN, MLPNDCEJ IGADTE MJNWN N UILEHJT JLI[EMJOEDDTFNA`COBEDNCF IGQLMJN, MLMJGOBCEJ UIGONBG H HIGMDLIEPNR DG MOLEF CATHE N NMJLINR MOLE@LLJEPEMJOG N QLB[ED E\E DG MILH ULMJGONJS“. -KMMHLR NMJLINER #LFLDLMLO MJGB AGDNFGJSMC ULUIEQBL[EDNR >KOGBLOG, HLJLITV WLJEB, PJLX LD NMHBRPNJEBSDL AGDCBMC ZJNF JIKQLF. *L#LFLDLMLO AGDNFGBMC NF DE UL UINAOGDNR (BRXNFTE DGKHN E@L XTBN ]NANHG N WNFNC), N LDQKFGB, PJL MJLNJ JLBSHL KULJIEXNJS NMHKMMJOL — N IKMMHGC NMJLINC UIEQMJGONJ QECDNC, ULQLXDTEQECDNCF @EILEO @IEPEMHNW N INFMHNW; MFLJIC DG NMJLINR JLBSHL HGH DG KHIGYEDDTV ONJNVMJOLFIGMMHGA, NFER\NV UILMBGOBEDNE @EILVMHNW ULQON@LO, #LFLDLMLO LPEDS BE@HL LXWLQNBMC MNMJLPDNHGFN; ONJNEOGJLE NABL[EDNE OTYBL QGBEHL DE WKQL[EMJOEDDL, DL UIN IEYEDNNDEHLJLITW OLUILMLO NA QIEODLMJEV ONQDT UILXBEMHN MNBSDL@L JGBGDJG. %IG[QKC M DEF^GFN,#LFLDLMLO DNHGH DE WLJEB OTOLQNJS -RINHG M XIGJSCFN NA &HGDQNDGONN N OTOLQNB NW NA1IKMMNN, QEBGC UIKMMGHLO MBGOCDGFN.

?0;-& 0;88"!' +8)!0++. + KPEDTE, FEDEE #LFLDLMLOG QGILONJTE, DE FL@BN ULMOC\GJSMOLEV QECJEBSDLMJN LQDLFK HGHLFK!DNXKQS UIEQFEJK. (GH, NAOEMJDTV K[E DGF (IEQSCHLOMHNV,UIL]EMMLI ZBLHOED^NN*, ADGFEDNJTV GOJLI „(NBEFGWNQT“, UEIEOLQPNH -NFMHLV NMJLINN-LBBEDC, UNMGB JGH[E NMJLINPEMHLE NMMBEQLOGDNE L OGIC@L!IKMMGW, HLJLITE COBCRJMC K DE@L[NJEBCFN LMJILOG -R@EDG, MBGOCDGFN ULFLIMHNFN.

*L XLBEE OMEW O ZJL OIEFC QBC IKMMHLV NMJLINN ULJIKQNBMC %. *. (GJN\EO, DG QECJEBSDLMJNHLJLIL@L JGH[E LJIGANBMC LX\NV WGIGHJEI ZULWN, HL@QG QEBG XTBL @LIGAQL XLBSYE, PEF IKH,HL@QG IGAQEBEDNE AGDCJNV XTBL DEOLAFL[DL; OACOYNMS AG LQDL QEBL, ONQEBN, PJL QBC DE@LDELXWLQNFL DEMHLBSHL UIN@LJLONJEBSDTW IGXLJ, LQDG IGXLJG OEBG H QIK@LV, N LQND QECJEBSQLB[ED XTB OQIK@ KQLOBEJOLICJS FDL@NF ULJIEXDLMJCF. ;UIGOBCR\NV @LIDTFN AGOLQGFN,OULMBEQMJONN GMJIGWGDMHNV @KXEIDGJLI, (GJN\EO QEBGEJMC UEIOTF MLXNIGJEBEF N HINJNHLFFGJEINGBLO IKMMHLV NMJLINN.

_JL MBKPNBLMS JGHNF LXIGALF: MBK[G ULQ DGPGBSMJOLF @IG]G 7IRMG, (GJN\EO ULFL@GB EFKO MLMJGOBEDNN ULBDLV IKMMHLV @EL@IG]NN, G ULJLF QLB[ED XTB OACJS DG MEXC LQND OEMS ZJLJJIKQ, DL UIN ZJLF (GJN\EO AGFEJNB, PJL XEA ULBDLV N OEIDLV NMJLINN DEBSAC MLMJGONJS ULBDLVN OEIDLV @EL@IG]NN, N OLJ LD DGPNDGEJ AGDNFGJSMC IKMMHLR NMJLINER: MLXNIGEJ BEJLUNMN, QEBGEJ

191

OTUNMHN NA DEFE^HNW N ULBSMHNW NMJLINPEMHNW HDN@, NA HDN@ [E, DGUNMGDDTW DG CATHGW, EFKDEADGHLFTW, AGMJGOBCEJ UEIEOLQNJS NAOEMJNC LX -LMMNN. (GJN\EO DE WLJEB UNMGJS IKMMHLVNMJLINN, LD WLJEB MLXIGJS FGJEINGBT N ULHGAGJS, HGH DGQLXDL NFN ULBSALOGJSMC; JIKQ E@L,NAOEMJDTV ULQ NFEDEF „+MJLINN -LMMNVMHLV“, EMJS MOLQ BEJLUNMEV, G O UINFEPGDNCW (GJN\EOMLLX\GEJ MOLV OA@BCQ DG MLXTJNC N UIEQBG@GEJ HINJNHK BEJLUNMDTW NAOEMJNV.

%G[DGC AGMBK@G (GJN\EOG MLMJLNJ O JLF, PJL LD QGB ULDCJNE, HGH UINDCJSMC AG QEBL, ULHGAGB,PJL JGHLE IKMMHGC NMJLINC, HGHNE MK\EMJOKRJ MIEQMJOG QBC EE MLPNDEDNC. *L JIKQ (GJN\EOG DEXTB L^EDED MLOIEFEDDNHGFN; LQDNF DE DIGONBMC UILMJLV BEJLUNMDTV, DEKHIGYEDDTV IGMMHGA,QIK@NE OLLIK[GBNMS UILJNO DEHLJLITW IEAHNW MK[QEDNV GOJLIG O UINFEPGDNCW, N HDN@G DE XTBGDGUEPGJGDG UIN [NADN (GJN\EOG.

*ENAQGDDTF LMJGOGBLMS O ZJL OIEFC „)QIL -LMMNVMHLV NMJLINN“, MLPNDEDDLE 4GDHNEOTFE\E UIN 1EJIE %EBNHLF N QLB@L UINUNMTOGEFLE HDCAR :NBHLOK. +MHBRPGC QIEODEVYNV UEINLQ,MLXTJNC UEIEQGDT O „)QIE“ UILMJL, LXMJLCJEBSDL, ULPJN XEALYNXLPDL.

5ILFE LADGPEDDTW IKMMHNW BRQEV M ULBSALR AGDNFGBNMS IKMMHLR NMJLINER QOG NDLMJIGD^G,7GVEI N 4RBBEI, UINAOGDDTE O 1EJEIXKI@MHKR GHGQEFNR. 7GVEI, DE ADGOYNV UL!IKMMHN, FL@M KMUEWLF AGDNFGJSMC JLBSHL JEFN OLUILMGFN, @QE FL@ ULBSALOGJSMC NDLMJIGDDTFN NMJLPDNHGFN;LD ULBL[NB DGPGBL DGKPDLFK NMMBEQLOGDNR L UILNMWL[QEDNN OGIC@LO!IKMN, HLJLITW OTOLQNBNA &HGDQNDGONN. *EKJLFNFTV 4RBBEI ADGFEDNJ LMLXEDDL HGH MLXNIGJEBS N NAQGJEBSFGJEINGBLO NMJLINPEMHNW N @EL@IG]NPEMHNW.

*L O JL OIEFC, HL@QG CONBGMS ULJIEXDLMJS MLXNIGDNC FGJEINGBLO QIEODEV IKMMHLV NMJLINN,XTBN BRQN, HLJLITE, AGUNMTOGC MLXTJNC MLOIEFEDDTE, MLXTJNC MLXMJOEDDLV [NADN, LMJGONBNDGF BRXLUTJDTE NAOEMJNC L DLOLV -LMMNN, LX ZJLF LX\EMJOE, JILDKJLF UIELXIGALOGDNCFN.+A ZJNW AGUNMLH LMLXEDDL AGFEPGJEBSDT AGUNMHN FGVLIG 3GDNBLOG, UIEQMJGOBCR\NEBRXLUTJDKR HGIJNDK DIGOLO N LXTPGEO OIEFEDN. /QEMS FT ONQNF IKMMHNW QOLICD OJLILVPEJOEIJN XVIII OEHG, ONQNF, HGH XL@GJTE QOLICDE [NBN, LHIK[EDDTE MOLNFN UIN[NOGBS^GFN— XEQDTFN ILQMJOEDDNHGFN, HGH QOLICDMHNE QEJN KPNBNMS @IGFLJE K QSCPHLO, MPNJGOYNW ILA@NEQNDMJOEDDTF MIEQMJOLF H KMUEWK, ULJLF ULMJKUGBN O YHLBT, KPIE[QEDDTE UIGONJEBSMJOLF, NHGH O YHLBGW ZJNW DE XTBL DN ULICQHG, DN UINMFLJIG, UIEULQGOGB USCDTV KPNJEBS, JIN IGAGULUGQGOYNVMC O KXNVMJOE; ONQNF, HGH MBK[NBN XL@GJTE QOLICDE ULBKPGOYNE @LQLOTE LJUKMHNUL FNBLMJN ULBHLOL@L MEHIEJGIC, XIGOYE@L AG ZJL UL 12 PEBLOEH HIEMJSCD M MEFEVMJOGFN. %NQNF,HGH IGAXLVDNHN IGALICRJ ULFE\NPSN QLFG, HGH OLEOLQT ULMTBGRJ MTDLOEV MOLNW DG MOCJHGWMBGONJS UL KEAQK M UCJSR NBN XLBEE UKMJTFN MGDCFN, N HGH ZJN MGDN OLAOIG\GRJMC DGULBDEDDTEWBEXLF N HKIGFN.

&HLBSHL OG[DT AGUNMHN 3GDNBLOG LJDLMNJEBSDL XTJG UILOND^NGBSDTW QOLICD, MJLBSHL [EOG[DT AGUNMHN HDCAC )HLOG >GWLOMHL@L LJDLMNJEBSDL OTMYNW MBLEO JL@QGYDE@L LX\EMJOG.>GWLOMHLV DGPGB MOLR QECJEBSDLMJS UIN 7NILDE, MBTWGB LJ ZJL@L OIEFED\NHG OTIG[EDNE:„%T, IKMMHNE“; MNBSDL ULQDCBMC UIN UIGONJEBSDN^E $DDE, INMHLOGB OME@L BNYNJSMC UINOMJKUBEDNN DG UIEMJLB ,BNMGOEJT, DL KQEI[GBMC, WLJC N DE M UIE[DNF ADGPEDNEF; AGFEPGJEBSDTE@L MBK[XG O AOGDNN MNDLQMHL@L LXEI!UILHKILIG, LJDLYEDNC H MNDLQGBSDTF PBEDGF; O HGPEMJOE@EDEIGB!UILHKILIG >GWLOMHLV MJGBHNOGBMC M FL@K\EMJOEDDTF 1EJILF >KOGBLOTF, LXBNPGBE@L ULMJKUHN. %LLX\E >GWLOMHLV UIEQMJGOBCEJ KJEYNJEBSDLE COBEDNE: ZJL XTB @IG[QGDND,HIEUHNV OEILR N MLADGDNEF MOLNW LXCAGDDLMJEV.

+A AGUNMLH NDLMJIGD^EO L IKMMHNW MLXTJNCW LMLXL AGFEPGJEBSDT AGUNMHN 4GDYJEVDG.@;/#0!"!6. % LUNMTOGEFLE OIEFC ULCONBNMS N BNJEIGJKIDTE [KIDGBT. &KFGILHLO, PEBLOEH

J\EMBGODTV, MOGIBNOTV, DEMJEIUNFTV, UNMGJEBS DEQGILONJTV, DL DEKJLFNFTV N MFEBTVLXBNPNJEBS LX\EMJOEDDTW DEQLMJGJHLO, NAQGOGB [KIDGB „(IKQLBRXNOGC UPEBG“; MLQEI[GDNEFMBK[NBN LIN@NDGBSDTE N UEIEOLQDTE MJNWLJOLIEDNC, IGMMK[QEDNC, DGUINFEI L ULBSAEFN]LBL@NN N J. U., MJIGDDTE NMJLINPEMHNE MJGJSN OILQE XGMDLMBLODL@L IGMMHGAG L MLANQGDNN4LMHOT.

*L OG[DEE JE MJGJSN, O HLJLITW OTMHGATOGEJMC K[E DEQLOLBSMJOL HIGVDLMJCFN

* _BLHOED^NC (BGJ. eloquentia) — ;8)#0. LIGJLIMHLE NMHKMMJOL, HIGMDLIEPNE ((0+/,*. 0,-.).

192

@LMULQMJOKR\E@L DGUIGOBEDNC; &KFGILHLO DGUGQGEJ DG UEMJILJK IKMMHL@L CATHG OLXIGOYE@L OMEXC FDL[EMJOL NDLMJIGDDTW MBLO, PGMJNR PIEA AGNFMJOLOGDNE DLOTW ULDCJNV K DGILQLO PK[QTW,XLBEE LXIGALOGDDTW, PGMJNR UL DELXWLQNFLMJN PNJGJS OME@QG NDLMJIGDDTE HDN@N AG DENFEDNEFIKMMHNW, PGMJSR, DGHLDE^, LJ IEXCPEMHLV WOGMJBNOLMJN ADGDNEF, HLJLILE DE OME NFERJ, ADGDNEF,HLJLILE LJBNPGBL PEBLOEHG LXIGALOGDDL@L, UINDGQBE[G\E@L H OTMYEFK MLMBLONR, LJ PEBLOEHGNA UILMJLDGILQSC. *GMFEWGCMS DGQ UEMJILJLR CATHG JGH DGATOGEFTW LXIGALOGDDTW BRQEV,&KFGILHLO DGMFEWGBMC DGQ NW ULOEIWDLMJDTF LXIGALOGDNEF, DGMFEWGBMC DGQ ZJNFN HGOGBEIGFN!UEJNFEJIGFN*, HGH NW JL@QG DGATOGBN, HLJLITE HINPGBN LXL OMEF, DE ADGC LMDLOGJEBSDL DNPE@L,DE KFEC DNPE@L QLHGAGJS. 5ILFE UEJNFEJILO &KFGILHLO LMLXEDDL OLLIK[GBMC O MOLEF [KIDGBEUILJNO ULQSCPNW!OACJLPDNHLO.

?,#)0. 4T ONQEBN, PJL JEGJIGBSDTE UIEQMJGOBEDNC DGPGBNMS K DGM E\E UIN ^GIE $BEHMEE4NWGVBLONPE, DL ZJN UIEQMJGOBEDNC DE XTBN UKXBNPDTFN. 1IN 1EJIE O 4LMHOE COBCRJMCUKXBNPDTE JEGJIGBSDTE UIEQMJGOBEDNC, DEFE^HNE N IKMMHNE; PJLX LWLJDEE EAQNBN O5LFEQNGBSDKR WIGFNDK, LJFEDEDG XTBG UILEA[GC ULYBNDG O DLPDLE OIEFC O JE QDN, HL@QGXTOGBN UIEQMJGOBEDNC; DG M^EDE UILMBGOBCBLMS JLI[EMJOL 1EJIG DGQ QLFGYDNFN OIG@GFN,OTOLQNBNMS DG ULMFECDNE BRQN N FDEDNC, M HLJLITFN XLILBMC 1EJI, LMFENOGBMC IGMHLBSDNH,OLLIK[GOYNVMC UILJNO BGJNDMHNW YHLB, QSCPLH, LJHKUGR\NV QEJEV LJ YHLBT, ULQSCPNV!OACJLPDNH.

& UEIEMEBEDNEF QOLIG O 1EJEIXKI@ FLMHLOMHNV JEGJI FGBL!ULFGBK UIEHIGJNBMC; O1EJEIXKI@E UIN $DDE N ,BNMGOEJE ONQNF NDLMJIGDDTE JIKUUT; IKMMHNE USEMT N@IGBNMS JLBSHLO 5GQEJMHLF HLIUKME. *L UIN ,BNMGOEJE CONBMC IKMMHNV JEGJI O )ILMBGOBE, AGOEQEDDTVHKUEPEMHNF MTDLF %LBHLOTF. %LBHLO XTB OTAOGD O 1EJEIXKI@, @QE O 1756 @LQK KPIE[QEDUKXBNPDTV ILMMNVMHNV JEGJI; G O 1759 @LQK %LBHLO XTB LJUIGOBED O 4LMHOK QBC KPIE[QEDNC NJGF JEGJIG.

"#$%$ XLVIII=$-&(%'%$*+, ,5$(,-+*. II

J%;)0,%%,, %,;8)0!'8)6!. N+0!6+*. *LOGC NFUEIGJIN^G UIEHIGJNBG UIN@LJLOBEDNC HXEMULBEADLV OLVDE M 1IKMMNER. ,V DK[DL XTBL, HGH @LOLINBG LDG, UL HIGVDEV FEIE UCJS BEJMULHLVMJONC, PJLX OLMMJGDLONJS ULICQLH. 3EVMJONJEBSDL, LJMKJMJONE AGHLDG LUIEMJLBLDGMBEQNN, UEIEOLILJT, OMBEQMJONE HLJLITW MFEDCBNMS @LMKQGIN, UINKPGBN DGILQ [QGJSDLOTW UEIEFED, MPNJGJS NW BE@HNFN. 7TMJILE OLAOTYEDNE BRQEV, UINDNFGOYNW KPGMJNE OUEIEOLILJGW, HIK[NBL @LBLOT, ULXK[QGC H ULQLXDTF [E UIEQUINCJNCF.

% 1764 @LQK ULQULIKPNH 4NILONP OAQKFGB LMOLXLQNJS NA >BRMMEBSXKI@MHLV HIEULMJN+LGDDG $DJLDLONPG XIGKDYOEV@MHL@L N UILOLA@BGMNJS E@L NFUEIGJLILF, DL QEBL HLDPNBLMSJEF, PJL HGIGKBSDTE L]N^EIT, DE DGWLQC QIK@L@L MIEQMJOG ULFEYGJS 4NILONPK, KXNBNDEMPGMJDL@L +LGDDG. 4NILONP XTB HGADED MFEIJNR; DGILQ, LJOTHYNV LJ ULQLXDTW AIEBN\ O^GIMJOLOGDNE ,BNMGOEJT, HL@QG KONQGB @LBLOK O IKHGW UGBGPG, GWDKB O LQND @LBLM N JGH MNBSDLOAQIL@DKB, PJL FLMJ, DG HLJLILF MJLCBG JLBUG, AGYGJGBMC N UEINBG LXOGBNBNMS.

:,2# ";02$%-8"+,. ,HGJEINDG DE FL@BG UCJS BEJ MULHLVDL AGDNFGJSMC ODKJIEDDNFKMJILVMJOLF @LMKQGIMJOG: O MLMEQDNW MJIGDGW UILNMWLQNBN MLXTJNC, HLJLITE QLB[DT XTBNLXIGJNJS DG MEXC ODNFGDNE. &L OIEFED NFUEIGJIN^T $DDT IKMMHNE OLVMHG ULMJLCDDL DGWLQNBNMSO 5KIBCDQNN; @EI^L@ HKIBCDQMHNV 7NILD NA UIGONJEBEV IKMMHLV NFUEINN ULUGB XTBL O &NXNIS,ULJLF UIN ,BNMGOEJE [NB MMTBSDTF O )ILMBGOBE, UIN 1EJIE III OLAOIGJNBMC HL QOLIK, DLNFUEIGJLI DE WLJEB OLAOIGJNJS EFK 5KIBCDQNN, HLJLIKR DGADGPGB LQDLFK NA MOLNWILQMJOEDDNHLO, UIND^EO @LBYJNDMHNW, JL@QG HGH ULBSMHNV HLILBS $O@KMJ III WBLULJGB L JLF,PJLX 5KIBCDQNC UINDGQBE[GBG MTDK E@L UIND^K 5GIBK MGHMLDMHLFK. *L ,HGJEINDG UL

193

OLMYEMJONN DG UIEMJLB LX`CONBG 7NILDG EQNDMJOEDDTF AGHLDDTF @EI^L@LF HKIBCDQMHNF; 5GIBMGHMLDMHNV QLB[ED XTB XE[GJS LJ IKMMHNW OLVMH, N 7NILD MJGB UIGONJS 5KIBCDQNER.

J!2%,%+$ 6 C!2AH,. 1LBSMHLFK HLILBR $O@KMJK III LMJGOGBLMS DEQLB@L [NJS, N UIEQMJLCBNHLILBEOMHNE OTXLIT. % 1LBSYE O ZJL OIEFC XLILBNMS QOE UGIJNN: UGIJNC UINQOLIDGC, OL @BGOEHLJLILV MJLCBN OMEFL@K\NV UIN $O@KMJE III FNDNMJI 7IRBS N ACJS E@L 4DNYEH, N UGIJNC, OL@BGOE HLJLILV MJLCBN QOLE XIGJSEO HDCAEV 9GIJLITVMHNW. 1LMBEQDCC UGIJNC QEI[GBGMS -LMMNN;PJLX ULQQEI[GJS MOLNW, ,HGJEINDE DGQLXDL XTBL QEVMJOLOGJS UILJNO XIRBEOMHLV, NBNMGHMLDMHLV, UGIJNN, UILJNOLQEVMJOLOGJS EE MJIEFBEDNR OLAOEMJN DG ULBSMHNV UIEMJLB UL MFEIJN$O@KMJG III MTDG E@L, HKI]RIMJG MGHMLDMHL@L.

1ILJNONJSMC OLAOEQEDNR DG UIEMJLB HKI]RIMJG -LMMNC QLB[DG XTBG N ULJLFK, PJL ZJLOLAOEQEDNE XTBL DEML@BGMDL M &EOEIDLR MNMJEFLR, HLJLIGC MBK[NBG LMDLOGDNEF JL@QGYDEVULBNJNHN UEJEIXKI@MHL@L QOLIG. &EOEIDGC MNMJEFG MLMJLCBG O JLF, PJLX MEOEIDTE EOILUEVMHNE@LMKQGIMJOG — -LMMNC, 1IKMMNC, $D@BNC, 3GDNC, >OE^NC N 1LBSYG — MLMJGOBCBN ULMJLCDDTVMLRA, UILJNOLULBL[DTV GOMJIL!]IGD^KAMHLFK MLRAK 6[DLV ,OILUT; HKI]RIMJ [EMGHMLDMHNV, MJGOYN HLILBEF ULBSMHNF, FL@ LJJCDKJS 1LBSYK H GOMJIL!]IGD^KAMHLFK MLRAK.%ME@L OT@LQDEE QBC -LMMNN XTBL OLAOEQEDNE DG UIEMJLB HL@L!DNXKQS NA UINILQDTW ULBCHLO,NBN ($8)#, HGH JL@QG OTIG[GBNMS, N NFEDDL PEBLOEHG NA IKMMHLV UGIJNN, J. E. UGIJNN9GIJLITVMHNW. %LJ ULPEFK UL MFEIJN $O@KMJG III, MBKPNOYEVMC O LHJCXIE 1763 @LQG, ,HGJEINDGOTMJGONBG HGDQNQGJLF DG ULBSMHNV UIEMJLB UBEFCDDNHG 9GIJLITVMHNW @IG]G &JGDNMBGOG1LDCJLOMHL@L, BNPDL EV WLILYL NAOEMJDL@L. ?INQINW II UIKMMHNV ML@BGMNBMC JGH[EULQQEI[NOGJS 1LDCJLOMHL@L AG LXLILDNJEBSDTV MLRA M -LMMNER, UINPEF LXG LXCAGBNMS DEQLUKMHGJS O 1LBSYE DNHGHNW UEIEFED O EE @LMKQGIMJOEDDLF KMJILVMJOE.

5GH LXTHDLOEDDL XTBL UIN HLILBEOMHNW OTXLIGW, 1LBSYG OAOLBDLOGBGMS XLISXLR UGIJNV,N JGH[E UL LXTPGR KMLXN^G XTBG UIEHIG\EDG NDLMJIGDDTF LIK[NEF: 9GIJLITVMHNE UINAOGBNIKMMHNE OLVMHG, HLJLITE AGMJGONBN OIG@LO NW XE[GJS AG @IGDN^K. %LMJLI[EMJOLOGOYGC MJLILDGOTXIGBG O HLILBN 1LDCJLOMHL@L ULQ NFEDEF $O@KMJG IV (7 MEDJCXIC 1764 @.).

*L NAXIGDNE HLILBEOMHLE DE KMULHLNBL 1LBSYN: ULQDCBMC OLUILM L -+88+-,%)#D. 4TONQEBN, PJL O XVII OEHE MJIEFBEDNE ULBCHLO KDNPJL[NJS O AGUGQDLV -LMMNN UIGOLMBGONE NIKMMHKR DGILQDLMJS, DGMNBSMJOEDDLE OOEQEDNE KDNN ULOEBN MDGPGBG H OLMMJGDNCF UL ;HIGNDE,G ULJLF H UILQLB[NJEBSDLV OLVDE M -LMMNER, HLDPNOYEVMC JEF, PJL OLMJLPDTV XEIE@ 3DEUIG N5NEO LJLYBN H 4LMHOE, DL N DG /GUGQDLV ;HIGNDE, LMJGOYEVMC AG 1LBSYER, HGAGHN BKPYEWLJEBN XTJS ULQ JKIE^HNF, PEF ULQ ULBSMHNF ULQQGDMJOLF. 'QNDGHGC LUGMDLMJS, @ILANOYGC MLMJLILDT JKILH, AGMJGONBG -LMMNR N 1LBSYK AGHBRPNJS FNI N MLRA.

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

1IEEFDNHN 1EJIG %EBNHL@L UILQLB[GBN UILJEMJLOGJS UILJNO ZJNW COBEDNV, N OMEULDGUIGMDK. % ULBLONDE XVIII OEHG IKMMHNF O ULBSMHNW LXBGMJCW XTBL AGUIE\EDL DE JLBSHLMJILNJS ODLOS, DL N ULUIGOBCJS ^EIHON, K IKMMHNW LJDCBN UIGOL XTJS QEUKJGJGFN DG MEVFE NAGDNFGJS LX\EMJOEDDTE QLB[DLMJN; ^EDAKIG ^EIHLODTW HDN@ UIGOLMBGODTW XTBG ULIKPEDGHGJLBNHGF; IKMMHNE LXCAGDT XTBN UBGJNJS QEMCJNDK N QIK@NE ULXLIT O ULBSAK HGJLBNPEMHL@L4 1EJNFEJI (LJ ]I. petit!maitre \E@LBS) O BNJEIGJKIE XVIII O. MGJNINPEMHNV LXIGA FLBLQL@L \E@LBC, ]IGDJG,OEIJLUIGWG ((0+/,*. 0,-.).

194

QKWLOEDMJOG, NF UINHGATOGBLMS UINDNFGJS KPGMJNE O HGJLBNPEMHNW ^EIEFLDNCW, ULQPNDCJSMCHGJLBNPEMHLFK ^EIHLODLFK MKQK.

,HGJEINDG DE WLJEBG IGODLQKYDL MFLJIEJS DG ZJL. % 1763 @LQK UIGOLMBGODTV EUNMHLUXEBLIKMMHNV "ELI@NV 5LDNMMHNV ULQGB NFUEIGJIN^E [GBLXK DG [EMJLHNE UINJEMDEDNC,UIEJEIUEOGEFTE O ULBSMHNW OBGQEDNCW UIGOLMBGODTFN LJ HGJLBNHLO. -LMMNC N 1IKMMNCML@BGMNBNMS ULQQEI[GJS JIEXLOGDNC QNMMNQEDJLO, J. E. DEHGJLBNHLO — HGH UIGOLMBGODTW, JGHN UILJEMJGDJLO, — OT@LOLINJS QBC DNW K ULBSMHL@L UIGONJEBSMJOG KIGODEDNE, WLJC N DEULBDLE,UIGO M HGJLBNHGFN. *L [EBGDNE MLRADTW QOLILO OMJIEJNBL DG MEVFGW MJIGYDLE MLUILJNOBEDNE.*G MEVFE 1766 @LQG @ILANBNMS NAIKXNJS O HKMHN QEUKJGJG "KILOMHL@L, DGPGOYE@L IEPS O ULBSAKQNMMNQEDJLO. 9GIJLITVMHNE LX`CONBN IKMMHLFK ULMBK O %GIYGOE HDCAR -EUDNDK, PJL DE FL@KJULFL@GJS -LMMNN OL OIEQDLF QBC NW LJEPEMJOG QEBE.

(L@QG -EUDND ULBKPNB LJ MOLE@L QOLIG UINHGAGDNE MLMJGONJS HLD]EQEIG^NR FE[QKQNMMNQEDJGFN, HLJLITE QLB[DT XTBN LXIGJNJSMC H -LMMNN M UILMSXLR L ULFL\N, N EMBN9GIJLITVMHNE LJHG[KJMC ULFL@GJS O QEBE, JL ULQDCJS UILJNODKR NF UGIJNR N ULMIEQMJOLF DEEUILOEMJN QNMMNQEDJMHLE QEBL.

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

% 1EJEIXKI@E FL@BN QKFGJS, PJL JC[EBLE ULBSMHLE QEBL LHLDPEDL. 5LD]EQEIG^NC HGHQLMJN@YGC MOLEV ̂ EBN XTBG IGMUK\EDG; IKMMHNE OLVMHG OTYBN NA %GIYGOT, @LJLONBNMS OTVJNN NA HLILBEOMJOG, HGH O FGIJE 1768 @LQG XTBN ULBKPEDT NAOEMJNC L XEMULHLVMJOGW O 1LQLBNN.5IGMNDMHNV, XIGJ EUNMHLUG HGFEDE^HL@L, N 1KBGOMHNV, GQOLHGJ, AGWOGJNBN @LILQ 7GI N ULQDCBNJGF ADGFC OLMMJGDNC AG OEIK N MOLXLQK; O (GBN^NN LXIGALOGBGMS QIK@GC HLD]EQEIG^NC, ULQUIEQOLQNJEBSMJOLF 1LJL^HL@L; O #RXBNDE — JIEJSC, ULQ UIEQOLQNJEBSMJOLF -L[EOMHL@L. *LOLMMJGDNE ZJL OLOME DE XTBL DGILQDTF: @ILFHNE MBLOG „6,0# + 86!4!-#“ DE UILNAOLQNBNOUEPGJBEDNC DG FGMMK; JIKQDL XTBL ULQDNFGJSMC AG OEIK, ULBG@GCMS JLBSHL DG MBLOG HGHL@L!DNXKQS FLDGWG!]GDGJNHG, DE ONQC, HJL N HGH KJEMDCEJ OEIK; JIKQDL XTBL ULQDNFGJSMC AG MOLXLQK,HLJLILR ULBSALOGBNMS DEFDL@NE N ULBSALOGBNMS QBC JL@L, PJLX MLMJGOBCJS HLD]EQEIG^NN JLUILJNO LQDL@L, JL UILJNO QIK@L@L, UIN@BGYGC DG ULFL\S PK[NE OLVMHG.

% %GIYGOE MLMJLCBLMS MEDGJMHLE IEYEDNE — UILMNJS NFUEIGJIN^K OMEILMMNVMHKR HGHIKPGJEBSDN^K AG MOLXLQK, AGHLDT N UIGOG IEMUKXBNHN LXIGJNJS MOLN OLVMHG, DGWLQNOYNEMC O1LBSYE, DG KHIL\EDNE FCJE[DNHLO. -EUDND QONDKB OLVMHG O IGADTW DGUIGOBEDNCW, N

195

HLD]EQEIGJT DN@QE DE FL@BN OTQEI[GJS NW DGULIG. 6ILQG, AGDCJTE HLD]EQEIGJGFN, — 7GI,7EIQNPEO, 5IGHLO — XTBN K DNW OACJT, DL JIKQDL XTBL K@LDCJSMC AG FEBHNFN YGVHGFNHLD]EQEIGJLO, HLJLITE IGMMTUGBNMS UL MJIGDE, AGWOGJTOGBN HGAEDDTE QEDS@N, @IGXNBN QIK@G NDEQIK@G, HGJLBNHG N QNMMNQEDJG, QKWLODL@L N MOEJMHL@L PEBLOEHG. *G@IGXNOYN QEDE@, YGVHNZJN KXE@GBN O %ED@INR NBN &NBEANR. & MGFL@L DGPGBG K[E XTBL ONQDL, PJL HLD]EQEIG^NCMLXMJOEDDTFN MNBGFN DE O MLMJLCDNN XTBG QEI[GJSMC UILJNO IKMMHNW, N ULJLFK LDG [QGBGMUGMEDNC JLBSHL LJ PK[LV ULFL\N.

5GFEDE^HNV EUNMHLU 5IGMNDMHNV LX`EWGB QOLIT QIEAQEDMHNV, OEDMHNV, OEIMGBSMHNV,UILULOEQKC OMRQK, PJL -LMMNC WLPEJ LOBGQEJS 1LBSYER, N HGHGC XEQG XKQEJ LJ ZJL@L OMEV ,OILUE!$OMJINC N LMLXEDDL ?IGD^NC MHBLDNBNMS DG MJLILDK HLD]EQEIGJLO.

"BGODGC HOGIJNIG HLD]EQEIG^NN DGWLQNBGMS O (EYEDE, G @EDEIGBNJEJ, O PEBE HLJLIL@LDGWLQNBMC @IG] 1G^, NFEB UIEXTOGDNE O _UEINEYE (1ICYLO O %ED@INN). 1EIOTV FNDNMJI#RQLONHG XV @EI^L@ >KGAEBS UINADGB HLD]EQEIG^NR N LJUIGONB H DEV DG ULFL\S ADGFEDNJL@LOULMBEQMJONN 3RFKISE, HLJLITV O MOLNW AGUNMHGW LMJGONB DGF LUNMGDNE JL@QGYDE@L MLMJLCDNCQEB O 1LBSYE N K HLD]EQEIGJLO. 1L MBLOGF 3RFKISE, 1G^ XTB PEBLOEH, UIEQGDDTVKQLOLBSMJONCF, LPEDS BRXEADTV, DL BE@HLFTMBEDDTV, XLBEE MFEBTV, PEF WIGXITV, N XLBEEPEMJLBRXNOTV, PEF MULMLXDTV. /GJL LD WOGBNJ @EDEIGBSDL@L MEHIEJGIC 7L@KYG, HLJLITVKUIGOBCB OMEF. 1KBGOMHNV XTB WIGXITV N UIEQUINNFPNOTV FLBLQLV PEBLOEH, DL DEULMJLCDDTV,DE KFEOYNV LMJGDLONJSMC DN DG LQDLF UBGDE, DEOE[QG O OLEDDLF NMHKMMJOE, DL MPNJGOYNV MEXCOEBNHNF ULBHLOLQ^EF OMBEQMJONE UIEKOEBNPEDDTW ULWOGB, HLJLITFN LMTUGBN E@LMLLJEPEMJOEDDNHN.

"BGOT HLD]EQEIG^NN [NBN M NAKFNJEBSDLR ILMHLYSR, QEBGBN XEAKFDTE NAQEI[HN,UILOLQNBN PGMJS QDC AG QBNDDTFN LXEQGFN, N@IG N JGD^T MLMJGOBCBN NW NMHBRPNJEBSDLE AGDCJNE.'DN QKFGBN, PJL 3RFKISE UINOEAEJ NF MLHILON\G, N XTBN O LJPGCDNN, HL@QG LD LX`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

3KIDL OLLIK[EDDTE, NFEOYNE QKIDTW BLYGQEV, HLD]EQEIGJT DE FL@BN M KMUEWLFUILJNONJSMC BNDEVDTF IKMMHNF OLVMHGF, DE FL@BN IGODCJSMC QG[E M HGAGHGFN. ; HLD]EQEIG^NNDE XTBL DN HIEULMJEV, DN LQDL@L PEBLOEHG UEWLJT. >BCWJNPN NBN JLOGIN\N DE WLJEBN QEI[GJSHGIGKBLO N ULMTBGBN QBC ZJL@L HIEMJSCD, G MGFN N@IGBN N UNBN. *L MULMLXDLMJN N ZDEI@NC, ULAGFEPGDNR 3RFKISE, UEIEYBN O 1LBSYE LJ FK[PND H [ED\NDGF, HLJLITE AGDNFGBNMS QEBGFN,O JL OIEFC HGH FK[PNDT OEBN [EDLULQLXDKR [NADS. 1IGOBEDNE O 1LBSYE PNMJLGINMJLHIGJNPEMHLE, @LOLINJ 3RFKISE, DL K GINMJLHIGJNN DEJ DGILQG, HLJLITF XT LDG KUIGOBCBG,NXL DEBSAC QGJS ZJL NFC FNBBNLDGF IGXLO, UINHIEUBEDDTW H AEFBE; 1LBSYG UIEQMJGOBCEJ JEBLM @LBLOGFN N [EBKQHGFN, DL XEA IKH N DL@; 1LBSYG ULWLQNJ DG MGWGIDKR UBGDJG^NR N ULJLFK DEFL[EJ MLWIGDNJS DEAGONMNFLMJN; AGOLEOGDDTE PGMJN HIGC OTN@IGBN M UEIEFEDLR OBGMJNJEBEV._JN LJATOT PEBLOEHG, HLJLITV DE NFEB DNHGHLV UINPNDT MFLJIEJS OIG[QEXDL DG 1LBSYK, OME@LBKPYE LX`CMDCRJ DGF MKQSXK ZJLV MJIGDT.

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

196

UL@IGDNPDLFK FEMJEPHK 7GBJE, HLJLILE JLBSHL IEPHLR LJQEBCBLMS LJ JGJGIMHL@L FEMJEPHG "GBJT."GVQGFGHN, OLVQC O 7GBJK, UEIEIEAGBN AQEMS [NQLO, DL HL@QG KYBN, [NQT N JKIHN NA "GBJT

UEIEYBN O 7GBJK N MJGBN XNJS EE UIGOLMBGODTW [NJEBEV; @GVQGFGHN, KADGO LX ZJLF, OLAOIGJNBNMSN LJLFMJNBN IGALIEDNEF "GBJT. (KIE^HLE UIGONJEBSMJOL, QGODL K[E ULQK\GEFLE ?IGD^NER,OLMULBSALOGBLMS ZJNF UILNMYEMJONEF QBC LX`COBEDNC OLVDT -LMMNN, N HITFMHNV WGD ULBKPNBUINHGA OJLI@DKJSMC O IKMMHNE UIEQEBT. /NFLR 1768 @LQG JGJGIT LUKMJLYNBN *LOKR &EIXNR.-LMMNC, AGDCJGC ULBSMHNFN QEBGFN, DG UEIOTW ULIGW QLB[DG XTBG L@IGDNPNJSMCUIENFK\EMJOEDDL LXLILDNJEBSDLR OLVDLR, DL O UEIOTV [E @LQ OLVDT (1769) HDCAR $BEHMGDQIK"LBN^TDK KQGBLMS IGAXNJS OEBNHL@L ONANIC K :LJNDG N LOBGQEJS ZJLR HIEULMJNR. "LBN^TD XTBMFEDED -KFCD^EOTF.

%L UEIOTW PNMBGW FGC 1770 @LQG -KFCD^EO QONDKBMC NA ANFDNW HOGIJNI, O NRDE UIL@DGBJKILH NA BG@EIC NW UIN 1IKJE N YEB OUEIEQ, DEMFLJIC DG DNPJL[DLMJS MOLE@L OLVMHG O MIGODEDNNM OLVMHLF JKIE^HNF; 7 NRBC LD DGYEB MJLJTMCPDLE OLVMHL HITFMHL@L WGDG O KHIEUBEDDLF BG@EIEDG XEIE@K IEPHN #GI@N, DGUGB DG DE@L, N BG@EIS QLMJGBMC IKMMHNF. %MBEQ AG ZJLR ULXEQLR 21NRBC LQEI[GDG XTBG QIK@GC, XLBEE XBEMJC\GC, DGQ MGFNF ONANIEF UIN 5G@KBE; K -KFCD^EOGXTBL DE XLBEE 17000 PEBLOEH, KMJGBTW, @LBLQDTW; K ONANIC — 150000, QG M JTBK IKMMHNF @ILANBNJGJGIT O PNMBE 80000. 1LXEQG ZJG DGULFDNBG QIEODRR NMJLINR, HL@QG @LIMJS @IEHLO IGAXNOGBGULBPN\G UEIMNQMHNE; LXMJLCJEBSMJOG XTBN LQNDGHNE, N JL@QG N JEUEIS YBG JGH [E XLISXG FE[QK,OILULR N $ANER, FE[QK EOILUEVMHNF HGPEMJOLF N GANGJMHNF HLBNPEMJOLF. /GDCJNE DEMHLBSHNWOG[DTW HIEULMJEV XTBL MBEQMJONEF ULXEQ -KFCD^EOG.

% JL [E OIEFC IKMMHNV ]BLJ QEVMJOLOGB O &IEQNAEFDLF FLIE N $IWNUEBG@E. =EBSRLJUIGOBEDNC ]BLJG XTBL ULQGDNE ULFL\N @IEPEMHLFK DGILQLDGMEBEDNR, @LJLOLFK OLMMJGJSUILJNO JKILH. %LMMJGDNE QEVMJONJEBSDL IGMUILMJIGDNBLMS XTMJIL UL OMEV 4LIEE. "BGODLEDGPGBSMJOL DGQ IKMMHNF ]BLJLF UINDCB @IG] $BEHMEV "IN@LISEONP 'IBLO. 24 NRDC UILNALYEBMJIGYDTV XLV O :NLMMHLF AGBNOE; JKIE^HNV ]BLJ MHITBMC O 9EMFEDMHKR @GOGDS, DL IKMMHNV]BLJ DGUGB DG DE@L AQEMS N M[E@; @EILEF UEIOLV XNJOT XTB &UNINQLO, OJLILV — "IEV@. :NLMMHGCN 9EMFEDMHGC XNJOT FL@BN XT NFEJS OG[DTE ULMBEQMJONC, EMBN XT IKMMHNV ]BLJ ULYEB UICFLH 3GIQGDEBBGF, DL LD AGDCBMC ULHLIEDNEF GIWNUEBG[MHNW LMJILOLO, G FE[QK JEF JKIHN MULFL\SR ]IGD^KAMHL@L G@EDJG XGILDG (LJJG KMUEBN KHIEUNJS 3GIQGDEBBT, N HL@QG IKMMHNV ]BLJUINMJKUNB H DNF, JL OMJIEJNB JGHLE MLUILJNOBEDNE, PJL QLB[ED XTB LJMJKUNJS.

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— QIK@LV, UIEQ AGWL[QEDNEF MLBD^G — JIEJNV.

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

(\EJDL UEJEIXKI@MHNV HGXNDEJ UIEQBG@GB NF NAQGJS KMULHLNJEBSDLE LX`CMDEDNE DGMPEJ@GIGDJNN N LXE\GB ML@BGMNJSMC DG L@IGDNPEDNE QNMMNQEDJMHNW UIGO, EMBN MGFN QNMMNQEDJTUL[EBGRJ UL[EIJOLOGJS DEHLJLITFN UIGOGFN MOLNFN QBC KMULHLEDNC LJEPEMJOG: HLILBS NOEBSFL[N DE WLJEBN OWLQNJS DN O HGHNE ML@BGYEDNC, L[NQGC XLBEE XBG@LUINCJDL@L QBC MEXC:OIEFEDN, HL@QG -LMMNC XKQEJ UINDK[QEDG KMJKUNJS OME; G FE[QK JEF DN HLILBS, DN OEBSFL[N DE

197

MJTQNBNMS OTUIGYNOGJS QEDE@ K IKMMHNW ULMBLO. %ME, MBEQLOGJEBSDL, AGONMEBL AQEMS LJLHLDPGDNC OLVDT JKIE^HLV. -LMMNC UIN MOLNW XBNMJGJEBSDTW KMUEWGW, IGAKFEEJMC, DE FL@BGLHLDPNJS EE XEA OLADG@IG[QEDNC.

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`COBCB, PJLX-LMMNC DE IGMMPNJTOGBG DG E@L ULFL\S O OLVDE M $OMJINER.

1IEQBL[EDNE XTBL UINDCJL, N UEIOTV IGAQEB 1LBSYN MLMJLCBMC O 1773 @LQK: -LMMNCUINLXIEBG 7EBLIKMMNR, $OMJINC — "GBN^NR, 1IKMMNC — 1LFEIGDNR N PGMJS %EBNHLV 1LBSYN.

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— ULQQGDDTF MOLNF, AGFEYGDDTF O ULMBEQDEE OLMMJGDNE; 6) QLUKMJNJS IKMMHNWIEANQEDJLO O 5LDMJGDJNDLULBE WLQGJGVMJOLOGJS UEIEQ QNOGDLF* UL QEBGF FLBQGOMHNF; 7)KUBGJNJS 4 500 000 IKXBEV AG OLEDDTE NAQEI[HN; 8) UINADGJS NFUEIGJLIMHNV JNJKB IKMMHLV@LMKQGITDN. -KFCD^EO OTDEM NA ZJLV OLVDT UILAOGDNE /GQKDGVMHL@L, 3LB@LIKHNV —5ITFMHL@L, 'IBLO — 9EMFEDMHL@L.

Z;/# + 4;%) /!8"!68"+'. %L OIEFC ULBSMHL!JKIE^HLV OLVDT** UIGONJEBSMJOL XTBL MNBSDLLAGXLPEDL ODKJIEDDNFN OLBDEDNCFN. % 1770 @LQK O R[DTW UIEQEBGW -LMMNN ULCONBGMS PKFG:HGIGDJNDDTE UIEQLMJLIL[DLMJN UBLWL MLXBRQGBNMS; L^EUBEDNE AGIG[EDDTW FEMJDLMJEV XTBLDEOLAFL[DL UL DEQLMJGJHK OLVMH. %EMDLR 1771 @LQG AGIGAG ULHGAGBGMS O 4LMHOE N XTMJILIGMUILMJIGDNBGMS, ULJLFK PJL [NJEBN DE WLJEBN NMULBDCJS DELXWLQNFTW UIEQUNMGDNV, MPNJGCNW DGUIGMDTFN UINJEMDEDNCFN. *GPGBN HINPGJS, PJL BEHGIC FLICJ XLBSDTW O HGIGDJNDGW, NULJLFK JGNBN AGIG[EDDTW O QLFGW; XLCMS ULBN^NN, ML[N@GOYEV OE\N ULMBE KFEIYNW, MHITOGBNJIKUT O UL@IEXGW, HLBLQ^GW, AGITOGBN O MGQGW. % NRBE N GO@KMJE KFNIGBL QL 1000 PEBLOEHE[EQDEODL.

"BGODLHLFGDQKR\NV @IG] &GBJTHLO ULHNDKB 4LMHOK N KEWGB O QEIEODR; LMJGBMCUINMBGDDTV H DEFK DG ULFL\S @EDEIGB ,ILUHND M DNPJL[DTFN MIEQMJOGFN: K DE@L XTBL JLBSHL436 PEBLOEH HLFGDQT, G FE[QK JEF UIGAQDTV DGILQ DGPNDGB OLBDLOGJSMC, UINMKJMJOEDDTE FEMJGXTBN AGHITJT, BGOHN AGUEIJT, OME IGXLJT UIEHIGJNBNMS. -GADEMMC MBKW, PJL XTOGRJ PKQEMDTENM^EBEDNC LJ LXIGAG 7L@LBRXMHLV 7L@LILQN^T K %GIOGIMHNW OLILJ, N OLJ FDL[EMJOL DGILQG,XLBSDTE N AQLILOTE MJGBN JLBUNJSMC K LXIGAG.

$IWNEUNMHLULF O 4LMHOE XTB O JL OIEFC $FOILMNV /EIJNM!5GFEDMHNV, PEBLOEHLXIGALOGDDTV, KMUEOYNV AGMBK[NJS ULPEJDKR DEDGONMJS DEOE[Q NMHLIEDEDNEF IGADTWABLKULJIEXBEDNV, LMLXEDDL KDNPJL[EDNEF MLXBGADNJEBSDL@L MXLIN\G XEAFEMJDTWMOC\EDDNHLO, DGDNFGOYNWMC QBC MLOEIYEDNC MBK[XT O QLFLOTW ̂ EIHOGW. ;ADGO L MWLQXN\GW K7L@LBRXMHLV, $FOILMNV UINDCB FEIT QBC NW UIEHIG\EDNC, OEBEB AGUEPGJGJS HIK[HN M QEDS@GFN,UGBGJHK, @QE MHBGQTOGBNMS UINDLYEDNC N UILQGOGBNMS, — WLJEB MDCJS N MGFKR NHLDK. 16MEDJCXIC, HL@QG KONQGBN ZJN IGMULIC[EDNC, O JLBUE ULMBTYGBNMS @LBLMG: „$IWNEIEV XEAXL[DNH,LJDNFGEJ HGADK K 7L[NEV FGJEIN, WLPEJ LJDCJS K DGILQG N MGFKR AGMJKUDN^K; OEIDL, M@LOLINBMC

198

M QLHJLIGFN FLINJS DGILQ; OLBSDL UIGOLMBGODTF JEIUEJS DEUIGOQK LJ DGPGBSMJOG: HL@QG X DEXTBL HKIEOG UL KBN^GF QG XLBSDN^, JGH QGODL XT N FLI UEIEMJGB“.

% ZJL OIEFC IGAQGBMC DGXGJ, PEIDS DGPGBG MXE@GJSMC, MGFG DE ADGC AGPEF, DL MHLIL DGYBGMS^EBS. -GAQGBNMS HINHN: „% 5IEFBS! % 5IEFBS! &UILMNF $FOILMNC, AGPEF DE OEBNJ FLBNJSMC7L[NEV FGJEIN! #EHGIC HNQGRJ LJIGOK O HLBLQ^T!“ 9EIDS XILMNBGMS O 5IEFBS, O GIWNEIEVMHNVQLF; DE DGVQC $FOILMNC, DGPGBG OME NMJIEXBCJS O E@L ULHLCW; ,ILUHNDK M MOLEV HLFGDQLV KQGBLMSLPNMJNJS 5IEFBS LJ FCJE[DNHLO, DL DG QIK@LV QEDS LDN MWOGJNBN $FOILMNC O 3LDMHLF FLDGMJTIEN KXNBN; NMJIEXNO QOG HGIGDJNDDTW QLFG, XKDJLO\NHN XILMNBNMS O 5IEFBS QLHGDPNOGJSIGALIEDNE GIWNEIEVMHL@L QLFG N @IGXNJS HKUEPEMHNE UL@IEXG, — XTOYNE ULQ 9KQLOTFFLDGMJTIEF; DG KOE\GDNC LXEI!HLFEDQGDJG ^GIEONPG @IKANDMHL@L N XIN@GQNIG 4GFLDLOGLJOEPGBN HGFEDSCFN.

(L@QG ,ILUHND OEBEB MOLNF MLBQGJGF MJIEBCJS NA IK[EV N UKYEH N XILMNJSMC DG XKDJLO\NHLOM UGBGYGFN; USCDGC JLBUG LXIGJNBGMS O XE@MJOL, DL DE FEDEE MJG PEBLOEH XTBL KXNJL N 149MWOGPEDL. 'HGAGBLMS, PJL XKDJLOGBN QOLILOTE BRQN, HKU^T, ULQSCPNE, ]GXINPDTE N LMLXEDDLIGMHLBSDNHN. % LHJCXIE MFEIJDLMJS KFEDSYNBGMS; O CDOGIE 1771!@L UIGONJEBSMJOL LX`CONBL LUIEHIG\EDNN O 4LMHOE AGIGAT. ;MULHLNBGMS 4LMHOG, DL O MJEUCW OLBDLOGBLMS HGAGPEMJOL.

C;.#*,6. 4T ONQEBN, PJL ULMBE MFKJDL@L OIEFEDN HGAGHN QOG IGAG ULQDNFGBN FCJE[ UILJNO@LMKQGIMJOG: O ̂ GIMJOLOGDNE $BEHMEC 4NWGVBLONPG ULQ UIEQOLQNJEBSMJOLF -GANDG N UIN 1EJIE%EBNHLF ULQ UIEQOLQNJEBSMJOLF 7KBGONDG. 1LMBE 1EJIG O UEIOLV ULBLONDE XVIII OEHG O IGADTWK@BGW HGAG^HNW COBCBNMS MGFLAOGD^T, DL FCJE[ DE IGA@LIGBMC. *GHLDE^ O ^GIMJOLOGDNE,HGJEINDT II, HL@QG @LMKQGIMJOL ODKJIN N ODE OTHGATOGBLMS JGHLR XBEMJC\ER MJLILDLR,HGAGPEMJOL MLXIGBL ULMBEQDNE MNBT, N AGUTBGB MJIGYDTV FCJE[, MLOEIYEDDL MWLQDTV MIGANDMHNF, NXL QEVMJOLOGJEBN, UINEFT NW N ^EBN XTBN LQNDGHNE.

% ̂ GIMJOLOGDNE ,HGJEINDT CN^HNE HGAGHN DEMHLBSHL IGA OLBDLOGBNMS, H PEFK JGH[E ULQGOGBNULOLQ DEMUIGOEQBNOTE M DNFN ULMJKUHN PNDLODNHLO. 5GAGHN LJHGATOGBNMS NQJN O UL@LDR AGHGBFTHGFN, ULHNDKOYNFN IKMMHNE OBGQEDNC OMBEQMJONE PNDLODNPEMHNW [E UINJEMDEDNV.&JIL@NE DGHGAGDNC AG ZJL LMBKYGDNE E\E XLBEE L[EMJLPNBN HGAGHLO: O CDOGIE 1771 @LQG LDNOAXKDJLOGBNMS, IGAXNBN N KXNBN @EDEIGBG (IGKXEDXEI@G, KPIEQNBN K MEXC DLOLE, MOLEUIGONJEBSMJOL. "EDEIGB ?IEVFGD, ULMBGDDTV NA 4LMHOT UILJNO HGAGHLO, IGAXNB NW, OMBEQMJONEPE@L UIE[DEE HGAG^HLE UIGOBEDNE XTBL KDNPJL[EDL, DGPGBSMJOL ULIKPEDL CN^HLFK HLFEDQGDJK,AGPND\NHN XKDJG XNJT HDKJLF, 140 PEBLOEH MLMBGDT O &NXNIS, QIK@NE LJQGDT O MLBQGJT, N OMEXE[GBN.

1LICQLH XTB UL ONQNFLFK OLMMJGDLOBED, DL HGAGHN AGFTYBCBN PJL!JL DEQLXILE, DGFEHGBNDG HGHLE!JL OG[DLE UIEQUINCJNE UILJNO @LMKQGIMJOG, HLJLILE UL!UIE[DEFK MBTBL K DNW ULQNFEDEF 4LMHOT. „(L BN E\E XKQEJ, — @LOLINBN LDN, — JGH BN E\E FT JICWDEF 4LMHOLR!“(GVDTE MLOE\GDNC UILNMWLQNBN UL MJEUDTF KFEJGF (ULMJLCBTF QOLIGF) N LJQGBEDDTF WKJLIGF;HL@L!JL ULQ[NQGBN, G FE[QK JEF O -LMMNN N AG @IGDN^ER YBG FLBOG, PJL XTOYNV NFUEIGJLI1EJI III [NO.

+ OLJ DG )NHE CONBMC PEBLOEH BEJ JINQ^GJN, MIEQDE@L ILMJG, HIEUHL@L MBL[EDNC, M L@DEDDTFNN UILDN^GJEBSDTFN @BGAGFN: JL XTB QLDMHLV HGAGH ,FEBSCD 1K@GPEO, QOG IGAG XE@BE^,ULXTOGOYNV N DG %EJHE, O ADGFEDNJLF IGMHLBSDNPSEF UINJLDE; MOEQGO L HGAG^HNW OLBDEDNCWDG )NHE, LD CONBMC JKQG N MJGB ULQ@LOGINOGJS DEQLOLBSDTW NQJN AG 5KXGDS N LJQGJSMC ULQULHILONJEBSMJOL MKBJGDG; O JL [E OIEFC UL MLOEJK QOLNW HKU^LO!IGMHLBSDNHLO LD LX`CONB MEXCNFUEIGJLILF 1EJILF III. *L LX ZJLF XTBL QLDEMEDL, 1K@GPEO MWOGPED, AGHLOGD O HGDQGBT NLJUIGOBED O 5GAGDS, HKQG UINOEAED O CDOGIE 1773 @LQG. /QEMS XTBN K DE@L QIKASC!WLQGJGN, JL[EIGMHLBSDNHN; M DNF LXLYBNMS BE@HL, MHITBN QEBL L MGFLAOGDMJOE, ULAOLBNBN WLQNJS H ADGHLFTFO MLUILOL[QEDNN HGIGKBSDL@L; LD ULQ@LOLINB ZJL@L HGIGKBSDL@L N XE[GB O FGE FEMC^E.

%ME BEJL KHITOGBMC LD UL LJQGBEDDTF WKJLIGF, O MEDJCXIE LUCJS LX`CONB MEXC 1EJILF III;LHLBL DE@L MLXIGBGMS YGVHG NA 300 PEBLOEH, M HLJLITFN LD UINYEB ULQ )N^HNV @LILQLH. &JGBG

* 3NOGD — MLOEJ UIN MKBJGDE ((0+/,*. 0,-.).** +FEEJMC O ONQK UEINLQ, HL@QG -LMMNC OEBG OLEDDTE QEVMJONC LQDLOIEFEDDL DG JEIINJLINN 1LBSYN N UILJNO(KI^NN ((0+/,*. 0,-.).

199

ULOJLICJSMC IGANDMHGC NMJLINC: HGAG^HNV LJICQ, OTMBGDDTV UILJNO MGFLAOGD^G, UEIEYEB DGE@L MJLILDK; HGAGHN, WLJEOYNE LMJGJSMC OEIDTFN UIGONJEBSMJOK, XTBN UEIEOEYGDT. *EIEYNOYNMS OMJKUNJS O XLISXK M CN^HNF @GIDNALDLF, 1K@GPEO ULYEB H +BE^HLFK @LILQHK, LXE\GCUL[GBLOGJS JGFLYDNW HGAGHLO HIEMJLF N XLILQLR, ULJLFK PJL LDN XTBN IGMHLBSDNHN, IEHGFNN BK@GFN, QEDS@GFN N AGUGMGFN, MOND^LF N ULILWLF N OEPDLR OLBSDLMJNR. 5GAGHN ULMBEQLOGBNNW UINFEIK; HNI@NAT LXIGQLOGBNMS MFKJE N UIN@LJLOBCBNMS XEADGHGAGDDL @IGXNJS, DGPGBSDNHGFHIEULMJEV N L]N^EIGF LMJGOGBLMS UL@NXGJS FKPEDNPEMHLR MFEIJNR AG MOLR OEIDLMJSUIGONJEBSMJOK.

&IEQMJOG MGFLAOGD^G XTMJIL KOEBNPNOGBNMS: O DGPGBE LHJCXIC M 3000 OLVMHG, M UKYHGFN1K@GPEO JILDKBMC H 'IEDXKI@K. 7GYHNI^T, HGBFTHN, FLIQOG, PKOGYN, PEIEFNMG, HGH O MFKJDLEN IGANDMHLE OIEFC, UEIEMJGBN ULONDLOGJSMC IKMMHLFK DGPGBSMJOK; @LMULQMHNE HIEMJSCDE CODLULHGATOGBN MOLR UINOEI[EDDLMJS H MGFLAOGD^K, N OME 1LOLB[SE HLBEXGBLMS. $ FE[QK JEF@LMKQGIMJOL DGWLQNBLMS O AGJIKQDNJEBSDLF ULBL[EDNN: OLVMHG XTBN AGDCJT O (KI^NN N 1LBSYE,FEIT UILJNO PKFT N IEHIKJMHNE DGXLIT OLBDLOGBN PEIDS. 5 LHJCXIC 1K@GPEO LMGQNB 'IEDXKI@,[EBGC OTFLINJS E@L @LBLQLF; MHLIL LD K[E MPNJGB K MEXC 25 000 OLVMHG; CQILF ZJL@L OLVMHGXTBN CN^HNE HGAGHN N MLBQGJT, AGWOGPEDDTE UL HIEULMJCF; LHLBL DNW JLBUNBNMS JGJGIT,XGYHNI^T, HGBFTHN, XE@BTE HIEMJSCDE, HGJLI[DNHN N OMCHNV MXILQ, HGH OL OIEFEDG7LBLJDNHLOG N -GANDG.

1K@GPEO ULPJN E[EQDEODL KPNB MOLE OLVMHL, E[EQDEODL UILNMWLQNBN HGADN, E[EQDEODLLJUIGOBCBGMS ^EIHLODGC MBK[XG O MJGDE, DL MGFLAOGDE^ LQND JLBSHL IGA XTB O ^EIHON. >GVHNIGAXLVDNHLO E@L WLQNBN OL OME MJLILDT, USCDMJOKC UL MEBEDNCF, @IGXC HGADK N QOLICDMHLE QLXIL.1K@GPEO DE XTB MGFLOBGMJED MIEQN HGAGHLO: UIN QIK@NW LDN LHGATOGBN EFK DGIK[DLE KOG[EDNE,XEA ULMJLILDDNW LXWLQNBNMS HGH M JLOGIN\EF. „;BN^G FLC JEMDG“, — @LOLINB 1K@GPEO; JE, HHLFK UINOCATOGBMC LD, XTBN DEFEQBEDDL KFEI\OBCEFT.

1IGONJEBSMJOL OTMBGBL UILJNO FCJE[DNHLO OLVMHL ULQ DGPGBSMJOLF @EDEIGBG 5GIG, DL,UINXBNACMS H OLVMHGF 1K@GPEOG, 5GI MJIKMNB, DGPGB LJMJKUGJS, MGFLOLBSDL ULHNDKB OLVMHL NULQ UIEQBL@LF XLBEADN KMHGHGB O 4LMHOK. +FUEIGJIN^G UNMGBG: „7L@ OEMJS, PEF ZJL OMEHLDPNJMC. ) AGPNDGR ULWLQNJS UINHBRPEDNCFN FLE@L OEHG DG 1EJIG %EBNHL@L; DL PJL 7L@ DNQGMJ, G, UL UINFEIK QEQKYHN, KDTOGJS DE MJGDK“. 3BC ULUIGOBEDNC QEBG, NMULIPEDDL@L 5GILF,@LMKQGITDC DGADGPNBG $BEHMGDQIG +BSNPG 7NXNHLOG. 1INEWGOYN O 4LMHOK, 7NXNHLO DGYEBQEBG O QKIDLF ULBL[EDNN: [NJEBN XTBN O MJIGWE; FDL[EMJOL QOLICD M`EWGBLMS O 4LMHOK NA@KXEIDNV, K[E IGALICEFTW 1K@GPEOTF NBN K@IL[GEFTW OLAFK\EDNEF; WLBLUN, NFN DGOEAEDDTE,IGMUKMHGBN UL UBL\GQCF OEMJN L OLBSDLMJN, LX NMJIEXBEDNN @LMULQ. 9EIDS, USCDMJOKC N YGJGCMSUL KBN^GF, M CODTF DEJEIUEDNEF [QGBG 1K@GPEOG, HGH OL OIEFEDG >KVMHL@L [QGBG JKYNDMHL@LOLIG. 25 QEHGXIC UINEWGB 7NXNHLO O 5GAGDS; LD DE DGYEB AQEMS DN @KXEIDGJLIG, DN @BGODTWPNDLO; XLBSYGC PGMJS QOLICD N HKU^LO JGH[E XE[GBN O XEALUGMDTE @KXEIDNN.

1INEAQ 7NXNHLOG L[NONB @LILQ; OTEWGOYNE [NJEBN MJGBN OLAOIG\GJSMC. 7NXNHLO MLXIGBQOLICDMJOL, UIEQMJGONB EFK, HGH OT@LQT MLMBLONC JIEXKRJ FEI IEYNJEBSDTW, UL[EIJOLOGDNV.3OLICDMJOL ULBL[NBL OLLIK[NJS DG MOLV MPEJ OLVMHL. 7NXNHLO QBC LXLQIEDNC QIK@NW HGAGBMCOEMEBTF, QLOLBSDTF, G FE[QK JEF UNMGB H [EDE: „/BL OEBNHL, UIEK[GMDL! ;W, QKIDL!“

% MGFLF QEBE XTBL LPEDS QKIDL: LX\EE OLMMJGDNE XGYHNI^EO, HGBFTHLO N QIK@NW ULQLXDTWDGILQLO UIEMEHGBL ULOMRQK MLLX\EDNE. %LVMHL XTBL FGBLPNMBEDDL N DEDGQE[DL, DGPGBSDNHNULHNQGBN FEMJL N XE[GBN, AGONQC XGYHNI^G NBN AGOLQMHL@L FK[NHG M QKXNDLV. /NFG KFDL[NBGAGJIKQDEDNC; MEBEDNC XTBN UKMJT, @LILQG O LMGQE, QIK@NE AGDCJT UK@GPEOMHNFN OLVMHGFN, AGOLQTOT[[EDT, PEIDS OEAQE OLBDLOGBGMS N ABLQEVMJOLOGBG. %LVMHG UIGONJEBSMJOG QON@GBNMSFEQBEDDL, N JEF XTMJIEE IGMUILMJIGDCBMC XKDJ, LXWOGJNOYNV 5GAGDMHKR, $MJIGWGDMHKR,*N[E@LILQMHKR @KXEIDNN, UILDNHDKOYNV O 1EIFMHKR.

*L M ]EOIGBC 1774 @LQG QEBG MJGBN UINDNFGJS XBG@LUINCJDTV LXLILJ: OLVMHG UIGONJEBSMJOGOACBN &GFGIK, QON@GBNMS H 'IEDXKI@K DG OTIKPHK, 1K@GPEO @LJLONBMC K[E H ULXE@K, G HGAGHNQKFGBN UIEQGJS E@L O IKHN UIGONJEBSMJOG N JEF AGMBK[NJS UIL\EDNE. 7NXNHLO UNMGB: „1K@GPEO

200

DE NDLE PJL, HGH PKPEBL, HLJLITF N@IGRJ OLIT HGAGHN: DE 1K@GPEO OG[ED, OG[DL LX\EEDE@LQLOGDNE“. 5DCAS "LBN^TD DGDEM MNBSDLE ULIG[EDNE 1K@GPEOK, HLJLITV MJGB K[E OTXNIGJSMCNA!ULQ 'IEDXKI@G. 1LIG[EDDTV O QIK@LV IGA "LBN^TDTF, ULJEICOYN OME UKYHN N FDL[EMJOLDGILQK, 1K@GPEO JLBSHL M PEJTISFC AGOLQMHNFN FK[NHGFN KMUEB KXE[GJS O ;IGBSMHNE AGOLQT.4NWEBSMLD OACB ;]K N OLMMJGDLONB MULHLVMJONE O XLBSYLV PGMJN XKDJLOGOYNW QEIEOEDS;UINXBN[EDNE 4GDMKILOG MUGMBL +BE^HNV @LILQLH, @EILVMHN OTQEI[GOYNV MJIGYDKR LMGQK:14 QDEV LMG[QEDDTE UNJGBNMS LQDLV @BNDLR.

*L HL@QG QEBL HGAGBLMS K[E LHLDPEDDTF, 7NXNHLO KFEI LJ MJIGYDL@L DGUIC[EDNC MNB.1K@GPEO LUCJS ULCONBMC DG M^EDK, LHIK[EDDTV CN^HNFN HGAGHGFN, XGYHNI^T LUCJSOAXKDJLOGBNMS. 1IEMBEQLOGJS MGFLAOGD^G MJGBL DEBSAC OMBEQMJONE IGMUKJN^T. 1K@GPEO KMUEBUEIEVJN ;IGBSMHNE @LIT, OACB DEMHLBSHL HIEULMJEV. 9EJTIE IGAG, ULIG[EDDTV 4NWEBSMLDLF,LD UEIEUIGONBMC PEIEA 5GFK N ULYEB UICFL DG 5GAGDS, UEIEQ HLJLILR CONBMC 11 NRBC; 12!@L@LILQ XTB OACJ N ML[[ED, DL HIEULMJS XTBG MUGMEDG UINXTJNEF 4NWEBSMLDG, HLJLITV ULIGANBMGFLAOGD^G O MEFN OEIMJGW LJ 5GAGDN. 1K@GPEO LJMJKUNB, DL 18 NRBC OQIK@ UEIEUIGONBMC AG%LB@K M 500 PEBLOEH OLVMHG: OMC AGUGQDGC MJLILDG %LB@N OLAFKJNBGMS N UEIEQGBGMS MGFLAOGD^K,OLEOLQT XE[GBN NA @LILQLO, QOLICDE — NA ULFEMJNV; PEIDS BLONBG JEW N QIK@NW N UINOLQNBG H1K@GPEOK, HLJLITV OACB =NONBSMH N UIEMEH MLLX\EDNE FE[QK *N[DNF N 5GAGDSR.

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

4E[QK JEF O =GIN^TD UINEWGB &KOLILO, UINDCB DGPGBSMJOL DGQ 4NWEBSMLDLOTF LJICQLFN UKMJNBMC O MJEUS, @QE MHNJGBMC 1K@GPEO. &GFLAOGDE^ XTB LJLOMRQK LHIK[ED OLVMHGFNUIGONJEBSMJOG; MLLX\DNHN IEYNBNMS OTQGJS E@L, MOCAGBN N UINOEABN O )N^HNV @LILQLH, LJHKQGLJUIGONBN E@L O 4LMHOK, @QE N HGADNBN.

J!!0;<,%%&' %,')0#2+),). 1EIOTF AGFEPGJEBSDTF MLXTJNEF ULMBE 5KPKH!5GVDGIQ[NVMHL@L FNIG XTB OLLIK[EDDTV DEVJIGBNJEJ. +MUGD^T, DGWLQNOYNEMC O OLVDE M$D@BNER, LX`CONBN "NXIGBJGIMHKR @GOGDS O XBLHGQDLF MLMJLCDNN UIE[QE E\E, PEFQEVMJONJEBSDL DGPGBN LMGQK, N AGWOGJNBN QOG IKMMHNW HLIGXBC M WBEXLF, WLJEOYNW OLVJN O @GOGDS.+FUEIGJIN^G MNBSDL IGMMEIQNBGMS AG ZJL DG NMUGDMHLE UIGONJEBSMJOL, N GD@BNVMHNV FNDNMJIO 1EJEIXKI@E "GIINM ULQQEI[NOGB EE DEKQLOLBSMJONE, DE @LOLIC, LQDGHL, PJL JGHLE ULOEQEDNE KQIK@NW QEI[GO XTBL NMHBRPEDNEF, K $D@BNN [E XTBL ULMJLCDDLR MNMJEFLR.

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

'X`COBEDNEF ZJL@L GHJG N JIEXLOGDNEF IKMMHL@L UIGONJEBSMJOG UINADGJS OTMHGAGDDTE ODEF DGPGBG "GIINM UINOEQED XTB O LPEDS AGJIKQDNJEBSDLE ULBL[EDNE: GD@BNVMHLFK FNDNMJEIMJOK

201

UIEQMJLCBL DG OTXLI NBN LJHGAGJSMC JLI[EMJOEDDL LJ MOLE@L UIE[DE@L LXIGAG QEVMJONV, NBNOMJKUNJS O XLISXK M DEVJIGBSDTFN QEI[GOGFN, NXL +MUGDNC N ?IGD^NC UINADGBNLXDGILQLOGDDTE -LMMNER ULBL[EDNC N LUIEQEBNBN UINOLQNJS NW O NMULBDEDNE; $D@BNC DGPGBGKHBLDCJSMC, OT[NQGJS OIEFC; OUILPEF, MBEQMJONEF OLLIK[EDDL@L DEVJIGBNJEJG XTBG OLVDG EEM "LBBGDQNER; M -LMMNER DE XTBL CODL@L IGAITOG, DL $D@BNC DE KUKMHGBG MBKPGC NQJN DGUEIEHLIUBGDGF NFUEIGJIN^T, OLAXK[QGJS DEUINCADS H -LMMNN O MLMEQDNW QEI[GOGW.

C0+8!,-+%,%+, E0&/#. 4E[QK JEF -LMMNC QLB[DG XTBG @LJLONJSMC H DLOLV OLVDE M(KI^NER, HLJLIGC DNHGH DE FL@BG MOTHDKJSMC M FTMBSR, PJL 5ITF K[E XLBSYE DE UINDGQBE[NJEV. 1L KMBLONCF 5GVDGIQ[NVMHL@L FNIG AG MKBJGDLF LMJGOGBLMS O 5ITFK IEBN@NLADLE ADGPEDNEHGH AG UIEEFDNHLF HGBN]LO, DL LD KULIDL QLFL@GBMC OEIWLODTW UIGO O LXBGMJN @IG[QGDMHLV NULBNJNPEMHLV. -LMMNC, IGAKFEEJMC, DE FL@BG KMJKUNJS ZJNF QLFL@GJEBSMJOGF, NXL JL@QG @QE [EXTBG XT DEAGONMNFLMJS 5ITFG? %MBEQMJONE OIG[QEXDTW QIK@ QIK@K OBNCDNV M QOKW MJLILD —IKMMHLV N JKIE^HLV LXIGALOGBNMS UGIJNN DG ULBKLMJILOE N OMJKUNBN O XLISXK QIK@ M QIK@LF.

:GDT MFEDCBNMS OMBEQMJONE QON[EDNC UGIJNV. ;[E O 1775 @LQK MOEI@DKJ XTB UIEQGDDTV-LMMNN WGD &G@NX!"NIEV N OLAOEQED DG UIEMJLB UIEQGDDTV (KI^NN 3EOBEJ!"NIEV; -LMMNC MOEI@BGULMBEQDE@L N OLAOEBG DG E@L FEMJL >G@ND!"NIEC. >G@ND WLJEB XTJS QEVMJONJEBSDL DEAGONMNFTFN UILNAOEMJN DELXWLQNFTE QBC KMNBEDNC MOLE@L @LMKQGIMJOG UIELXIGALOGDNC, MJGB OOLQNJS UINZJLF DLOTE, EOILUEVMHNE LXTPGN, DL ZJNF LD OLAXKQNB UILJNO MEXC MNBSDKR MJGILOEIPEMHKR,JKIE^HKR UGIJNR, N DGPGBGMS LUCJS KMLXN^G, O HLJLILV -LMMNC QLB[DG XTBG ULQQEI[NOGJS>G@NDG. (GHLE ULBL[EDNE QEB MJGDLONBLMS PGM LJ PGMK DEMDLMDEE QBC -LMMNN. %LVDG M (KI^NERUILQLB[GBGMS O 5ITFK, E[EPGMDL @LJLOG XTBG OMUTWDKJS N DEULMIEQMJOEDDL.

(EF MNBSDEE MJGDLONBLMS [EBGDNE ULHLDPNJS M 5ITFLF, HLJLITV DE FL@ LMJGOGJSMCDEAGONMNFTF, JEF LWLJDEE QLB[DT XTBN OTMBKYNOGJSMC UIEQBL[EDNC 1LJEFHNDG, HLJLITVDGMJGNOGB DG DELXWLQNFLMJS UINMLEQNDEDNC 5ITFG, KHGATOGC DG BE@HLMJS N AGHLDDLMJS ZJL@LQEBG.

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`CONJS 1LIJE OLVDK.

% 1782 @LQK OMUTWDKBL OLMMJGDNE UILJNO >G@ND!"VIEC ULQ UIEQOLQNJEBSMJOLF ILQDTW E@LXIGJSEO, N WGD QLB[ED XTB KQGBNJSMC O (G@GDIL@. ,HGJEINDG LXIGJNBGMS H DLOLFK MLRADNHKMOLEFK +LMN]K II, N JLJ LJOEPGB, PJL @LJLO DG OMCHLE ML@BGYEDNE M IKMMHLR NFUEIGJIN^ERDGMPEJ OMEW OLAFL[DTW MLXTJNV, HGHNE FL@KJ UILNALVJN LJ HITFMHNW MFKJ. (L@QG UEJEIXKI@MHNVHGXNDEJ O ONQGW OLVDT M (KI^NER MQEBGB OEDMHLFK HGXNDEJK MBEQKR\NE UIEQBL[EDNC: „4E[QKJIEFC FLDGIWNCFN (IKMMHLR, GOMJINVMHLR N JKIE^HLR) QLB[DL XTJS DGOME@QG DEAGONMNFLE LJDNW @LMKQGIMJOL, LXIGALOGDDLE NA 4LBQGONN, %GBGWNN N 7EMMGIGXNN ULQ NFEDEF 3GHNN N ULQMHNUEJILF @LMKQGIC @IEPEMHL@L NMULOEQGDNC. -LMMNC UINLXIEJGEJ @LILQ 'PGHLO M LXBGMJSRFE[QK 7K@LF N 3DEMJILF N LQND NBN QOG LMJILOG O $IWNUEBG@E. $OMJINC UINLXIEJGEJMLMEQMJOEDDTE M DER JKIE^HNE LXBGMJN. ,MBN OLVDG ULVQEJ M JGHNF KMUEWLF, PJL FL[DL XKQEJNA@DGJS JKILH NA 5LDMJGDJNDLULBC, JL OLMMJGDLOBCEJMC NFUEINC "IEPEMHGC O ULBDLVDEAGONMNFLMJN N DG UIEMJLB EE OLAOLQNJMC ODKH NFUEIGJIN^T IKMMHLV OEBNHNV HDCAS 5LDMJGDJND1GOBLONP, HLJLITV LJHG[EJMC LJ UIGO MOLNW DG UIEMJLB IKMMHNV, NXL QOE ZJN HLILDT DNHL@QGDE QLB[DT XTJS MLEQNDEDT DG LQDLV @BGOE“.

+LMN] II ML@BGMNBMC DG ZJN JIEXLOGDNC M KMBLONEF, PJL $OMJINC HILFE JKIE^HNW LXBGMJEV,UINHITOGR\NW "GBN^NR N %ED@INR, ULBKPNBG E\E OME LXBGMJN OEDE^NGDMHNE, G %EDE^NC OAGFEDULBKPNBG XT 4LIER, 5GDQNR, 5NUI N QIK@NE LMJILOG. $D@BNC, ?IGD^NC N +MUGDNC JGH[E QLB[DT

202

XTBN ULBKPNJS PGMJN NA JKIE^HNW OBGQEDNV. (GHLO XTB ADGFEDNJTV UILEHJ, NAOEMJDTV ULQNFEDEF @IEPEMHL@L.

>G@ND!"NIEV XTB OLMMJGDLOBED M ULFL\SR -LMMNN, DL MFKJT DE UIEHIG\GBNMS DGULBKLMJILOE, ULJLFK PJL WGD, DEMFLJIC DG UIEQMJGOBEDNC -LMMNN, DE UEIEMJGOGB UIEMBEQLOGJSOIG@LO MOLNW. _JN [EMJLHLMJN >G@ND!"VIEC ULOEBN H JLFK, PJL LD UINDK[QED XTB LJHGAGJSMCLJ UIEMJLBG, N 5ITF XEAL OMCHL@L MLUILJNOBEDNC UINMLEQNDED XTB H -LMMNN (8 GUIEBC 4783@LQG).

*E DK[DL FDL@L IGMUILMJIGDCJSMC L OMEFNIDL!NMJLINPEMHLF ADGPEDNN, HGHLE NFEEJAGHIEUBEDNE MEOEIDTW XEIE@LO 9EIDL@L FLIC AG -LMMNER, J. E. AG ,OILULR. &JEUN, HLJLITE JGHQLB@L MBK[NBN UINOLBSEF QBC HLPEOTW LIQ, PIEA HLJLITE UILWLQNBN ULPJN OME DGILQT,LUKMJLYGOYNE EOILUEVMHL!WINMJNGDMHNV FNI, OME ZJN XNPN 7L[NE, MJEUN ZJN OLYBN JEUEIS O@IGDN^T EOILUEVMHL!WINMJNGDMHL@L @LMKQGIMJOG, ULQPNDNBNMS ^NONBNAG^NN, MJGBN [NJDN^ER,OILUT, KXE[N\EF QBC EE HLBLDNMJLO. ;UIGOBEDNE DLOLUINLXIEJEDDTF HIGEF XTBL ULIKPEDL1LJEFHNDK, ULBKPNOYEFK UILAOGDNE (GOINPEMHL@L.

1LJEFHND K@LOLINB NFUEIGJIN^K LMFLJIEJS BNPDL *LOKR -LMMNR. 1KJEYEMJONE ,HGJEINDT,UIEQUINDCJLE O 1787 @LQK, XTBL XBEMJC\NF MNFOLBLF JLI[EMJOG ,OILUT DGQ $ANER, UINDCJNC,OILULR OL OBGQEDNE LJ $ANN ZJNW JGH QLB@L MULIDTW AEFEBS. (KJ, OL OIEFC ZJL@L UKJEYEMJONC,XTBL FDL@L JEGJIGBSDL@L, DL FDL@LE, PJL XTBL MQEBGDL QBC *LOLV -LMMNN UIN ,HGJEINDE, DEXTBL LQDNFN QEHLIG^NCFN: MJEUN ULBKPNBN AEFBEQEBSPEMHLE DGILQLDGMEBEDNE, LMDLOGDT @LILQG(,HGJEINDLMBGO, :EIMLD), AGOEQED PEIDLFLIMHNV ]BLJ.

J!'%& — 6)!0#$ );0,="#$ + H6,-8"#$. *EMFLJIC DG MNBSDLE OLBDEDNE, UILNAOEQEDDLEO (KI^NN OEMJSR L UINMLEQNDEDNN 5ITFG H -LMMNN, 1LIJG DG UEIOTW ULIGW DGYBG DELXWLQNFTFUINADGJS ZJL UINMLEQNDEDNE, PJL N XTBL MQEBGDL HLDOED^NER 28 QEHGXIC 1783 @LQG. *L ZJLXTBL JLBSHL DG UEIOTW ULIGW. 9EF XLBEE UINWLQNBG (KI^NC MGFG O MEXC ULMBE @ILFLOL@L KQGIG,JEF CMDEE MLADGOGBG OMR OG[DLMJS ULJEIN: ULMBEQDEE JGJGIMHLE ̂ GIMJOL ULQUGBL OBGMJN IKMMHLV,ULQUGB ZJLV OBGMJN OEMS MEOEIDTV XEIE@ 9EIDL@L FLIC, LJHKQG OIG[QEXDTE HLIGXBN DE UIEFNDKJUIN UEIOLF MBKPGE CONJSMC UIEQ 5LDMJGDJNDLULBEF, N ]BLJ QEVMJONJEBSDL AGOLQNBMC.

1IEQKUIEQNJS MJIGYDKR LUGMDLMJS, HNDKJSMC DG OIG@G, HL@QG LD DE L[NQGEJ DGUGQEDNC, DEUIN@LJLONBMC H DEFK, — OLJ ULMJKULH, HLJLITV FL@ XTJS ODKYED 1LIJE LJPGCDNEF N OFEMJEXBG@LIGAKFNEF, DE @LOLIC K[E L PK[EMJIGDDTW ODKYEDNCW. #EJLF 1787 @LQG IKMMHNV ULMLB O5LDMJGDJNDLULBE 7KB@GHLO ULBKPNB LJ 1LIJT KBSJNFGJKF, HLJLITF JIEXLOGBLMS: OTQGPGFLBQGOMHL@L @LMULQGIC 4GOILHLIQGJL, KQGBNOYE@LMC O -LMMNR; LJLAOGDNE IKMMHNW HLDMKBLONA )MM, 7KHGIEMJG N $BEHMGDQINN; QLUK\EDNE JKIE^HNW HLDMKBLO OL OME IKMMHNE @GOGDN NJLI@LOTE @LILQG; UINADGDNE @IKANDMHL@L ^GIC +IGHBNC, ULQQGOYE@LMC -LMMNN, JKIE^HNFULQQGDDTF; UIGOL QBC (KI^NN LMFGJINOGJS OME IKMMHNE HLIGXBN, OTWLQC\NE NA 9EIDL@L FLIC.7KB@GHLO LJOEI@ JIEXLOGDNC, N 1LIJG LX`CONBG OLVDK -LMMNN. 1LMLB XTB AGHBRPED O&EFNXGYEDDTV AGFLH OLUIEHN KMBLONCF 5GVDGIQ[NVMHL@L FNIG.

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„1ILYK LXLQINJSMC N ULQKFGJS, PJL XLQITV QKW NDEKQGPK ULUIGONJS FL[EJ“.

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

203

4LBQGONN.*L UIEEFDNH ?INQINWG II, ?INQINW %NBS@EBSF II, NBN, BKPYE, FNDNMJI E@L "EI^XEI@ DGPGB

LJHITJL QEVMJOLOGJS UILJNO MLRAG -LMMNN M 1LBSYER, N JG UGIJNC O 1LBSYE, HLJLIGC WLJEBGOLMULBSALOGJSMC XBG@LUINCJDTF OIEFEDEF QBC IE]LIF O @LMKQGIMJOEDDLF KMJILVMJOE,UIEQULPBG UIKMMHNV MLRA IKMMHLFK. *L 1IKMMNC UIN ZJLF NFEBG O ONQK LQDL — HGH XT MQEBGJSJL [E MGFLE, PJL XTBL MQEBGDL UIN ?INQINWE II, J. E., DE OMJKUGC DN M HEF O OLVDK, IGMUILMJIGDNJSMOLN OBGQEDNC DG MPEJ 1LBSYN, "EI^XEI@ WBLULJGB, PJLX 1LBSYG KMJKUNBG 1IKMMNN 3GD^N@,(LID, 1LADGDS N 5GBNY, OACBG XT MEXE AG ZJL LJ $OMJINN "GBN^NR, $OMJINC [E N -LMMNC UKMJSOLADG@IG[QGRJ MEXC DG MPEJ (KI^NN. 1IKMMNC WLJEBG QLMJNPS MOLNW ^EBEV UKJEF QNUBLFGJNN,JLBSHL @ILANBG OLVDLR, DL YOEQMHNV HLILBS "KMJGO III MUEYNB OLMULBSALOGJSMCAGJIKQDNJEBSDTF ULBL[EDNEF -LMMNN N LX`CONB EV OLVDK; LD QKFGB, PJL EFK BE@HL XKQEJ DGUGMJSDG XEAAG\NJDTV 1EJEIXKI@ N OTDKQNJS K ,HGJEINDT KMJKUHK AGOLEOGDNV 1EJIG %EBNHL@L.

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

%EMDLR "KMJGO III OLALXDLONB DEUINCJEBSMHNE QEVMJONC. *G FLIE UILNALYBN QOG OG[DTWMIG[EDNC, UIEQMJGONOYNE XTMJIKR UEIEFEDK OLEDDL@L MPGMJNC; O UEIOLF IKMMHNE LQEI[GBNULXEQK DGQ YOEQMHNF ]BLJLF, AGUEIJTF O %TXLI@MHLF AGBNOE; OL OJLILF ULJEIUEBN ULIG[EDNELJ YOEQLO. *L ULMBEQDCC ULXEQG QGBG JLBSHL OLAFL[DLMJS "KMJGOK M PEMJSR LHLDPNJS OLVDK,QBC UILQLB[EDNC HLJLILV LD DE NFEB XLBEE MIEQMJO. 3 GO@KMJG 1790 @LQG AGHBRPED XTB FNI O%EIEBSMHLV QLBNDE, DG XEIE@GW 5RFEDN: @IGDN^T LXLNW @LMKQGIMJO LMJGBNMS JE [E, HGHNE XTBNQL OLVDT; "KMJGO LXCAGBMC DE OFEYNOGJSMC O QEBG JKIE^HNE; ,HGJEINDG LJHGAGBGMS LJ UIGOGOFEYNOGJSMC OL ODKJIEDDNE QEBG YOEQMHNE. (KIE^HGC OLVDG, LADGFEDLOGDDGC O 1790 @LQK DLOTFJLI[EMJOLF &KOLILOG, OACJNEF +AFGNBG, HLDPNBGMS O QEHGXIE 1791 @LQG FNILF O )MMGW;KQEI[GDNEF 5ITFG N UINLXIEJEDNEF 'PGHLOG MEOEIDTV XEIE@ 9EIDL@L FLIC LHLDPGJEBSDLAGHIEUBCBMC AG -LMMNER.

C,0,/,%& 6 C!2AH, + 6)!0!' 0#7-,2 ,,. 4T ONQEBN, PJL 1LBSYG UIEQULPBG UIKMMHNVMLRA IKMMHLFK. 'XIGALOGBGMS UGIJNC, HLJLIGC O DGQE[QE DG HIEULMJS ZJL@L MLRAG WLJEBGUILNAOEMJN OG[DTE ODKJIEDDNE UEIEFEDT; @BGOGFN UGIJNN XTBN +@DGJNV 1LJL^HNV, &JGDNMBGO4GBGWLOMHNV, 5LBBLDJGV N NJGBSCDE^ 1NGJLBN. *EMFLJIC DG MNBSDLE MLUILJNOBEDNE BRQEV,DE WLJEOYNW DNHGHNW UEIEFED, BLOHNFN N IEYNJEBSDTFN FEIGFN UGIJNC ZJG KMUEBG UILNAOEMJNUEIEOLILJ 3 FGC 1791 @LQG N UILOLA@BGMNBG DLOKR HLDMJNJK^NR.

1IGOBEDNE OFEMJL NAXNIGJEBSDL@L KMJGDLOBCBLMS DGMBEQMJOEDDLE; UL MFEIJN XEAQEJDL@L&JGDNMBGOG $O@KMJG UIEMJLB UEIEWLQNB H HKI]RIMJK MGHMLDMHLFK N E@L ULJLFMJOK;AGHLDLQGJEBSDGC OBGMJS LMJGOGBGMS K MEDGJG N UGBGJT QEUKJGJLO, NMULBDNJEBSDGC — K HLILBC;OME QEBG IEYGBNMS XLBSYNDMJOLF @LBLMLO; UIE[DEE EQNDL@BGMNE, UIE[DEE UIGOL HG[QL@LYBCWJNPG MOLNF DEML@BGMNEF (liberum veto*) LMJGDGOBNOGJS MEVFLOTE IEYEDNC, KDNPJL[GBLMS;

204

HLD]EQEIG^NN JGH[E DE UINADGOGBNMS XLBEE AGHLDDTFN. /G YBCWJLR LMJGOBEDL EE UIE[DEEULBL[EDNE; XL@GJTF @LIL[GDGF LJHITJ XTB MOLXLQDTV OWLQ O YBCWEJMHLE MLMBLONE: DGUINFEI,HKUE^, AGOLQNOYNV ]GXINHK, OWLQNOYNV O LXYNIDLE UILFTYBEDDLE NBN JLI@LOLE UIEQUINCJNE,UINLXIEJGOYNV AEFBR, JEF MGFTF OTWLQNB NA @LILQMHL@L MLMBLONC N QEBGBMC YBCWJNPEF.5GMGJEBSDL MEBSMHL@L DGILQLDGMEBEDNC AEFBEOBGQEBS^GF ULAOLBEDL XTBL AGHBRPGJSQLXILOLBSDTE QL@LOLIT M HIEMJSCDGFN, N QL@LOLIT ZJN NFEBN LXCAGJEBSDKR MNBK.

*L ZJLV DLOLV HLDMJNJK^NN 3 FGC DE MK[QEDL XTBL UILQLB[NJEBSDLE MK\EMJOLOGDNE. -LMMNC,KMULHLEDDGC FNILF M >OE^NER N (KI^NER, FL@BG JEUEIS MULHLVDL QEVMJOLOGJS UILJNO 1LBSYN;MNBSDL IGA@LIEOYGCMC ]IGD^KAMHGC IEOLBR^NC LJOBEHGBG ODNFGDNE EOILUEVMHNW UIGONJEBSMJOLJ OLMJLHG DG AGUGQ; 1IKMMNC MXBNANBGMS M $OMJINER, [EBGC MXBNANJSMC M -LMMNER.1INOEI[ED^T MJGIL@L ULICQHG O 1LBSYE — ?EBNHM 1LJL^HNV N 7IGDN^HNV — LXIGJNBNMS MUILMSXLR L ULFL\N H IKMMHLV NFUEIGJIN^E N O 1792 @LQK LXIGALOGBN HLD]EQEIG^NR O(GI@LON\E; 100000 IKMMHL@L OLVMHG ULQ DGPGBSMJOLF 5GWLOMHL@L N 5IEPEJDNHLOG OMJKUNBN O1LBSYK DG ULFL\S HLD]EQEIGJGF.

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

9EF QGBEE OWLQNBN IKMMHNE O @BKXS ULBSMHNW OBGQEDNV, JEF FDL@LPNMBEDDEE MJGDLONBNMSJLBUT HLD]EQEIGJLO; O #NJOE XIGJSC 5LAGHLOMHNE, QGODNE UINOEI[ED^T -LMMNN, LXIGALOGBNHLD]EQEIG^NR, HLJLIGC MLEQNDNBGMS M JGI@LON^HLR. 1LBLONDG MJIGDT DGWLQNBGMS OL OBGMJNIKMMHNW; HLILBS QGB UBEFCDDNHK MOLEFK +LMN]K 1LDCJLOMHLFK UINHGA AGHBRPNJS UEIEFNINE NDGUNMGB H NFUEIGJIN^E, LXE\GC KUILPNJS ULBSMHKR HLILDK AG ODKHLF EE 5LDMJGDJNDLF1GOBLONPEF. % 1EJEIXKI@E MLOEJ OTMYNW MGDLODNHLO, HLJLILFK ,HGJEINDG QGBG DG LXMK[QEDNEZJL QEBL, DGYEB UIEQBL[EDNE HLILBC DENMHIEDDNF, OTDK[QEDDTF MNBLR LXMJLCJEBSMJO,UILJNODTF LX`COBEDNR NFUEIGJIN^T, PJL LDG WLPEJ OLMMJGDLONJS O 1LBSYE OME UL!MJGILFK, NFL@K\NF DGOBEPS ULQLAIEDNE NDLMJIGDDTW QEI[GO DG IKMMHNV QOLI; ,HGJEINDG LJOEPGBG&JGDNMBGOK $O@KMJK JIEXLOGDNEF, PJLX LD UINMJKUNB H JGI@LON^HLV HLD]EQEIG^NN; HLILBSULONDLOGBMC.

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

% CDOGIE 1793 @LQG UIKMMHNV HLILBS LX`CONB, PJL OL OIEFC OLVDT M ?IGD^NER EFKDELXWLQNFL AGXLJNJSMC L XEALUGMDLMJN MOLEV, JEF XLBEE PJL CHLXNDMHNE MJIEFBEDNC N OLBDEDNCKFLO FL@KJ MJGJS LPEDS LUGMDT. *EULMIEQMJOEDDL ULMBE ZJL@L LX`COBEDNC UIKMMHNE OLVMHGQONDKBNMS O 1LBSYK. % FGIJE UIKMMHNV HLILBS NAQGB DLOKR UILHBGFG^NR, PJL JGH DGATOGEFGCUGJINLJNPEMHGC UGIJNC O 1LBSYE, DGUNJGDDGC ]IGD^KAMHNF QEFLHIGJNPEMHNF CHLXNDMHNFQKWLF, DEMFLJIC DG MOLE ULIG[EDNE, OEQEJ OMRQK JGVDTE HIGFLBT, UINLXIEJGEJ UINOEI[ED^EO,UIENFK\EMJOEDDL [E ZJNF CQLF DGULBDEDG %EBNHGC 1LBSYG, OMBEQMJONE PE@L LD, HLILBS, OEQCOLVDK M ?IGD^NER, IEYNBMC QBC UINHITJNC JTBG AGDCJS ULBSMHNE LXBGMJN; JGHNF LXIGALF,XTBN AGDCJT 1IKMMNER 1LADGDS, 5GBNY, &EIGQ[, #EDPN^G, 9EDMJLWLOL, (LIN, 3GD^N@.

205

29 FGIJG O "ILQDL NAQGD XTB FGDN]EMJ NFUEIGJIN^T ,HGJEINDT, @QE @LOLINBLMS, PJLDNAOEI[EDDGC UGIJNC DLOLOOLQNJEBEV, DE NFEC MIEQMJO H CODLFK MLUILJNOBEDNR, MJGIGEJMC ODEQIGW 1LBSMHLV IEMUKXBNHN IGMUILMJIGDNJS GQMHLE KPEDNE, PJL K[E O MJLBN^E N FDL@NWUILOND^NCW 1LBSYN MK\EMJOKRJ HBKXT, DGWLQC\NEMC O MOCAN M UGIN[MHNF CHLXNDMHNF HBKXLF,PJL NFUEIGJIN^G IKMMHGC, HLILBS UIKMMHNV N INFMHNV NFUEIGJLI DE DGYBN QIK@L@L MIEQMJOGQBC MLWIGDEDNC LX\EV XEALUGMDLMJN, HILFE L@IGDNPEDNC UIEQEBLO 1LBSMHLV IEMUKXBNHN."IGDN^ER FE[QK 1LBSYER N -LMMNER DGADGPEDG XTBG BNDNC, UILOEQEDDGC LJ OLMJLPDLV @IGDN^T5KIBCDQNN FNFL 1NDMHG, PIEA %LBTDS H @IGDN^GF GOMJINVMHLV "GBN^NN; -LMMNC ULBKPNBG OLOBGQEDNE 4533 HOGQIGJDTE FNBN M 3 000 000 [NJEBEV.

11 NRBC 1793 @LQG MEVF ULQUNMGB KMJKUHK -LMMNN LADGPEDDTW LXBGMJEV; 1IKMMNC KQEI[GBGAGDCJTE ER AEFBN. &JGDNMBGO $O@KMJ LXCAGBMC DN M HEF DN OLEOGJS, DN AGHBRPGJS QL@LOLILOXEA ML@BGMNC -LMMNN; PNMBL ULBSMHLV GIFNN KFEDSYEDL QL 15 000; OLMMJGDLOBED UIE[DNVULICQLH, XTOYNV QL 3 FGC 1791 @LQG. ;ULBDLFLPEDDTV ,HGJEINDLV @EDEIGB +@EBSMJILF AGDNFGB%GIYGOK IKMMHNF OLVMHLF.

?0,)+' 0#7-,2 C!2AH+. *L ZJNF QEBL DE LHLDPNBLMS, (GVDLE LX\EMJOL, LXIGALOGOYEEMC O%GIYGOE, OLYBL O MDLYEDNC M +@DGJNEF 1LJL^HNF, 5LBBLDJGEF N 5LMJRYHLR, HLJLITEKQGBNBNMS O 3IEAQED. "BGODTFN PBEDGFN O ZJLF LX\EMJOE XTBN: @EDEIGB 3ACBTDMHNV, HGFEI@EI%ED@EIMHNV, HKUE^ 5GULMJGM, ILQLF NA %ED@INN, MGUL[DNH 5NBNDMHNV. % FGIJE 1794 @LQGOMUTWDKBL OLMMJGDNE O 5IGHLOE; KPIE[QEDL OIEFEDDLE UIGONJEBSMJOL, HLJLILE LX`CONBL OLVDK1IKMMNN N -LMMNN; 5LMJRYHL UILOLA@BGYED QNHJGJLILF N @BGODLHLFGDQKR\NF; OLMMJGBG N%GIYGOG, @QE IKMMHNW, AGMJN@DKJTW OIGMUBLW, UL@NXBL XLBEE QOKW JTMCP PEBLOEH; +@EBSMJILFEQOG MUGMMC; UINFEIK %GIYGOT ULMBEQLOGBG N MJLBN^G #NJOT %NBSDG.

5LMJRYHL 6 NRDC ULJEIUEB ULIG[EDNE UIN 8EHL^NDGW LJ MLEQNDEDDTW IKMMHNW N UIKMMHNWOLVMH; ULPJN O JL [E OIEFC @EDEIGB /GVLDPEH IGAXNJ XTB IKMMHNFN UIN :LBFE. 5LFEDQGDJ%EDCOMHNV XEA MLUILJNOBEDNC MQGB 5IGHLO UIKMMGHGF. %EMJS L ULMBEQDEF MLXTJNN ULQGBG ULOLQO %GIYGOE H MJIGYDLFK COBEDNR, DGULFNDGOYEFK M^EDT MLOIEFEDDLV ]IGD^KAMHLV IEOLBR^NN:5GANFNI 5LDLUHG OLMUBGFEDNB DGILQ IEPSR, O HLJLILV KJOEI[QGB, PJL O MJEDGW %GIYGOTDGWLQNJMC FDL@L NAFEDDNHLO, ULQLXDTW %EDCOMHLFK, PJL NW DK[DL NMJIEXNJS, O UILJNODLFMBKPGE LDN ULQGQKJ ULFL\S OIG@GF; IGMMONIEUEOYNE JLBUT XILMNBNMS DG JRISFK, @QEMLQEI[GBNMS ULQLAINJEBSDTE QBC DNW BRQN, IGABLFGBN QOEIN N UEIEOEYGBN FDL@NWAGHBRPEDDTW.

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— -KFCD^EO OEBEB &KOLILOK MLEQNDNJSMC M @EDEIGBLF ?EIAEDLFN NQJN UICFL O %GIYGOK. *G QLIL@E H ZJLFK @LILQK &KOLILO IGAXNB QOKW ULBSMHNW UIEQOLQNJEBEV— &EIGHLOMHL@L N 4LHIGDLOMHL@L.

5LMJRYHL MUEYNB UIEQKUIEQNJS MLEQNDEDNE &KOLILOG M ?EIAEDLF N DGUGB DG ULMBEQDE@LUIN FEMJEPHE 4G^EON^GW, O 12 FNBCW LJ %GIYGOT, 30 MEDJCXIC 1794 @LQG; ULBCHN ULJEIUEBNMJIGYDLE ULIG[EDNE; 5LMJRYHL, XILMNO MOLR MGXBR, MHGAGB: „Finis Poloniae“ (5LDE^ 1LBSYE!)— N XTB OACJ O UBED. % MGFLF QEBE ZJL XTB IEYNJEBSDTV QEDS QBC 1LBSYN: ULMBEQDNEDIGOMJOEDDTE MNBT EE XTBN NMJL\EDT; OIG[QG UGIJNV IGA@LIEBGMS, N ULMBE 5LMJRYHN DE XTBLXLBEE PEBLOEHG, HLJLITV XT MOLER BNPDLMJNR, LX\NF QLOEINEF H MEXE FL@ ULQQEI[GJS ML@BGMNE.&LEQNDNOYNMS M ?EIAEDLF, &KOLILO OACB OGIYGOMHLE UIEQFEMJSE 1IG@K MJIGYDTF YJKIFLF,MLUILOL[QGOYNFMC HIGVDNF L[EMJLPEDNEF M LXENW MJLILD. %ACJNEF 1IG@N OLVDG HLDPNBGMS;

* 7KHO.: „MOLXLQDLE!AGUIE\GR“ — (2#).), J. E. UIGOL DGBL[EDNC EQNDLBNPDL@L OEJL DG ULMJGDLOBEDNCAGHLDLQGJEBSDL@L MLXIGDNC. 3EVMJOLOGBL O ULBSMHLF MEVFE M XVI QL HLD^G XVIII O. ((0+/,*. 0,-.).

206

@BGOT QON[EDNC KXE[GBN AG @IGDN^K; &JGDNMBGO $O@KMJ LJHGAGBMC LJ UIEMJLBG, UEIEEWGB O1EJEIXKI@*; OGMMGB 1LBSYN @EI^L@ HKIBCDQMHNV 1EJI 7NILD PEIEA @LQ JGH[E MBL[NB M MEXCMOLE QLMJLNDMJOL; LXBGMJN #NJLOMHGC, "ILQDEDMHGC N 5KIBCDQNC XTBN UINMLEQNDEDT H -LMMNN;OLEOLQMJOG 5IGHLOMHLE, &EDQL FNIMHLE N #RXBNDMHLE — H $OMJINN; LMJGBSDTE AEFBN M @LILQLF%GIYGOLR — H 1IKMMNN.

3)%!H,%+$ " 0,6!2F=+!%%!' T0#%=++. 5L@QG IEOLBR^NLDDTE MFKJT DGPGBN KMNBNOGJSMCOL ?IGD^NN, ,HGJEINDG DGMJGNOGBG DG JLF, PJLX EOILUEVMHNE QOLIT LHGATOGBN XLBEEDIGOMJOEDDKR, PEF FGJEINGBSDKR, ULFL\S #RQLONHK XVI N ILCBNMJGF; UL EE FDEDNR, „MGFLEMK\EMJOEDDLE AGHBRPGBLMS O JLF, PJLX UIND^T (XIGJSC #RQLONHG XVI) ULBG@GBNMS XEMHLDEPDLXLBEE DG MGFNW MEXC N DG MOLNW FDL@LPNMBEDDTW UINOEI[ED^EO OL ?IGD^NN, PEF DG HGHKR!BNXL ODEYDRR ULFL\S; OLMMJGDLOBEDNE FLDGIWNN FL@BL MQEBGJSMC JLBSHL ]IGD^KAMHNFNIKHGFN“. *L DN HLILBS, DN XIGJSC E@L M ZFN@IGDJGFN DE XTBN MULMLXDT QEVMJOLOGJS UL KHGAGDNCF,HGJEINDT, HLJLIGC UINOLQNBG NF O UINFEI QECJEBSDLMJS "EDINWG IV; LDG UNMGBG: „,MBN XT CXTBG DG FEMJE UIND^EO N O NW BEJGW, JL NFEBG XT JLBSHL O ONQK ULOEQEDNE "EDINWG IV, HLJLITVM DNPJL[DTFN MIEQMJOGFN MQEBGB FDL@L, N MQEBGB OME, PJL WLJEB“.

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„UL DELXWLQNFLMJNMLEQNDNJSMC QEI[GOGF QBC LXKAQGDNC IEOLBR^NN“.

(IGHJGJ XTB ULQUNMGD 14 FGIJG: LXE QEI[GOT LXCATOGBNMS ULFL@GJS QIK@ QIK@K O OLVDE M?IGD^NER, DE QLUKMHGJS DNHL@L O JLI@LOBE M DER N DE ULQUNMTOGJS LJQEBSDL@L FNIG. +RBC 11!@L OTYEB NA 5ILDYJGQJG N -EOEBC ]BLJ ULQ DGPGBSMJOLF GQFNIGBG 9NPG@LOG, DGADGPEDDTVOFEMJE M GD@BNVMHNFN HLIGXBCFN HIEVMNILOGJS O *EFE^HLF FLIE, PJLX UIEHIGJNJS JLI@LOBR?IGD^NN N "LBBGDQNN M NW HLBLDNCFN N QIK@NFN UINFLIMHNFN @LMKQGIMJOGFN. +FUEIGJIN^GAGUIEJNBG UEIEUNMHK M ?IGD^NER, ]IGD^KAMHNE [KIDGBT N HDN@N; AGUIEJNBG ]IGD^KAGF UINEAQO -LMMNR, EMBN DE XTBL K DNW UGMULIJLO LJ ]IGD^KAMHNW UIND^EO; LMJGOYNEMC O -LMMNN ]IGD^KATQLB[DT XTBN QGJS UINMC@K, PJL DE UINADGRJ IEMUKXBNHGDMHL@L UIGOBEDNC N DE XKQKJ NFEJSMDLYEDNC M MOLNF LJEPEMJOLF, ULHG DE OLMMJGDLONJMC JGF HLILBEOMHGC OBGMJS.

+FUEIGJIN^G UINADGBG OME IGMULIC[EDNC XIGJG #RQLONHG XVI (@IG]G 1ILOGDMHL@L,OULMBEQMJONN #RQLONHG XVIII), HL@QG LD UINDCB AOGDNE UIGONJEBC ?IGD^NN ULMBE AGHBRPEDNCO JEFDN^K QL]NDG. % ]EOIGBE 1795 @LQG $D@BNC AGHBRPNBG DLOTV QL@LOLI M -LMMNER, OMBEQMJONEHLJLIL@L ,HGJEINDG ULMBGBG ON^E!GQFNIGBG :GDTHLOG M 6 HLIGXBCFN N 6 ]IE@GJGFN QBCMLEQNDEDNC M GD@BNVMHNF ]BLJLF O *EFE^HLF FLIE, PJLX DE QLUKMJNJS ]IGD^KAMHNV ]BLJMLEQNDNJSMC M @LBBGDQMHNF. % 1796 @LQK, KMJIGYEDDTV ULXEQGFN FLBLQL@L 7LDGUGIJG,NFUEIGJLI ?IGD^ UILMNB ,HGJEINDK L ULFL\N; NFUEIGJIN^G LXE\GBG YEMJNQEMCJNJTMCPDKRGIFNR, „PJLX M ULHILONJEBSMJOLF 7L[NNF UIN@LJLONJS JLI[EMJOL QEBG, ULPNJGEFL@L ER QEBLFOMEW FLDGIWLO“, DL LDG ULMJGONBG KMBLONEF, PJLX 1IKMMNC ULMBGBG UILJNO ?IGD^NN JGHLE [EPNMBL OLVMHG N PJLX GD@BNPGDE UBGJNBN OMULFL@GJEBSDTE QEDS@N.

,HGJEINDG MPNJGBG DELXWLQNFTF „NMHIEDDEE DEUIEBL[DLE MJIEFBEDNE OLMMJGDLONJS]IGD^KAMHKR FLDGIWNR HGH EQNDMJOEDDLE MIEQMJOL OLQOLINJS UILPDTV FNI N QBC QLMJN[EDNCMEV ^EBN MLRADNHGF DEFEQBEDDL UINADGJS #RQLONHG XVIII ]IGD^KAMHNF HLILBEF N NQJNUICFEVYNF UKJEF OLODKJIS ?IGD^NN“. 1IEQOLQNJEBSMJOL IKMMHNF OMULFL@GJEBSDTF HLIUKMLFULIKPEDL XTBL &KOLILOK, HLJLILFK OEBEDL MLXIGJS O 1LQLBSMHLV @KXEIDNN GIFNR NUIN@LJLONJSMC H ULWLQK O PEJTIE DEQEBN. *L MFEIJS NFUEIGJIN^T, ULMBEQLOGOYGC 6 DLCXIC1796 @LQG, LMJGDLONBG QEBL.

C,08+-8"#$ 6!'%#. % ULMBEQDEE OIEFC ^GIMJOLOGDNC ,HGJEINDT OEBGMS OLVDG DG R@L!

207

OLMJLPDTW UIEQEBGW M 1EIMNER. $MJIGXGQMHNV WGD 4G@LFEJ, LOBGQEO UEIMNQMHNF UIEMJLBLF,DGUGB DG "IKANR, IGALINB EE, ULQPNDNB MEXE 5GIJGBNDNR, +FEIEJNR N QIK@NE LXBGMJN, XTOYNEULQ ULHILONJEBSMJOLF -LMMNN. 1ILJNO UEIMNCD LJUIGOBED XTB @IG] %GBEINGD $BEHMGDQILONP/KXLO, HLJLITV QEVMJOLOGB LPEDS KQGPDL, DL XTB LMJGDLOBED MFEIJNR ,HGJEINDT.

"#$%$ XLIX%*;(-,**)) 3,)(,#2*'&(2 ,5$(,-+*. II

345+' D#0#"),0 + %#+4!2,, 62+$),2A%&, 2F-+. @ MGFL@L OMJKUBEDNC ,HGJEINDT II DGUIEMJLB LXDGIK[NBGMS MNBSDGC ODKJIEDDCC QECJEBSDLMJS UIGONJEBSMJOG, HGHLV DE XTOGBL MLOIEFED 1EJIG %EBNHL@L. =EBS K 1EJIG N K ,HGJEINDT XTBG LQDG: ^NONBNALOGJS -LMMNR ULLXIGA^K, UIEQMJGOBCEFLFK AGUGQDTFN EOILUEVMHNFN @LMKQGIMJOGFN, DL IGADLMJS O QECJEBSDLMJNZJNW QOKW ADGFEDNJEVYNW @LMKQGIEV XVIII OEHG MLMJLCBG O JLF, PJL 1EJI, DGWLQC JL, QIK@LE,JIEJSE DEWLILYNF O -LMMNN, BKPYE DG AGUGQE ,OILUT, UICFL UEIEDLMNB ZJL BKPYEE, UL E@LFDEDNR, DG IKMMHKR ULPOK; LQDL UINDNFGBLMS BE@HL DG ZJLV ULPOE, QIK@LE UINDNFGBLMS MXLBSYNF JIKQLF, JIEXKC DLOTW, XLBEE XBG@LUINCJDTW QBC MEXC KMBLONV, NDLE OLOME DEUINDNFGBLMS DG ULPOE, QBC DE@L DEKQLXDLV, DE UIN@LJLOBEDDLV NMJLINER.

,HGJEINDG [E II O MOLEV UIELXIGALOGJEBSDLV QECJEBSDLMJN IKHLOLQNBGMS UIENFK\EMJOEDDLDGPGBGFN, QLXTJTFN O EE OIEFC EOILUEVMHLR DGKHLR, UINPEF ULMJLCDDL MUIGOBCBGMS, PJLOLAFL[DL QBC -LMMNN UL EE LMLXEDDTF KMBLONCF. *G QLBR 1EJIG OTUGBG UEIOLDGPGBSDGC,PEIDGC, MGFGC JIKQDGC IGXLJG: LD OMJIEPGB MNBSDLE UILJNOLQEVMJONE DE JLBSHL O UINOTPHGW, DLN OL OA@BCQE IKMMHNW BRQEV DG E@L QEBL. *L UILYBL ULBOEHG, UINOTPEH LPEDS FDL@L LMJGOGBLMSMJGITW, DL OA@BCQT, LMLXEDDL O OEIWDNW MBLCW LX\EMJOG, NAFEDNBNMS OMBEQMJONE OBNCDNC JLV[E DGKHN N BNJEIGJKIT AGUGQDLV; DIGOT MFC@PGBNMS, N ULJLFK UIGONJEBSMJOK BE@PE XTBLUILOLQNJS MOLN UBGDT, PEF UIN 1EJIE N E@L XBN[GVYNW UIEEFDNHGW, HL@QG LX\EMJOL XTBL JGHE\E FGBL UIN@LJLOBEDL H UINDCJNR DLOL@L, WLJC N MNBSDL PKOMJOLOGBL DEMLMJLCJEBSDLMJSMJGIL@L.

*GNXLBEE OBNCJEBSDTFN BRQSFN O ̂ GIMJOLOGDNE ,HGJEINDT II XTBN: O DGPGBE ̂ GIMJOLOGDNC— XIGJSC 'IBLOT, HDCAS "IN@LINV "IN@LISEONP N @IG] $BEHMEV "IN@LISEONP 9EMFEDMHNV.%DEYDNFN MDLYEDNCFN AGOEQLOGB @IG] *NHNJG +OGDLONP 1GDND; DL HILFE ODEYDNW MDLYEDNVDN LQND NA OG[DTW ODKJIEDDNW OLUILMLO DE IEYGBMC XEA 1GDNDG; LD [E XTB OLMUNJGJEBEFDGMBEQDNHG UIEMJLBG OEBNHL@L HDCAC 1GOBG 1EJILONPG. 1GDND QEI[GBMC &EOEIDL@L MLRAG, NADGPEDNE E@L DGPGBL LMBGXEOGJS, M JEW ULI HGH NFUEIGJIN^G DGYBG DK[DTF UEIEFEDNJS ULBNJNHKN MXBNANJSMC M $OMJINER UL QEBGF JKIE^HNF.

% ZJL OIEFC KMNBNOGEJMC ADGPEDNE HDCAC "IN@LINC $BEHMGDQILONPG 1LJEFHNDG!(GOINPEMHL@L,HLJLITV LXIG\GB ODNFGDNE UIENFK\EMJOEDDL DG R@. % HLD^E ̂ GIMJOLOGDNC MGFTF OBNCJEBSDTFBN^LF XTB HDCAS /KXLO, G ODEYDNFN MDLYEDNCFN AGOEQLOGBN 7EAXLILQHL N 4GIHLO. +A @EDEIGB!UILHKILILO EHGJEINDNDMHL@L OIEFEDN OMEW AGFEPGJEBSDEE XTB HDCAS %CAEFMHNV; NA BN^QKWLODTW — FLMHLOMHNV FNJILULBNJ 1BGJLD.

I#"#7 " 8!*+%,%+F %!6!.! 12!<,%+$. 4T ONQEBN, PJL DN UIN 1EJIE, DN ULMBE 1EJIGDNHGH DE FL@BN MLPNDNJS DLOL@L ;BL[EDNC. ,HGJEINDG II, UL EE MLXMJOEDDTF MBLOGF, „O UEIOTEJIN @LQG MOLE@L ^GIMJOLOGDNC KADGBG, PJL OEBNHLE ULFEYGJEBSMJOL O MKQE N IGMUIGOE,MBEQLOGJEBSDL N O UIGOLMKQNN, MLMJGOBCEJ DEQLMJGJLH OL FDL@NW MBKPGCW KAGHLDEDNN, O QIK@NW[E — OEBNHLE PNMBL LDTW, UL IGADTF OIEFEDGF OTQGDDTW, JGH[E DEMLOEIYEDDLE IGABNPEDNEFE[QK DEUIEFEDDTFN N OIEFEDDTFN AGHLDGFN N UGPE OME@L, PJL PIEA QLB@LE OIEFC N PGMJTEUEIEFEDT IGAKF, O HLJLILF UIE[DNE @IG[QGDMHNE KAGHLDEDNC MLMJGOBEDT XTBN, DTDE FDL@NFMLOMEF DENAOEMJED MQEBGBMC; UINJLF [E N MJIGDDTE JLBHN (UINMJIGMJDTE JLBHLOGDNC) PGMJLAGJFEOGBN UICFLV IGAKF FDL@NW AGHLDLO; MOEIW JL@L, E\E KFDL[GBG AGJIKQDEDNC IGADN^G* 'D KFEI AQEMS O ^GIMJOLOGDNE UIEEFDNHG ,HGJEINDT.

208

JL@QGYDNW OIEFED N LXTPGEO, DE MWLQDTW OLOME M DTDEYDNFN“.9JLX KMJIGDNJS ZJLJ DEQLMJGJLH, ,HGJEINDG ML OJLIL@L @LQG MOLE@L ^GIMJOLOGDNC DGPGBG

@LJLONJS *GHGA, NBN IKHLOLQMJOL H MLPNDEDNR UILEHJG DLOL@L ;BL[EDNC. % QEHGXIE 1766 @LQGLX`COBEDL XTBL FGDN]EMJLF L DGFEIEDNN NFUEIGJIN^T KPIEQNJS O MBEQKR\EF @LQK O 4LMHOEHLFNMMNR QBC MLPNDEDNC ZJL@L UILEHJG. 3EUKJGJLO O HLFNMMNN OEQEDL XTBL OTMBGJS NA &EDGJG,&NDLQG, OMEW HLBBE@NV N HGD^EBCINV UL LQDLFK; LJ HG[QL@L KEAQG, @QE EMJS QOLICDMJOL, — ULLQDLFK; LJ [NJEBEV HG[QL@L @LILQG — UL LQDLFK; LJ LQDLQOLI^EO HG[QLV UILOND^NN — ULLQDLFK; LJ UEWLJDTW MLBQGJ N IGADTW MBK[X MBK[NBTW BRQEV N UILPNW, BGDQFNBN^NRMLQEI[GOYNW, LJ HG[QLV UILOND^NN — UL LQDLFK QEUKJGJK; LJ @LMKQGIMJOEDDTW HIEMJSCD NAHG[QLV UILOND^NN — UL LQDLFK; LJ DEHLPKR\NW DGILQLO, HGHL@L XT LDN AGHLDG DN XTBN,HIE\EDTW NBN DEHIE\EDTW, LJ HG[QL@L DGILQG M HG[QLV UILOND^NN — UL LQDLFK QEUKJGJK;LUIEQEBEDNE PNMBG QEUKJGJLO HGAG^HNW OLVMH OLABL[EDL DG OTMYNW HLFGDQNILO NW. 5G[QTVQEUKJGJ ULBKPGB LJ MOLNW NAXNIGJEBEV ULBDLFLPNE N DGHGA L DK[QGW N JIEXLOGDNCW NW LX\EMJOG,MLPNDEDDTV UL OTXLIK UCJSR NAXNIGJEBCFN. 30 NRBC 1767 @LQG ULMBEQLOGBL LJHITJNE5LFNMMNN.

*GHGA 5LFNMMNN MLMJGOBED XTB ,HGJEINDLR ULQ OBNCDNEF ULBL[EDNV MLOIEFEDDLVEOILUEVMHLV DGKHN; UIENFK\EMJOEDDL ,HGJEINDG ULBSALOGBGMS ADGFEDNJTF MLPNDEDNCFN7EHHGING „' UIEMJKUBEDNCW N DGHGAGDNCW“ N 4LDJEMHSE „3KW AGHLDLO“. % *GHGAE @LOLINJMC LXLX\NW LXCAGDDLMJCW PEBLOEHG HGH @IG[QGDNDG N L JLF, PJL BKPYNE AGHLDT QBC @LMKQGIMJOG MKJSJE, HLJLITE MLLJOEJMJOKRJ E@L EMJEMJOEDDLFK ULBL[EDNR N MLLXIGADT M DIGOGFN DGILQG. +AEMJEMJOEDDL@L ULBL[EDNC -LMMNVMHL@L @LMKQGIMJOG OTOEQEDL, PJL QBC DE@L OMCHLE UIGOBEDNE,HILFE FLDGIWNPEMHL@L MGFLQEI[GODL@L, DE JLBSHL XTBL XT OIEQDL, DL N OHLDE^ IGALINJEBSDL.

„-GOEDMJOL OMEW @IG[QGD MLMJLNJ O JLF, PJLXT OME ULQPNDEDT XTBN LQNDGHNF AGHLDGF;OLBSDLMJS EMJS UIGOL QEBGJS OME JL, PJL AGHLDT QLAOLBCRJ. %EMSFG WKQGC JG ULBNJNHG, HLJLIGCUEIEQEBTOGEJ JL AGHLDGFN, PJL DGQBE[NJ UEIEFEDCJS LXTPGCFN; EMJS MULMLXT, UEIEFEDKLXTPGEO OOLQC\NE: H MEFK MBK[GJ UINFEIT (JGH, OL OJLILV ULBLONDE XVIII OEHG LJOEI@DKJSMULMLX QEVMJONC, @LMULQMJOLOGOYNV O DGPGBE OEHG; 1EJI AGHLDLF OOLQNB UEIEFEDK LXTPGEO).1LMBGXBEDNE MLMJLNJ O DEDGHGAGDNN UIEMJKUBEDNC, G DE O KFEIEDDLMJN DGHGAGDNC. 1LMBEQKEFUINILQE, QGOYEV PEBLOEHK MJTQ OFEMJL XNPG, N UKMHGV MGFGC XLBSYGC PGMJS DGHGAGDNC XKQEJXEMPEMJNE, O UIEJEIUEDNN DGHGAGDNC AGHBRPGR\EEMC. + EMBN @QE MT\EJMC JGHGC LXBGMJS, OHLJLILV XT MJTQ DE XTB MBEQMJONEF HGADN, JL MEFK UINPNDLR FKPNJEBSMHLE OBGQEDNE, HLJLILEDGBG@GBL JE [E DGHGAGDNC DG BRQEV XEAAGHLDDTW N QLXILQEJEBSDTW. $ E[EBN QIK@GC DGVQEJMCMJIGDG, @QE BRQN NDGHL DE OLAQEI[NOGRJMC LJ ULILHLO, HGH JLBSHL MKILOTFN HGADCFN, LUCJSOEQGVJE, PJL MNE UILNMJEHGEJ LJ DGMNBSMJOG UIGOBEDNC, HLJLILE KMJGDLONBL MNN HGADN AG FGBTEUL@IEYDLMJN. 9GMJL AGHLDLQGOE^, WLJC\NV KOIGPEOGJS ABL, DE FTMBNJ XLBEE DN L PEF, HGH L MEFKOIGPEOGDNN, DE MFLJINJ DG WKQTE LJMRQG MBEQMJONC: ULILH O LX\EDGILQNN LMJGEJMC, LJ[EMJLHLMJN DGHGAGDNC UILNAIGMJYNV; KFT DGILQG NMULIJNBNMS, LDN UINLXTHBN H DGMNBSMJOK.%ME DGHGAGDNC, HLJLITFN JEBL PEBLOEPEMHLE NAKILQLOGJS FL[DL, QLB[DL LJFEDNJS.;ULJIEXBEDNE UTJHN UILJNODL AQIGOLFK EMJEMJOEDDLFK IGMMK[QEDNR. 1TJHG EMJS DGQE[DLEMIEQMJOL LMKQNJS DEONDDL@L, NFER\E@L MBGXLE MBL[EDNE, N LUIGOQGJS XEAAGHLDDL@L, DG MNBT NHIEULMJS MOLR KULOGR\E@L. 3EBGJS UINMC@K PIEA PGMJLE KULJIEXBEDNE OEMSFG LX\ER DE PJLNDLE EMJS, HGH IGAIKYGJS MNBK EE. :LJNJE BN UIEQKUIEQNJS UIEMJKUBEDNE? &QEBGVJE, PJLX AGHLDTFEDSYE XBG@LQEJEBSMJOLOGBN IGADTF FE[QK @IG[QGDGFN PNDGF, DE[EBN OMCHLFK LMLXL@IG[QGDNDK. &QEBGVJE, PJLX BRQN XLCBNMS AGHLDLO N DNPE@L XT, HILFE NW, DE XLCBNMS. :LJNJEBN UIEQKUIEQNJS UIEMJKUBEDNC? &QEBGVJE, PJLX UILMOE\EDNE IGMUILMJIGDNBLMS FE[QK BRQSFN.*GHLDE^, MGFLE DGQE[DLE, DL N MGFLE JIKQDEVYEE MIEQMJOL MQEBGJS BRQEV BKPYNFN EMJSUINOEQEDNE O MLOEIYEDMJOL OLMUNJGDNC. % JLBS OEBNHLF @LMKQGIMJOE (ILMMNVMHLF),IGMUILMJIGDCR\EF MOLE OBGQEDNE DGQ JLBS FDL@NFN IGADTFN DGILQGFN, OEMSFG OIEQDTV QBCMULHLVMJOG N XEALUGMDLMJN @IG[QGD XTB XT ULILH — AGUIE\EDNE NF IGABNPDTW OEI. *EJULQBNDDL NDL@L MIEQMJOG, HILFE IGAKFDL@L NDTW AGHLDLO QLAOLBEDNC, UIGOLMBGODLR DGYER

209

OEILR N ULBNJNHLR DE LJOEI@GEFL@L, HLJLITF XT FL[DL OMEW AGXBKQYNW LOE^ UGHN UINOEMJN HNMJNDDLFK OEIDTW MJGQK. "LDEDNE KFT IGAQIG[GEJ, G QLAOLBEDNE OEINJS UL MOLEFK AGHLDKKFC@PGEJ MGFTE [EMJLHLOTVDTE MEIQ^G N LJOLQNJ NW LJ AGFGJEIEBL@L KULIMJOG, KJKYGC MULITNW, UILJNODTE JNYNDE @LMKQGIMJOG N MLEQNDEDNR @IG[QGD“.

+ ZJG 5LFNMMNC DE MLPNDNBG ;BL[EDNC, DL L ULBSAE EE @LOLINJ ,HGJEINDG MBEQKR\EE:„5LFNMMNC ;BL[EDNC ULQGBG FDE MOEJ N MOEQEDNE L OMEV NFUEINN, M HEF QEBL NFEEF N L HLFUE\NMS QLB[DL. 'DG OME PGMJN AGHLDG MLXIGBG N IGALXIGBG UL FGJEINCF, N XLBEE JL@L XT MQEBGBG,E[EBN XT JKIE^HGC OLVDG DE DGPGBGMS. (L@QG IGMUK\EDT XTBN QEUKJGJT, N OLEDDTE ULEWGBN OGIFNR. *GHGA 5LFNMMNN OOEB EQNDMJOL O UIGONBG N O IGMMK[QEDNC DE O UINFEI XLBEE UIE[DE@L.&JGBN FDL@NE L ^OEJGW MKQNJS UL ^OEJGF, G DE CHL MBEUTE L ^OEJGW. 1L HIGVDEV FEIE MJGBNADGJS OLBR AGHLDLQGO^G N UL LDLV ULMJKUGJS“. #KPYNF QLHGAGJEBSMJOLF ULMBEQDE@L MBK[NBLJL, PJL ?#'%#$ M"8(,-+=+$, KPIE[QEDDGC OFEMJL UIE[DEV ?#'%!' "#%=,2$0++, QEVMJOLOGBGMLOEIYEDDL O QIK@LF QKWE, UIEMBEQLOGDNC AG MBLOG UIEHIGJNBNMS.

340#5,%+, " @,%#);; ;"#7 ! 67$)!*%+*,8)6,; %!6&, H)#)&. 30-,%#. 1ILOLA@BGYGC,PJL UINFEI EMJS MGFLE BKPYEE MIEQMJOL QBC UEIEFEDT DIGOLO N LXTPGEO H BKPYEFK, NFUEIGJIN^GO 1763 @LQK LXIGJNBGMS H MEDGJLIGF M MBEQKR\NF KHGALF: „) DE FL@K MHGAGJS, PJLX OT DE NFEBNUGJINLJNPEMHL@L ULUEPEDNC L ULBSAE FLEV N L ULBSAE LX\EV; DL M MLXLBEADLOGDNEF QLB[DGOGF MHGAGJS N JL, PJL DE M JGHNF KMUEWLF QEBG H HLD^K MOLEFK UINWLQCJ, M HGHNF [EBGJEBSDL.1INPNDT MLMJLCJ O JLF, PJL UINMKJMJOKR\NE O &EDGJE NFERJ FE[QLKMLXDTE DEML@BGMNC, OIG[QKN DEDGONMJS N LQND QIK@L@L QEB DE JEIUNJ, G ULJLFK N IGAQEBCRJMC DG UGIJNN N MJGIGRJMC NATMHGJSLQND QIK@LFK UINPNDT L@LIPNJEBSDTE“.

,HGJEINDG M UEIOL@L QDC MOLE@L OLMYEMJONC DG UIEMJLB QLB[DG XTBG OLLIK[NJSMC UILJNOAGHLIEDEBL@L LXTPGC OACJLPDNPEMJOG. 18 NRBC 1762 @LQG LDG K[E NAQGBG MBEQKR\NV KHGA: „/GQLB@ MEXE OFEDCEF DEUIEBL[DTV N DEUIEFEDDTV LX`CONJS O DGILQE, M NMJNDDTF MLHIKYEDNEFMEIQ^G DGYE@L, PJL FT K[E LJ QGODE@L OIEFEDN MBTYGBN QLOLBSDL, G DTDE N QEBLF MGFTFKONQEBN, QL HGHLV MJEUEDN O @LMKQGIMJOE DGYEF BNWLNFMJOL OLAILMBL, JGH PJL EQOG FGBLE MGFLEFEMJL UIGONJEBSMJOG, O HLJLILF XT XL[EMJOEDDLE MNE QEVMJONE, MKQ, XEA AGIG[EDNC MEV CAOTLJUIGOBCBMC: N\EJ BN HJL FEMJG — UBGJNJS; AG\N\GEJMC BN HJL LJ HBEOEJT — LXLILDCEJMCQEDS@GFN; HBEOE\EJ BN DG HL@L HJL — OME UILNMHN MOLN WNJITE ULQHIEUBCEJ QGIGFN. 4DL@NEMKQC\NE LMOC\EDDLE MOLE FEMJL, O HLJLILF LDN NFEDEF %TYDE@L QLB[DT ULHGATOGJSUIGOLMKQNE, O JLI[N\E UIEOIG\GRJ, OFEDCC MEXE OOEIEDDLE LJ DGM AOGDNE MKQNN XEMHLITMJDL@LN DEBN^EUINCJDL@L AG UL[GBLOGDDTV XKQJL NF QLWLQ O DGUIGOBEDNE QLFG MOLE@L, G DE AG MBK[XK,UINDLMNFKR 7L@K, DGF N LJEPEMJOK. &EIQ^E DGYE MLQIL@DKBLMS, HL@QG FT KMBTYGBN, PJLDLO@LILQMHLV @KXEIDMHLV HGD^EBCINN IE@NMJIGJLI, UINOLQC DTDE H UINMC@E DGF O OEIDLMJNXEQDTW BRQEV, XIGB N AG JL M HG[QL@L MEXE QEDS@N“.

5GH MIEQMJOL UILJNO OACJLPDNPEMJOG XTBN KMJGDLOBEDT DLOTE YJGJT O 1763 @LQK; OFGDN]EMJE UL ZJLFK MBKPGR NFUEIGJIN^G @LOLINJ, PJL UIE[QE „BRQN DE JLBSHL M DEHLJLITFQLMJGJHLF, DL DN[E NFEC QDEODLE UILUNJGDNE, LJMTBGBNMS H QEBGF, DE ULBKPGC UINJLF DNHGHL@L[GBLOGDSC, HGH XT DENFK\NE O XL@GQEBSDR, QBC LQDL@L JLBSHL UILUNJGDNC, G DE QBC NMUIGOBEDNCQEB; N UL NMJNDE MHGAGJS, HGAGBLMS, PJL OMCHNV [NOEJ JLBSHL QBC MEXC, DE ULFTYBCC L QLXIELX\EF“.

3BC DG@IGQT AG OLEDDTE ULQON@N KPIE[QED XTB LIQED &O. "ELI@NC, AG @IG[QGDMHNE — &O.%BGQNFNIG. 'IQEDG ZJN LJBNPGBNMS LJ UIE[DNW JEF, PJL IGAQEBCBNMS DG MJEUEDN N ULJLFK FL@BNXTJS QLMJKUDT DE LQDNF OTMYNF MGDLODNHGF.

1*0,<-,%+$ -2$ ;(0#62,%+$ .;4,0%+'. % 1755 @LQK LXDGILQLOGDT „;PIE[QEDNC QBCKUIGOBEDNC @KXEIDNV“; UINPNDT DLOTW KPIE[QEDNV XTBN OTMHGAGDT UIGONJEBSMJOLFMBEQKR\NE: „1L OEBNHLV LXYNIDLMJN DEHLJLITW @KXEIDNV LDTE DEQLMJGJLPDL MDGX[EDT HGHUIGONJEBSMJOGFN, JGH N DGQLXDTFN QBC KUIGOBEDNC BRQSFN; O LQDLF N JLF [E FEMJE, @QE OEQLFLUIGOBEDNE @KXEIDNN, N HGAEDDTE QLWLQT, N MPEJT LX\E M XBG@LPNDNEF NBN ULBN^NER, N MOEIWJL@L E\E K@LBLODTE QEBG N @IG[QGDMHNE MKQT LJUIGOBCRJMC“.

210

(EUEIS MKQEXDTE FEMJG XTBN LJQEBEDT LJ UIGOBEDNV @KXEIDMHNW N FEMJ, AGOEQLOGOYNW]NDGDMGFN; MKQ @IG[QGDMHNV LJQEBED LJ K@LBLODL@L. % HG[QLF KEAQE KMJGDLOBEDT ;,7-%&,8;-& QBC QOLICD, .!0!-!6&, /#.+8)0#)& QBC MIEQDE@L 8!82!6+$, %+<%+, 0#8(0#6& QBCLQDLQOLI^EO N @LMKQGIMJOEDDTW HIEMJSCD, "#7%#*,'8)6# QBC MXLIG N WIGDEDNC QLWLQLO,%+<%+, 7,/8"+, 8;-& QBC ULBN^NN. 3BC ULOEIHN N UEIEDEMEDNC QEB UL [GBLXGF DGQ ZJNFNDNAYNFN FEMJGFN O HG[QLF @KXEIDMHLF @LILQE XTBN OTMYNE: 6,0D%+' AEFMHNV 8;-, .;4,0%8"+'/#.+8)0#), 6,0D%$$ 0#8(0#6#.

5ILFE JL@L, O @KXEIDMHNW @LILQGW CONBNMS JIN UGBGJT: ;.!2!6%#$ QBC QEB K@LBLODTW OMEWMLMBLONV; .0#<-#%8"#$ QBC QEB @IG[QGDMHNW; "#7,%%#$ QBC ]NDGDMLO. >;4,0%8"!, (0#62,%+,MLMIEQLJLPNOGBL O MEXE OBGMJS!NMULBDNJEBSDKR N ULBN^EVMHKR. 3BC QEB K@LBLODTW LMLXL@LILQG N QBC ULBRXLODL@L IEYEDNC JC[X KPIE[QEDT O @KXEIDMHNW @LILQGW 8!6,8)%&, 8;-&. 3BCULUEPEDNC L OQLOGW N MNILJGW QOLICDMHNW N HKUEPEMHNW KMJGDLOBEDT -6!0$%8"+, !(,"+ N8+0!)8"+, 8;-&; QBC KMJILVMJOG YHLB, XL@GQEBED N MNILJMHNW QLFLO — (0+"#7&!45,8)6,%%!.! (0+70,%+$.

-LMMNC IGAQEBEDG XTBG DG 50 @KXEIDNV, N UIN ZJLF DLOLF IGAQEBEDNN DE XTBL LXIG\EDLDNHGHL@L ODNFGDNC DN DG UIE[DEE NMJLINPEMHLE QEBEDNE, DN DG UILMJIGDMJOL, G JLBSHL DGHLBNPEMJOL DGILQLDGMEBEDNC: OEBEDL XTBL IGAQEBNJS JGH, PJLX HG[QGC @KXEIDNC AGHBRPGBG OMEXE LJ 300 QL 400 JTMCP [NJEBEV M ULQIGAQEBEDNEF DG KEAQT O 20000 N 30000 QKY. 3OE, NDL@QGJIN @KXEIDNN OOEICBNMS @BGODLFK KUIGOBEDNR @EDEIGB!@KXEIDGJLIG, NBN DGFEMJDNHG,@KXEIDGJLIT N ON^E!@KXEIDGJLIT DGADGPGBNMS NFUEIGJIN^ER; UIEQMEQGJEBEV @KXEIDMHNW FEMJN PNDLODNHLO, AGOEQLOGOYNW HGAEDDTFN QLWLQGFN, NAXNIGB &EDGJ; LMJGBSDTE BN^G NAXNIGBNMSPGMJSR @KXEIDMHNF UIGOBEDNEF, PGMJSR QOLICDMJOLF N HKUEPEMJOLF.

*LOLE KPIE[QEDNE HGH MLUIC[EDDLE M XLBSYNFN JIKQDLMJCFN OOLQNBLMS ULMJEUEDDL, OUILQLB[EDNE 20 BEJ. % JEMDLV MOCAN M KPIE[QEDNCFN @KXEIDNV DGWLQNBLMS OMELX\EE LX!FE[EOGDNE AEFEBS, UILEHJ HLJLIL@L, HGH FT ONQEBN, XTB MLMJGOBED E\E UIN NFUEIGJIN^E,BNMGOEJE. ,HGJEINDG O UEIOTE @LQT ^GIMJOLOGDNC MLMJGONBG DLOTE UIGONBG, OMBEQMJONEHLJLITW UINOEQEDT XTBN O NAOEMJDLMJS @BGODTE, DGNXLBEE AGMEBEDDTE AEFBN NFUEINN.

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̂ EDE, JGH PJL O 1795 @LQK GMMN@DG^NLDDTV IKXBS IGODCBMC JLBSHL 68 HLUEVHGF MEIEXILF.

%FEMJL HIEQNJDTW KMJGDLOBEDNN NFUEIGJIN^T ,BNMGOEJT, QOLICDMHL@L N HLFFEIPEMHL@LXGDHLO, KPIE[QED XTB UIN ,HGJEINDE @LMKQGIMJOEDDTV AGEFDTV XGDH M HGUNJGBLF O 33FNBBNLDG, M MMKQLR AG 5 UIL^EDJLO, M IGABL[EDNEF KUBGJT DG 20 BEJ QBC QOLICD N DG 22 @LQGQBC @LILQMHNW LXTOGJEBEV.

:6!0$%8)6!. 1IGOG, QGDDTE QOLICDMJOK 1EJILF III, XTBN ULQJOEI[QEDT; HILFE JL@L, O@IGFLJE, QGDDLV ZJLFK MLMBLONR ,HGJEINDLR O 1785 @LQK, ULMJGDLOBEDL, PJL QOLICDND DN OHGHLF MBKPGE DE BNYGEJMC MOLE@L AOGDNC, HILFE MKQEXDL@L LXONDEDNC O NAOEMJDTWUIEMJKUBEDNCW, UEIEQGEJ E@L [EDE N QEJCF, MKQNJMC JLBSHL IGODTFN MEXE, MOLXLQED LJ JEBEMDL@LDGHGAGDNC, DE UBGJNJ BNPDL DNHGHNW ULQGJEV N OBGQEEJ OMEF, PJL DGWLQNJMC O NFEDNN, HGHDELJ`EFBEFLR MLXMJOEDDLMJNR.

3OLICDMJOK QGDL UIGOL OTXLIG NA MIEQT MOLEV O IGADTE ULPEJDTE LXBGMJDTE QLB[DLMJN;KMJGDLOBEDL QBC ZJL@L O HG[QLV @KXEIDNN QOLICDMHLE MLXIGDNE; UINMKJMJOLOGJS O DEF FL[EJHG[QTV QOLICDND, DL KPGMJOLOGJS O OTXLIGW FL[EJ JLBSHL JLJ, HJL O @LMKQGIMJOEDDLV MBK[XEQLMJN@ L]N^EIMHL@L PNDG: ZJL QLB[DL XTBL AGMJGOBCJS QOLICDNDG MBK[NJS.

>!0!-#. 'QDLOIEFEDDL M QOLICDMHLR @IGFLJLR LXDGILQLOGDL XTBL .!0!-!6!, (!2!<,%+,,UL HLJLILFK HKU^T N FE\GDE ULBKPNBN UIGOL MLXMJOEDDL@L MKQG N KUIGOBEDNC N UIGOL OTXLILOO NAOEMJDTE QLB[DLMJN. 5KUEPEMJOL XTBL IGAQEBEDL DG JIN @NBSQNN: H UEIOLV UINDGQBE[GBN

211

NFEOYNE HGUNJGBT DE FEDEE 10 000 IKXBEV; HL OJLILV — NFEOYNE LJ 1000 QL 10000; H JIEJSEV— LJ 500 QL 1000 IKXBEV; NFEOYNE FEDEE 500 IKXBEV DGAOGDT FE\GDGFN.

1IN ,HGJEINDE XTBL LMDLOGDL M BNYHLF 200 @LILQLO, XLBEE UL DK[QGF KUIGOBEDNC, PEFOMBEQMJONE EMJEMJOEDDL@L IGAONJNC JLI@LOL@L N UILFTYBEDDL@L, ULPEFK FDL@NE NA DNW ULJLFNMPEABN. % HLD^E ̂ GIMJOLOGDNC ,HGJEINDT DG UILMJIGDMJOE 300000 HOGQIGJDTW FNBS MPNJGBLMS1200 @LILQLO.

;PIE[QEDDGC O 1763 @LQK HLFNMMNC QBC IGMMFLJIEDNC HLFFEI^NN -LMMNVMHL@L @LMKQGIMJOGQLB[DG XTBG OL 1) NATMHNOGJS OME MULMLXT, QGXT NA NFUEINN XLBSYE UILNAOEQEDNV ILMMNVMHNWO DGJKIE N O QEBE OTUKMHGEFL XTBL; OL 2) QGXT HKUEPEMJOL IKMMHLE HGH FE[QK MLXLR ODKJIN@LMKQGIMJOG, JGH N K PK[EMJIGDDTW HIEQNJ DGQE[DTV NFEBL. ,HGJEINDG OEBEBG OL OMEW @LILQGWAGOEMJN WBEXDTE FG@GANDT, „QGXT, — @LOLINBG LDG, — ^EDG WBEXG OME@QG O FLNW IKHGW XTBG“.'JDLMNJEBSDL UILFTYBEDDLMJN, DGPNDGC M 1EJIG %EBNHL@L, @LMULQMJOLOGBG MNMJEFGUIGONJEBSMJOEDDL@L DGQALIG, KPIE[QEDT XTBN HLBBE@NN FGDK]GHJKIDGC N @LIDGC, HLJLITENFEDDL QLB[DT XTBN OLQOLICJS O -LMMNN N MLOEIYEDMJOLOGJS IGABNPDTE LJIGMBNUILFTYBEDDLMJN; UIN ,HGJEINDE II ZJG MNMJEFG DGQALIG N DGUIGOBEDNC, QGOGEFL@LUIGONJEBSMJOLF UILFTYBEDDLMJN, UIEHIGJNBGMS; AGHITBNMS MDGPGBG 7EI@!HLBBE@NC, ULJLF4GDK]GHJKI!HLBBE@NC. 5LFFEI^!HLBBE@NC ULJEICBG MOLE ADGPEDNE, G O HLD^E ^GIMJOLOGDNC NMLOEIYEDDL AGHITJG.

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`CONBN L DELXWLQNFLMJN ULAOLBNJS QKWLOEDMJOK N HKUEPEMJOK NFEJSHIEULMJDTW BRQEV.

'JDLMNJEBSDL AEFBEQEBNC ,HGJEINDG O *GHGAE OTMHGAGBG MBEQKR\NE OA@BCQT: „%EMSFG XTDK[DL XTBL ULQUNMGJS ULFE\NHGF AGHLDLF, PJLX LDN M XLBSYNF IGMMFLJIEDNEF IGMULBG@GBNMOLN ULXLIT N JE XT ULXLIT XIGBN, HLJLITE FEDEE FK[NHG LJBKPGRJ LJ E@L QLFG N MEFEVMJOG:JEF XT IGMUILMJIGDNBLMS XLBSYE AEFBEQEBNC N PNMBL XT DGILQG O @LMKQGIMJOE KFDL[NBLMS. $DTDE NDLV AEFBEQEBE^ BEJ UCJDGQ^GJS QLFK MOLE@L DE ONQNJ, G OMCHNV @LQ UBGJNJ ULFE\NHKMOLV LXILH, UILFTYBCC O LJQGBEDDTW LJ MOLE@L QLFG @LILQGW, XILQC UL OMEFK ULPJN @LMKQGIMJOK.*E FL[EJ XTJS JGF DN NMHKMDLE IKHLQEBNE, DN JOEIQL LMDLOGDDGC JLI@LOBC, @QE AEFBEQEBNE OKDNPN[EDNN NBN DEIGPNJEBSDL UILNAOLQNJMC. /EFBEQEBNE EMJS MGFTV XLBSYNV JIKQ QBCPEBLOEHG; PEF XLBSYE HBNFGJ UINOLQNJ PEBLOEHG H NAXE[GDNR ME@L JIKQG, JEF XLBSYE AGHLDTH LDLFK OLAXK[QGJS QLB[DT; AEFBEQEBNE EMJS UEIOTV N @BGODTV JIKQ, H HLJLILFK ULL\ICJSQLB[DL; OJLILE EMJS IKHLQEBNE NA MLXMJOEDDL@L UILNAIG\EDNC“.

% 1765 @LQK UL WLQGJGVMJOK "IN@LINC 'IBLOG N 15 QIK@NW „UGJINLJLO“ KPIE[QEDL &.!1EJEIXKI@MHLE %LBSDLE ZHLDLFNPEMHLE LX\EMJOL QBC ULL\IEDNC ULBEADTW ADGDNV O LXBGMJNZHLDLFNN N AEFBEQEBNC.

1IN ,HGJEINDE O UKMJTDDTW, DL UBLQLILQDTW UILMJIGDMJOGW NFUEINN CONBLMS LMLXL@L ILQGAEFBEQEBSPEMHLE DGILQLDGMEBEDNE — NDLMJIGDDTE HLBLDNMJT. % NRBE 1763 @LQG KPIE[QEDGHGD^EBCINC LUEHKDMJOG NDLMJIGDDTW HLBLDNMJLO; NAQGD FGDN]EMJ L QLAOLBEDNN OMEFNDLMJIGD^GF, O -LMMNR O`EA[GR\NF, ULMEBCJSMC O HLJLITW @KXEIDNCW LDN UL[EBGRJ.5LBLDNMJGF LXE\GDT XTBN QEDS@N DG UILEAQ, OMEOLAFL[DTE ULMLXNC UIN LXAGOEQEDNN DGNAXIGDDLF FEMJE, XEMUIL^EDJDGC MMKQG HGUNJGBG DG 10 BEJ; LDN XTBN MOLXLQDT LJ OMCHLV MBK[XTN LJ OMCHNW ULQGJEV DG 30 BEJ; LDN FL@BN MKQNJSMC UL MOLNF AGHLDGF, MOLXLQDL NMULOEQLOGJSMOLR OEIK, OTXNIGJS MOLNW UGMJLILO. *G UEIOTV IGA DGADGPEDL XTBL 200000 IKXBEV O @LQ DG

212

OMULFL[EDNE HLBLDNMJGF.1EIEMEBED^T WBTDKBN JLBUGFN, UIENFK\EMJOEDDL NA 1]GBS^G; O LQDLV &GIGJLOMHLV

UILOND^NN ULMEBNBLMS QL 10000 MEFEVMJO. 5L@QG QON[EDNE LMJGDLONBLMS, JL O 1774 @LQK PNMBLHLBLDNMJLO UILMJNIGBLMS QL 26 000 PEBLOEH.

1%+*)!<,%+, .,)/#%8)6# + 9#(!0!<A$. %FEMJE M ZJNF DGMEBEDNEF MJEUEV FNIDTFNJIKQLBRXNOTFN HLBLDNMJGFN UILNMWLQNBL LHLDPGJEBSDLE UIELXIGALOGDNE O XTJE MJGITWDGMEBEDDNHLO MJEUEV, ADGFEDNJTW O DGYEV NMJLINN HGAGHLO. *GPGBSDTV PEBLOEH O 4GBLILMMNNUL!UIE[DEFK DLMNB DGAOGDNE @EJFGDG, PJL UICFL KHGATOGBL DG E@L OLVMHLOLE ADGPEDNE, DGNMJLINPEMHLE ADGPEDNE HGAGPEMJOG O ZJLV MJIGDE. &L OIEFEDN UIELXIGALOGDNC 1EJIG @EJFGDULJEICB UIE[DEE ADGPEDNE; O UILQLB[EDNE DEHLJLIL@L OIEFEDN E@L OLOME DE XTBL; ULJLFCONBNMS LUCJS @EJFGDT, DL LJDRQS DE M UIE[DNF ADGPEDNEF; MK\EMJOEDDLV UEIEFEDT LJULCOBEDNC @EJFGDG DNHGHLV DE UILNMWLQNBL, MJIGDG UINOTHBG FGBL!ULFGBK H ZJLFKXEAIGABNPNR: EMJS BN @EJFGD, DEJ BN E@L.

1IN ,BNMGOEJE DGADGPEDNE @EJFGDLF 5NINBBG "IN@LISEONPG -GAKFLOMHL@L, PEBLOEHG O4GBLILMMNN DENAOEMJDL@L, OME@L BKPYE ULHGATOGBL, PJL @EJFGDMJOL AQEMS ULJEICBL UIE[DEEADGPEDNE; UIN ,HGJEINDE II O 1764 @LQK, E\E UIN [NADN -GAKFLOMHL@L, @EJFGDMJOL XTBLLHLDPGJEBSDL KDNPJL[EDL. 1LIEYNBN N M ADGFEDNJTF /GULIL[SEF. 4T ONQEBN, PJL &EPS XTBGOACJG N IGALIEDG OLVMHGFN 1EJIG %EBNHL@L N XTOYNE UIN 4GAEUE AGULIL[^T QLB[DT XTBNXE[GJS, ULQQGJSMC HITFMHLFK WGDK N LMDLOGBN DLOKR &EPS O $BEYHGW. % ^GIMJOLOGDNE $DDTNF ULAOLBEDL XTBL UL NW UILMSXE OLAOIGJNJSMC MDLOG ULQ IKMMHKR QEI[GOK DG MJGITE FEMJG.*L AGULIL[^T DEQLB@L FL@BN [NJS UIN UIE[DEF YNILHLF IGAQLBSE MOLEF. &JEUN DGPGBNDGMEBCJSMC, N OMBEQMJONE ZJL@L O 1764 @LQK CONBGMS *LOLILMMNVMHGC @KXEIDNC.

/GULIL[^GF MJGBL JEMDL, ULJLFK PJL UIN MOLNW UILFTMBGW — MHLJLOLQMJOE N AOEILBLOMJOE,XEA WBEXLUGYEMJOG, — LDN NFEBN DK[QK O L@ILFDTW UKMJTW UILMJIGDMJOGW. *GPGBNMSMJLBHDLOEDNC N [GBLXT. 5 JLFK [E M OLAOIG\EDNEF AGULIL[^EO ULCONBNMS IGAXLVDNHN,@GVQGFGHN; UIEQOLQNJEBCFN @GVQGFG^HNW YGEH XTBN LXTHDLOEDDL AGULIL[^T. 4E[QK JEF/GULIL[SE DE UEIEMJGOGBL JIEXLOGJS, PJLX OME ODLOS DGMEBEDDTE MJEUDTE UILMJIGDMJOG XTBNEFK OLAOIG\EDT, J. E. PJLX *LOGC -LMMNC LXIGJNBGMS O JGHKR [E UKMJTDR, HGHLR XTBG QL 1740@LQG. /GULIL[MHNE KULBDLFLPEDDTE JOEIQNBN: „%ME ZJL DGYE XTBL N EMJS! ,MBN H DGF XKQKJULMBGDT AEFBEFEIT XEA OEQLFG 5LYG, JL WLJS N ULOEMCJ NW, JL DEPE@L XKQEJ OACJS“.

#E@HL ULDCJS, HGH FL@K\EMJOEDDLE @LMKQGIMJOL QLB[DL XTBL LJOEPGJS DG AGULIL[MHNEJIEXLOGDNC N K@ILAT. +FUEIGJIN^G OEBEBG 1LJEFHNDK ULMJGIGJSMC AGDCJS &EPS N OME /GULIL[SEOLLIK[EDDLR IKHLR, N 5 NRDC 1775 @LQG UINHGA XTB NMULBDED. /GULIL[SE UEIEMJGBLMK\EMJOLOGJS, PGMJS HGAGHLO KMUEBG KVJN NA &EPN N UILXIGJSMC O JKIE^HNE OBGQEDNC, @QEULQQGBGMS MKBJGDK; LMJGOYNFMC IKMMHLE UIGONJEBSMJOL ULAOLBNBL NBN OLAOIGJNJSMC DG UIE[DNEFEMJG [NJEBSMJOG, NBN [NJS O *LOLV -LMMNN DG UIGOGW OMEW LMJGBSDTW EE [NJEBEV. % 1783 @LQKNA DNW MLMJGOBEDL XTBL LMLXLE LULBPEDNE ULQ NFEDEF PEIDLFLIMHNW HGAGHLO, G O 1792 @LQKZJLFK PEIDLFLIMHLFK OLVMHK QGD XTB LMJILO ?GDG@LINC M AEFBCFN FE[QK 5KXGDSR, $ALOMHNFN 9EIDTF FLIEF.

N,0& !)%!8+),2A%! -;D!6,%8)6#. 1IN ,HGJEINDE II XTBG UINOEQEDG O NMULBDEDNE FTMBS1EJIG %EBNHL@L LX LJLXIGDNN ^EIHLODTW NFEDNV. 3BC ZJL@L NFUEIGJIN^G OEBEBG KPIEQNJSLMLXKR HLFNMMNR NA QKWLODTW N MOEJMHNW PBEDLO ULQ MLXMJOEDDTF MOLNF DGXBRQEDNEF. % DLCXIE1762 @LQG QGDG NDMJIKH^NC ZJLV HLFNMMNN, @QE, FE[QK UILPNF, @LOLINBLMS: „&LILH BEJ JLFKK[E FNDLOGBL, HGH 1EJI %EBNHNV MLMJGONB QKWLODTV IE@BGFEDJ N UIEQUINDCB O DEF JGHNEUIGONBG, HLJLITE XT O UILMJLF DGYEF DGILQE KPIE[QEDNEF XBG@LIGAKFDL OLMUNJGDDTW NLXKPEDDTW MOC\EDDNHLO UICFTV UKJS H NMUIGOBEDNR DIGOLO LJHITOGBN. *L H MLXLBEADLOGDNRDGYEFK ONQNF, PJL MJLBS FDL@NE BEJT K[E FNDLOGBNMC, G DGILQ O JLF [E E\E UIEXTOGEJAGXBK[QEDNN“.

% NMWLQE 1763 @LQG O HLFNMMNR XTBN QLMJGOBEDT LUNMN OMEF ^EIHLODTF, FLDGMJTIMHNF NGIWNEIEVMHNF AEFBCF, OEQLFLMJN L PNMBE HIEMJSCD N HLBNPEMJOE QLWLQLO; LHGAGBLMS HIEMJSCD

213

910866 QKY: FE[QK UILPNF, (ILN^HGC BGOIG OBGQEBG XLBEE PEF 120000 HIEMJSCD, 5NINBBLO7EBLAEIMHNV FLDGMJTIS NFEB LHLBL 35000. 1LBL[EDL XTBL OME ZJN NFEDNC OACJS NA QKWLODL@LOEQLFMJOG N ULIKPNJS JGH DGATOGEFLV 5LBBE@NN ZHLDLFNN, HLJLIGC QLB[DG XTBG MLXNIGJS MHIEMJSCD UL 1 I. 50 HLU. O @LQ M QKYN; LJ ZJLV 5LBBE@NN ZHLDLFNN UILNMWLQNJ KULJIEXBCR\EEMCN QL MNW ULI DGAOGDNE „ZHLDLFNPEMHNW HIEMJSCD“.

3BC FLDGMJTIEV N GIWNEIEVMHNW QLFLO, IGAQEBEDDTW DG JIN HBGMMG, QBC IK[DTW ^EIHOEV NQBC PNDLODNHLO MNDLQGBSDL@L OEQLFMJOG MLMJGOBEDT XTBN YJGJT; PJL [E LMJGOGBLMS AG ZJNFNIGMWLQGFN, LUIEQEBEDL DG MLQEI[GDNE QKWLODTW KPNBN\, NDOGBNQDTW QLFLO, @LMUNJGBEV; XEBLEQKWLOEDMJOL LMOLXL[QEDL LJ MXLILO QEDS@GFN N WBEXLF DG QKWLODTE KPNBN\G; LJMJGODTW OLEDDTWAGUIE\EDL LJMTBGJS O FLDGMJTIN QBC UILHLIFBEDNC, G DGADGPEDT NF QBC [NJEBSMJOG KHIGVDTE@LILQG N UEDMNN NA ZHLDLFNPEMHNW QLWLQLO.

1INMLEQNDEDNE AGUGQDTW IKMMHNW LXBGMJEV UL JIEF IGAQEBGF 1LBSYN XTBL OG[DEVYNFMLXTJNEF O NMJLINN IKMMHLV =EIHON. ;DNGJT JLBUGFN DGPGBN LXIG\GJSMC O MJGILE UIGOLMBGONE.1LBCHN, DE NFEC OLAFL[DLMJN UIEUCJMJOLOGJS ZJLFK MNBLR, MJGBN ODKYGJS, PJL MLEQNDEDNE MIKMMHLR NFUEINER XKQEJ DEUILQLB[NJEBSDL, PJL AGUGQDTE IKMMHNE LXBGMJN LJLVQKJ LUCJS H1LBSYE, DL UIGOLMBGODLE ^EIHLODLE DGPGBSMJOL MUEYNBL IGMMECJS ZJN BL[DTE ODKYEDNC,KMULHGNOGC [NJEBEV, PJL LDN DE ULJEIUCJ DNHGHLV DEUINCJDLMJN LJ LXIG\EDNC H OEIE UIEQHLON PJL OJLINPDLE MLEQNDEDNE NW M 1LBSYER DEOLAFL[DL. % QOG @LQG, LJ 1794 QL 1796, XLBEEULBKJLIG FNBBNLDG KDNGJLO LXIGJNBLMS O UIGOLMBGONE.

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

N,0& -2$ ;/%!<,%+$ + 8!D0#%,%+$ %#0!-!%#8,2,%+$. *GILQLDGMEBEDNE NFUEINN O HLD^E^GIMJOLOGDNC ,HGJEINDT UILMJNIGBLMS QL 36000000. ;OEBNPNOGBN E@L JEF, PJL UINATOGBNIGMHLBSDNHLO, KYEQYNW AG ULBSMHKR @IGDN^K, UINATOGBN NDLMJIGDDTW HLBLDNMJLO. % JL [EOIEFC KULJIEXBCBN FEIT QBC E@L MLWIGDEDNC.

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

% 1768 @LQK OOEQEDL XTBL LMULUINONOGDNE; PJLX ULQGJS QLXITV UINFEI, NFUEIGJIN^GUINONBG LMUK MEXE N PEJTIDGQ^GJNBEJDEFK MTDK MOLEFK, DGMBEQDNHK UIEMJLBG 1GOBK 1EJILONPK.*N LQND BEHGIS, DN LQND MOC\EDDNH O -LMMNN DE UILJNONBMC LMULUINONOGDNR, HGH ZJL XTBL O/GUGQDLV ,OILUE. % 1EJEIXKI@E KPIE[QED XTB LMLXTV QLF QBC LMULUINONOGDNC; MDGPGBGQEDE[DTFN DG@IGQGFN UINFGDNOGBN ILQNJEBEV, PJLX LDN UINDLMNBN JKQG QEJEV MOLNW, DL MHLILZJL MIEQMJOL LHGAGBLMS DEDK[DTF. % 1772 @LQK LMULUINONOGDNE DGPGBL IGMUILMJIGDCJSMC QG[EN FE[QK MNXNIMHNFN NDLILQ^GFN.

N,0& -2$ %#0!-%!.! 6!8(+)#%+$. % *GHGAE MOLEF ,HGJEINDG LX`CONBG, PJL MGFLEDGQE[DLE MIEQMJOL MQEBGJS BRQEV BKPYNFN — ZJL KMLOEIYEDMJOLOGDNE OLMUNJGDNC, N ULJLFKFT QLB[DT L[NQGJS FEI QBC ZJL@L KMLOEIYEDMJOLOGDNC. 1IGONBG, HLJLITFN WLJEBLIKHLOLQNJSMC UIGONJEBSMJOL O QEBE OLMUNJGDNC, OTMHGAGDT O „KPIE[QEDNCW, HGMGR\NWMC QLOLMUNJGDNC“, MLMJGOBEDDTW +OGDLF +OGDLONPEF 7E^HNF, ADGFEDNJTF KMJILNJEBEF

214

OLMUNJGJEBSDTW AGOEQEDNV O -LMMNN O LUNMTOGEFLE OIEFC.%LJ PJL @LOLINJMC O ZJNW KMJGOGW: „1IELQLBEJS MKEOEINE OEHLO, QGJS DGILQK MOLEFK DLOLE

OLMUNJGDNE N, JGH MHGAGJS, DLOLE ULIL[QEDNE EMJS QEBL, MLOLHKUBEDDLE M DEOEILCJDTFN JIKQGFN,G UICFGC LDTW ULBSAG LMJGEJMC ULJLFMJOK. & QGODE@L K[E OIEFEDN NFEEJ -LMMNC GHGQEFNR NIGADTE KPNBN\G, N FDL@L KULJIEXBEDL N[QNOEDNC DG ULMTBHK ILMMNVMHL@L RDLYEMJOG QBCLXKPEDNC DGKHGF N WKQL[EMJOGF; DL FGBL, XKQE DE MLOMEF DNPE@L, MK\EMJONJEBSDTW LJ JL@LUBLQLO MLXIGDL. -GAXNIGC UICFTE JLFK UINPNDT, DE FL[EF FT [GBLOGJSMC DG 1ILONQEDNE NFGBKR O ILMMNVMHLF DGILQE H DGKHGF N WKQL[EMJOGF MULMLXDLMJS; DL FL[DL DELMULINFLQLHGAGJS, PJL H QLMJN[EDNR JL@L DE UICFTE JLHFL UKJN NAXIGDT XTBN, G PE@L MLOMEF DEQLMJGOGBL,L JLF MLOMEF N ULFTYBCEFL DE XTBL. +A ULMBGDDTW E\E UIN 1EJIE %EBNHLF QOLICD M WLILYNFOLAOIGJNBNMS KMUEWLF O JLF, PEFK LDN LXKPGJSMC DGADGPEDT XTBN; DL UL OLAOIG\EDNN, NFECUKJS N UIGOL H XLBSYNF PNDGF N AGMBK@GF, DE FL@BN LDN O JLF KUIG[DCJSMC. 3IK@NE, NA ULQBLMJN(UILMJLDGILQSC) H DGKHGF OACJTE, JGH[E OEMSFG MHLIL KMUEOGBN O LDTW, DL MHLIEE E\E O UIE[DEEDEOE[EMJOL N MGFLE DEXTJNE OLAOIGJNBNMS, LJPE@L N BRQEV JGHL@L MLMJLCDNC, HLJLILE O QIK@NWFEMJGW )0,)A+/ *+%!/, NBN 80,-%+/, DGATOGEJMC, -LMMNC QL ME@L OIEFEDN N UILNAOEMJN DEFL@BG. +MHKMMJOL (LUTJ) QLHGAGBL, PJL LQND JLBSHL KHIGYEDDTV NBN UILMOE\EDDTV DGKHGFNIGAKF DE QEBGEJ E\E QLXIL@L N UICFL@L @IG[QGDNDG, DL OL FDL@NW MBKPGCW UGPE OL OIEQ XTOGEJ,EMBN HJL LJ MGFTW DE[DTW RDLMJN MOLEV BEJ OLMUNJGD DE O QLXILQEJEBCW N JOEIQL LDTE O MEIQ^EE@L DE OHLIEDEDT. 1IN JGHLF DEQLMJGJHE MFEBL KJOEIQNJS FL[DL, PJL UICFL@L O DGKHGW NWKQL[EMJOGW KMUEWG N )0,)A,.! *+%# BRQEV O @LMKQGIMJOE L[NQGJS OMKE MEXC N BGMHGJS. 1LMEFKCMDL, PJL HLIEDS OMEFK ABK N QLXIK OLMUNJGDNE. 3EI[GMS ME@L DELMULINFL@L UIGONBG, EQNDLEJLHFL MIEQMJOL LMJGEJMC, JL EMJS UILNAOEMJN MUEIOG MULMLXLF OLMUNJGDNC, JGH MHGAGJS, DLOKRULILQK, NBN DLOTW LJ^LO N FGJEIEV, HLN XT QEJCF MOLNF JE [E UICFTE N LMDLOGJEBSDTEOLMUNJGDNC UIGONBG O MEIQ^E OMEBNJS FL@BN, HGHNE ULBKPNBN LDN MGFN, N LJ DNW QEJN UEIEQGBNX UGHN MOLNF QEJCF, N JGH MBEQKC NA ILQLO O ILQT O XKQK\NE OEHN. %EBNHLE MNE DGFEIEDNENMULBDNJS DEJ MLOMEF NDL@L MULMLXG, HGH AGOEMJN OLMUNJGJEBSDTE KPNBN\G QBC LXLE@L ULBGQEJEV, HLJLITW UINDNFGRJ LJDRQS DE MJGIEE, HGH DG UCJLF NBN DG YEMJLF @LQK“.

% QIK@LF FEMJE 7E^HNV IEAHL OTIG[GEJ IGABNPNE FE[QK AGNFMJOLOGDNEF ODEYDEV^NONBNAG^NN, HLJLILE @LMULQMJOLOGBL UIN 1EJIE N E@L UIEEFDNHGW, N ODKJIEDDNFMLOEIYEDMJOLOGDNEF ULMIEQMJOLF UILMOE\EDDL@L OLMUNJGDNC, PE@L DGPGBN [EBGJS OL OJLILVULBLONDE XVIII OEHG. „1EJI %EBNHNV, — @LOLINJ 7E^HNV ,HGJEINDE, — MLAQGB O -LMMNN BRQEV:%GYE %EBNPEMJOL OBG@GEJE O DNW QKYN“. 7E^HNV UINADGOGB DELXWLQNFTF, PJLX OLMUNJGJEBNXTBN IKMMHNE, NXL QEJN DE FL@KJ UINADGOGJS NDLMJIGD^EO ILQNJEBCFN MOLNFN. 1LJLFNDLMJIGD^T DE FL@KJ MLLXIGALOGJSMC M OLMUNJGDDNHGFN MOLNFN O DGILQDTW LXTPGCW,IEBN@NLADTW N [NJEVMHNW.

% 1763 @LQK XTB KPIE[QED O 4LMHOE OLMUNJGJEBSDTV QLF DG 8000 QEJEV; UL E@L LXIGA^K O1767 @LQK KPIE[QED OLMUNJGJEBSDTV QLF O 1EJEIXKI@E. % 1764 O 1EJEIXKI@E O %LMHIEMEDMHLFFLDGMJTIE (&FLBSDTV) LMDLOGDL OLMUNJGJEBSDLE AGOEQEDNE QBC 240 QEON^ NA QOLICDMJOG, G OMBEQKR\EF @LQK — ULQLXDLE [E QBC QEON^ NA @LILQMHL@L MLMBLONC. % 1762 @LQK LMDLOGDT+D[EDEIDTV N $IJNBBEINVMHNV HGQEJMHNE HLIUKMG. 1IN ,HGJEINDE [E ULBKPNBN DGPGBLDGILQDTE KPEXDTE AGOEQEDNC: UL UBGDK DGADGPEDDLV QBC ZJL@L UIEQFEJG HLFNMMNN UIEQULBL[EDLXTBL LJHITJS O KEAQDTW @LILQGW FGBTE DGILQDTE KPNBN\G NA QOKW HBGMMLO QBC LXKPEDNC QEJEVMOLXLQDL@L MLMJLCDNC DGKHGF FGJEFGJNPEMHNF, EMJEMJOEDDTF, MBLOEMDTF, LJPGMJN NAC\DTFNMHKMMJOGF; NAQGDT XTBN HLFNMMNER LPEDS WLILYNE UL JLFK OIEFEDN KPEXDTE HDN@N UINMLQEVMJONN UEQG@L@LO, OTAOGDDTW NA!AG @IGDN^T.

*GADGPEDL XTBL LMDLOGJS KDNOEIMNJEJT O ,HGJEINDLMBGOBE, 1MHLOE, 9EIDN@LOE N 1EDAE.*L DEQLMJGJLH QEDE[DTW MIEQMJO DE ULAOLBNB UINOEMJN O NMULBDEDNE OMEW ZJNW DGFEIEDNV: N@BGODTE DGILQDTE KPNBN\G LJHITJT O DEFDL@NW @LILQGW, G KDNOEIMNJEJT — DN O LQDLF.

O+),0#);0%#$ -,$),2A%!8)A P"#),0+%&. (EUEIS ULMFLJINF, HGH BNJEIGJKIGEHGJEINDNDMHL@L OIEFEDN MLQEVMJOLOGBG DGILQDLFK OLMUNJGDNR, ULMFLJINF, HGH GOJLI *GHGAG,

215

MGFG NFUEIGJIN^G, O MOLNW BNJEIGJKIDTW UILNAOEQEDNCW WLJEBG MLQEVMJOLOGJS ZJLFKOLMUNJGDNR. /QEMS DGM UIE[QE OME@L LMJGDGOBNOGEJ NDMJIKH^NC HDCAR &GBJTHLOK UINDGADGPEDNN E@L H OLMUNJGDNR OEBNHNW HDCAEV.

„%TMLHLFK IL[QEDNR NW %TMLPEMJO, — @LOLINJ ,HGJEINDG, — UGPE NDTW UIEQBE[GJ QOGOEBNHNE UKJN: UEIOTV — MUIGOEQBNOLMJN, OJLILV — BRXON H XBN[DEFK. "BGODLE QLMJLNDMJOLDGMJGOBEDNC QEJEV MLMJLCJS QLB[DL O BRXON H XBN[DEFK, O LX\EF XBG@LOLBEDNN H ILQKPEBLOEPEMHLFK, O QLXIL[EBGJEBSMJOE HL OMEF BRQCF, O BGMHLOLF N MDNMWLQNJEBSDLF LXWL[QEDNNHL OMCHLFK, O QLXILDIGONN DEUIEITODLF, O PNMJLMEIQEPNN, O XBG@LQGIDLF MEIQ^E, O NMJIEXBEDNN@LICPDLMJN MEIQ^G, UKMJL@L LUGMEDNC, XLCABNOLMJN, ULQLAIEDNC. 1LILHN OLLX\E KFEDSYGRJMFEBLMJS N WIGXILMJS; QLXILQEJEBN [E KFDL[GRJ JOEIQLMJS QKWG N KHIEUBCRJ IGMMKQLH, NMJNDDKRE@L MFEBLMJS N WIGXILMJS. +MJNDDGC MFEBLMJS MLMJLNJ O JLF, PJLXT UIEXTOGJS O JLF, PJL QLB@PEBLOEHK UIEQUNMTOGEJ. 'JQGBCJS DGQBE[NJ LJ @BGA N MBKWG O FBGQEDPEMJOE N LJ LJILHLO O UEIOTE@LQT OME JL, PJL FTMBN KMJIGYNJS FL[EJ, HGH!JL: OMCHNE UK@GBN\G, QKYK N KF KJEMDCR\NE,HLJLITFN LXTHDLOEDDL QEJEV MJIG\GRJ N LJ HLNW QEBGRJMC LDN ILXHN“.

& OLMUNJGJEBSDLR ̂ EBNR ,HGJEINDG MLPNDCBG DIGOLKPNJEBSDTE MHGAHN: O MHGAHE L ̂ GIEONPE?EOEE UIEQMJGOBEDL LXIGA^LOLE ULOEQEDNE OMBEQMJONE OLMUNJGDNC. ,HGJEINDG DGUNMGBG JGH[EDEMHLBSHL NMJLINPEMHNW UIEQMJGOBEDNV; O UIEQMJGOBEDNN NA [NADN -RINHG ZJLJ HDCAS COBCEJMCLXIGA^LF UIGONJEBC, N ULJLFK LD DE KXNOGEJ OLMMJGOYE@L UILJNO DE@L %GQNFG, G @LOLINJ:

„1KMJS -RINH O MEV QEDS LHG[EJMC, HGHLO EMJS; LD, ONQC ONDDTW UIEQ MLXLR, M @LICPERIEODLMJNR OLASFEJMC OME@QG AG NMMBEQLOGDNE LX\EFK QLXIK UINPNDEDDL@L K\EIXG; DL HLV PGMONDG K[E NAOEMJDG, ONDDTV NALXBNPED N DGQBE[NJ, OTDKO FEP, UINMJKUNJS HL F\EDNR, JL@QGFEP JLJ, HLJLITV DE OTUGB DNHL@QG NA FLEV QEMDN^T UILJNO LX\NW DEUINCJEBEV, UGQGEJ NAQIL[G\NW IKH FLNW N O ONDDLF ON[K C BNYS PEBLOEHG“. % HLFNPEMHLV LUEIE „"Lpe!XL@GJTIS5LMLFEJLONP“ ,HGJEINDG LMFECBG ULOEQEDNE OIG@G MOLE@L "KMJGOG III, HLILBC YOEQMHL@L.

345+' D#0#"),0 2+),0#);0& ,"#),0+%+%8"!.! 60,/,%+. 4T ONQEBN, PJL O UEIOLVULBLONDE XVIII OEHG BNJEIGJKIG CODGC, UEPGJDGC, @BGODLR AGQGPER MOLER MPNJGBG OLMWOGBEDNEDLOL@L ULICQHG, OOEQEDDL@L 1EJILF, MPNJGBG DELXWLQNFTF OLLIK[GJSMC UILJNO BRQEV, EFKUILJNONOYNWMC. *L OL OJLILV ULBLONDE OEHG OA@BCQ UEIEFEDNBMC: LX\EMJOL, IGAONOGCMS,ULPKOMJOLOGBL DLOTE ULJIEXDLMJN; LQDLMJLILDDLMJS, DEQLMJGJLPDLMJS, JEFDTE MJLILDT@LMULQMJOKR\E@L DGUIGOBEDNC LXLADGPNBNMS N DE FL@BN DE OLAXKQNJS UILJNO MEXC BKPYNW BRQEV.

'JMRQG BNJEIGJKIG EHGJEINDNDMHL@L OIEFEDN NFEBG AGQGPER: OL!UEIOTW, UILOLA@BGYGJSDLOTE DGPGBG, UINADGDDTE DELXWLQNFTFN QBC ULQQEI[GDNC LX\EMJOG, NFEDDL ODKJIEDDEEMLOEIYEDMJOLOGDNE PEBLOEHG ULMIEQMJOLF UILMOE\EDDL@L OLMUNJGDNC; ULJLF — OLLIK[GJSMC,M LQDLV MJLILDT, UILJNO LJMJGBTW BRQEV, HLJLITE UINDGQBE[GBN XLBEE XVII, PEF XVIII OEHK,QBC HLJLITW ZULWG UIELXIGALOGDNC UILWLQNBG QGILF; G M QIK@LV MJLILDT — OLLIK[GJSMC NUILJNO OIEQDTW COBEDNV, ULIL[QEDDTW @LMULQMJOLOGOYNF DGUIGOBEDNEF ZULWNUIELXIGALOGDNC, OLLIK[GJSMC UILJNO BRQEV, UINDCOYNW LQDN ]LIFT LXIGALOGDDLMJN, ODIGOMJOEDDLF [E LJDLYEDNN UIEQMJGOBCOYNW MGFLE UEPGBSDLE COBEDNE.

@;/#0!"!6. T!%6+7+%, :,0<#6+%. _JL DGUIGOBEDNE, HGH FT ONQEBN, K[E LXLADGPNBLMS O^GIMJOLOGDNE ,BNMGOEJT, LXLADGPNBLMS O MLPNDEDNCW &KFGILHLOG, HLJLITV UILQLB[GB MOLRQECJEBSDLMJS N UIN ,HGJEINDE. 4DL@LPNMBEDDTE QIGFGJNPEMHNE USEMT E@L N@IGBN OEAQE: UINQOLIE, DG UKXBNPDTW JEGJIGW, O YHLBGW; O ZJNW USEMGW &KFGILHLO LXTHDLOEDDL OTMHGATOGBFTMBN, HLJLITE XTBN JL@QG O WLQK O /GUGQDLV ,OILUE. (EF [E DGUIGOBEDNEF LJBNPGBNMSMLPNDEDNC QOKW QIK@NW QIGFGJNPEMHNW UNMGJEBEV EHGJEINDNDMHL@L OIEFEDN: 5DC[DNDG N*NHLBEOG. % FDL@LPNMBEDDTW HLFEQNCW MOLNW &KFGILHLO UILQLB[GB OLLIK[GJSMC UILJNO@BGODTW ULILHLO OIEFEDN N WLJC MNBSDL ULQIG[GB 4LBSEIK, WLJC XIGB K DE@L WGIGHJEIT, LQDGHLFE[QK QEVMJOKR\NFN K DE@L BN^GFN FT OMJIEPGEF FDL@L IKMMHNW BRQEV N JL@QGYDRRLXMJGDLOHK IKMMHL@L LX\EMJOG. #NWLNF^T MKJS @BGODTE BN^G MKFGILHLOMHNW HLFEQNV, WGD[N NUEQGDJT OACJT NA 4LBSEIG, DL UEJNFEJIT IKMMHNE. &KFGILHLO [E ADGHLFNJ DGM N M JLR M]EILR,HLJLIKR LUNMGB 3GDNBLO O MOLNW AGUNMHGW N NA HLJLILV OTYBN „7IN@GQNI“ N „*EQLILMBS“QGILONJL@L ?LDONANDG.

216

&LPNDEDNC ?LDONANDG OG[DT QBC NMJLINN LX\EMJOG O JLF LJDLYEDNN, PJL O DNW IEAHLUILOEQEDG @LMULQMJOLOGOYGC JL@QG K BKPYNW BRQEV FTMBS L DELXWLQNFLMJN MLAQGDNC DLOLVULILQT BRQEV ULMIEQMJOLF UILMOE\EDDL@L OLMUNJGDNC, FTMBS, PJL OME ABL UILNMWLQNJ LJDEQLMJGJHG JGHL@L OLMUNJGDNC; O MLPNDEDNCW MOLNW ?LDONAND JGH[E MNBSDL IGJKEJ UILJNO QOKWL@DEV, FE[QK HLJLITFN MJLCBL IKMMHLE LX\EMJOL: UILJNO ULILHLO N UIEQIGMMKQHLO,DGMBEQLOGDDTW LJ QLUEJILOMHLV MJGINDT, N UILJNO OIEQDTW COBEDNV, UILNMWLQNOYNW OMBEQMJONELQDLMJLILDDE@L MXBN[EDNC M AGUGQDLR ^NONBNAG^NER.

% HLFEQNN „7IN@GQNI“ O MTDE XIN@GQNIG N O MLOEJDN^E O MGFLF LJOIGJNJEBSDLF ONQEOTMJGOBEDT MBEQMJONC UINONJNC PK[NW FLQDTW OA@BCQLO H BRQCF, DE ULBKPGOYNF DNHGHL@LDIGOMJOEDDL@L OLMUNJGDNC N OLMUNJTOGR\NF MEXC UL ]IGD^KAMHNF ILFGDGF. % ADGFEDNJLF„*EQLILMBE“ MOLEF GOJLI UIEQMJGOBCEJ KILQG, UILNAOEQEDNE MJGINDDL@L @IKXL@L, NMHBRPNJEBSDL]NANPEMHL@L OLMUNJGDNC; DL H ZJLFK MJGINDDLFK OLMUNJGDNR UINMLEQNDEDL N DLOLE, HGHJIEXLOGBLMS LJ QOLICDMJOG O UEIOLV ULBLONDE XVIII OEHG, OLMUNJGDNE ]LIFEDDLE, OIEQDLE ULOTXLIK OLMUNJGJEBC, NDLMJIGD^G, XTOYE@L UIE[QE HKPEILF.

/DGFEDNJEVYNV NA ULZJLO EHGJEINDNDMHL@L OIEFEDN OEBNHLBEUDTV 3EI[GOND, OLMUEOGCXBNMJGJEBSDTE ULXEQT N JLI[EMJOG, O JL [E OIEFC JOEIQNJ L DELXWLQNFLMJN DIGOMJOEDDTWLMDLO QBC LX\EMJOG, JIEXKEJ UIGOQT N OMJIEPGEJ DLOLIL[QEDDL@L ODKHG ,HGJEINDT ($BEHMGDQIG1GOBLONPG) [EBGDNEF: „7KQS DG JILDE PEBLOEHLF!“

K8)!0+*,8"+, )0;-&. ,HGJEINDG MPNJGBG DELXWLQNFTF ADGDNE IKMMHLV NMJLINN, UINUTJBNOLMJN N FDL@LMJLILDDLMJN KFG MOLE@L MGFG BRXNBG AGDNFGJSMC OLUILMGFN NA DEE; AGDEMHLBSHL FNDKJ QL MFEIJN AGDNFGBGMS MLPNDEDNEF „/GUNMLH HGMGJEBSDL -LMMNVMHLV NMJLINN“.9JL [E XTBL MQEBGDL UIN DEV QBC IKMMHLV NMJLINN? &JGINH 4RBBEI XTB UEIEOEQED O 4LMHOK,MQEBGD DGPGBSDNHLF QIG@L^EDDL@L GIWNOG +DLMJIGDDLV HLBBE@NN, @QE XTB MLOEIYEDDL O MOLEVM]EIE. 4RBBEI NAQGB (GJN\EOG, NAQGB „)QIL -LMMNVMHLV NMJLINN“ 4GDHNEOG, MLLX\NB FDL@LFGJEINGBLO *LONHLOK QBC E@L „%NOBNL]NHN“, "LBNHLOK — QBC E@L „3ECDNV 1EJIG %EBNHL@L“.

)ONBNMS ULUTJHN NA MLXIGDDTW FGJEINGBLO MQEBGJS PJL!DNXKQS MJILVDLE, DGUNMGJS IKMMHKRNMJLINR, CONBGMS „+MJLINC -LMMNVMHGC LJ QIEODEVYNW OIEFED“ HDCAC 8EIXGJLOG. $OJLI XTBPEBLOEH KFDTV, LXIGALOGDDTV, JIKQLBRXNOTV, QLXILMLOEMJDTV, DL DEQGILONJTV N DEUIN@LJLOBEDDTV DGKHLR H MOLEFK JIKQK, UINDNFGOYNVMC AG DE@L HGH BRXNJEBS JLBSHL. *EMFLJICDG JL, JIKQ 8EIXGJLOG AGDNFGEJ ULPEJDLE FEMJL O DGYEV NMJLINPEMHLV BNJEIGJKIE. &BEQCQLXILMLOEMJDL N ODNFGJEBSDL AG WLQLF MLXTJNV IKMMHLV NMJLINN, 8EIXGJLO LMJGDGOBNOGBMCDG COBEDNCW LMLXEDDL ULIGANJEBSDTW, DE ULWL[NW DG COBEDNC, O NMJLINN QIK@NW DGILQLOOMJIEPGR\NEMC, MJGIGBMC LX`CMDNJS NW, ULQWLQNB H DNF M IGADTW MJLILD, LYNXGBMC, DL UILBG@GBQLIL@K QIK@NF, OLAXK[QGB MULI.

"LICPNV MULI AGOCAGBMC FE[QK 8EIXGJLOTF N 7LBJNDTF. "EDEIGB 7LBJND, PEBLOEH M MNBSDTFQGILOGDNEF, MQEBGBMC NAOEMJED MOLNFN OLAIG[EDNCFN DG HDN@K #EHBEIHG L QIEODEV N DLOLV-LMMNN, OTYEQYKR O 1GIN[E O 1784 @LQK. 'UILOEI@GC #EHBEIHG, HLJLITV DNAHL MJGONBQIEODRR -LMMNR, EE NMJLINR, 7LBJND DELXWLQNFL QLB[ED XTB AG\N\GJS EE, DGWLQNJS MOEJBTEMJLILDT O ZJLV [NADN, O ZJLV NMJLINN, H HLJLILV JGH OIG[QEXDL QL MNW ULI LJDLMNBGMS ZULWGUIELXIGALOGDNC, ULOJLICOYGC, PJL UIELXIGALOGJEBS UINOEB -LMMNR NA DEXTJNC O XTJNE.7LBJNDK XTBL JEF BE@PE UINDCJS AG\NJK QIEODEV -LMMNN, PJL LX\EMJOL, MLADGOYN OIEQDKRMJLILDK UIELXIGALOGJEBSDL@L DGUIGOBEDNC, @LJLOL XTBL MLPKOMJOLOGJS JLV [NADN, UILJNOHLJLILV IGJLOGBL ZJL UIELXIGALOGJEBSDLE DGUIGOBEDNE. 7LBJND UEIOTV OTMHGAGB ULBL[EDNCL MNBSDLV MJEUEDN IGAONJNC QIEODE@L IKMMHL@L LX\EMJOG, ULBL[EDNC, HLJLITE ULJLF JGH PGMJLULOJLICBNMS.

(GH, IGMMFGJINOGC QL@LOLIT DGYNW UEIOTW HDCAEV M @IEHGFN, 7LBJND @LOLINJ: „% JL@QGYDEEK[E OIEFC NFEBN IKMMHNE UIGOBEDNE, DG HLIEDDTW AGHLDGW N DG DEUIEFEDDTW UIGONBGWKJOEI[QEDDLE, DGILQ IGAQEBED XTB DG IGADTE MLMBLONC, HG[QLE MLMBLONE ULBSALOGBLMSLMLXEDDTFN UIGOGFN, UIENFK\EMJOGFN N LJBNPDLMJCFN; OME OLLX\E NFEBN MKQ N IGMUIGOK;KMUEW NFEBN O JLI@LOBE ODKJIEDDEV N ODEYDEV, FLIEUBGOGDNN, WKQL[EMJOGW, IEFEMBGW N O

217

IGMMK[QEDNN JL@QGYDE@L OEHG, O DGILPNJLF UILMOE\EDNN“ N UILP. (EFDTE MJLILDT AGUGQDL@LLX\EMJOG, UEIEDEMEDDTE O -LMMNR O ZULWK UIELXIGALOGDNC, QGOGBN 7LBJNDK MNBSDLE LIK[NE OAG\NJK MJGIL@L UILJNO DLOL@L. #EHBEIH ULIN^GEJ ;BL[EDNE AG JL, PJL LDL QGEJ JNIGDMHKR OBGMJSFK[K DGQ [EDLR; 7LBJND OTMJGOBCEJ ULIPK MEFEVDLV DIGOMJOEDDLMJN O E@L OIEFC DG /GUGQE NO -LMMNN; 7LBJND AGMJKUGEJMC N AG IKMMHNV CATH, LMDLOTOGCMS DG OLAFL[DLMJN UEIEOLQLO DGMBGOCDMHNV CATH JOLIEDNV LJ^LO =EIHON; @LOLINJ, PJL KULJIEXBEDNE IKMMHNFN BRQSFN]IGD^KAMHNW MBLO O IGA@LOLIE OOEQEDL DE UL DK[QE, G UL XKVMJOEDDLFK UINMJIGMJNR HL OMEFK,PJL DGATOGEJMC ]IGD^KAMHNF.

1L ULOLQK AGFEPGDNC #EHBEIHG, PJL O QIEODEV -LMMNN AGUIE\ED XTB O`EAQ NDLMJIGDDTFKPEDTF O -LMMNR, G IKMMHNF — OTEAQ AG @IGDN^K QBC DGKH, 7LBJND UICFL KHLICEJ DLOKR -LMMNRAG UEIEFEDK H WKQYEFK: „& JEW ULI HGH RDLYEMJOL MOLE MJGBN ULMTBGJS O PK[NE HIGC, GOLMUNJGDNE OOEICJS PK[EMJIGD^GF, DIGOT DGYN MLOMEF UEIEFEDNBNMS, M FDNFTF UILMOE\EDNEFDGMGQNBNMS O MEIQ^GW DGYNW DLOTE UIEQKXE[QEDNC, DLOTE MJIGMJN, MBGXLMJN, UINWLJN, HLNUIEQHGF DGYNF XTBN DENAOEMJDT: UL@GMBG O DGM BRXLOS H LJEPEMJOK, NMJIEXNBGMS UINOCAGDDLMJSH LJEPEMHLV OEIE, LXTPGCF. 4T MJGILE ULAGXTBN, G DLOL@L DE UEIEDCBN N, MJGO DEULWL[NFN DGMEXC, DE MQEBGBNMS JEF, PEF XTJS [EBGBN. &NE OME UILNALYBL LJ JLILUBNOLMJN N DEJEIUEDNC:AGWLJEBN MQEBGJS JL O DEMHLBSHL BEJ, DG PJL ULJIEXDT OEHG; DGPGBN MJILNJS AQGDNE DGYE@LUILMOE\EDNC DG UEMHE, DE MQEBGO UIE[QE DGQE[DL@L EFK LMDLOGDNC. 1EJI %EBNHNV QKFGB, PJLQBC UILMOE\EDNC QOLICD QLOLBSDL XKQEJ AGMJGONJS NW UKJEYEMJOLOGJS UL NDLMJIGDDTF@LMKQGIMJOGF, DL LUTJ LUIGOQGB MJGINHLO DGYNW FDEDNE, PJL OFEMJL L[NQGDDLV ULBSAT OTYEBNA JL@L OIEQ. (L@QG ULADGB 1EJI %EBNHNV, PJL DGQLXDL DGPGJS WLILYNF OLMUNJGDNEF, G HLDPNJSUKJEYEMJONEF, PJLX ONQEJS [EBGEFTV UBLQ“.

% UINFEPGDNCW DG #EHBEIHG 7LBJND DEMHLBSHL IGA AGQEB N HDCAC 8EIXGJLOG; JLJ AG\N\GBMC,ZJL UILNAOEBL MULI, OMBEQMJONE HLJLIL@L ULCONBNMS QOG JLFG UINFEPGDNV 7LBJNDG DG NMJLINR8EIXGJLOG.

+A AGUNMLH, LJDLMC\NWMC H ^GIMJOLOGDNR ,HGJEINDT II, MGFTE AGFEPGJEBSDTE — MJGJM!MEHIEJGIEV NFUEIGJIN^T: :IGULON^HL@L, 3EI[GONDG N "INXLOMHL@L; AGUNMHN ZJN OME@L XBN[EADGHLFCJ DGM M WGIGHJEILF ,HGJEINDT, EE OA@BCQGFN N ULXK[QEDNCFN; ULJLF AGUNMHN HDC@NDN3GYHLOLV, NAOEMJDLV MOLNFN XBNAHNFN LJDLYEDNCFN H NFUEIGJIN^E, MOLNFN BNJEIGJKIDTFNJIKQGFN N XTOYEV UIEANQEDJLF $HGQEFNN; DGHLDE^, AGUNMHN 1LILYNDG, DGWLQNOYE@LMC UINOLMUNJGDNN OEBNHL@L HDCAC 1GOBG 1EJILONPG N ULQILXDL LUNMGOYE@L ZJL OLMUNJGDNE, IGA@LOLITOLMUNJGJEBC, *. +. 1GDNDG, N QIK@NW BN^, ULME\GOYNW DGMBEQDNHG.

4T ONQEBN, PJL MIEQN FTMBC\NW BRQEV EHGJEINDNDMHL@L OEHG CONBLMS DEQLOLBSMJOLDGUIGOBEDNEF UEIOLV ULBLONDT MJLBEJNC, UINADGDNE E@L OIEQDLV LQDLMJLILDDLMJN, DL LQDN NADNW MIEQMJOLF ULUIGONJS QEBL UINADGRJ IGMUILMJIGDEDNE DGPGB JGH DGATOGOYEVMC JL@QG]NBLML]NN, IGAIKYGOYEV MJGITE UIEQIGMMKQHN; QIK@NE AGULQLAIEOGRJ ZJK ]NBLML]NR O JLF,PJL LDG, IGAIKYGC UIEQIGMMKQHN, M JEF OFEMJE ULQITOGEJ N LMDLOGDNE QLXILQEJEBEV; JIEJSN LJDEQLOLBSMJOG ZULWLR UIELXIGALOGDNC EMJEMJOEDDL UEIEWLQCJ H FTMBN, PJL ZJG ZULWG DE UIGOGUEIEQ LXEMMBGOBEDDLR ER QLUEJILOMHLR -LMMNER.

1LQBE ZJNW DGUIGOBEDNV MK\EMJOLOGBL JGH[E DGUIGOBEDNE FNMJNPEMHLE. +A BRQEV ZJL@LFNMJNPEMHL@L DGUIGOBEDNC LMLXEDDL AGFEPGJEBED *LONHLO, DGPGOYNV MOLR QECJEBSDLMJSNAQGDNEF MGJNINPEMHNW [KIDGBLO, HLJLITW OTWLQNBL FDL@L UIN ,HGJEINDE: ^EBS NW XTBGLMFECDNE JEW [E DEQLMJGJHLO LX\EMJOG, HLJLITE LMFENOGBG N HLFEQNC. 1LJLF *LONHLOUINMJKUNB H NAQGDNR MXLIDNHG NMJLINPEMHNW FGJEINGBLO, NAOEMJDL@L ULQ NFEDEF „3IEODEV-LMMNVMHLV %NOBNL]NHN“. % 4LMHOE OFEMJE M UIL]EMMLILF JGFLYDE@L KDNOEIMNJEJG >OGI^EF*LONHLO LMDLOGB O 1781 @LQK :0;<,8"!, ;*,%!, !45,8)6!, ^EBSR HLJLIL@L XTBL UEPGJGDNEKPEXDTW HDN@ N QGILOGC IGAQGPG NW UL KPEXDTF /GOEQEDNCF. 'HLBL *LONHLOG MLXIGBLMS FDL@LQGILONJTW N JIKQLBRXNOTW FLBLQTW BRQEV, HLJLITE AGDNFGBNMS UEIEOLQGFN HDN@ N KPGMJOLOGBNO NAQGDNCW *LONHLOG; O PNMBE ZJNW FLBLQTW BRQEV XTB N 5GIGFAND.

+FUEIGJIN^G ,HGJEINDG DE BRXNBG FNMJNHLO, DE BRXNBG JGVDTW FGMLDMHNW LX\EMJO,MFECBGMS DGQ NW PBEDGFN O MOLNW HLFEQNCW; UL EE FDEDNR, XTBL DEULDCJDL, AGPEF BRQN,

218

LX`COBCR\NE, PJL [EBGRJ QLXIG XBN[DNF, LHIK[GRJ MEXC JGNDMJOEDDLMJSR N FIGHLF, JL@QGHGH NF DNHJL DE UIEUCJMJOKEJ QEBGJS OMEOLAFL[DLE QLXIL XEA OMCHNW ]LHKMLO. *LONHLO O HLD^E^GIMJOLOGDNC ULQOEI@MC UIEMBEQLOGDNR UL LJDLYEDNCF ULBNJNPEMHNF.

"#$%$ L=$-&(%'%$*+, +41,-$('-$ 1$%#$ 1,(-'%+9$

N+0!2F4+6!, 0#8(!2!<,%+, +/(,0#)!0#. 1LQ UIEQBL@LF IGMMJILVMJOG OL ODKJIEDDEFKUIGOBEDNN DLOTV NFUEIGJLI LX`CONB, PJL QBC -LMMNN DELXWLQNFL MULHLVMJONE NAODE, N ULJLFKLD LJHGATOGEJMC LJ OLVDT M ?IGD^NER. „-LMMNC (LX`COBEDL NDLMJIGDDTF QOLIGF), XKQKPN OXEMUIEITODLV OLVDE M 1756 @LQG, EMJS ULJLFK EQNDMJOEDDGC O MOEJE QEI[GOG, HLJLIGC DGWLQNBGMS40 BEJ O DEMPGMJDLF ULBL[EDNN NMJL\GJS MOLE DGILQLDGMEBEDNE. 9EBLOEHLBRXNOLE MEIQ^ENFUEIGJLIG 1GOBG DE FL@BL LJHGAGJS BRXEADTF E@L ULQQGDDTF O UIEDK[DLF N [EBGEFLF NFNLJQLWDLOEDNN ULMBE MJLBS QLB@L UILQLB[GOYNWMC NADKIEDNV. 'QDGHL [E, WLJC ILMMNVMHLEOLVMHL DE XKQEJ QEVMJOLOGJS UILJNO ?IGD^NN UL OTYELADGPEDDLV N DELXWLQNFLV UINPNDE,@LMKQGIS DE FEDEE AGJEF, HGH N ULHLVDGC E@L ILQNJEBSDN^G, LMJGEJMC O JOEIQLV MOCAN M MOLNFNMLRADNHGFN N PKOMJOKEJ DK[QK UILJNONJSMC OMEOLAFL[DTFN FEIGFN DENMJLOLV ?IGD^KAMHLVIEMUKXBNHE, K@IL[GR\EV OMR ,OILUK MLOEIYEDDTF NMJIEXBEDNEF AGHLDG, UIGO, NFK\EMJOG NXBG@LDIGONC“.

C0+*+%& 6!'%& 8 T0#%=+,F. *L NA ZJL@L MGFL@L LX`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

$D@BNC N $OMJINC LXIGJNBNMS H IKMMHLFK NFUEIGJLIK, HLJLITV NFEB N DEULMIEQMJOEDDTEUINPNDT H DEKQLOLBSMJONR DG ?IGD^NR, -KMMHNV HLDMKB XTB MWOGPED ]IGD^KAGFN DG LQDLF NA+LDNPEMHNW LMJILOLO N, DEMFLJIC DG JIEXLOGDNE NFUEIGJLIG, DE OTUKMHGBMC NA AGHBRPEDNC.1LBSMHNE OTWLQ^T DGYBN OL ?IGD^NN CODLE ULHILONJEBSMJOL ML MJLILDT QNIEHJLINN N DGPGBNAGFTYBCJS OLMMJGDLOBEDNE 1LBSYN. (LBUT ZJNW OTWLQ^EO MLXNIGBNMS O 4LBQGONN MDGFEIEDNEF OJLI@DKJSMC O "GBN^NR. 5LMJRYHL, LMOLXL[QEDDTV NFUEIGJLILF 1GOBLF NA UBEDGM LXCAGJEBSMJOLF UEIEEWGJS O $FEINHK, UINEWGB O 7LIQL, PJLX LJUIGONJSMC AG LHEGD, N OFEMJLJL@L OLAOIGJNBMC O 1GIN[. "EDEIGB 3LFXILOMHNV O &EOEIDLV +JGBNN ]LIFNILOGB DG MPEJ?IGD^NN BE@NLDT NA ULBCHLO QBC XKQK\EV ULBSMHLV GIFNN.

& MOLEV MJLILDT ]IGD^KAMHLE UIGONJEBSMJOL [GBLOGBLMS, PJL IKMMHNV NFUEIGJLI UINDNFGEJO MOLE ULHILONJEBSMJOL ]IGD^KAMHNW NA@DGDDNHLO. 3EVMJONJEBSDL, NFUEIGJLI 1GOEB UINDCB O-LMMNR 7000 ]IGD^KAMHNW ZFN@IGDJLO, MLMJGOBCOYNW HLIUKM OLVMHG ULQ DGPGBSMJOLF UIND^G5LDQE; HLIUKM ZJLJ XTB IGAFE\ED O %LBTDMHLV N 1LQLBSMHLV @KXEIDNCW. &GF #RQLONH XVIII,@LDNFTV LJLOMRQK OMBEQMJONE FNIG 1IKMMNN N $OMJINN M ?IGD^NER, UILMNB K IKMMHL@L

219

NFUEIGJLIG KXE[N\G MEXE, MOLEFK MEFEVMJOK N MLJDE OEIDTW JEBLWIGDNJEBEV; @LMKQGIS NMULBDNBUILMSXK, N #RQLONH XVIII ULMEBNBMC O 4NJGOE, ULBKPGC UL 200 000 IKXBEV E[E@LQDL LJ IKMMHL@LUIGONJEBSMJOG.

% DGPGBE 1798 @LQG IGMUILMJIGDNBMC MBKW, PJL ]IGD^KAT DGFEIEDT LJUIGONJS ]BLJ MOLV O9EIDLE FLIE QBC DGUGQEDNC DG IKMMHNE XEIE@G. (L@QG @LMKQGIS OEBEB ON^E!GQFNIGBK ;YGHLOKOTVJN O FLIE; (KI^NN XTBL LX`COBEDL, PJL IKMMHNV ]BLJ XKQEJ @LJLO ULFL@GJS EV UILJNO]IGD^KALO; M QIK@LV MJLILDT QOE ZMHGQIT LJUIGONBNMS QBC MLEQNDEDNC M GD@BNVMHNF ]BLJLF,PJLX HIEVMNILOGJS K XEIE@LO ?IGD^NN N "LBBGDQNN.

C!6,-,%+, Q68)0++ + C0;88++. *GPNDGC XLISXK M ?IGD^NER, NFUEIGJLI XLBEE OME@LMJGIGBMC MLEQNDNJS MNBT $OMJINN N 1IKMMNN, HLJLITE ULMJLCDDL MLUEIDNPGBN, FEYGBN QIK@QIK@K, QKFGC JLBSHL L FGJEINGBSDTW UINLXIEJEDNCW, JL@QG HGH QEBL YBL MLOMEF L QIK@LF, M JEWULI HGH IEOLBR^NLDDGC ?IGD^NC OTMJGONBG DLOTE DGPGBG N MJGBG IGMUILMJIGDCJS NW.+FUEIGJLI 1GOEB MJGIGBMC ODKYNJS GOMJINVMHLFK NFUEIGJLIK N HLILBR UIKMMHLFK, PJLJILVMJOEDDTV MLRA FE[QK -LMMNER, $OMJINER N 1IKMMNER JL@QG JLBSHL XKQEJ HIEULH, „HL@QGKMJIGDCJMC MLOEIYEDDL OMCHNE DEUINCADEDDTE UIEQKXE[QEDNC N OMCHNE AGFTMBT DG DLOTEUINLXIEJEDNC“.

(GH HGH LXE MNBSDTE @EIFGDMHNE QEI[GOT — N $OMJINC, N 1IKMMNC — O MOLNW ML@BGYEDNCWM ?IGD^NER UINDLMNBN O [EIJOK MLXMJOEDDTF NDJEIEMGF NDJEIEMT FEBHNW @EIFGDMHNWOBGQEDNV, JL NFUEIGJLI 1GOEB UINHGATOGB DGULFNDGJS NF, PJL M HIGVDNF ML[GBEDNEF OANIGEJ,HL@QG LXG MNBSDEVYNW @LMKQGIMJOG "EIFGDNN N\KJ MEXE QLXTPN O K\EIXE FGBLMNBSDTF NDEONDDTF MLPBEDGF NFUEINN, N, @BGODLE, MJGIGBMC ODKYNJS, PJL „LMJGOYNEMC E\E ODE AGIGAT@LMKQGIMJOG DNPEF JGH MNBSDL DE FL@KJ LXKAQGJS XKVMJOL ]IGD^KAMHLV DG^NN, HGH JEMDLR FE[QKMLXLR MOCASR N @LJLODLMJSR LQND QIK@L@L LWIGDCJS PEMJS, ^EBLMJS N DEAGONMNFLMJS“.

@!F7 ($)+ -,0<#6 (0!)+6 T0#%=++. *L ODKYEDNC ZJN LMJGBNMS J\EJDTFN; NFUEIGJLI1GOEB, KXEQNOYNMS, PJL XEIBNDMHNV QOLI „UL @LMULQMJOKR\EFK O DEF UINMJIGMJNR H]IGD^KAMHLFK UIGOBEDNR N UL AGHLIEDEBLV AGONMJN H OEDMHLFK QOLIK“ OLOME DE DGFEIEDUINMJKUNJS H MLRAK, IEYNBMC QEVMJOLOGJS AGLQDL M $OMJINER N OEBEB QONDKJSMC DG ULFL\SULMBEQDEV YEMJDGQ^GJNJTMCPDLFK HLIUKMK MOLNW OLVMH; G FE[QK JEF 7LDGUGIJ, LJUIGONOYNMSNA (KBLDG QBC AGOLEOGDNC ,@NUJG, AGWOGJNB (BEJLF 1798 @LQG) LMJILO 4GBSJK, UINDGQBE[GOYNVIT^GICF MO. +LGDDG +EIKMGBNFMHL@L, HLJLITE M 1797 @LQG DGWLQNBNMS ULQ ULHILONJEBSMJOLFIKMMHL@L NFUEIGJLIG.

(L@QG IT^GIN, MLXIGOYNMS O 1EJEIXKI@E, UILMNBN @LMKQGIC UINDCJS LIQED ULQ MOLEQEI[GOMJOL; NFUEIGJLI ML@BGMNBMC UINDCJS AOGDNE OEBNHL@L FG@NMJIG LIQEDG N QGB LXE\GDNEL@IG[QGJS E@L UIGOG N MJGIGJSMC OLAOIGJNJS EFK UIE[DEE ADGPEDNE. 7LDGUGIJ OTMGQNBMC DGXEIE@G ,@NUJG; (KI^NC UILMNBG ULFL\N K -LMMNN, N ZMHGQIG ;YGHLOG OMJKUNBG O 7LM]LI. %5LDMJGDJNDLULBE ;YGHLO XTB UINDCJ M ULPEMJCFN N JLI[EMJOLF. 1LQJOEIQNO )MMHNV QL@LOLI,-LMMNC N (KI^NC ULBL[NBN ULFL@GJS QIK@ QIK@K UILJNO OMCHL@L OIG@G, „DL LJDRQS DE O ONQGWAGOLEOGDNC, G EQNDMJOEDDL QBC AG\NJT ^EBLMJN MOLNW OBGQEDNV, QBC XEALUGMDLMJN ULQQGDDTW,QBC ULQQEI[GDNC ULBNJNPEMHL@L IGODLOEMNC N QBC UILJNOLQEVMJONC XEAAGHLDDTF AGFTMBGF]IGD^KAMHL@L UIGOBEDNC“; 1LIJG UINDCBG DG MOLV MPEJ MLQEI[GDNE IKMMHLV ZMHGQIT.

5 ZJLFK MLRAK UINMJKUNBN $D@BNC N *EGULBS; DG ULFL\S ULMBEQDEFK LJUIGOBED HLIUKMIKMMHNW OLVMH PEIEA JKIE^HNE N GOMJINVMHNE OBGQEDNC O QGBFGJMHNV @LILQ /GIK, LJHKQGDEGULBNJGDMHNE HLIGXBN QLB[DT XTBN UEIEOEAJN E@L DG XEIE@G +JGBNN. (GHNF LXIGALF, H DGPGBK1799 @LQG LXIGALOGBMC UILJNO ?IGD^NN MLRA NA -LMMNN, $D@BNN, $OMJINN, (KI^NN N *EGULBC;^EBS E@L XTBG „QEVMJONJEBSDEVYNFN FEIGFN ULBL[NJS UIEQEB KMUEWGF ]IGD^KAMHL@L LIK[NCN IGMUILMJIGDEDNC UIGONB GDGIWNPEMHNW, UINDKQNJS ?IGD^NR OLVJN O UIE[DNE @IGDN^T N JEFOLMMJGDLONJS O ,OILUE UILPDTV FNI N ULBNJNPEMHLE IGODLOEMNE“.

:,'8)6+$ );0,="!U0;88"!' M8"#-0&. 'MEDSR 1798 @LQG MLRADGC IKMMHL!JKIE^HGC ZMHGQIGDGUIGONBGMS H +LDNPEMHNF LMJILOGF, LXE\GC [NJEBCF NW, PJL LDN UL NA@DGDNN ]IGD^KALOULBKPGJ MGFLMJLCJEBSDLMJS; ZJNF LJMJIGDCBMC ULOLQ H MLUEIDNPEMJOK FE[QK MLRADNHGFN;

220

LMJILOG XTBN LJDCJT K ]IGD^KALO. *G MKWLF UKJN, O +JGBNN, HLILBS DEGULBNJGDMHNV ?EIQNDGDQIV UIE[QEOIEFEDDL DGPGB XLISXK M ?IGD^NER N BNYNBMC OBGQEDNV MOLNW DG ULBKLMJILOE; LDQLB[ED XTB KQGBNJSMC O &N^NBNR, G *EGULBS, AGDCJTV ]IGD^KAGFN, UEIENFEDLOGD XTB O1GI]EDLUEVMHKR IEMUKXBNHK.

(L@QG $OMJINC UILMNBG NFUEIGJLIG 1GOBG KOEBNPNJS PNMBL IKMMHNW OLVMH, DGADGPEDDTW QBCMLEQNDEDNC QEVMJONC M DER O +JGBNN, UILMNBG UINMBGJS N @BGODLHLFGDQKR\E@L, NFEDDL&KOLILOG.

@;6!0!6. 4T ONQEBN QECJEBSDLMJS &KOLILOG OL OIEFC JKIE^HLV, ULBSMHLV OLVDT, OL OIEFCUK@GPEOMHL@L OLAFK\EDNC. % FLBLQLMJN &KOLILO ULBKPNB LXIGALOGDNE, HGHLE JLBSHL JL@QGFL[DL XTBL ULBKPNJS, ULJLFK PJL LJE^, UIEQDGADGPGC E@L UL MBGXLMJN AQLILOSC H @IG[QGDMHLVMBK[XE, AGMJGOBCB KPNJSMC DGKHGF N CATHGF, PJEDNE NMJLINPEMHNW HDN@ IGAONBL O DEFMBGOLBRXNE N KCMDNBL QBC DE@L MGFL@L E@L UINAOGDNE: LD OMJKUNB O OLEDDKR MBK[XK. /QEMS LDULQON@GBMC LPEDS FEQBEDDL. 9 BEJ XTB MLBQGJLF; UIL[NO JGH QLB@L OFEMJE M MLBQGJGFN, LDMLOEIYEDDL MILQDNBMC M NW XTJLF, M NW UINOTPHGFN, CATHLF, UINOTH H [NADN UILMJLV, HLJLIKRDE ULHNQGB QL HLD^G. % PNDGW L]N^EIMHNW &KOLILO UINLXIEB IEUKJG^NR LJBNPDL@LHGOGBEINVMHL@L L]N^EIG, XTMJIL@L UIN IEHL@DLM^NILOHE, LJOG[DL@L O XNJOE N WBGQDLHILODL@LO LUGMDLMJN.

*L QBC &KOLILOG ZJL@L XTBL FGBL: LD ONQEB, HGH XTMJIL YG@GRJ BRXNF^T MPGMJSC, FEDEEE@L QLMJLVDTE, DL KFEOYNE MJGJS DG ONQ, N LD IEYNBMC LXIGJNJS DG MEXC ODNFGDNE, AGMJGONJSAG@LOLINJS L MEXE MIEQMJOLF, HLJLILE, IGAKFEEJMC, BE[GBL K[E O E@L UINILQE N HLJLILE ULJLFKKULJIEXBEDL XTBL NF M JGHNF KMUEWLF; ZJL MIEQMJOL XTBL RILQMJOL, HLJLILE UILNAOLQNJ JGHLEMNBSDLE OUEPGJBEDNE O DEIGAONJTW LX\EMJOGW, HL@QG UIN @LMULQMJOE OLLXIG[EDNC DGQFTMBC\ER, ULOEICR\ER COBEDNC MULMLXDLMJNR, OME MJIGDDLE, OTWLQC\EE NA LXTPDLV HLBENNFEEJ LXGCJEBSDKR MNBK, AGMJGOBCC UIEQULBG@GJS PJL!JL OTMYEE, JGNDMJOEDDLE. &KOLILOMQEBGBMC PKQGHLF; LJXILMNO LX\EUINDCJTE ]LIFT UINBNPNC, LD DNPE@L DE QEBGB, HGH QIK@NEBRQN: @LOLINB LJITONMJL, HGHNFN!JL AG@GQLPDTFN ]IGAGFN, KULJIEXBCB MOLN LMLXTEOTIG[EDNC, HINOBCBMC, QEBGB IGADTE K[NFHN, WLQNB UINUIT@NOGC. 1INFEDCCMS H MLBQGJMHLFKXTJK, LD QLOEB QL HIGVDLMJN MOLV MUGIJGDMHNV LXIGA [NADN: OMJGOGC M AGIER, XE@GB UL BG@EIRO IKXGYHE, HINPGB UEJKWLF, LXEQGB O 8 PGMLO KJIG; O LQE[QE JGH[E DE MLXBRQGB LX\EV ]LIFT.

% LXIG\EDNN M ULQPNDEDDTFN &KOLILO MLAQGB MEXE MOLR MNMJEFK: MJIL@NV H HG[QLFK ONMULBDEDNN LXCAGDDLMJEV MBK[EXDTW, LD O JL [E OIEFC DE XLCBMC MXBN[GJSMC M MLBQGJGFN,YKJNB M DNFN, AGXGOBCC NW MOLNFN UINXGKJHGFN. "LOLIC M ULQPNDEDDTFN, JIEXLOGB LJ DNWDGWLQPNOLMJN N MFEBLMJN, LJOEJLO XTMJITW N JLPDTW; MBLOL „DE ADGR“ XTBL MJIL@L AGUIE\EDL.%QIK@ LXIG\GBMC LD H MLBQGJK NBN L]N^EIK M HGHNF!DNXKQS MJIGDDTF, DEBEUTF OLUILMLF, NDEFEQBEDDL [E DGQLXDL XTBL LJOEPGJS EFK JGHLR [E DEBEULMJSR; HJL LJOEJNB LMJIL, KFDL —JLJ FLBLQE^, IGAKFDNH; HJL MFKJNBMC, AGFDEJMC — JLJ DEFL@KADGVHG.

&KOLILO QLMJN@ MOLEV ̂ EBN: L DEF DGPGBN @LOLINJS; XEMPNMBEDDTE GDEHQLJT L E@L UILQEBHGWQLYBN QL NFUEIGJIN^T ,HGJEINDT; @ILFGQDGC ULUKBCIDLMJS XTBG UINLXIEJEDG NF FE[QKMLBQGJGFN, HLJLITE ONQEBN O &KOLILOE MOLE@L N FE[QK HLJLITFN XLBEE, PEF O QIK@NW HBGMMGWLX\EMJOG, RILQMJOL NFEBL LXGCJEBSDKR MNBK. %L OIEFC KULFCDKJTW EHGJEINDNDMHNW OLVD, OHLJLITW &KOLILO KPGMJOLOGB M JGHNF XBEMHLF, LD OULBDE OTHGAGB QKW MOLNW OLEDDTW UIGONB:OEIDL IGMMPNJGJS, @QE DGQLXDL DGDEMJN KQGI, XTMJITF QON[EDNEF ULCONJSMC ODEAGUDL UEIEQDEUINCJEBEF, GJGHLOGJS E@L MFEBL N IEYNJEBSDL — OLJ UILMJTE UIGONBG, HLJLITE LXTHDLOEDDLOTIG[GB LD MGF JIEFC MBLOGFN: .2#7!/,0, 4&8)0!)#, %#)+8".

4T ONQEBN, PJL O HLD^E ̂ GIMJOLOGDNC ,HGJEINDT &KOLILO K[E XTB DGADGPED DGPGBSMJOLOGJSDGQ OLVMHLF, HLJLILE QLB[DL XTBL NQJN DG ULFL\S $OMJINN UILJNO ]IGD^KALO, DL MFEIJSNFUEIGJIN^T IGMMJILNBG QEBL. 1IEEFDNH EE LX`CONB, PJL DE XKQEJ QEI[GJSMC OLNDMJOEDDLVULBNJNHN UIEQYEMJOLOGOYE@L ^GIMJOLOGDNC, N MHLIL &KOLILO ULQOEI@MC QG[E MNBSDLV LUGBEAG FEQBEDDLMJS O NMULBDEDNN KHGALO NFUEIGJLIMHNW LJDLMNJEBSDL UIELXIGALOGDNV O OLVMHE:LD XTB LJMJGOBED N OEBEDL EFK [NJS O MOLEV OLJPNDE, O @BKYN *LO@LILQMHLV @KXEIDNN, ULQ

221

UINMFLJILF ULBN^EVMHL@L PNDLODNHG. /QEMS LD UILOLQNB MOLE OIEFC AG HDN@GFN, ODNFGJEBSDLMBEQNB AG ULBNJNPEMHNFN MLXTJNCFN, N@IGB M QEIEOEDMHNFN FGBSPNYHGFN, UL UIGAQDNHGF O^EIHON PNJGB $ULMJLB, UEB DG HBNILME N AOLDNB O HLBLHLBG. 'JMRQG!JL LD XTB OTAOGD O DGPGBE1799 @LQG, PJLX UINDCJS DGPGBSMJOL DGQ MLEQNDEDDLR IKMMHL!GOMJINVMHLR GIFNER.

*L &KOLILO M MOLNFN UIGONBGFN, M MOLNF @BGALFEILF, XTMJILJLR N DGJNMHLF OLOME DE XTBJGHNF @BGODLHLFGDQKR\NF, HLJLITV XT ULDIGONBMC O $OMJINN, NXL AQEMS @BGODLHLFGDQKR\NEDE FL@BN QEVMJOLOGJS UL MOLEFK @BGALFEIK, AQEMS LDN QLB[DT XTBN NMULBDCJS IEYEDNCUINQOLIDL@L OLEDDL@L MLOEJG, MLMJLCOYNEMC AGXBG@LOIEFEDDL O %EDE ULQ OBNCDNEFUEIOEDMJOKR\E@L FNDNMJIG, (K@KJG, HLJLITV MPNJGB MEXC ADGJLHLF OLEDDL@L QEBG, OLOME DEXKQKPN NF.

?!0<,8)6! @;6!0!6# 6 K)#2++ %#- N!0! + N#"-!%#2A-!/. 3 GUIEBC &KOLILO UINEWGBH GIFNN O %EILDK; 17 PNMBG LD UEIEYEB IEHK $QQK, ULIGANOYN ]IGD^KALO O JIEWQDEODLF XLR DGEE XEIE@GW; 18!@L JLI[EMJOEDDL OLYEB O 4NBGD, MJLBN^K =NAGBSUNDMHLV IEMUKXBNHN, ULHNDKJKR]IGD^KAMHNFN PNDLODNHGFN N UINOEI[ED^GFN ?IGD^NN. =EBKC IKHK K GIWNEUNMHLUGFNBGDMHL@L, &KOLILO @LOLINB EFK: „) UINMBGD OLMMJGDLONJS QIEODNV UIEMJLB UGUMHNV NUINOEMJN DGILQ O ULMBKYGDNE FLDGIWK E@L. 1LFL@NJE FDE O MOCJLF QEBE“.

1EIOTF IGMULIC[EDNEF &KOLILOG O 4NBGDE XTBL DNMUILOEI[EDNE =NAGBSUNDMHLVIEMUKXBNHN, PJL ULHLBEXGBL OL OMEV +JGBNN OBGQTPEMJOL ]IGD^KALO, OEAQE ULQDNFGBMC UILJNODNW DGILQ; JGHNF LXIGALF, O QOE DEQEBN UL UINEAQE &KOLILOG H GIFNN ULBL[EDNE QEBUEIEFEDNBLMS O +JGBNN. % ULBLONDE FGC XTB AGDCJ (KIND; O ULBJLIG FEMC^G OMC ULPJN &EOEIDGC+JGBNC XTBG K[E LPN\EDG LJ ]IGD^KALO, OL OBGMJN HLJLITW AQEMS LMJGOGBGMS JLBSHL MNBSDGCHIEULMJS 4GDJKG QG E\E JIN!PEJTIE HIEULMJN; ]IGD^KAMHNV @EDEIGB 4LIL QLB[ED XTB LJLVJNAG $UEDDNDT N IGMULBL[NBMC O LXBGMJN "EDKZAMHLV, DL NA 6[DLV +JGBNN YEB QIK@LV]IGD^KAMHNV ULBHLOLQE^, 4GHQLDGBSQ. 9JLX DE QGJS EFK MLEQNDNJSMC M 4LIL, &KOLILOULMUEYNB H DEFK DGOMJIEPK M DELXTHDLOEDDLR XTMJILJLR, DG IEHE (NQLDE 6 NRDC OMJKUNB OXLV, DE QGOYN LJQLWDKJS MOLEFK OLVMHK, N IGAXNB ]IGD^KALO. 'JXILYEDDTV AG IEHK (NQLDE,4GHQLDGBSQ LJMJKUNB H IEHE (IEXXNN OEIMJ DG MEFS DGAGQ. /QEMS XTB HILOLUILBNJDTVQOKWQDEODTV XLV (7 N 8 NRDC); NADKIEDDTE ADLEF NJGBSCDMHL@L BEJDE@L QDC, IKMMHNE EQOG FL@BNQEI[GJSMC; @EDEIGB -LAEDXEI@ ULQ`EWGB H &KOLILOK, M JEF PJLX ULMLOEJLOGJS EFK LJMJKUBEDNE;&KOLILO BE[GB O NMJLFBEDNN K XLBSYL@L HGFDC. „1LUILXKVJE MQONDKJS ZJLJ HGFEDS, — LJOEPGBLD -LAEDXEI@K DG E@L UIEQBL[EDNE.! *E FL[EJE!.. *K JGH N IKMMHNE DE FL@KJ LJMJKUNJS!“&EFNQEMCJNBEJDNV MJGINH AGXTB MOLR KMJGBLMJS, MEB DG HLDC, ULCOBEDNEF MOLNF AGMJGONB NMLBQGJ AGXTJS KMJGBLMJS, N ]IGD^KAT XTBN LJXILYEDT AG IEHK ML MJIGYDTF QBC DNW KILDLF;DLPSR 4GHQLDGBSQ, DGVQC DEOLAFL[DTF QL[NQGJSMC DLOL@L DGUGQEDNC, DGPGB LJMJKUBEDNE NJEF UINADGB MEXC LHLDPGJEBSDL ULXE[QEDDTF.

1LHLDPNO M 4GHQLDGBSQLF, &KOLILO KMBTWGB L QON[EDNCW 4LIL N M JGHLR [E XTMJILJLRLXIGJNBMC DGAGQ UILJNO DE@L, DL LQDL E@L ULCOBEDNE AGMJGONBL 4LIL LJMJKUNJS XEA XLC.

I,(0+$)%!8)+ @;6!0!6# !) #68)0+'8"!.! (0#6+),2A8)6#. 'J NFUEIGJLIG 1GOBG&KOLILO ULBKPGB DG@IGQT N IEMHINUJT O MGFTW BEMJDTW OTIG[EDNCW; @LMKQGIS UNMGB, PJL LDNA`COBCEJ UINADGJEBSDLMJS H OEBNHNF QEBGF MOLE@L ULQQGDDL@L, HLJLITFN UILMBGOBCEJMC E@L^GIMJOLOGDNE. /DGFEDNJTV MLUEIDNH &KOLILOG 4LIL UINADGOGB QEVMJONC ULMBEQDE@L O +JGBNNLXIGA^LOTFN, DL DEQLOLBSDT XTBN (K@KJ N UINQOLIDTV OLEDDTV MLOEJ O %EDE. (LJPGM ULMBEULXEQT DG (IEXXNN ULXEQNJEBS XTB L@LIPED IEMHINUJLF NFUEIGJLIG ?IGD^G, HLJLITV UILMNB&KOLILOG MLOEIYEDDL LJHGAGJSMC LJ OMEW UIEQUINCJNV QGBSDNW N DEOEIDTW N L OMCHLF OG[DLFUIEQULBL[EDNN MOLEF NBN QEVMJONN UIEQOGINJEBSDL QLOLQNJS QL E@L MOEQEDNC. %LEDDTVUINQOLIDTV MLOEJ, M LQDLV MJLILDT, QGOGB &KOLILOK DEUILYEDTE KILHN O JLF, PJL JLJ MGFLPEDS WLILYL ADGB N NMULBDCB, M QIK@LV — FEYGB EFK O MGFTW OG[DTW IGMULIC[EDNCW: JGH,]EBSQFGIYGB WLJEB KMNBNJS MEXC USEFLDJMHNF OLVMHLF N UIN@BGYGB USEFLDJ^EO MLXNIGJSMCULQ MOLN DG^NLDGBSDTE ADGFEDG N MIG[GJSMC AG MOLXLQK LJEPEMJOG N AGHLDDLE DG^NLDGBSDLEUIGONJEBSMJOL, DL GOMJINV^T DNHGH DE WLJEBN ML@BGMNJSMC DG ZJL N JIEXLOGBN, PJLX USEFLDJ^TULMJKUGBN O GOMJINVMHNE ULBHN, DG PJL JE DNHGH DE ML@BGYGBNMS.

222

$OMJINV^T UINUNMTOGBN KMUEWN &KOLILOG LQDLFK MBEULFK MPGMJSR, ULIN^GBN E@L QEVMJONC,DGWLQC NW UILJNODTFN UIGONBGF OLEDDL@L NMHKMMJOG. /GJL N &KOLILO DE \GQNB GOMJINVMHNW@EDEIGBLO. „&BK[XG NW, — UNMGB LD, — O JNJBGW, GFXN^NN NBN Z@LNAFE, OIEQDLF LX\EMJOK.%EAQE @L]HIN@MIGJ, DENMHLIEDNFGC UINOTPHG XNJTF XTJS... ,@L INFMHL!NFUEIGJLIMHLEOEBNPEMJOL [EBGEJ. PJLX, E[EBN FDE AGOJIG XGJGBNR QGOGJS, C XT LJDEMMC UIE[QE O %EDK.%LEDDTE LXMJLCJEBSMJOG F@DLOEDDL UEIEFEDCRJMC, QBC DNW DEJ DNHL@QG OEIDL@L UBGDG. ?LIJKDGBEJNJ HGH FLBDNC: DE MWOGJN AG OLBLMT — K[E LDG DE OLAOIGJNJMC“. $OMJINV^T OME WBLULJGBN LMQGPE 4GDJKN; DGHLDE^ N ZJG MNBSDGC HIEULMJS, LUBLJ &EOEIDLV +JGBNN, MQGBGMS 17 NRBC;NFUEIGJLI 1GOEB OLAOEB &KOLILOG O HDC[EMHLE QLMJLNDMJOL M UILNFEDLOGDNEF +JGBNVMHL@L.

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

4E[QK JEF GQFNIGB ;YGHLO LJICQNB DEXLBSYKR ZMHGQIK, HLJLIGC, UBTOC LHLBL XEIE@LO,UINOLQNBG UINFLIMHNE DEGULBNJGDMHNE @LILQG O ULONDLOEDNE HLILBR ?EIQNDGDQK; IKMMHNVHGUNJGD!BEVJEDGDJ 7EBBE OTMGQNBMC DG XEIE@ M 390 PEBLOEH OLVMHG N M ZJLR @LIMJSR KMUEBKJOEIQNJSMC O MGFLV MEIEQNDE DEGULBNJGDMHNW OBGQEDNV; -K]]L MLEQNDNBMC M 7EBBE, N IKMMHNEL]N^EIT UL UILMSXE HGIQNDGBG LXKPGBN E@L DEMJILVDTE JLBUT, DGHLDE^, MLRADNHN IEYNBNMSNQJN H MJLBN^E. 2 NRDC DLPSR IKMMHNE UILXNBNMS O *EGULBS; KADGO LX ZJLF, BG^^GILDN*XILMNBNMS DG IEMUKXBNHGDMHNE OLVMHG M HINHLF: „3G AQIGOMJOKEJ HLILBS!“ (LBUT -K]]L MCILMJSR OLIOGBNMS O @LILQ; OMR DLPS UILQLB[GBNMS KXNVMJOG, @IGXE[N N DGMNBNC. 'QDGHLIEMUKXBNHGD^T MLUILJNOBCBNMS E\E QOG QDC, N JLBSHL H OEPEIK 4!@L PNMBG ILCBNMJGF KQGBLMSLOBGQEJS OMEF @LILQLF. ;XNVMJOG XEALIK[DTW, UL[GIT N @IGXE[N UILQLB[GBNMS; JLBSHL MULFL\SR IKMMHNW HGIQNDGB -K]]L KMUEB DGHLDE^ OLMMJGDLONJS MULHLVMJONE O @LILQE, HL@QGK[E XLBEE 2000 QLFLO XTBL IGALIEDL, HL@QG KBN^T XTBN AGOGBEDT JIKUGFN N LXBNJT HILOSR.

C!4,-# @;6!0!6# (0+ I!6+ + (!D!- ,.! 6 R6,'=#0+F. 15 GO@KMJG 7EBBE QLDEM &KOLILOK,PJL DEGULBNJGDMHLE OBGQEDNE LMOLXL[QEDL LJ IEMUKXBNHGD^EO. % ZJL OIEFC ]EBSQFGIYGB K[EKMUEB LQEI[GJS DLOKR XBNMJGJEBSDKR N ULMBEQDRR MOLR ULXEQK. ?IGD^KAMHLE UIGONJEBSMJOLOFEMJL 4LIL DGADGPNBL <KXEIG @BGODLHLFGDQKR\NF ]IGD^KAMHNFN OLVMHGFN,MLMIEQLJLPEDDTFN O "EDKZAMHLV LXBGMJN. <KXEI ULMHGHGB O GIFNR UICFL LJ OED^G N, UIL\GCMSM FLBLQLR [EDLR, MHGAGB EV: „(T FEDC KONQNYS FEIJOTF NBN ULXEQNJEBEF“. <KXEI IGMULBL[NBMOLE OLVMHL DG ULMBEQDNW MHGJGW $UEDDND, ULQBE @LILQHG *LON; &KOLILO DGUGB DG DE@L AQEMS 4GO@KMJG, N ]IGD^KAMHNV @BGODLHLFGDQKR\NV XTB KXNJ O MGFLF DGPGBE QEBG; 4LIL UINDCBDGPGBSMJOL, DL DE FL@ MUGMJN MOLEV GIFNN LJ ULIG[EDNC; ULXEQNJEBN OACBN K DE@L ULPJN OMRGIJNBBEINR N QL 4500 UBEDDTW.

*L O JL MGFLE OIEFC HGH &KOLILO JLI[EMJOLOGB DGQ ]IGD^KAGFN O +JGBNN, JE ULQDGPGBSMJOLF 4GMMEDT JLI[EMJOLOGBN DGQ GOMJINV^GFN O >OEV^GINN, G FE[QK JEF MLRADTEQOLIT MLMJGONBN DLOTV UBGD OEQEDNC OLVDT, UL HLJLILFK O +JGBNN QLB[DT XTBN LMJGOGJSMCLQDN GOMJINVMHNE OLVMHG, G &KOLILO QLB[ED XTB QONDKJSMC O >OEV^GINR N MLEQNDNJSMC JGF MIKMMHNF HLIUKMLF, DGWLQNOYNFMC ULQ DGPGBSMJOLF @EDEIGBG -NFMHL@L!5LIMGHLOG; GOMJINVMHNE[E OLVMHG, DGWLQNOYNEMC ULQ DGPGBSMJOLF ZI^@EI^L@G 5GIBG, UL FEIE OMJKUBEDNC IKMMHNW O>OEV^GINR QLB[DT XTBN OTWLQNJS ULMJEUEDDL NA ZJLV MJIGDT.

*L ZI^@EI^L@ 5GIB, DE QL[NQGCMS &KOLILOG, ULMUEYNB OTOEMJN MOLN OLVMHG NA >OEV^GINN,JL@QG HGH -NFMHNV!5LIMGHLO M 24000 OLVMHG QG[E N UIN MLQEVMJONN 20 000 GOMJINV^EO, E\E

223

LMJGOGOYNWMC O >OEV^GINN, DE FL@ QEI[GJSMC UILJNO 70000 ]IGD^KALO; ZI^@EI^L@ WLJEB N ZJN20000 OTOEMJN NA >OEV^GINN, HGH JLBSHL OMJKUNJ JKQG &KOLILO, G &KOLILO FL@ UINOEMJN MMLXLR JLBSHL 20000 IKMMHNW. % HLD^E GO@KMJG LD UINXBNANBMC K[E H >OEV^GINN XTMJITFNUEIEWLQGFN.

*E NFEC JLPDTW MOEQEDNV DN L MNBGW DEUINCJEBSMHNW, DN L FEMJDLMJN DLOL@L JEGJIG OLVDT,ULBL[NOYNMS OL OMEF DG XTOYNW UIN DEF GOMJINVMHNW L]N^EILO @EDEIGBSDL@L YJGXG, ADGHLFTWM FEMJDLMJSR, &KOLILO OTXIGB UKJS PEIEA &. "LJGIQ, O DEDGMJDKR UL@LQK (10!13 MEDJCXIC), UINMNBSDLF MLUILJNOBEDNN DEUINCJEBC. -KMMHNE OALXIGBNMS DG &. "LJGIQ M DENFLOEIDTF KMNBNEF,JL ULQMG[NOGC QIK@ QIK@G, JL KUNIGCMS YJTHGFN. *L, OALXIGOYNMS DG @LIK, DGQLXDL XTBLMUKMHGJSMC M DEE: UIN ULFL\N @KMJL@L JKFGDG IKMMHNE MHGJNBNMS DG ]IGD^KALO N LXIGJNBN NW OXE@MJOL, DL UEIEWLQ PIEA "LJGIQ MJLNB &KOLILOK 2000 PEBLOEH. 1IEUCJMJONC N LUGMDLMJN JLBSHLDGPNDGBNMS: DGQLXDL XTBL UILVJN MHOLAS KAHLE N DNAHLE LJOEIMJNE, UILXNJLE O KJEMGW,AG@LIG[NOGR\NW QLIL@K DG UIGOLF XEIE@K IEHN -EVMT, DGQLXDL XTBL UEIEVJN ADGFEDNJTV9EIJLO FLMJ, GIHK, UEIEHNDKJKR M KJEMG DG KJEM DG OTMLJE 75 ]KJLO DGQ XEAQDLR, N HG[QTV YG@UIN ZJLF QLB[DL XTBL ULHKUGJS HILONR.

1IELQLBEOGC DG HG[QLF YG@K MJIGYDTE UIE@IGQT UINILQDTE, OMJIEPGC OEAQE KULIDLEMLUILJNOBEDNE LJ DEUINCJEBC, &KOLILO QLMJN@ $BSJLI]G. *L HKQG NQJN QGBEE? 3LIL@G, UL HLJLILVYBN QL MNW ULI IKMMHNE, UIEHIG\GBGMS K #R^EIDMHL@L LAEIG; OUEIEQN JILUNDHN, O ULAQDEEOIEFC @LQG QLMJKUDTE JLBSHL QBC MFEBTW LWLJDNHLO, UINOTHYNW M FGBLBEJMJOG HGIGXHGJSMC UL@ILFGQDTF KJEMGF N UKMJTDDTF BEQDNHGF. *L &KOLILO OL PJL XT JL DN MJGBL WLPEJ NQJN H >ON^K,@QE KMBLONBMC MLEQNDNJSMC M 5LIMGHLOTF, N QBC ZJL@L NAXNIGEJ MGFKR JIKQDKR JILUNDHK H4KJJEDMHLV QLBNDE: UL@IK[EDDTE O MTIKR F@BK, MLBQGJT BEAKJ L\KUSR, DE ONQC DNPE@L DNMDNAK, DN MOEIWK; LXKOS K DNW NAXNBGMS, MOGBNOGEJMC M DL@; MKWGIDTE FEYHN MLOMEF LUKMJEBN,JGH PJL DEPEF ULQHIEUNJS NMJL\EDDTE MNBT.

*GHLDE^ &KOLILO QLMJN@GEJ 4KJJEDMHLV QLBNDT, WLPEJ NQJN QGBEE H >ON^K, DL JKJ ULBKPGEJMJIGYDTE OEMJN: 5LIMGHLO ULJEIUEB MLOEIYEDDLE ULIG[EDNE UIN =RINWE N M L@ILFDLR ULJEIERLJMJKUNB H >G]@GKAEDK, G ULXEQNJEBS E@L, 4GMMEDG, MLXNIGEJ GIFNR H >ON^K, PJLX AGUEIEJSIKMMHNF OTWLQ NA 4KJJEDMHLV QLBNDT. 4GMMEDG XTB JOEIQL KOEIED, PJL &KOLILO ML MOLNF 18!JTMCPDTF LJICQLF, LHIK[EDDTV ML OMEW MJLILD DEUINCJEBEF, UIEOLMWLQDTF DEMIGODEDDL OMNBGW, UINDK[QED XKQEJ ULBL[NJS LIK[NE; OTEA[GC NA =RINWG, ]IGD^KAMHNV@BGODLHLFGDQKR\NV LXE\GB UBEDDTF IKMMHNF L]N^EIGF UINOEMJN H DNF PEIEA DEMHLBSHL QDEV&KOLILOG N OEBNHL@L HDCAC 5LDMJGDJNDG 1GOBLONPG, DGWLQNOYE@LMC UIN OLVMHE. &KOLILOWLILYL ULDNFGB OEMS K[GM MOLE@L ULBL[EDNC: DG OLEDDLF MLOEJE, MLXIGDDLF 18 MEDJCXIC, LDLX`CONB, PJL ML OIEFED 1IKJG IKMMHNE OLVMHG DNHL@QG DE XTBN O JGHLF XEAOTWLQDLF ULBL[EDNN.„4T MIEQN @LI, — @LOLINB LD, — LHIK[EDT DEUINCJEBEF, UIEOLMWLQDTF O MNBGW: PJLUIEQUINDCJS DGF? +QJN DGAGQ ULMJTQDL: DNHL@QG E\E DE LJMJKUGB C. +QJN OUEIEQ H >ON^K —DEOLAFL[DL: K 4GMMEDT XLBSYE 60 000, K DGM DEJ N QOGQ^GJN; H JLFK [E FT XEA UILONGDJG, XEAGIJNBBEINN... ULFL\N [QGJS DE LJ HL@L... FT DG HIGR @NXEBN! 'QDG DGQE[QG DG OMEFL@K\E@L7L@G QG DG WIGXILMJS N MGFLLJOEI[EDNE FLNW OLVMH! 4T IKMMHNE! & DGFN 7L@! &UGMNJE PEMJS-LMMNN N @LMKQGIC! &UGMNJE MTDG DGYE@L NFUEIGJLIG!“ & ZJNFN MBLOGFN MJGINH XILMNBMC HDL@GF OEBNHL@L HDCAC N LXBNBMC MBEAGFN. +A JLBUT @EDEIGBLO UEIOTV ULMBTYGBMC @LBLM3EI]EBSQEDG, HLJLITV IKPGBMC AG WIGXILMJS N MGFLLJOEI[EDNE OLVMHG, @LJLOL@L XEAILULJDLNQJN OMRQK, HKQG ULOEQEJ OEBNHNV ULBHLOLQE^. *G MLOEJE UINDCJL FDEDNE OEBNHL@L HDCAC NQJNH "BGINMK N, EMBN DEUINCJEBS UIE@IGQNJ QLIL@K, UILXNJSMC MNBLR.

-EYEDNE XTBL NMULBDEDL. ?IGD^KAT, NFEC QOLVDLV UEIEOEM O MNBGW, OFEMJL JL@L PJLXMLOEIYEDDL NMJIEXNJS N AGXIGJS OMR GIFNR &KOLILOG, HGH DGQECBNMS, MGFN ULJEIUEBNMLOEIYEDDLE ULIG[EDNE LJ HLIUKMG @EDEIGBG -LAEDXEI@G O 4KJJEDMHLV QLBNDE, O JL OIEFC HGH

* K)#2. lazzaroni (DN\NE, XLMCHN). % XVII!XIX OO. KDNPN[NJEBSDLE DGAOGDNE QEHBGMMNILOGDDTW, BRFUED!UILBEJGIMHNW ZBEFEDJLO O 6[DLV +JGBNN ((0+/,*. 0,-.).

224

&KOLILO UILXNOGB MEXE QLIL@K PIEA QLBNDK 5BEDJGBS H "BGINMK. 23 MEDJCXIC K "BGINMG MLXIGBLMSOME, PJL LMJGOGBLMS LJ GIFNN &KOLILOG: NADKIEDDTE XEMUINFEIDTF ULWLQLF, UILQLB[NJEBSDTF@LBLQLF, E[EQDEODTF XLEF, LXLIOGDDTE, XLMTE OLVMHG XTBN XEA UGJILDLO, ULPJN XEAGIJNBBEINN; XLBSYGC PGMJS LXLAG UL@NXBG, DE XTBL DG PEF OEAJN IGDEDTW. 26 MEDJCXIC IKMMHNEOTYBN NA @LI, N MJIGYDTV ULWLQ YOEV^GIMHNV HLDPNBMC.

L#70&6 L!88++ 8 Q68)0+,F + Q%.2+,F. %TOEQYN OLVMHL NA >OEV^GINN, &KOLILOIGMULBL[NB E@L O 7GOGINN FE[QK IEHGFN +BBEILF N #EWLF; LD E\E DE MPNJGB OLVDK LHLDPEDDLRN @LJLONBMC H DLOLFK ULWLQK, DL NFUEIGJLI 1GOEB, UINUNMTOGC ULIG[EDNE 5LIMGHLOGUIE[QEOIEFEDDLFK OTMJKUBEDNR GOMJINVMHNW OLVMH NA >OEV^GINN, DGUNMGB NFUEIGJLIK?IGD^K, PJL, DEQLOLBSDTV QOKBNPDTF N HLOGIDTF ULOEQEDNEF GOMJINVMHL@L FNDNMJEIMJOG, LDIGAITOGEJ MLRA; H &KOLILOK @LMKQGIS DGUNMGB: „%T QLB[DT XTBN MUGMGJS ̂ GIEV; JEUEIS MUGMNJEIKMMHNW OLNDLO N PEMJS OGYE@L @LMKQGIC“.

-GAITO FE[QK -LMMNER N $OMJINER MNBSDL OMJIEOL[NB BLDQLDMHNV HGXNDEJ: GD@BNVMHNFULMBGF O 1EJEIXKI@E N %EDE UIEQUNMGDL XTBL OMEFN MNBGFN MLQEVMJOLOGJS UINFNIEDNR LXLNWNFUEIGJLILO. "DEO NFUEIGJLIG 1GOBG DG OEDMHNV QOLI XTB LXEALIK[ED ONQNFTF IGMHGCDNEF,M HLJLITF NFUEIGJLI ?IGD^ UINDCB NAOEMJNE L IGAITOE MLRAG; 1GOEB @LJLO XTB AGXTJS OMEDEUINCJDLMJN N OLALXDLONJS UEIE@LOLIT L XKQK\EV HGFUGDNN, DL ULQ QOKFC KMBLONCFN: PJLX(K@KJ XTB MFEDED N PJLX $OMJINC LJHGAGBGMS LJ MOLNW OBGMJLBRXNOTW AGFTMBLO DGMPEJ +JGBNN.*L ULDCJDL, PJL (K@KJ KULJIEXNB OME KMNBNC, PJLX ULFEYGJS OLALXDLOBEDNR MLRAG, HLJLITVDGQLXDL XTBL HKUNJS JGHLR QLIL@LR QBC DE@L ^EDLR; HL@QG &KOLILO, UEIEOEQYN MOLN OLVMHGNA 7GOGINN O 7L@EFNR, DGUNMGB NFUEIGJLIK ?IGD^K, PJL UL UEIOLFK FGDLOEDNR IKMMHLE OLVMHL@LJLOL LUCJS OTMJKUNJS O ULWLQ N LD MGF — UILBNJS ULMBEQDRR HGUBR HILON QBC LX\E@L QEBG,JL GOMJINVMHLE UIGONJEBSMJOL QGBL ADGJS, PJL UILQLB[NJEBSDLE UIEXTOGDNE IKMMHLV GIFNN OE@L OBGQEDNCW XKQEJ MBNYHLF LXIEFEDNJEBSDL QBC HIGC, G O HLD^E @LQG O 1EJEIXKI@E KADGBN LXLMHLIXBEDNN, DGDEMEDDLF GOMJINV^GFN IKMMHLFK ]BG@K.

&LEQNDEDDTE IKMMHNE, GOMJINVMHNE N JKIE^HNE OLVMHG LMG[QGBN NJGBSCDMHKR HIEULMJS$DHLDK, DGWLQNOYKRMC E\E OL OBGMJN ]IGD^KALO; DGPGBSDNH GOMJINVMHL@L LJICQG JGVHLF LJIKMMHL@L AGHBRPNB M ]IGD^KAMHNF HLFEDQGDJLF QL@LOLI L MQGPE HIEULMJN, AGUIEJNB UKMHGJS ODEE IKMMHNW N JKILH N UINHGAGB MNBLR MUKMJNJS IKMMHNV N JKIE^HNV ]BG@N N ULQDCJS LQNDGOMJINVMHNV.

% DGPGBE 1800 @LQG &KOLILO OTOEB MOLN OLVMHG NA 7L@EFNN N, UILMJNOYNMS M DNFN O 5IGHLOE,LJUIGONBMC O 1EJEIXKI@, @QE N KFEI 6 FGC.

1LIOGBMC MLRA N M $D@BNER. ,\E O NRDE 1799!@L FE[QK ZJLR QEI[GOLR N -LMMNER AGHBRPEDXTB QL@LOLI, UL HLJLILFK NFUEIGJLI 1GOEB LXCAGBMC OTMJGONJS OLVMHL N ZMHGQIK; $D@BNCLXCAGBGMS UEIEOEAJN IKMMHNE ULBHN NA -EOEBC O $D@BNR, UINMLEQNDNJS H DNF MOLE OLVMHL NOACJS DG MEXC OME NAQEI[HN ZHMUEQN^NN, ^EBSR HLJLILV DGADGPGBGMS "LBBGDQNC, NBN JGHDGAOGDDGC ]IGD^KAGFN 7GJGOMHGC IEMUKXBNHG. -KMMHNE OLVMHG XTBN ULQ DGPGBSMJOLF @EDEIGBG"EIFGDG, GD@BNVMHNE — ULQ DGPGBSMJOLF @EI^L@G 0LIHMHL@L, HLJLITV XTB @BGODLHLFGDQKR\NFOMEFN MLRADTFN MNBGFN.

_JG ZHMUEQN^NC DE NFEBG KMUEWG: O MEDJCXIE MLRADNHN XTBN IGAXNJT O UEIOLF MIG[EDNNUIN 7EI@EDE, OACBN OEIW OL OJLILF; DL KMUEW DE QLMJGOBCB DNHGHNW MK\EMJOEDDTW OT@LQ: DNOLVMHG XGJGOMHNE, DN XLBSYNDMJOL DGILQG DE OLMMJGOGBN UILJNO ]IGD^KALO, HLJLITE QEI[GBNMSLPEDS KULIDL; ULJEICO BRQEV FDL@L, DK[QGCMS OL OMEF DELXWLQNFLF, MLRADNHN UINDK[QEDTXTBN ULHNDKJS "LBBGDQNR N OLAOIGJNJSMC O $D@BNR (O DLCXIE). /QEMS IKMMHNE XTBN UINDCJTDE LPEDS QIK[EMJOEDDL: NW ULFEMJNBN DG LMJILOGW 3[EIMEE N "EIDMEE; LDN JEIUEBN HIGVDNVDEQLMJGJLH O MGFTW DELXWLQNFTW UIEQFEJGW, ̂ EBKR ANFK LMJGOGBNMS XEA LQE[QT N LXKON. /GONMJSGD@BNPGD H IKMMHNF LXDGIK[NBGMS OL FDL@NW MBKPGCW: JGH, LDN MJGIGBNMS ULQLIOGJS IKMMHLEOBNCDNE DG +LDNPEMHNW LMJILOGW.

(GHNF LXIGALF, LJDLYEDNC FE[QK UIE[DNFN MLRADNHGFN MJGDLONBNMS OME XLBEE N XLBEEDEUINCADEDDTFN, N O ULBLONDE GUIEBC 1800 @LQG NFUEIGJLI 1GOEB LJLAOGB LHLDPGJEBSDL MOLNWULMBLO NA %EDT N #LDQLDG.

225

N+0 8 T0#%=+,F + (0+.!)!62,%+$ " 6!'%, 8 Q%.2+,F. 4E[QK JEF OL ?IGD^NNOLAOIGJNOYNVMC NA ,@NUJG 7LDGUGIJ KDNPJL[NB QNIEHJLINR N UILOLA@BGYED XTB UEIOTFHLDMKBLF. #EJLF 1800 @LQG LD LQDLR ULXEQLR UIN 4GIED@L OTIOGB NA IKH GOMJINV^EO OEMSHIGV, AGOLEOGDDTV &KOLILOTF O UILYBLF @LQK. % JL [E OIEFC -LMMNC MXBNANBGMS M 1IKMMNERO ONQGW QEVMJOLOGJS UILJNO $OMJINN, FE[QK LXENFN QEI[GOGFN AGHBRPED XTB QL@LOLI MLXCAGJEBSMJOLF ULFL@GJS QIK@ QIK@K OLVMHLF. 'JDLMNJEBSDL $D@BNN NFUEIGJLI 1GOEBUIEQBL[NB 1IKMMNN, >OE^NN N 3GDNN OLALXDLONJS OLLIK[EDDTV DEVJIGBNJEJ, ULJLFK PJLGD@BNPGDE DGMNBSDNPGBN DG FLICW, LX`CONO O XBLHGQE OME XEIE@G ?IGD^NN, +MUGDNN N QIK@NWMLRADTW M ?IGD^NER AEFEBS; UIEQBL[EDNE XTBL UINDCJL.

%IG[QEXDTE LJDLYEDNC H UIE[DNF MLRADNHGF DELXWLQNFL OEBN H MXBN[EDNR M UIE[DNFOIG@LF. ,\E M UEIOTW FEMC^EO 1800 @LQG DGPGBNMS MDLYEDNC NFUEIGJLIG 1GOBG M 7LDGUGIJLFULMIEQMJOLF XEIBNDMHL@L QOLIG. % NRBE UEIOTV HLDMKB QGB ADGJS, PJL, [EBGC MQEBGJS K@LQDLENFUEIGJLIK 1GOBK, LMOLXL[QGEJ XEA OMCHL@L IGAFEDG OMEW IKMMHNW UBEDDTW, DGWLQNOYNWMC OL?IGD^NN; FGBL JL@L, LD DE WLJEB NDGPE LJUKMJNJS UBEDDTW, HLJLITW PNMBL UILMJNIGBLMS QL6800 PEBLOEH, HGH LQEO NW MLOEIYEDDL AGDLOL, MDGXQNO ULBDTF OLLIK[EDNEF N OMEFN OLEDDTFNUINDGQBE[DLMJCFN. %MBEQMJONE ZJL@L IKMMHLE UIGONJEBSMJOL OLYBL O UICFTE MDLYEDNC M]IGD^KAMHNF, UINPEF NFUEIGJLI 1GOEB QGB JGHLV DGHGA ULMBK MOLEFK O 7EIBNDE XGILDK5IRQDEIK: „% LMLXEDDLMJN ULIKPGR OGF MLXBRQGJS ULBDKR NMHIEDDLMJS OL OMEW MDLYEDNCWOGYNW HGH M UIKMMHNF FNDNMJEIMJOLF, JGH N M ]IGD^KAMHNFN KULBDLFLPEDDTFN; LX`COBCVJENF UICFL N UILMJL FLN ULOEBEDNC. 1IGOQNOLMJS, XEMHLITMJNE N MNBG FL@KJ @LOLINJS @ILFHL NXEA NAOLILJLO“.

'MDLODTE MJGJSN FNIDL@L QL@LOLIG FE[QK -LMMNER N ?IGD^NER XTBN MBEQKR\NE:DEUINHLMDLOEDDLMJS OBGQEDNV HLILBC DEGULBNJGDMHL@L N @EI^L@G ONIJEFXEI@MHL@L,OLMMJGDLOBEDNE HLILBC MGIQNDMHL@L (M LMJGOBEDNEF, LQDGHL, &GOLVN AG ?IGD^NER),OLADG@IG[QEDNE HKI]RIMJG XGOGIMHL@L, JGH[E N QIK@NW @EIFGDMHNW OBGQEJEBEV AG LXBGMJN NWDG BEOLV MJLILDE -EVDG (LJYEQYNE H ?IGD^NN) ULMIEQMJOLF MEHKBCINAG^NN QKWLODTW@EIFGDMHNW OBGQEDNV UL LX\EFK ML@BGYEDNR -LMMNN, ?IGD^NN N 1IKMMNN.

5LDPNBGMS LQDG OLVDG, DGPNDGBGMS QIK@GC — M $D@BNER. &DLOG MDGIC[GBNMS ZMHGQIT, JLBSHLPJL OLAOIGJNOYNEMC NA ULWLQG; H AGUGQDLV @IGDN^E NFUEINN MJC@NOGBNMS OLVMHG. $JGFGD3LDMHL@L OLVMHG ULBKPNB UINHGAGDNE MLXIGJS MOLNW HGAGHLO M GIJNBBEINER N OTMJKUNJS H'IEDXKI@K, LJHKQG QONDKJSMC ULJLF PIEA :NOK N 7KWGIK DG IEHN +DQ N "GD@. =EBS ZHMUEQN^NNMLMJLCBG O JLF, PJLXT IGALINJS JLI@LOTE AGOEQEDNC GD@BNPGD O 'MJ!+DQNN, LMOLXLQNJS NA!ULQNW OBGMJN JKAEFDTW OBGQEJEBEV N AGOEMJN O JLF HIGE XBN[GVYNE MOCAN M -LMMNER. *L MIEQNZJNW UIN@LJLOBEDNV MFEIJS AGMJN@BG NFUEIGJLIG 11 FGIJG 1801 @LQG. *G UIEMJLB OMJKUNBMJGIYNV MTD E@L $BEHMGDQI 1GOBLONP.

J%;)0,%%$$ -,$),2A%!8)A +/(,0#)!0# C#62#. &GFTF OG[DTF ULMJGDLOBEDNEFNFUEIGJLIG 1GOBG XTBL KPIE[QEDNE LX NFUEIGJLIMHLV ]GFNBNN, LUIEQEBEDNE ULICQHGUIEEFMJOG UIEMJLBG N LJDLYEDNV FE[QK PBEDGFN NFUEIGJLIMHLV ]GFNBNN (5 GUIEBC 1797 @LQG).5GMGJEBSDL MLMBLONV: O 1797 @LQK OEBEDL DGHGATOGJS QOLICD, @NBSQEVMHNW @IG[QGD,MOC\EDDNHLO N QSCHLDLO JEBEMDL AG K@LBLODTE UIEMJKUBEDNC; KHGA @LOLINJ: „5GH MHLIL MDCJLQOLICDMJOL, JL K[E N UINONBE@NC QL DE@L DE HGMGEJMC“.

'JDLMNJEBSDL QKWLOEDMJOG NFUEIGJLI 1GOEB OTIGANB [EBGDNE, „PJLX XLBEE MOC\EDMJOLNFEBL LXIGA N MLMJLCDNE OG[DLMJN MGDG MOLE@L MLLJOEJMJOEDDTE“. 3BC ZJL@L O HLDMNMJLINCWOEBEDL XTJS UL HIGVDEV FEIE ULBLONDE NA XEBL@L MOC\EDMJOG; JGH[E KMJGDLOBEDT QBC DE@LADGHN LJBNPNC; O MEBGW ̂ EIHLODTE AEFBN OEBEDL LXIGXGJTOGJS UINWL[GDGF. 1L OMEF EUGIWNCFULAOLBEDL XTBL MJGILLXICQ^GF KMJIGNOGJS ^EIHON N MDGX[GJS NW MOC\EDDNHGFN,IKHLULBL[EDDTFN LJ UIGOLMBGODTW GIWNEIEEO.

% ZJLF QEBE LMLXEDDLE KPGMJNE UINDNFGB ADGFEDNJTV MOLNFN JGBGDJGFN N UILMOE\EDNEFFLMHLOMHNV FNJILULBNJ 1BGJLD.

5GMGJEBSDL MEBSMHL@L DGILQLDGMEBEDNC: O QEHGXIE 1796 @LQG OEQEDL XTBL UIEHIGJNJSMGFLOLBSDTV UEIEWLQ ULMEBCD M FEMJG DG FEMJL O DLOLILMMNVMHNW @KXEIDNCW, HKQG

226

UEIEFGDNOGBLMS FDL@L HIEMJSCD NA ODKJIEDDNW @KXEIDNV. % 1797 @LQK O DEHLJLITW @KXEIDNCWOAOLBDLOGBNMS HIEMJSCDE UL BL[DTF MBKWGF L MOLXLQE. % JLF [E @LQK AGUIE\EDL UILQGOGJSQOLILOTW BRQEV N HIEMJSCD XEA AEFBN M FLBLJHG.

5GMGJEBSDL UILMOE\EDNC: KPIE[QEDT QKWLODTE GHGQEFNN O 1EJEIXKI@E N 5GAGDN (1797 @.).% 1798 @LQK NFUEIGJLI „UL UINPNDE OLADNHYNW O NDLMJIGDDTW KPNBN\GW ABLOIEQDTW UIGONBLJUIGOBEDNE JKQG FLBLQTW BRQEV MLNAOLBNB OLMUIEJNJS, DL, PJLX DE L@IGDNPNJS ZJNF MULMLXLOH LXIGALOGDNR, ULAOLBEDL XTBL IT^GIMJOK HKIBCDQMHLFK, ZMJBCDQMHLFK N BN]BCDQMHLFKNAXIGJS UINBNPDEVYEE QBC KPIE[QEDNC KDNOEIMNJEJG FEMJL N KMJILNJS LDTV“. %MBEQMJONE ZJL@LO 1799 @LQK LMDLOGD 3EIUJMHNV KDNOEIMNJEJ. %LLX\E QBC OMEW OTEAQ AG @IGDN^K XTB AGUIE\ED.% 1797 @LQK PGMJDTE JNUL@IG]NN XTBN AGHITJT N KMJGDLOBEDG ^EDAKIG O LXENW MJLBN^GW, O-N@E, 'QEMME N UIN JGFL[DE -GQANONBBLOMHLV; O HG[QLF NA ZJNW FEMJ XTBL UL JIN ^EDALIG —QKWLODTV, @IG[QGDMHNV N KPEDTV; UILUKMHGBNMS JLBSHL JGHNE HDN@N, O HLJLITW DE XTBL DNPE@LAGHLDK 7L[NR, UIGONBGF @LMKQGIMJOEDDTF N XBG@LDIGONR UILJNODL@L.

% 1800 @LQK AGUIE\ED XTB MLOEIYEDDL OOLA HDN@ N FKATHGBSDTW DLJ NA!AG @IGDN^T;ULAOLBEDL UINOLANJS JLBSHL HDN@N DG JKD@KMMHLF CATHE, DK[DTE QBC XL@LMBK[EDNC XKICJGF.

"#$%$ LI=$-&(%'%$*+, $#,5&$*3-$ I

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

1IKMMNC, MQEBGOYN LQDK LYNXHK, DE UINMLEQNDNOYNMS H MLRAK O XBG@LUINCJDLE OIEFC,MUEYNBG MQEBGJS QIK@KR: IGAQIG[EDDGC JEF, PJL *GULBELD DE WLJEB KOG[GJS @LMKQGIMJOL,HLJLILE DE KFEBL ULHGATOGJS MEXC DN MNBSDTF N IEYNJEBSDTF OIG@LF, DN UIEQGDDTF QIK@LF,1IKMMNC LX`CONBG OLVDK GKMJEIBN^HLFK ULXEQNJEBR O 1806 @LQK, HL@QG NMJL\EDDGC $OMJINCDE FL@BG N DE WLJEBG UINMJKUNJS H MLRAK. % LQND QEDS UIN +EDE N $KZIYJEQJE UIKMMHGC GIFNC,MPNJGOYGC MEXC DEULXEQNFLR UL OLMULFNDGDNCF L ?INQINWE II, XTBG KDNPJL[EDG, ULPJN OMC1IKMMNC AGOLEOGDG XTBG O DEMHLBSHL DEQEBS; IKMMHNE LQDN QLB[DT XTBN XLILJSMC M*GULBELDLF; O XNJOGW UIN 1KBJKMHE N 1IEVMNY!_VBGK LDN OTMJGONBN JGHLE MLUILJNOBEDNE,HGHL@L QL MNW ULI E\E DE OMJIEPGB AGOLEOGJEBS, N ULMBE IEYNJEBSDLV ULXEQT MOLEV ULQ?INQBGDQLF *GULBELD ULMUEYNB UIEHIGJNJS HILOLUILBNJDKR OLVDK; ULIG[EDNE ULQ?INQBGDQLF N LJHGA $D@BNN QGJS JIEXKEFKR QEDE[DKR ULFL\S N IGAOBEPS ODNFGDNE *GULBELDGOTMGQHLR DG XEIE@G "EIFGDNN NBN ?IGD^NN UINDK[QGBN H FNIK N -LMMNR.

4NI AGHBRPED XTB O (NBSANJE O NRDE 1807 @LQG: NA ULBSMHNW LXBGMJEV, UINDGQBE[G\NW1IKMMNN, LXIGALOGDL XTBL @EI^L@MJOL %GIYGOMHLE, LJQGDDLE HLILBR MGHMLDMHLFK, G

227

7EBLMJLHMHGC LXBGMJS UINMLEQNDEDG H -LMMNN; NFUEIGJLI $BEHMGDQI UINADGOGB XIGJSEO*GULBELDG HLILBCFN DEGULBNJGDMHNF, @LBBGDQMHNF N OEMJ]GBSMHNF, UINADGOGB OME QIK@NEIGMULIC[EDNC NFUEIGJLIG ]IGD^KALO, KMJKUGB EFK +LDNPEMHNE LMJILOG. 'XG NFUEIGJLIG LPEDSMXBNANBNMS UIN BNPDLF MONQGDNN N LXCAGBNMS ULFL@GJS QIK@ QIK@K OL OMEW MOLNW OLVDGW.

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

&NBSDTV DGILQDTV ILULJ OMBEQMJONE ZJNW DEMPGMJNV AGMJGONB YOEQMHL@L HLILBC "KMJGOG IV$QLBS]G LJHGAGJSMC LJ UIEMJLBG; UIEEFDNH E@L 5GIB XIII AGHBRPNB M -LMMNER FNI O?INQINWM@GFE 5 MEDJCXIC 1809 @LQG, UL HLJLILFK -LMMNC UINLXIEBG OMR ?NDBCDQNR QL IEHN(LIDEL M $BGDQMHNFN LMJILOGFN.

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

'QDLOIEFEDDL M JKIE^HLR OLVDLR YBG OLVDG M 1EIMNER, HLJLIGC WLJEBG OLMUIEUCJMJOLOGJSKJOEI[QEDNR IKMMHL@L OBGQTPEMJOG AG 5GOHGALF. %LVDG ZJG, LADGFEDLOGDDGC ULQON@GFN HDCAC=N^NGDLOG, @IG]G "KQLONPG, (LIFGMLOG N 5LJBCIEOMHL@L, UIEHIGJNBGMS DE IGDEE LHJCXIC 1813@LQG, HL@QG OEBNHNE [EIJOT N JLI[EMJOG O XLISXE M *GULBELDLF DE QGOGBN LXIG\GJS XLBSYL@LODNFGDNC DG ULQON@N IKMMHNW BRQEV O LJQGBEDDLF /GHGOHGASE.

C0+*+%& )0,)A,' Y0#%=;78"!' 6!'%&. 1L ML@BGYEDNR O _I]KIJE NFUEIGJLI $BEHMGDQIOL OIEFC OLVDT *GULBELDG M $OMJINER O 1809 @LQK OTMJGONB JINQ^GJNJTMCPDTV HLIUKM MOLE@LOLVMHG QBC MLQEVMJONC ]IGD^KAGF, AG PJL UL LHLDPGDNN OLVDT -LMMNC ULBKPNBG LJ $OMJINNDEXLBSYKR PGMJS %LMJLPDLV "GBN^NN. *GULBELD XTB DEQLOLBED DEIEYNJEBSDTFN QEVMJONCFNIKMMHL@L OMULFL@GJEBSDL@L HLIUKMG. & ZJNW ULI DEKQLOLBSMJONC OME XLBEE N XLBEE OLAIGMJGBN.

%NQC, PJL *GULBELD KMNBNOGEJ @EI^L@MJOL %GIYGOMHLE, NFUEIGJLI $BEHMGDQI JIEXLOGB LJDE@L LXCAGJEBSMJOG, PJL 1LBSYG DE XKQEJ OLMMJGDLOBEDG DNHL@QG, DL *GULBELD KHBLDCBMC LJZJL@L LXCAGJEBSMJOG. 1LJLF LD DGPGB IGMULIC[GJSMC O ,OILUE, HGH ULBDLOBGMJDTV WLACND,UINMLEQNDCB ̂ EBTE OBGQEDNC NBN UICFL H ?IGD^KAMHLV NFUEINN, NBN H OBGQEDNCF MOLNW XIGJSEO.% PNMBE OBGQEJEBEV, BNYEDDTW AEFEBS MOLNW, DGWLQNBMC N QCQC IKMMHL@L @LMKQGIC @EI^L@'BSQEDXKI@MHNV. +FUEIGJLI $BEHMGDQI UILJEMJLOGB, DL DE ULBKPNB KQLOBEJOLIEDNC. % JL [E

228

OIEFC OLADNH N QIK@LV MULI — UL JLI@LOBE. *GULBELD, DE NFEC JGHL@L ]BLJG, HGHLV DK[ED XTBEFK QBC DGDEMEDNC IEYNJEBSDL@L KQGIG $D@BNN, WLJEB KDNPJL[NJS JLI@LOBR N XBG@LMLMJLCDNEEE, AGUEIYN HLDJNDEDJ ,OILUT QBC GD@BNVMHNW JLOGILO, HLJLITE XTBN AGXNIGEFT N ML[N@GEFTOL OMEW FEMJGW, AGDCJTW ]IGD^KAMHNFN OLVMHGFN. -LMMNC ULMBE (NBSANJMHL@L FNIG QLB[DG XTBGUINDCJS ZJK JGH DGATOGEFKR HLDJNDEDJGBSDKR MNMJEFK, DL DE LJHGAGBGMS MLOEIYEDDL LJJLI@LOBN M DEVJIGBSDTFN QEI[GOGFN: GFEINHGDMHNE MKQG NFEBN MOLXLQDTV QLMJKU O IKMMHNE@GOGDN, FE[QK JEF HGH GD@BNVMHNE, ULHKYGOYNEMC JLI@LOGJS O ONQE DEVJIGBSDTW, XTBNHLD]NMHKEFT; ZJNF DGDEMED XTB MNBSDTV KQGI IKMMHLV JLI@LOBE, OTOLA IKMMHNW MTITWUILNAOEQEDNV KFEDSYNBMC, OEHMEBSDTV HKIM N GMMN@DG^NN KUGBN.

*L *GULBELD JIEXLOGB, PJLX N O -LMMNN OOEQED XTB JGIN], UINDCJTV ]IGD^KAMHNFUIGONJEBSMJOLF, PJLX DEVJIGBSDTE MKQG DE QLUKMHGBNMS O IKMMHNE @GOGDN, MBEQLOGJEBSDL,JIEXLOGB MLOEIYEDDL@L UIEHIG\EDNC IKMMHLV FLIMHLV JLI@LOBN. +FUEIGJLI $BEHMGDQI OEBEBLJOEPGJS EFK, PJL LD DGFEIED MOCJL MLWIGDCJS MLRA M ?IGD^NER N DGDLMNJS OMEOLAFL[DTVOIEQ LX\NF DEUINCJEBCF, DL PJL N JGIN]T N UILPNE ODKJIEDDNE ULMJGDLOBEDNC MLMJGOBCRJQEBL PGMJDLE, HLJLITF HG[QLE @LMKQGIMJOL IGMULIC[GEJMC, LXIG\GC ODNFGDNE NMHBRPNJEBSDLDG ULBSAT MOLNW ULQQGDDTW. *EKQLOLBSMJONE E\E XLBEE KMNBNBLMS, HL@QG O HLD^E 1810 @LQG O-LMMNN NAQGD XTB DLOTV JGIN]: DEHLJLITE NAQEBNC ]IGD^KAMHNW ]GXINH XTBN AGUIE\EDT, GQIK@NE LXBL[EDT OTMLHLR ULYBNDLR, PJLX L@IGDNPNJS OTOLA AOLDHLV FLDEJT OL ?IGD^NR AGUIEQFEJT ILMHLYN.

% 1811 @LQK *GULBELD K[E ULHGATOGB CODL OIG[QEXDTE DGFEIEDNC LJDLMNJEBSDL -LMMNN,ULQDNFGB DG DEE >OE^NR, BGMHGB ULBSMHNW OTWLQ^EO, MLXNIGB OLVMHL. -LMMNC JGH[EUIN@LJLOBCBGMS H AG\NJE. ?IGD^KAMHGC GIFNC UILMJNIGBGMS QL 600 000 PEBLOEH; O EE MLMJGOOWLQNBN OLVMHG ]IGD^KAMHNE, BLFXGIQMHNE, NBBNINVMHNE, JLMHGDMHNE, DEGULBNJGDMHNE,@LBBGDQMHNE, GOMJINVMHNE, UIKMMHNE, XGOGIMHNE, ONIJEFXEI@MHNE, OEMJ]GBSMHNE, XGQEDMHNE,@EMMED!QGIFYJGQJMHNE, XEI@MHNE, FEHBEDXKI@MHNE, NMUGDMHNE, ULIJK@GBSMHNE N ULBSMHNE. 10NRDC 1812 @LQG *GULBELD ULOEMJNB MOLNF OLVMHGF, PJL „-LMMNC KOBEHGEJMC ILHLF! 'DG DENAXE@DEJ MKQSXT MOLEV. %UEIEQ! 1EIEVQEF PEIEA *EFGD, ODEMEF LIK[NE O UIEQEBT -LMMNN!“ 11NRDC ]IGD^KAT UEIEYBN *EFGD FE[QK 5LODL N "ILQDL.

+FUEIGJLI $BEHMGDQI XTB O %NBSDE, HL@QG KADGB L OJLI[EDNN DEUINCJEBC; DEFEQBEDDL LDQGB UINHGA GIFNCF, HLJLITV LHGDPNOGBMC MBEQKR\NFN MBLOGFN: „*E DK[DL FDE DGULFNDGJSOL[QCF, ULBHLOLQ^GF N OLNDGF DGYNF L NW QLB@E N WIGXILMJN. % DNW NAQIEOBE JEPEJ @ILFHGCULXEQGFN HILOS MBGOCD. %LNDT! %T AG\N\GEJE OEIK, LJEPEMJOL, MOLXLQK. ) M OGFN. *GAGPNDGR\E@L 7L@!“

-EMHINUJ, QGDDTV DG NFC @IG]G &GBJTHLOG, UIEANQEDJG "LMKQGIMJOEDDL@L MLOEJG,LHGDPNOGBMC JGH: „) DE ULBL[K LIK[NE, QLHLBE DN EQNDL@L DEUINCJEBSMHL@L OLNDG DE LMJGDEJMCO ^GIMJOE FLEF“.

G#0"2#' -, ?!22+ + G#.0#)+!%. 9NMBL OLVMH, HLJLITE -LMMNC FL@BG UILJNOLULMJGONJS*GULBELDK, UILMJNIGBLMS QL 200 000 PEBLOEH. 'DN XTBN IGAQEBEDT DG QOE GIFNN, NA HLJLITWUEIOGC DGWLQNBGMS O %NBEDMHLV, OJLIGC — O "ILQDEDMHLV @KXEIDNN. "BGODLHLFGDQKR\NFUEIOLR GIFNER XTB OLEDDTV FNDNMJI 7GIHBGV QE (LBBN, @EDEIGB LUTJDTV N MOEQK\NV O MOLEFQEBE. &JIEFBEDNE H KDNPJL[EDNR DEQLMJGJHLO N ABLKULJIEXBEDNV, MK\EMJOLOGOYNW O OLEDDLFKUIGOBEDNN, ULXK[QGBL E@L H UIELXIGALOGDNCF, UINDLMNOYNF DEMLFDEDDKR ULBSAK, DLOTAOGOYNF DEKQLOLBSMJONE N ABLXK E@L MNBSDL@L UIEQFEMJDNHG, @IG]G $IGHPEEOG, HLJLITVMJGIGBMC OIEQNJS EFK UIN OMCHLF MBKPGE.

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

229

DGILQDLFK PKOMJOK, OMEBNB KDTDNE O OLVMHL, N ULJLFK 7GIHBGV UINDK[QED XTB MHITOGJS MOLNDGFEIEDNC, NDL@QG LX`COBCB O UINHGAGW OLOME DE JL, PJL JIEXLOGBLMS LXMJLCJEBSMJOGFN NDELXWLQNFLMJSR.

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

C!<,0)6!6#%+$ 0;88"+D 6 !),*,8)6,%%;F 6!'%;. "BGODL@L KMUEWG DGQLXDL XTBL [QGJSLJ OLVDT DGILQDLV. 6 NRBC NFUEIGJLI $BEHMGDQI NAQGB FGDN]EMJ: „3G OMJIEJNJ DEUINCJEBS OHG[QLF QOLICDNDE 1L[GIMHL@L, O HG[QLF QKWLODLF — 1GBN^TDG, O HG[QLF @IG[QGDNDE —4NDNDG. &LEQNDNJEMS OME: ML HIEMJLF O MEIQ^E N M LIK[NEF O IKHGW DNHGHNE MNBT PEBLOEPEMHNEOGM DE LQLBERJ“. % &FLBEDMHE QOLICDMJOL NA`CONBL @LJLODLMJS OTMJGONJS QOGQ^GJS JTMCPIGJDNHLO QBC AEFMHL@L LULBPEDNC.

11 NRBC @LMKQGIS UINEWGB O 4LMHOK N XTB OMJIEPED M OLMJLI@LF, AQEMS QOLICDMJOLLUIEQEBNBL OTMJGONJS 80000 IGJDNHLO N UL[EIJOLOGBL QL JIEW FNBBNLDLO QEDS@GFN, GHKUEPEMJOL — QL QEMCJN FNBBNLDLO; OLLX\E [E -LMMNC OTMJGONBG QLXILOLBSDL QL 320 000IGJDNHLO N UL[EIJOLOGBG DE FEDEE MJG FNBBNLDLO IKXBEV. *L QLXILOLBSDTE UL[EIJOLOGDNCZJNF DE L@IGDNPNOGBNMS. „1L[GBKVMJG, MHG[NJE, MBK[NOTE, HL@QG UINQEJ ULIG AG[N@GJS DGYNQLFG“, — @LOLINBN HIEMJSCDE MLBQGJGF, @LJLOCMS UIN ULCOBEDNN DEUINCJEBC NMJIEXBCJS MOLN[NBN\G.

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

4 GO@KMJG -GEOMHNV M 16000 LJXNB UINMJKU QOKWMLJJTMCPDLV DEUINCJEBSMHLV GIFNN; 7GIHBGVULBL[NB LJMJKUGJS UL 3LIL@LXK[MHLV QLIL@E, G QBC UINHITJNC ZJL@L LJMJKUBEDNC KJLFBEDDTEOLVMHG -GEOMHL@L XTBN MFEDEDT HLIUKMLF 3LWJKILOG, HLJLITV QLB[ED XTB LXLILDCJS &FLBEDMHQL ULMBEQDEV HIGVDLMJN. 5 GO@KMJG 3LWJKILO M 5LDLODN^TDTF N *EOEILOMHNF LJXNB DLOTVUINMJKU, DL &FLBEDMH LJ MJIGYDLV HGDLDGQT, LJ UL[GIG UIEQMJGOBCB @IKQT IGAOGBND. 3LWJKILOLMJGONB ZJN IGAOGBNDT N MLEQNDNBMC M LJMJKUGOYER GIFNER.

*GULBELD AGDCB &FLBEDMH, @QE NA 2250 QLFLO K^EBEBL JLBSHL 350, KBN^T XTBN AGOGBEDTJEBGFN KXNJTW N IGDEDTW. *GULBELD KONQGB, PJL OLVDG O -LMMNN DE XKQEJ ULWL[G DG OLVDT,HLJLITE LD UINOTH OEMJN O QIK@NW MJIGDGW ,OILUT; ULMIEQMJOLF UBEDDL@L @EDEIGBG (KPHLOG LDULUTJGBMC AGOCAGJS MDLYEDNC L FNIE, KJOEI[QGB, PJL IKMMHNE EFK OLOME DE OIG@N, NFUEIGJLI$BEHMGDQI — QIK@, PJL DE MJLNJ OEMJN OLVDT NA!AG HL]E N MGWGIG (NA!AG HLDJNDEDJGBSDLVMNMJEFT), PJL DNPE@L DE OTVQEJ WLILYE@L, HL@QG LD AGVFEJ 4LMHOK, DGMJLC\KR MJLBN^K -LMMNN.'JOEJG EFK DE XTBL, N LD QONDKBMC H 4LMHOE.

E;);7!6. 7GIHBGV LJMJKUGB, DL DE FDL@NE ULDNFGBN DELXWLQNFLMJS ZJL@L LJMJKUBEDNC,XLBSYNDMJOL JIEXLOGBL XNJOT, HINPGBN L UIEQGJEBSMJOE. 3OLE @BGODLHLFGDQKR\NW MNBSDLIGADNBNMS OL OA@BCQE: 7G@IGJNLD IEAHL ULIN^GB LJMJKUBEDNE, [GBLOGBMC, PJL OMC @BGODGCHOGIJNIG DGULBDEDG DEF^GFN. +FUEIGJLI $BEHMGDQI ULIKPNB LXMK[QEDNE QEBG LMLXLFK

230

HLFNJEJK, HLJLITV IEYNB, PJL DELXWLQNFL DGADGPNJS DGQ OMEFN QEVMJOKR\NFN GIFNCFN LQDL@LLX\E@L @BGODLHLFGDQKR\E@L, N OTXLI UGB DG YEMJNQEMCJNMEFNBEJDE@L 4NWGNBG+BBGINLDLONPG 5KJKALOG.

5KJKALO MQEBGBMC NAOEMJED UIN ,HGJEINDE: XTB LJBNPED -KFCD^EOTF, BRXNF &KOLILOTF,LJBNPNBMC N HGH QNUBLFGJ OL OIEFC ULMLBSMJOG MOLE@L O 5LDMJGDJNDLULBE, DEQGODL UILMBGONBMCXBNMJGJEBSDTF LHLDPGDNEF JKIE^HLV OLVDT, XTB NAXIGD O UIEQOLQNJEBN UEJEIXKI@MHL@LLULBPEDNC. 'MJLIL[DLMJS, MHITJDLMJS, WNJILMJS XTBN @BGODTE PEIJT O WGIGHJEIE 5KJKALOG.%EMJS L DGADGPEDNN DLOL@L ULBHLOLQ^G M IKMMHNF NFEDEF XTBG OMJIEPEDG M OLMJLI@LF O OLVMHEN DGILQE. 17 GO@KMJG LD UINEWGB O =GIEOL /GVFN\E, @QE DGWLQNBGMS JL@QG @BGODGC HOGIJNIGLXENW GIFNV. „*K HGH FL[DL LJMJKUGJS M JGHNFN FLBLQ^GFN!“ — MHGAGB 5KJKALO,ULAQLILOGOYNMS M ULPEJDTF HGIGKBLF. „1INEWGB 5KJKALO XNJS ]IGD^KALO“, — @LOLINBNMLBQGJT; ULDEMMC MBKW, PJL L@ILFDTV LIEB OAONBMC DGQ @BGODLHLFGDQKR\NF, HL@QG LD LX`EA[GBBG@EIS; OME [QGBN XNJOT, DEUINCJEBS XTB DEQGBEHL, DL DG QIK@LV QEDS OTYEB UINHGA —LJMJKUGJS.

G!0!-+%!. *G ZJLJ IGA LJMJKUNBN DEQGBEHL, LMJGDLONBNMS K 7LILQNDG, O 108 OEIMJGW LJ4LMHOT. /QEMS 26 GO@KMJG M DEXLBSYNF MJL JTMCP IKMMHNW OMJKUNBN O XLV ML 130000!LR]IGD^KAMHLR GIFNER, DG IGMMOEJE DGPGBLMS MIG[EDNE, H OEPEIK, HL@QG LDL UIEHIGJNBLMS, MLXENW MJLILD OTXTBL NA MJILC XLBEE 100000 PEBLOEH. *LPSR 5KJKALO KQLMJLOEINBMC O MJIGYDLFKILDE, O DEOLAFL[DLMJN UILQLB[GJS DG QIK@LV QEDS XNJOK, HGH WLJEB UIE[QE, N LJQGB UINHGALJMJKUGJS AG 4L[GVMH, H 4LMHOE.

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

2 MEDJCXIC DG IGMMOEJE DGPGBN UILWLQNJS IKMMHNE OLVMHG PEIEA 4LMHOK, AG DNFN MBEQLFCONBNMS ]IGD^KAT. „(GH OLJ LD DGHLDE^, ZJLJ MBGODTV @LILQ!“ — MHGAGB *GULBELD, KONQGOYN4LMHOK M 1LHBLDDLV @LIT. 1LQ`EWGO H 3LIL@LFNBLOMHLV AGMJGOE, *GULBELD MLYEB M BLYGQN NUILWG[NOGBMC OAGQ N OUEIEQ, L[NQGC QEUKJG^NN. 3EUKJG^NC DE COBCBGMS; UINYBN DEMHLBSHLNDLMJIGD^EO N LX`CONBN, PJL 4LMHOG UKMJG. 1EIEDLPEOGO O 3LIL@LFNBLOMHLV MBLXLQE, 3!@LPNMBG KJILF *GULBELD UEIEEWGB O 5IEFBS N ULFEMJNBMC OL QOLI^E. *L E\E DGHGDKDE DGPGBNMSUL[GIT, N O DLPS M 3!@L DG 4!E PNMBL UBGFC LXWOGJNBL XLBSYKR PGMJS @LILQG, O ULBQEDS 4!@LUL[GI OMUTWDKB O 5IEFBE, N AGOLEOGJEBS M XLBSYNF JIKQLF OTXIGBMC AG @LILQ N ULFEMJNBMC O

231

1EJILOMHLF QOLI^E.% UILQLB[EDNE JIEW MKJLH M@LIEBL O 4LMHOE JIN PEJOEIJN QLFLO; XLBSYGC PGMJS ^EIHOEV

XTBG IGAIKYEDG BNXL IGA@IGXBEDG. 1LPJN OME IKMMHNE, LMJGOYNEMC O 4LMHOE, XTBN LXLXIGDTQL IKXGYHN N BNYEDT ULMBEQDEV LXKON. 4DL@NE NA DNW UNJGBNMS HLIEDSCFN NA L@LILQLO NBNFLHILR UYEDN^ER, QLXTJLR NA XGILH, MEOYNW DG QDL IEHN. ?IGD^KAT EBN DE OHKMDEE: K HLMJILO,MBL[EDDTW NA QLIL@LV FEXEBN, IGALIOGDDTW HDN@ N HGIJND, NMHLBLJTW O \EUT NHLD, HNUEBNHLJBT, O HLJLITW OGINBGMS HLDNDG; UL KBN^GF OGBCBNMS @LBLOT MGWGIK, FEYHN M HL]E, G WBEXGULPJN DN K HL@L DE XTBL.

1LHNDKJNE 4LMHOT [NJEBCFN, ML[[EDNE EE LAGQGPNBN *GULBELDG. 'D LMJGOGBMC JLJ [E,DE ULJEICB DNPE@L NA MOLNW @EDNGBSDTW MULMLXDLMJEV, NA MOLEV ZDEI@NN, DL LD ONQEB MEXC OMLOEIYEDDL DLOLV M]EIE, MXNBMC M LXTPDLV QLIL@N. (\EJDL AGJIL@NOGB LD NFUEIGJLIG$BEHMGDQIG UIEQBL[EDNCFN L FNIE: LJOEJG DE XTBL; J\EJDL @ILANBMC NQJN DG 1EJEIXKI@: K@ILATDE QEVMJOLOGBN. ;ADGO L ULJEIE 4LMHOT, NFUEIGJLI $BEHMGDQI MHGAGB: „) LJIG\K MEXE XLILQKN BKPYE ML@BGYKMS UNJGJSMC WBEXLF O DEQIGW &NXNIN, DE[EBN ULQUNMGJS MJTQ FLE@L LJEPEMJOGN QLXITW ULQQGDDTW, UL[EIJOLOGDNC HLJLITW KFER ^EDNJS“.

E;);7!6 6 ?#0;)+%,; (#0)+7#%& + %#0!-%#$ 6!'%#. *L LJQGPG 4LMHOT XTBG ULMBEQDERJC[EBLR [EIJOLR. % JL OIEFC HGH UCJNDEQEBSDGC MJLCDHG ]IGD^KALO O 4LMHOE UIN MNBSDLF@IGXE[E OL OIEFC UL[GIG QLOEIYNBG XEMULICQHN N DEKMJILVMJOG, ULMJEUEDDL IGAONOGOYNEMCO DGULBELDLOMHLV GIFNN M UEIOL@L YG@G EE O UIEQEBT -LMMNN, 5KJKALO, OTMJKUNO NA 4LMHOT UL-CAGDMHLV QLIL@E, MOEIDKB M DEE DG 5GBK[MHKR. 20 MEDJCXIC LD OMJKUNB O BG@EIS UIN (GIKJNDEAG IEHLR *GILR, UINHITO 5GBK@K, @QE DGWLQNBNMS XLBSYNE MHBGQT M`EMJDTW UINUGMLO, (KBK MEE LIK[EVDTF AGOLQLF N LXEMUEPNO MEXE MLLX\EDNE M R[DTFN LXBGMJCFN NFUEINN.1GIJNAGDMHGC OLVDG K[E DGPGBGMS.

,\E HL@QG IKMMHGC GIFNC YBG H 7LILQNDK, @KMGIMHNV ULBHLODNH 3GOTQLO UIEQBL[NB DGPGJSZJK OLVDK, MJLBS OT@LQDKR UIN JL@QGYDNW LXMJLCJEBSMJOGW. 'XBL[NO DEUINCJEBSMHKR GIFNR O4LMHOE MEJSR MOLNW ULMJLO, UGIJNAGDT AGJIKQDCBN ]IGD^KAGF QLXTOGDNE M`EMJDTW UINUGMLON DGOEBN DG DNW JGHLV K[GM, PJL LDN IEYGBNMS DG QGBSDNE ]KIG[NILOHN DE NDGPE HGH ULQUINHITJNEF MNBSDTW LJICQLO. 5ILFE 3GOTQLOG NA UGIJNAGDMHNW OL[QEV UILMBGONBNMS ?N@DEIN &EMBGOND; ?N@DEI DE IGA UEIELQEOGBMC OL ]IGD^KAMHNV FKDQNI N, IGA@LOGINOGC MDEUINCJEBCFN, OTOEQTOGB LJ DNW OG[DTE NAOEMJNC. %FEMJE M UGIJNAGDMHLR YBG DGILQDGC OLVDG.&TPLOMHNV KEAQ &FLBEDMHLV @KXEIDNN UILMBGONBMC NMJIEXBEDNEF FDL[EMJOG DEUINCJEBEV:AQEMS UIEQOLQNJEBEF OLMMJGOYNW [NJEBEV XTB FGVLI ,FEBSCDLO; O "[GJMHLF KEAQEOLLIK[EDDTFN HIEMJSCDGFN UIEQOLQNJEBSMJOLOGB @KMGI &GFKMS; MFLBEDMHNE ULFE\NHN_D@EBS@GIJ N >KXND AGUBGJNBN [NADSR AG KPGMJNE O DGILQDLV OLVDE: ]IGD^KAT IGMMJIEBCBNNW O &FLBEDMHE. 5IEMJSCDE %LWDEDMHLV OLBLMJN MEBG 1GOBLOG QEVMJOLOGBN UILJNO ]IGD^KALODG 5BCASFE ULQ UIEQOLQNJEBSMJOLF MOLE@L [E HIEMJSCDNDG 5KINDG.

?IGD^KAT O 4LMHOE, DE NFEC DN WBEXG, DN FCMG, MJIEBCBN OLILD, EBN HLYEH, FCML UGOYNWBLYGQEV, OMBEQMJONE PE@L JEIUEBN LJ XLBEADEV; AG DEQLMJGJHLF QILO, O WLBLQDTE MTITE DLPNDE IGAOLQNBN L@DEV, LJPE@L LUCJS XLBEADN; G H IKMMHLFK OLVMHK UIN (GIKJNDE M IGADTW MJLILDYBN LXLAT: OMBEQMJONE L@ILFDTW UL[EIJOLOGDNV, QLMJGOBEDDTW [NJEBCFN ULQFLMHLODTW NR[DTW @KXEIDNV, MLBQGJT ULPJN E[EQDEODL NFEBN FCML N ONDL. & HG[QTF QDEF IKMMHGC GIFNCKMNBNOGBGMS, G DEUINCJEBSMHGC LMBGXEOGBG. 3 LHJCXIC *GULBELD LJUIGONB H 5KJKALOK M FNIDTFNUIEQBL[EDNCFN; NFUEIGJLI $BEHMGDQI, ULBKPNO LX ZJLF QLDEMEDNE, LJOEPGB ]EBSQFGIYGBK:„% DGMJLC\EE OIEFC DNHGHNE UIEQBL[EDNC DEUINCJEBC DE ULXKQCJ FEDC UIEIOGJS XIGDS N JEFLMBGXNJS MOC\EDDKR LXCAGDDLMJS LJLFMJNJS AG LMHLIXBEDDLE LJEPEMJOL“.

J&D!- Y0#%=;7!6 +7 N!8"6&. 6 LHJCXIC IKMMHNE DGPGBN QEVMJOLOGJS DGMJKUGJEBSDL:ULBLONDG GIFNN ULQ DGPGBSMJOLF 7EDDN@MEDG DGUGBG DG ]IGD^KAMHNV GOGD@GIQ, MJLCOYNV ULQUIEQOLQNJEBSMJOLF 4RIGJG DG IEHE 9EIDNYDE, OEIMJGW O QEMCJN LJ JGIKJNDMHL@L BG@EIC;IKMMHNF KQGBLMS LUILHNDKJS DEUINCJEBC N LJDCJS FDL[EMJOL UKYEH. *GULBELD QEBGB MFLJIMOLNF OLVMHGF O 5IEFBE, HL@QG ULBKPNB OEMJS L MIG[EDNN UIN 9EIDNYDE. &FK\EDDTV UEIEWLQLF

232

IKMMHNW OLVMH LJ LXLILDT H DGMJKUGJEBSDTF QEVMJONCF, LD UIEHIGJNB MFLJI N MQEBGBIGMULIC[EDNE H DEFEQBEDDLFK OTMJKUBEDNR NA 4LMHOT.

&GF *GULBELD OTEWGB NA DEE 7 LHJCXIC, O 4LMHOE LMJGOBED XTB FGIYGB 4LIJSE MUINHGAGDNEF AG[EPS 5IEFBEOMHNV QOLIE^, HGAGIFT N OME LX\EMJOEDDTE AQGDNC, HILFEOLMUNJGJEBSDL@L QLFG, OALIOGJS HIEFBEOMHNE MJEDT. % ULBDLPS DG 11 LHJCXIC AGUTBGBHIEFBEOMHNV $IMEDGB N QIK@NE AQGDNC, IGAQGBMC MJIGYDTV OAITO, AG HLJLITF ULMBEQLOGBN E\EYEMJS; IGAIKYEDT XTBN QOLIE^, "IGDLONJGC UGBGJG, PGMJS HLBLHLBSDN +OGDG %EBNHL@L, $IMEDGB,MJEDT ULOIE[QEDT XTBN OL FDL@NW FEMJGW, DL MLXLIT K^EBEBN. 11 LHJCXIC, JLJPGM UL KWLQE]IGD^KALO, @EDEIGB +BLOGVMHNV M HGAGHGFN AGDCB 4LMHOK.

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

%L OIEFC ZJL@L LJMJKUBEDNC IKMMHNE UIEMBEQLOGBN E@L M JTBG N XLHLO, N WLBLQ O ULMBEQDNWPNMBGW LHJCXIC DGPGB K[E QGOGJS MEXC PKOMJOLOGJS. "EDEIGB 4NBLIGQLONP DGDEM MNBSDLEULIG[EDNE ]IGD^KAGF UIN %CASFE; GJGFGD QLDMHNW HGAGHLO 1BGJLO IGAXNB NW DG IEHE %LUNXBNA 3KWLO\NDT; MIG[EDNE ULQ 5IGMDTF M 3 UL 9 DLCXIC QLOEIYNBL LMBGXBEDNE DEUINCJEBSMHLVGIFNN: IKMMHNE OACBN AQEMS XLBEE 26000 UBEDDTW N 126 UKYEH. &BEQMJONC ZJNW XNJO FL@BN XTXTJS E\E OG[DEE, EMBN X IKMMHNE QEVMJOLOGBN IEYNJEBSDEE, DL 5KJKALO DE WLJEB INMHLOGJSUIN OMJIEPE M UEIOTF ULBHLOLQ^EF OEHG N UIEQLMJGONB WLBLQK N @LBLQK QLOEIYNJS KDNPJL[EDNEDEUINCJEBSMHLV GIFNN. 4LILAT LMLXEDDL DGPGBN MONIEUMJOLOGJS M 1 DLCXIC: KJILF UINOTMJKUBEDNN M DLPBE@LO FEMJG IGMULBL[EDNC GIFNN LXLADGPGBNMS JIKUGFN, ULQLXDL ULBRMIG[EDNC; O LQDK DLPS AGFEIAGBL UL 300 PEBLOEH.

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

9#.0#%+*%#$ 6!'%# 1813 .!-#. -LMMNC XTBG LPN\EDG LJ OIG@LO, DL MLOEIYEDG XTBG JLBSHLULBLONDG ULQON@G: NFUEIGJLI $BEHMGDQI XTB KXE[QED, PJL UIN JL@QGYDEF ULBL[EDNN ,OILUTFNI LQDLV -LMMNN M ?IGD^NER XTB XT JLBSHL UEIEFNINEF, N ULJLFK -LMMNN DK[DL XTBL DGUICPSOME MOLN MNBT QBC ULQDCJNC N LMOLXL[QEDNC ,OILUT LJ *GULBELDG. 1 CDOGIC 1813 @LQG IKMMHNEOLVMHG UEIEYBN @IGDN^K NFUEINN, IEHK *EFGD, N O DGPGBE ]EOIGBC QLMJN@BN 'QEIG. 5KJKALO!&FLBEDMHNV KFEI O 7KD^BGK O GUIEBE; DGPGBSMJOL DGQ OLVMHLF UINDCB %NJ@EDYJEVD; NFUEIGJLI$BEHMGDQI DGWLQNBMC ULMJLCDDL UIN OLVMHE.

1IKMMNC UEIEYBG DG MJLILDK -LMMNN, $OMJINC HLBEXGBGMS, DL *GULBELD QEVMJOLOGB MLXTPDLR MOLER ZDEI@NER N OEMDLR (20 GUIEBC N 9 FGC), ULIGANO MLRADNHLO O QOKW XNJOGW UIN#R^EDE N 7GK^EDE, AGMJGONB LJMJKUNJS H 'QEIK. *L @EDNV LQDL@L PEBLOEHG N MNBT LQDL@L DGILQGDE FL@BN DNPE@L MQEBGJS UILJNO HIEUHL@L MLRAG ^GIEV N DGILQLO, NMHKYEDDTW XEQLR. 1LMBEHIGJHL@L UEIEFNINC N DEKMUEYDTW UEIE@LOLILO DG 1IG[MHLF HLD@IEMME OLVDG DGPGBGMS MDLOG,UINPEF $OMJINC UINMLEQNDNBGMS H -LMMNN N 1IKMMNN, $D@BNC LXCAGBGMS ULFL@GJS MLRADNHGFQEDS@GFN N MDGICQGFN; >OE^NC JGH[E UINFHDKBG H MLRAK, N DGMBEQDTV UIND^ EE, XTOYNV

233

]IGD^KAMHNV FGIYGB 7EIDGQLJ, CONBMC M OLVMHLF O &EOEIDLV "EIFGDNN.&NBT MLRADNHLO XTBN IGAQEBEDT DG JIN GIFNN: @BGODKR, NBN XL@EFMHKR, ULQ DGPGBSMJOLF

GOMJINVMHL@L ]EBSQFGIYGBG HDCAC >OGI^EDXEI@G, MNBEAMHKR ULQ DGPGBSMJOLF UIKMMHL@L@EDEIGBG 7BRWEIG N MEOEIDKR ULQ DGPGBSMJOLF DGMBEQDL@L UIND^G YOEQMHL@L. *GULBELDULIGANB @BGODKR GIFNR MLRADNHLO UIN 3IEAQEDE (15 GO@KMJG), DL @EDEIGB E@L %GDQGF,LJIC[EDDTV O 7L@EFNR, O JTB MLRADLV GIFNN, XTB OACJ O UBED UIN 5KBSFE (17 GO@KMJG)XBG@LQGIC MJLVHLMJN IKMMHNW OLVMH, XTOYNW ULQ DGPGBSMJOLF @IG]G 'MJEIFGDG N ,IFLBLOG.3OE QIK@NE GIFNN, MNBEAMHGC N MEOEIDGC, XTBN JGH[E MPGMJBNOT UILJNO FGIYGBLO *GULBELDG;DGHLDE^, N MGF *GULBELD ULJEIUEB ULIG[EDNE LJ MLMIEQLJLPEDDTW GIFNV MLRADNPEMHNW OMJIGYDLF JIEWQDEODLF XLR UIN #EVU^N@E (4, 6, 7 LHJCXIC): AQEMS ULBFNBBNLDG IGADLUBEFEDDL@LOLVMHG XNBLMS DG UILMJIGDMJOE LQDLV HOGQIGJDLV FNBN UIN @ILFE 2000 UKYEH; *GULBELD,ULJEICOYN LHLBL ULBLONDT MOLEV GIFNN, KYEB AG -EVD: "EIFGDNC XTBG LMOLXL[QEDG.

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

19 FGIJG NFUEIGJLI $BEHMGDQI OFEMJE M HLILBEF UIKMMHNF JLI[EMJOEDDL OMJKUNB O DE@L NO JLJ [E QEDS LXDGILQLOGB, PJL DN LD, DN MLRADNHN E@L DE DGFEIEDT OWLQNJS DN O HGHNEUEIE@LOLIT M 7LDGUGIJLF NBN M HEF!BNXL NA PBEDLO E@L MEFEVMJOG N UIEQMJGOBCRJ MGFNF]IGD^KAGF KPIEQNJS K MEXC UIGONJEBSMJOL. %MBEQMJONE ZJL@L ]IGD^KAMHNV MEDGJ LX`CONB*GULBELDG DNAOEI[EDDTF M UIEMJLBG, XKIXLDMHGC QNDGMJNC OLMMJGDLOBEDG N #RQLONH XVIIIUILOLA@BGYED HLILBEF. *GULBELD LJIEHMC AG MEXC N AG MTDG MOLE@L LJ UIEMJLBG, MLWIGDNBNFUEIGJLIMHNV JNJKB N ULBKPNB O KUIGOBEDNE LMJILO _BSXK. 1GIN[MHNF QL@LOLILF 18 FGC 1814@LQG #RQLONH XVIII LJHGAGBMC, M LPEDS DEXLBSYNFN NMHBRPEDNCFN, LJ OMEW AEFEBS,UINMLEQNDEDDTW H ?IGD^NN ML OIEFED IEOLBR^NN.

J,%8"+' "!%.0,88 + J#),02!!. % 1GIN[E MLRADNHN LUIEQEBNBN MLAOGJS HLD@IEMM QBCLHLDPGJEBSDL@L KMJILVMJOG ULBNJNPEMHL@L MLMJLCDNC ,OILUT. %MBEQMJONE ZJL@L O MEDJCXIE 1814@LQG M`EWGBLMS O %EDK FDL@L OBGQEJEBSDTW BN^ N FNDNMJILO NW, N M UINXTJNEF NFUEIGJLIG$BEHMGDQIG HLD@IEMM LJHITBMC. &GFTF JIKQDTF QBC IEYEDNC OLUILMLF CONBMC AQEMS OLUILM LMKQSXE @EI^L@MJOG %GIYGOMHL@L N &GHMLDNN. +FUEIGJLI $BEHMGDQI JIEXLOGB OMEW ULBSMHNWAEFEBS, [EBGC QGJS 1LBSYE LMLXLE KMJILVMJOL ULQ MOLER OEIWLODLR OBGMJNR; HLILBS UIKMMHNVJIEXLOGB MEXE &GHMLDNN, HLJLILV HLILBS MPNJGBMC BNYEDDTF MOLNW UIGO AG MLRA M *GULBELDLF.

$OMJINC, $D@BNC N ?IGD^NC DNHGH DE ML@BGYGBNMS DG ZJN JIEXLOGDNC N MLMJGONBN JGVDTVMLRA UILJNO -LMMNN N 1IKMMNN. 3EBL, LQDGHL, KBGQNBLMS JEF, PJL NFUEIGJLI $BEHMGDQIML@BGMNBMC OACJS JLBSHL PGMJS %GIYGOMHL@L @EI^L@MJOG, J. E. AEFBN, MLMJGOBCR\NE JEUEIS=GIMJOL 1LBSMHLE, N 1IKMMNC KQLOLBSMJOLOGBGMS JGH[E PGMJNR &GHMLDNN.

4E[QK JEF, KADGOYN L MNBSDLF DEKQLOLBSMJONN OL ?IGD^NN DG DLOLE UIGONJEBSMJOL.*GULBELD JGVDL LMJGONB _BSXK, OTMGQNBMC O 6[DLV ?IGD^NN N XTMJIL UILYEB QL 1GIN[G, DEOMJIEPGC DN@QE MLUILJNOBEDNC; #RQLONH XVIII QLB[ED XTB XE[GJS NA MJLBN^T O 7EBS@NR, N*GULBELD MDLOG XTB UILOLA@BGYED NFUEIGJLILF. <EBGC MLXIGJSMC M MNBGFN, LD QGB ADGJSMLRADNHGF, PJL [EBGEJ FNIG N @LJLO NMULBDCJS OME KMBLONC 1GIN[MHL@L QL@LOLIG, DL @LMKQGINLX`CONBN E@L OIG@LF LX\E@L MULHLVMJONC, BNYEDDTF ULHILONJEBSMJOG AGHLDLO.

(\EJDL *GULBELD UTJGBMC LJOBEPS LJ MLRAG NFUEIGJLIG $BEHMGDQIG, MLLX\NO EFKDGVQEDDTV O HGXNDEJE #RQLONHG XVIII JGVDTV QL@LOLI, „AGHBRPEDDTV UILJNO -LMMNN $OMJINER,$D@BNER N ?IGD^NER: IKMMHNV NFUEIGJLI LMJGBMC OEIED LX\EFK QEBK ,OILUT. *EFEQBEDDLOTMJGOBEDT XTBN UILJNO ?IGD^NN JIN GIFNN: R[DL@EIFGDMHNE OLVMHG ULQ DGPGBSMJOLF>OGI^EDXEI@G QLB[DT XTBN QONDKJSMC LJ >OEV^GINN, UIKMMGHN M 7BRWEILF — LJ *N[DE@L-EVDG, GD@BNPGDE N @LBBGDQ^T ULQ DGPGBSMJOLF %EBBND@JLDG — NA 7EBS@NN; IKMMHLE OLVMHL,DGWLQNOYEEMC O ZJL OIEFC O 1LBSYE, QLB[DL XTBL JGH[E QONDKJSMC DG XEIE@G -EVDG.

234

*GULBELD CONBMC M MOLNF OLVMHLF O 7EBS@NR, DL, UILN@IGOYN XNJOK UILJNO %EBBND@JLDGUIN %GJEIBLL, OJLINPDL LJHGAGBMC LJ UIEMJLBG N XTB LJOEAED GD@BNPGDGFN DG LMJILO &O. ,BEDT.#RQLONH XVIII OLAOIGJNBMC O 1GIN[. %JLILE, MJLQDEODLE, ̂ GIMJOLOGDNE *GULBELDG LXLYBLMSQLIL@L ?IGD^NN: HILFE KIEAGDNC @IGDN^, LDG QLB[DG XTBG AGUBGJNJS @ILFGQDKR HLDJINXK^NRO 800 FNBBNLDLO N DG MEFS BEJ KMJKUNJS MLRADTF OLVMHGF 18 HIEULMJEV O MEOEIL!OLMJLPDTWLXBGMJCW; UL DGMJLCDNR IKMMHL@L NFUEIGJLIG MXGOBEDL XTBL 100 FNBBNLDLO HLDJINXK^NN NMLHIG\ED MILH AGDCJNC HIEULMJEV QOKFC @LQGFN. % 1818 @LQK DG $WEDMHLF HLD@IEMME, @QEUINMKJMJOLOGB NFUEIGJLI $BEHMGDQI OFEMJE M NFUEIGJLILF GOMJINVMHNF N HLILBEF UIKMMHNF,IEYEDL XTBL OTOEMJN OLVMHG MLRADNHLO NA ?IGD^NN.

@6$5,%%&' 8!F7 + "!%.0,88&: ?0!((#68"+', O#'4#D8"+' + J,0!%8"+'; -,2# (!2A8"+,;6!88)#%+, .0,"!6 + "!%*+%# +/(,0#)!0# Q2,"8#%-0#. 14 MEDJCXIC 1815 @LQG UL FTMBNNFUEIGJLIG $BEHMGDQIG ULQUNMGD XTB JIEFC @LMKQGICFN, ILMMNVMHNF, GOMJINVMHNF N UIKMMHNF,GHJ JGH DGATOGEFL@L &OC\EDDL@L MLRAG. %MJKUNOYNE O MLRA FLDGIWN ML@BGMNBNMS: „5GH OKUIGOBEDNN MLXMJOEDDTFN ULQQGDDTFN, JGH N O ULBNJNPEMHNW LJDLYEDNCW H QIK@NFUIGONJEBSMJOGF IKHLOLQMJOLOGJSMC AGULOEQCFN MO. ,OGD@EBNC, HLJLITE, DE L@IGDNPNOGCMSUINBL[EDNEF MOLNF H LQDLV PGMJDLV [NADN, QLB[DT DEULMIEQMJOEDDL KUIGOBCJS OLBER ^GIEVN OLQNJEBSMJOLOGJS NW QECDNCFN HGH EQNDMJOEDDLE MIEQMJOL, KJOEI[QGR\EE PEBLOEPEMHNEULMJGDLOBEDNC N OLADG@IG[QGR\EE NW DEMLOEIYEDMJOL. %MBEQMJONE ME@L ULBL[NBN: MLEQNDNJSMCKAGFN DEIGAITODL@L XIGJMJOG N LHGATOGJS QIK@ QIK@K OL OMCHLF MBKPGE, OL OMCHLF FEMJEOAGNFDKR ULFL\S N QLXIL[EBGJEBSMJOL, ULQQGDDTW [E MOLNW MPNJGJS HGH XT PBEDGFN LQDL@LMEFEVMJOG N KUIGOBCJS NFN O JLF [E QKWE XIGJMJOG QBC MLWIGDEDNC OEIT, UIGOQT N FNIG“.

&BEQMJONEF MLRAG FE[QK MNBSDEVYNFN @LMKQGICFN ,OILUT XTBL UIEHIG\EDNEIEOLBR^NLDDTW QON[EDNV, LXDGIK[NOYNWMC O IGADTW PGMJCW EE. % +MUGDNN QKIDLE KUIGOBEDNEHLILBC ?EIQNDGDQG VII UILNAOEBL OLBDEDNE O OLVMHE, MJLILDK HLJLIL@L UINDCB DGILQ, N HLILBSQLB[ED XTB ML@BGMNJSMC DG L@IGDNPEDNE MOLEV OBGMJN; JL [E MGFLE UILNALYBL O *EGULBE;1LIJK@GBNC N &EOEIDGC +JGBNC JGH[E OLBDLOGBNMS. %MBEQMJONE ZJL@L MLXIGBMC O DLCXIE 1820@LQG HLD@IEMM O (ILUUGK NA KULBDLFLPEDDTW -LMMNN, $OMJINN, $D@BNN, 1IKMMNN N ?IGD^NN OUINMKJMJONN NFUEIGJLILO ILMMNVMHL@L N GOMJINVMHL@L; ULJLF — O #GVXGWE (O CDOGIE 1821@LQG), DG HLJLITV XTB UIN@BGYED N HLILBS DEGULBNJGDMHNV.

1LBL[EDL XTBL OLMMJGDLOBCJS ULICQLH MNBGFN MLRADTW OLVMH. *EGULBS N 1SEFLDJ XTBNKMULHLEDT. 3BC IEYEDNC QEB NMUGDMHNW MLXIGBMC HLD@IEMM O %EILDE O LHJCXIE 1822 @LQG, @QE MML@BGMNC UCJN QEI[GO IEYEDL XTBL, PJLX ]IGD^KAMHNV HLILBS #RQLONH XVIII ULMBGB MOLEOLVMHL AG 1NIEDEN, LDL LOBGQEBL 4GQINQLF N KJOEIQNBL OBGMJS HLILBEOMHKR. *G %EDMHLFHLD@IEMME (28 FGC 1815 @.) XTBL ULMJGOBEDL: „"EI^L@MJOL %GIYGOMHLE UINMLEQNDCEJMC H-LMMNVMHLV NFUEINN; LDL XKQEJ XEAOLAOIGJDL MLEQNDEDL M DER MOLER HLDMJNJK^NEV ULQ OEPDTFOBGQEDNEF NFUEIGJLIG OMEILMMNVMHL@L, E@L DGMBEQDNHLO N UIEEFDNHLO. ,@L NFUEIGJLIMHLEOEBNPEMJOL LMJGOBCEJ AG MLXLR UIGOL UIEQLMJGONJS ZJLV LXBGMJN, ULBSAKR\EVMC LMLXEDDLRGQFNDNMJIG^NER, JGHLE ODKJIEDDEE LPEIJGDNE @IGDN^, HGHLE MLPJEJ UINBNPDTF. 1LBCHN,ULQQGDDTE -LMMNN, $OMJINN N 1IKMMNN, ULBKPGJ UIEQMJGONJEBSMJOL N DG^NLDGBSDTEKMJGDLOBEDNC MLLXIGADL JLFK ILQK ULBNJNPEMHL@L MK\EMJOLOGDNC, HLJLILE HG[QLE NAUIGONJEBSMJO, NFN OBGQER\NW, DGVQEJ ULBEADTF N UINBNPDTF QGJS NF“.

12 QEHGXIC 1815 @LQG LXDGILQLOGDG XTBG HLDMJNJK^NC, QGDDGC NFUEIGJLILF $BEHMGDQILF=GIMJOK 1LBSMHLFK: HG[QTE QOG @LQG DG PEJTIE DEQEBN MLXNIGBMC MEVF QBC IGMMK[QEDNC LUIEQBG@GEFTW UIGONJEBSMJOLF UILEHJGW AGHLDLO. &EVF MLMJLCB NA QOKW HGFEI: MEDGJG (EUNMHLUT,OLEOLQT, HGMJEBCDT, DGADGPGEFTE UL[NADEDDL @LMKQGIEF) N UGBGJT QEUKJGJLO (NA 77UIEQMJGONJEBEV YBCWJT N 51 QEUKJGJG LJ @LILQLO N MEBSMHNW LX\ND). 7BG@LMLMJLCDNE ^GIMJOGXTMJIL N MNBSDL ULQDCBLMS. % 1788 @LQK QLWLQT IEMUKXBNHN (QL OJLIL@L IGAQEBG) QLWLQNBNJLBSHL QL 80 FNBBNLDLO ABLJTW, G JEUEIS UIEOTMNBN 100 FNBBNLDLO; NFUEIGJLI $BEHMGDQIKMJKUNB OME MOLN QLWLQT O ULBSAK @LMKQGIMJOG. % 1815 @LQK O ^GIMJOE XTBL EQOG 2.5 FNBBNLDG[NJEBEV, G 15 BEJ MUKMJC — ULPJN PEJTIE FNBBNLDG.

*EMFLJIC DG JL, ULBCHN XTBN DEQLOLBSDT: NF WLJEBLMS LJQEBEDNC LJ -LMMNN N

235

OLMMJGDLOBEDNC 1LBSYN O UIE[DNW EE @IGDN^GW, HGH XTBL QL IGAQEBLO. -EOLBR^NLDDTEQON[EDNC, UILNMWLQNOYNE O /GUGQDLV ,OILUE, KMNBNOGBN O ULBCHGW [EBGDNE UEIEFEDT. ;[EUEIOTV MEVF (LJHITJTV 15 FGC 1818 @LQG) LMHLIXNB NFUEIGJLIG IGADTFN OTWLQHGFN UILJNOFNDNMJILO. *G OJLILF MEVFE LXIGALOGBGMS MNBSDGC LUULAN^NC, N AGHLDT, UIEQBL[EDDTEUIGONJEBSMJOLF, XTBN LJOEI@DKJT. 3BC NAXE[GDNC OLBDEDNV UIGONJEBSMJOL NAQGBLQLULBDNJEBSDTV GHJ, UL HLJLILFK UKXBNPDTE AGMEQGDNC DGADGPEDT XTBN JLBSHL UIN LJHITJNNN AGHITJNN MEVFG, LXTHDLOEDDTE [E AGMEQGDNC QLB[DT XTBN UILNMWLQNJS M AGJOLIEDDTFNQOEICFN.

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

% ULMBEQDEE OIEFC MOLE@L ^GIMJOLOGDNC NFUEIGJLI $BEHMGDQI XTB MNBSDL LAGXLPEDOLUILMLF @IEPEMHNF. % JL OIEFC, HL@QG EOILUEVMHNE DGILQDLMJN, OLMJLI[EMJOLOGO DGQ*GULBELDLF, DNABL[NBN DGPGBL OMEFNIDL@L OBGQTPEMJOG, HLJLIL@L DE JEIUNJ DLOGCWINMJNGDMHGC NMJLINC,“DGILQDLMJS @IEPEMHGC, K@DEJEDDGC JKIHGFN, JGH[E LXDGIK[NBGMJIEFBEDNE H OLAIL[QEDNR. % %EDE O 1814 @LQK OLADNHBL LX\EMJOL ULQ NFEDEF "EJEINN,NFEOYEE ^EBSR UIN@LJLONJS @IEHLO H OLAIL[QEDNR ULMIEQMJOLF LXIGALOGDNC: IGMULBG@GCXLBSYNFN MIEQMJOGFN, LDL OLMUNJTOGBL FLBLQTW @IEHLO O EOILUEVMHNW KDNOEIMNJEJGW N O MGFLV"IE^NN KPIE[QGBL DGILQDTE YHLBT. 'QND NA MGFTW QECJEBSDTW PBEDLO LX\EMJOG XTB @IEH MLMJILOG 5LI]K @IG] 5GULQNMJINC, MJGJM!MEHIEJGIS NFUEIGJLIG $BEHMGDQIG, ADGFEDNJTVQNUBLFGJ MOLE@L OIEFEDN.

3IK@NF IEODLMJDEVYNF PBEDLF "EJEINN XTB @EDEIGB IKMMHLV MBK[XT HDCAS $BEHMGDQI+UMNBGDJN, MTD @LMULQGIC FLBQGOMHL@L. +UMNBGDJN XTB NA PNMBG JEW BRQEV, HLJLITE QLB@LPE@L!DNXKQS DE QL[NQGRJMC: O 1821 @LQK LD CONBMC O 4LBQGONR N UINAOGB @IEHLO H OLMMJGDNRAG OEIK N MOLXLQK, MBEQMJONEF PE@L XTBL QON[EDNE O 4LIEE N DG LMJILOGW $IWNUEBG[MHNW.+FUEIGJLI $BEHMGDQI, AGDCJTV QON[EDNCFN DG /GUGQE, NA`CONB MOLE DEKQLOLBSMJONE DGULMJKULH +UMNBGDJN, DL MKBJGD DE WLJEB OEINJS NMHIEDDLMJN ZJL@L DEKQLOLBSMJONC N LXDGIK[NBDEUINCADS H -LMMNN: JKIHN O 5LDMJGDJNDLULBE UILNAOEBN MJIGYDKR IEADR FE[QK XEALIK[DTFN@IEHGFN, UGJINGIW "IN@LINV N QOG EUNMHLUG XTBN IGMUCJT O ̂ EIHON O MGFLE &OEJBLE OLMHIEMEDSE.-KMMHNV ULMLB OTEWGB NA 5LDMJGDJNDLULBC, N IKMMHNE OLVMHG DGPGBN MLXNIGJSMC DG R[DTW@IGDN^GW.

,OILUEVMHNE QEI[GOT, XLCMS KMNBEDNC -LMMNN DG IGAOGBNDGW (KI^NN, KMUEBN MOLNFULMIEQDNPEMJOLF AGQEI[GJS OLVDK DG PEJTIE @LQG, DL DE KMUEBN LXIGAKFNJS JKILH,UILQLB[GOYNW NMJIEXBCJS WINMJNGD. %LVDG XTBG DEFNDKEFGC, DL 19 DLCXIC 1825 @LQGNFUEIGJLI $BEHMGDQI MHLDPGBMC O (G@GDIL@E.

"#$%$ LII%*;(-,**)) 3,)(,#2*'&(2 +41,-$('-$ $#,5&$*3-$ I

% FGDN]EMJE L OLMYEMJONN MOLEF DG UIEMJLB NFUEIGJLI $BEHMGDQI LX`CONB, PJL „UINDNFGEJLXCAGDDLMJS KUIGOBCJS UL AGHLDGF N UL MEIQ^K ,HGJEINDT II, YEMJOLOGJS UL EE UIEFKQITF

236

DGFEIEDNCF“.*EFEQBEDDL [E NAQGD XTB KHGA L MOLXLQDLF UILUKMHE AG @IGDN^K NDLMJIGD^EO N IKMMHNW,

HGH XTBL QL 1796 @LQG; ULJLF L OLMMJGDLOBEDNN QOLICDMHLV @IGFLJT N @LILQLOL@L ULBL[EDNC,J. E. LJFEDEDL JEBEMDLE DGHGAGDNE LJDLMNJEBSDL QOLICD N @NBSQEVMHNW @IG[QGD; LX LMOLXL[QEDNNLJ JEBEMDL@L DGHGAGDNC MOC\EDDNHLO N QSCHLDLO; LX LMOLXL[QEDNN O MEBGW UINWL[GD LJLXCAGDDLMJN LXIGXGJTOGJS ^EIHLODTE AEFBN, NXL ZJG DLOGC ULONDDLMJS IGAITOGEJ FE[QKUINWL[GDGFN N QKWLOEDMJOLF MLRA FNIG N BRXON; KDNPJL[EDT ^EDAKIDTE ULMJGDLOBEDNCUIEQYEMJOLOGOYE@L ^GIMJOLOGDNC, ULAOLBEDL HG[QLFK AGOLQNJS JNUL@IG]NN, HGH XTBL UIN,HGJEINDE, G IGMMFGJINOGDNE HDN@ OLABL[EDL DG @IG[QGDMHNW @KXEIDGJLILO, HLJLITEKULJIEXBCRJ H JLFK QNIEHJLILO DGILQDTW KPNBN\. ;HGALF 2 GUIEBC 1801 @LQG KDNPJL[EDG XTBG(GVDGC ZHMUEQN^NC; QEBG EE OEBEDL OEQGJS O 1!F N 5!F QEUGIJGFEDJGW &EDGJG. 20 ]EOIGBC 1803@LQG — KHGA LX LJUKMHE ULFE\NHGFN HIEMJSCD DG OLBR UL AGHBRPEDNN KMBLONV; HIEMJSCDE NMEBEDNC, LMOLXL[QGEFTE ULFE\NHGFN M AEFBER, LXIGAKRJ LMLXEDDLE MLMJLCDNE 86!4!-%&DD2,4!(#H=,6; UEIOTV LX`CONB [EBGDNE LJUKMJNJS HIEMJSCD @IG] &EI@EV -KFCD^EO.

+ $BEHMGDQI O DGPGBE MOLE@L ^GIMJOLOGDNC QLB[ED XTB NAQGJS JGHLV [E KHGA, HGH N,HGJEINDG: „& MEIQEPDTF MLXLBEADLOGDNEF AGFEPGEF, PJL UG@KXDLE BNWLNFMJOL NBN OACJHN DEJLHFL MK\EMJOKRJ, DL QG[E IGMUILMJIGDCRJMC FE[QK JEFN MGFTFN, HLJLITE XT @DKYGJSMC NFNN OMEFEIDL UIEMEHGJS NW QLB[EDMJOLOGBN“.

'JDLMNJEBSDL IGMHLBSDNHLO UIGONJEBSMJOL OTMHGAGBL MBEQKR\NE UIGONBG: „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“

9JLX QGJS QKWLOEDMJOK XLBSYE MIEQMJO QEVMJOLOGJS DG DGILQ [NOTFN KOE\GDNCFN,AGXLJNBNMS LX KMJILVMJOE QKWLODTW KPNBN\; MIEQMJOG QBC MLQEI[GDNC ZJNW KPNBN\ KOEBNPEDTQGILOGDNEF ̂ EIHOGF NMHBRPNJEBSDL@L UIGOG UILQGOGJS O DNW OLMHLOTE MOEPN; KPIE[QEDG XTBGHLFNMMNC QKWLODTW KPNBN\; O 1814 @LQK LXDGILQLOGDT KMJGOT GHGQEFNV, MEFNDGINV N QKWLODTWKPNBN\. 9JL HGMGEJMC LXIGALOGDNC FNICD, JL FT ONQEBN, PJL UIN ,HGJEINDE II DGPGBNKPIE[QGJSMC @BGODTE N FGBTE DGILQDTE KPNBN\G, DL XLBSYER PGMJNR LDN MK\EMJOLOGBN JLBSHLUL NFEDN; UIN $BEHMGDQIE QGDT XTBN ZJNF KPNBN\GF MIEQMJOG H QEVMJONJEBSDLFKMK\EMJOLOGDNR, UINPEF @BGODTE DGILQDTE KPNBN\G DGAOGDT @NFDGANCFN, G FGBTE — KEAQDTFNKPNBN\GFN; MOEIW JL@L, QBC UEIOLDGPGBSDL@L LXIGALOGDNC KPIE[QEDT KPNBN\G UINWLQMHNE;LMDLOGDT UEQG@L@NPEMHNE NDMJNJKJT O 4LMHOE N 1EJEIXKI@E QBC LXIGALOGDNC KPNJEBEV; OTAOGDTNA!AG @IGDN^T UIL]EMMLIG; UIE[QE MK\EMJOLOGOYNE KDNOEIMNJEJT — 4LMHLOMHNV, %NBEDMHNVN 3EIUJMHNV — UIELXIGALOGDT, KPIE[QEDT DLOTE O 5GAGDN N :GISHLOE, ULJLF O 1EJEIXKI@E.

% UEIOLE OIEFC ^GIMJOLOGDNC $BEHMGDQIG MGFTFN UINXBN[EDDTFN H NFUEIGJLIK BN^GFNXTBN *LOLMNBS^EO, 9GIJLITVMHNV, &JIL@GDLO N 5LPKXEV. 5DCAS $QGF 9GIJLITVMHNV HGH ULBCH,NFEOYNV ULMJLCDDL O ONQK OLMMJGDLOBEDNE 1LBSYN O EE MJGITW @IGDN^GW, XTB LMLXEDDL OIEQEDQBC -LMMNN O AOGDNN ULUEPNJEBC %NBEDMHL@L KPEXDL@L LHIK@G, MULMLXMJOKC KMNBEDNR ULBSMHL@LZBEFEDJG O AGUGQDTW IKMMHNW LXBGMJCW, OLMUNJTOGC AQEMS FLBLQLE ULHLBEDNE O ULBSMHLF QKWE.%FEMJL UIE[DE@L &LOEJG, MLATOGOYE@LMC O OG[DTW MBKPGCW NA BN^, DGADGPEDDTW @LMKQGIEF, O1801 @LQK KPIE[QED XTB ULMJLCDDTV "LMKQGIMJOEDDTV MLOEJ. % 1802 @LQK KPIE[QEDTFNDNMJEIMJOG.

& 1806 @LQG ULBKPGEJ OG[DLE ADGPEDNE &UEIGDMHNV, OTQONDKJTV UIENFK\EMJOEDDL5LPKXEEF. 3ECJEBSDLMJS &UEIGDMHL@L, DLMNOYE@L AOGDNE @LMKQGIMJOEDDL@L MEHIEJGIC, DLMPNJGOYE@LMC UEIOTF FNDNMJILF, @BGODTF LXIGALF AGHBRPGBGMS O UIELXIGALOGDNN

237

"LMKQGIMJOEDDL@L MLOEJG, FNDNMJEIMJO N O FEIGW QBC ULUIGOBEDNC ]NDGDMLO. % 1809 @LQK ULFTMBN &UEIGDMHL@L AGUIE\EDL XTBL UILNAOLQNJS O 8!V N 5!V HBGMMT PNDLODNHLO, DE NFEOYNWKDNOEIMNJEJMHL@L GJJEMJGJG. % 1812 @LQK UL UINPNDGF DEKCMDEDDTF &UEIGDMHNV ULQOEI@MCLUGBE, MLMBGD MUEIOG O *N[DNV *LO@LILQ, ULJLF O 1EIFS. % 1814 @LQK EFK XTBL ULAOLBEDL[NJS O MOLEV DLO@LILQMHLV QEIEODE, ULJLF LD XTB @KXEIDGJLILF O 1EDAE, @EDEIGB!@KXEIDGJLILFO &NXNIN. 1LMBE (NBSANJMHL@L FNIG LMLXEDDTF QLOEINEF $BEHMGDQIG DGPGB ULBSALOGJSMC@EDEIGB $IGHPEEO.

#NJEIGJKIG GBEHMGDQILOMHL@L OIEFEDN MBGODG ADGFEDNJTF UILNAOEQEDNEF MOLNF —„+MJLINER @LMKQGIMJOG -LMMNVMHL@L“. 1EIOTV UNMGJEBS ZULWN, JOLIE^ DLOL@L BNJEIGJKIDL@LCATHG 5GIGFAND ULMOCJNB MOLR QECJEBSDLMJS LJEPEMJOEDDLV NMJLINN, N OME, PJL FL@ MQEBGJSMNBSDTV JGBGDJ QBC ODEYDEV [NOLUNMN MLXTJNV, OME XTBL MQEBGDL 5GIGFANDTF; FEPJG#LFLDLMLOG MXTBGMS: IKMMHGC NMJLINC DGYBG MOLE@L #NONC. 9JL HGMGEJMC QL LMDLODL@L OA@BCQGNMJLINL@IG]G, JL 5GIGFAND XTB UIEQMJGONJEBEF EHGJEINDNDMHL@L OEHG, O HLJLITV LHLDPGJEBSDLMBL[NBNMS E@L OLAAIEDNC: DEQLOLBSMJOL ZULWLR UIELXIGALOGDNC, DEQLOLBSMJOL ODEYDNFAGNFMJOLOGDNEF ]LIF AGUGQDLEOILUEVMHLV @IG[QGDMJOEDDLMJN, JIEXLOGDNE ODKJIEDDE@LDIGOMJOEDDL@L MLOEIYEDMJOLOGDNC, UEIEIL[QEDNC, JIEXLOGDNE QKYN, PKOMJOG,PKOMJONJEBSDLMJN, DGHLDE^, OMBEQMJONE DEQLOLBSMJOG 1EJILOMHLR ZULWLR EMJEMJOEDDLELXIG\EDNE MLPKOMJONC H QIEODEV -LMMNN — OME ZJL, OMJIEPEDDLE DGFN O EHGJEINDNDMHLVBNJEIGJKIE, LJIG[GEJMC N O „+MJLINN @LMKQGIMJOG -LMMNVMHL@L“.

'MJGDLOHG ZJLV NMJLINN DG MFKJDLF OIEFEDN, LJMKJMJONE ULQILXDLV NMJLINN XVII OEHG,ZJL@L FLMJG FE[QK QIEODER N DLOLR -LMMNER, DGQLB@L QLB[DT XTBN MULMLXMJOLOGJSIGMUILMJIGDEDNR FDEDNC, PJL DLOGC IKMMHGC NMJLINC EMJS MBEQMJONE UILNAOLBSDL@L KHBLDEDNCLJ UIE[DE@L UIGONBSDL@L UKJN, JL@QG HGH NFEDDL LDG XTBG DELXWLQNFTF MBEQMJONEF QIEODEVIKMMHLV NMJLINPEMHLV [NADN.

% ̂ GIMJOLOGDNE [E $BEHMGDQIG I IKMMHGC NMJLINPEMHGC BNJEIGJKIG UINLXIEBG QIK@LV OG[DTVJIKQ: ULCONBMC >BE^EILO *EMJLI, LXIGA^LOTV LUTJ HINJNPEMHLV LXIGXLJHN NAOEMJNV DGYEVQIEODEV BEJLUNMN. (GBGDJBNOTV N LJBNPDL LXIGALOGDDTV >BE^EI XTB OTAOGD O -LMMNR4RBBEILF E\E O ULBLONDE XVIII OEHG N ULMOCJNB MOLR QECJEBSDLMJS LXIGXLJHE NMJLPDNHLOIKMMHLV NMJLINN, H HLJLITF UINMJIGMJNBMC. *EUINCJDLMJN O GHGQEFNN AGMJGONBN E@L ULHNDKJS-LMMNR, DL MIEQN MOLNW LXYNIDTW AGDCJNV O "EIFGDNN LD DE FL@ AGXTJS BRXNFL@L *EMJLIG NDGHLDE^ NAQGB E@L, K[E O XIX OEHE.

"#$%$ LIII=$-&(%'%$*+, +41,-$('-$ *+5'#$) 1$%#'%+9$ (3' 1850 @.)

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

_JN LX\EMJOG IGADNBNMS O DGUIGOBEDNN: JL@QG HGH O &EOEIDLF FEPJGBN LX L@IGDNPEDDLVFLDGIWNN, O 6[DLF FEPJGBN L IEMUKXBNHE, DL O JLF N QIK@LF XTBN BRQN, @LJLOTE DG OMCHNEHIGVDNE MIEQMJOG QBC UILNAOEQEDNC UEIEOLILJG. +FUEIGJLI $BEHMGDQI K[E O (G@GDIL@E UEIEQMGFLR HLDPNDLR KADGB ULQILXDLMJN UBGDG PBEDLO 6[DL@L LX\EMJOG. 5LDPNDG NFUEIGJLIG NMFKJG, DGMJKUNOYGC ULMBE ZJL@L UL OLUILMK L UIEMJLBLDGMBEQNN, ODKYNBG PBEDGF &EOEIDL@LLX\EMJOG FTMBS ULMUEYNJS NMULBDEDNEF MOLE@L AGFTMBG ULMIEQMJOLF OLEDDLV IEOLBR^NN.

238

&FKJG LJDLMNJEBSDL UIEMJLBLDGMBEQNC MLMJLCBG O JLF, PJL JGH HGH NFUEIGJLI $BEHMGDQI DENFEB QEJEV, JL UIEMJLB QLB[ED XTB UINDGQBE[GJS MJGIYEFK UL DEF XIGJK ^EMGIEONPK5LDMJGDJNDK 1GOBLONPK, DL ̂ EMGIEONP O 1820 @LQK IGAOEBMC M MOLER MKUIK@LR OEBNHLR HDC@NDER$DDLR ?EQLILODLR, N UL ZJLFK MBKPGR H AGHLDK L UIEMJLBLDGMBEQNN XTBL NAQGDLQLULBDNJEBSDLE ULMJGDLOBEDNE, PJL EMBN PBED NFUEIGJLIMHLV ]GFNBNN OMJKUNJ O XIGH M LMLXLRDE NA ^GIMHL@L QLFG, JL LD DE FL[EJ UEIEQGJS MOLEV MKUIK@E UIGOG PBEDLO NFUEIGJLIMHLV]GFNBNN N QEJN LJ ZJL@L XIGHG DE FL@KJ XTJS DGMBEQDNHGFN UIEMJLBG.

=EMGIEONP ULMBE MOLE@L IGAOLQG [EDNBMC DG @IG]NDE "IKQANDMHLV (ULBKPNOYEV JNJKBHDC@NDN #LONP) N OMBEQMJONE ZJL@L XIGHG MPEB DK[DTF LJHGAGJSMC LJ UIGO MOLNW DG IKMMHNVUIEMJLB (1822 @.). (L@QG NFUEIGJLI UINHGAGB MLMJGONJS FGDN]EMJ (16 GO@KMJG 1823 @.), O HLJLILFLX`COBCB L QLXILOLBSDLF LJIEPEDNN ^EMGIEONPG N L JLF, PJL DGMBEQDNHLF UIEMJLBG QLB[EDXTJS OEBNHNV HDCAS *NHLBGV 1GOBLONP; FGDN]EMJ ULBL[ED QBC WIGDEDNC O FLMHLOMHNV;MUEDMHNV MLXLI; JIN QIK@NW ZHAEFUBCIG WIGDNBNMS O &O. &NDLQE, O "LMKQGIMJOEDDLF MLOEJE NMEDGJE, M JEF PJLX O MBKPGE HLDPNDT NFUEIGJLIG FGDN]EMJT, WIGDNOYNEMC O ;MUEDMHLF MLXLIEN "LMKQGIMJOEDDLF MLOEJE, XTBN OMHITJT UIE[QE UINMJKUBEDNC H HGHLFK!DNXKQS QIK@LFKQEVMJONR.

'X ZJNW IGMULIC[EDNCW ADGBN LPEDS DEFDL@NE, MGF OEBNHNV HDCAS *NHLBGV 1GOBLONP ADGBLPEDS DELUIEQEBEDDL N OLOME DE MPNJGB QEBL IEYEDDTF. 5L@QG NAOEMJNE L HLDPNDE NFUEIGJLIG$BEHMGDQIG QLMJN@BL %GIYGOT, JL AQEMS ^EMGIEONP 5LDMJGDJND 1GOBLONP LX`CONB, PJLNFUEIGJLILF QLB[ED XTJS DE LD, G XIGJ E@L *NHLBGV 1GOBLONP, N UINMC@DKB ULMBEQDEFK, DL O1EJEIXKI@E OEBNHNV HDCAS *NHLBGV 1GOBLONP, DE ADGC DNPE@L LX GHJGW, WIGDNOYNWMC O;MUEDMHLF MLXLIE N O KULFCDKJTW OTMYNW KPIE[QEDNCW, MPEB MOLER LXCAGDDLMJNR UINMC@DKJSN QIK@NW UINOEMJN H UINMC@E MJGIYEFK XIGJK 5LDMJGDJNDK HGH NFUEIGJLIK N HL@QG KADGBQLMJLOEIDL L IGMULIC[EDNN ULHLVDL@L NFUEIGJLIG, JL DE ML@BGMNBMC LMJGDLONJS UINMC@N,OMBEQMJONE PE@L MEDGJMHNV KHGA L UINOEQEDNN H DEV XTB IGALMBGD UL OMEV NFUEINN.

*L O DGILQ K[E DGPGBN UILDNHGJS MBKWN L JLF, PJL QEBL E\E DE IEYEDL MEDGJMHNF KHGALF,PJL ̂ EMGIEONP LJHGATOGEJMC LJ UIEMJLBG; DEQLKFEDNE N XEMULHLVMJOL LOBGQEBN OMEFN; G FE[QKJEF O IGADTW PGMJCW 1EJEIXKI@G E[EQDEODL MLXNIGBNMS PBEDT JGVDL@L LX\EMJOG; MLXIGDNC ZJNXTBN IGAIEYEDT @EDEIGB!@KXEIDGJLILF @IG]LF 4NBLIGQLONPEF, HLJLITV XTB KXE[QED, PJL KMLXNIGOYNWMC LQDN PNMJL BNJEIGJKIDTE QEBG. &HLIL UINYBL O 1EJEIXKI@ NA (G@GDIL@G QLDEMEDNELX LXYNIDLF AG@LOLIE O GIFNN DG R@E, UL HLJLILFK NFUEIGJLI $BEHMGDQI AG DEMHLBSHL QDEV QLHLDPNDT OEBEB GIEMJLOGJS DEMHLBSHL BN^. 12 QEHGXIC OEBNHNV HDCAS *NHLBGV 1GOBLONP ULBKPNBUNMSFL LJ ^EMGIEONPG, O HLJLILF JLJ IEYNJEBSDL LJHGATOGBMC LJ UIEMJLBG, N JL@QG XTBMLMJGOBED FGDN]EMJ L OL^GIEDNN NFUEIGJLIG *NHLBGC I.

14 QEHGXIC XTBL DGADGPEDL QDEF QBC LXDGILQLOGDNC FGDN]EMJG N UINDEMEDNC UINMC@N DLOLFKNFUEIGJLIK. *GHGDKDE FE[QK PBEDGFN JGVDL@L LX\EMJOG ULBL[EDL XTBL QEVMJOLOGJS, DL UINZJLF IEYEDNN DE XTBL EQNDMJOG N LUIEQEBEDDLMJN, 14!@L KJILF, HL@QG @OGIQEVMHNE ULBHN XTBNUINOLQNFT H UINMC@E, O DEHLJLITW NA DNW LXDGIK[NBLMS MLUILJNOBEDNE; ULQMJIEHGEFTEODKYEDNCFN AG@LOLI\NHLO, PJL LJIEPEDNE ̂ EMGIEONPG FDNFLE, MLBQGJT MWOGJNBNMS AG LIK[NE,NAIGDNBN L]N^EILO, UTJGOYNWMC LMJGDLONJS NW, N M HINHGFN „KIG, 5LDMJGDJND!“ XILMNBNMS DG&EDGJMHKR UBL\GQS O MLUILOL[QEDNN PEIDN, XEMMLADGJEBSDL HINPGOYEV JL [E MGFLE; H MBLOK„5LDMJGDJND“ UINMLEQNDCBLMS NDL@QG MBLOL „HLDMJNJK^NC“. "IG] 4NBLIGQLONP ULQ`EWGB HFCJE[DNHGF N MJGB K@LOGINOGJS NW, DL XTB MFEIJEBSDL IGDED QOKFC AG@LOLI\NHGFN. „1EIE[NJS52 MIG[EDNC N KFEIEJS JGH!“ — @LOLINB MJGITV @EDEIGB, LQDG NA ADGFEDNJLMJEV 1812 @LQG.

4CJE[DTE OLVMHG DGPGBN MJIEBCJS, DL OEIDTE OLVMHG MJGBN OME O XLBSYEF PNMBEMLMIEQLJLPNOGJSMC LHLBL NFUEIGJLIG, OTEWGOYE@L DG UBL\GQS. $JGHN HLDDN^T, DGUIGOBEDDTEUILJNO FCJE[DNHLO, DE KQGBNMS; LMJGBGMS J\EJDLR N ULUTJHG OTMYE@L QKWLOEDMJOGULQEVMJOLOGJS DG DNW IEBN@NLADTFN KOE\GDNCFN; HLILJHNV QEHGXISMHNV QEDS MHBLDCBMC K[E HOEPEIK. +FUEIGJLI UINHGAGB QEVMJOLOGJS GIJNBBEINER; HGIJEPS AGMJGONBG FCJE[DNHLOLXIGJNJSMC O XE@MJOL, N &EDGJMHGC UBL\GQS XTBG LPN\EDG O MGFLE HLILJHLE OIEFC. *LPSR

239

DEMHLBSHL PBEDLO JGVDL@L LX\EMJOG XTBN GIEMJLOGDT.&BKPNBLMS, PJL UL KULFCDKJLFK UIEQOGINJEBSDLFK IGMULIC[EDNR O JLJ [E MGFTV QEDS 14

QEHGXIC GIEMJLOGDT XTBN 13 PBEDLO 6[DL@L LX\EMJOG. *L ZJLJ GIEMJ DE LMJGDLONB QON[EDNCDG R@E; QIK@NE PBEDT LX\EMJOG, ONQC, PJL AG@LOLI LJHITJ, IEYNBNMS ULQDCJS OLMMJGDNE NOLAFKJNBN PGMJS OLVMHG KOEIEDNCFN, PJL ^EMGIEONP 5LDMJGDJND DE LJHGATOGEJMC LJ MOLNW UIGON UINATOGEJ HG[QL@L IKMMHL@L H NW AG\NJE. %LAFKJNOYNEMC AGDCBN %GMNBSHLO N LJJKQGDGUIGOBCBN UKJS H 5NEOK, DL XTBN DGMJN@DKJT OLVMHGFN UIGONJEBSMJOG N ULJEIUEBN MLOEIYEDDLEULIG[EDNE. 1LMBE JL@L HGH MBEQMJOEDDGC HLFNMMNC IGMHITBG AG@LOLI, OEIWLODTV K@LBLODTVMKQ DGYEB ONDLODTFN 121 PEBLOEHG; NA DNW UCJEIL ULQOEI@BNMS MFEIJDLV HGADN ULOEYEDNEF.

J%;)0,%%,, 0#8(!0$<,%+, (0#6+),2A8)6#. +FUEIGJLI *NHLBGV O MGFLF DGPGBE^GIMJOLOGDNC LXIGJNB ODNFGDNE DG AGHLDLQGJEBSMJOL. 4T ONQEBN, PJL, DGPNDGC M 1EJIG%EBNHL@L, O HG[QLE ^GIMJOLOGDNE UIEQUINDNFGBNMS LXYNIDTE AGHLDLQGJEBSDTE IGXLJT, NOME@QG YBN LDN XEAKMUEYDL LJDLMNJEBSDL @BGODLV ̂ EBN MOLEV, MLMJGOBEDNC KBL[EDNC; G FE[QKJEF, PEF XLBEE IGAONOGBLMS IKMMHLE LX\EMJOL, JEF @ILFPE MJGDLONBNMS OLUBN DG JIKQDLMJN NABLKULJIEXBEDNC, ULIL[QGEFTE LJMKJMJONEF DE JLBSHL KBL[EDNC, DL QG[E N MOLQGMK\EMJOKR\NW ULMJGDLOBEDNV. 4EQBEDDLMJS O IEYEDNN QEB XTBG PIEAOTPGVDGC; UL MUIGOHGFLHGAGBLMS, PJL O IGADTW MKQGW NFUEINN DGHLUNBLMS 2850000 QEB N 127000 ULQMKQNFTWDGWLQNBLMS O AGHBRPEDNN; O LQDLV 5KIMHLV @KXEIDNN M 1821 @LQG DE XTBL UINOEQEDL ONMULBDEDNE 660 MEDGJMHNW KHGALO, HGMMT DE ULQOEI@GBNMS ULOEIHE O UILQLB[EDNE FDL@NW BEJ NLJPEJT XTBN DGULBDEDT DEOEIDLMJCFN.

+FUEIGJLI UINDCB AGHLDLQGJEBSDTE IGXLJT O DEULMIEQMJOEDDLE MOLE OEQEDNE, KPIEQNB OMLXMJOEDDLV MOLEV HGD^EBCINN LMLXLE QBC DNW LJQEBEDNE (OJLILE) N ULIKPNB E@L PEBLOEHK, K[EJIKQNOYEFKMC DGQ MLMJGOBEDNEF KBL[EDNC O ^GIMJOLOGDNE $BEHMGDQIG I N UINLXIEJYE@LLUTJDLMJS OMBEQMJONE MGFTW DEKQGP MOLE@L QEBG, &UEIGDMHLFK. 4TMBS MLPNDNJS KBL[EDNE XTBGLMJGOBEDG, N ULBL[EDL MLMJGONJS MOLQ QEVMJOKR\NW AGHLDLO, XEA OMCHL@L NAFEDEDNC. 3BC ZJL@LUEIOLDGPGBSDL MLXIGDT XTBN UL OLAFL[DLMJN OME AGHLDT, DGPNDGC M ;R[EDNC ^GIC $BEHMEC4NWGVBLONPG, N O 1830 @LQK NAQGDL „1LBDLE MLXIGDNE AGHLDLO -LMMNVMHLV NFUEINN“, O 1833@LQK OTYEB MOLQ AGHLDLO QEVMJOKR\NW, IGMUIEQEBEDDTW O HDN@N UL @BGODTF UIEQFEJGF QEBUIGONJEBSMJOEDDTW N MKQEXDTW. 1LJLF O 1825 @LQK NAQGDL KBL[EDNE L DGHGAGDNCW K@LBLODTW NNMUIGONJEBSDTW.

4T ONQEBN, HGH 1EJI %EBNHNV KMJGDLONB LXCAGJEBSDTV FGVLIGJ N HGH ZJL KPIE[QEDNE XTBLKDNPJL[EDL UIN NFUEIGJIN^E $DDE; UIN NFUEIGJLIE *NHLBGE ULAOLBEDL XTBL UL [EBGDNRKPIE[QGJS FGVLIGJT. 9JLX LMJGDLONJS MJIEFBEDNE UILFTYBEDDTW BRQEV O QOLICDMHLE MLMBLONEULMIEQMJOLF @LMKQGIMJOEDDLV MBK[XT, KMJGDLOBEDL ULPEJDLE @IG[QGDMJOL; QBC KQLXMJO JLI@LOTWKPIE[QEDT HLFFEIPEMHNE MKQT.

'JDLMNJEBSDL DGILQDL@L UILMOE\EDNC NAQGD DLOTV KMJGO KPEXDTW AGOEQEDNV OTMYNW,MIEQDNW N DNAYNW. ;PIE[QEDT XTBN QOG NDMJNJKJG: 1IL]EMMLIMHNV QBC LXIGALOGDNC FLBLQTWBRQEV AG @IGDN^ER, M JEF PJLX ULMBE LDN FL@BN AGDNFGJS UIL]EMMLIMHNE HG]EQIT, N "BGODTVUEQG@L@NPEMHNV QBC UIN@LJLOBEDNC UIEULQGOGJEBEV UIENFK\EMJOEDDL O MIEQDNE KPEXDTEAGOEQEDNC. %FEMJL KUIGAQDEDDL@L %NBEDMHL@L KDNOEIMNJEJG XTB KPIE[QED O 5NEOE KDNOEIMNJEJMO. %BGQNFNIG; KPIE[QEDT XTBN: %LEDDGC GHGQEFNC, ;PNBN\E UIGOLOEQEDNC, (EWDLBL@NPEMHNVNDMJNJKJ. %DNFGDNE UIGONJEBSMJOG XTBL MNBSDL LXIG\EDL DG OLEDDL!KPEXDTE AGOEQEDNC.

1IGONJEBSMJOEDDTE NAQGDNC, NAQGDNC $IWEL@IG]NPEMHLV HLFNMMNN N 1LBDLE MLXIGDNEAGHLDLO ULMBK[NBN OG[DLR ULQFL@LR UIN LXIGXLJHE LJEPEMJOEDDLV NMJLINN. & 1848 @LQG XTBNUINDCJT LMLXTE, UL LXMJLCJEBSMJOGF, FEIT LJDLMNJEBSDL DGILQDL@L LXIGALOGDNC: PNMBLKPG\NWMC O KDNOEIMNJEJGW L@IGDNPEDL; LJUIGOBEDNE FLBLQTW BRQEV AG @IGDN^K QBCKMLOEIYEDMJOLOGDNC LXIGALOGDNC LMJGDLOBEDL; ]NBLML]MHNE HG]EQIT O KDNOEIMNJEJGWAGHITJT.

:,2# 6%,H%+,: (,08+-8"#$ 6!+%#. 1IN NFUEIGJLIE $BEHMGDQIE ULMBE "RBNMJGDMHL@L FNIG*YBN MULIT M 1EIMNER L @IGDN^GW. % MGFLF DGPGBE MOLE@L ^GIMJOLOGDNC NFUEIGJLI *NHLBGV

240

ULBKPNB LJ HLFGDQKR\E@L DG 5GOHGAE @EDEIGBG ,IFLBLOG NAOEMJNE, PJL UEIMNCDE UNJGRJ UILJNO-LMMNN OIG[QEXDTE AGFTMBT N MLXNIGRJ OLVMHL. +FUEIGJLI LJUIGONB @EDEIGBG HDCAC 4ED!YNHLOG O 1EIMNR KBGQNJS QEBL L @IGDN^GW N OL OMCHLF MBKPGE UEIE@LOLIGFN OTN@IGJS OIEFC,DK[DLE QBC UINMTBHN ULQHIEUBEDNV ,IFLBLOK, DL IKMMHNV ULMLB DGYEB YGWG ?EJ!$BN O BG@EIE,@QE MLXIGDL XTBL 40 000 OLVMHG; UGBGJHG HDCAC 4EDYNHLOG XTBG LHIK[EDG MJIG[ER, OMEMLLX\EDNC M DNF XTBN UIEMEPEDT, QEUEYN UEIEWOGJTOGBNMS.

&TD YGWG $XXGM!4NIAG WLJEB DEUIEFEDDL OLVDT, PJLX OLMULBSALOGJSMC AGFEYGJEBSMJOGFN,ULMBEQLOGOYNFN O -LMMNN AG MFEIJSR NFUEIGJLIG $BEHMGDQIG. 4KBBT UINATOGBN DGILQ HMOC\EDDLV OLVDE QBC LMOLXL[QEDNC FKMKBSFGDMHNW UILOND^NV, K@DEJGEFTW IKMMHNFN, N OULBLONDE NRBC 1826 @LQG UEIMNCDE UEIEYBN @IGDN^T. %LAFKJNO DEMHLBSHL UL@IGDNPDTW WGDMJO,$XXGM!4NIAG MJIEFNBMC H (N]BNMK, DL O ZJLF MJIEFBEDNN XTB LMJGDLOBED MLUILJNOBEDNEFHIEULMJN >KYN, HLJLIGC XLBEE ULBKJLIG FEMC^EO AGQEI[GBG ULQ MOLNFN MJEDGFN DEUINCJEBCN QGBG OIEFC @EDEIGBK ,IFLBLOK MQEBGJS DK[DTE IGMULIC[EDNC. 'JUIGOBEDDTE NF OLVMHGDGPGBN KQGPDL QEVMJOLOGJS UILJNO DEUINCJEBC, N 13 MEDJCXIC UINMBGDDTV @LMKQGIEF @EDEIGB1GMHEONP DGDEM UEIMNCDGF MLOEIYEDDLE ULIG[EDNE ULQ ,BNMGOEJULBEF, MBEQMJONEF PE@L XTBLLPN\EDNE IKMMHNW OBGQEDNV LJ DEUINCJEBC.

% 1827 @LQK 1GMHEONP DGPGB DGMJKUGJEBSDTE QEVMJONC; $XXGM!4NIAG JEIUEB ULMJLCDDTEDEKQGPN; O LHJCXIE 1GMHEONP OACB _INOGDS, MPNJGOYKRMC LUBLJLF 1EIMNN, ULJLF (GOINA N$IQEXNBS. *E ONQC OLAFL[DLMJN MUGMJN (E@EIGD, H HLJLILFK DGUIGOBCBNMS IKMMHNE, YGWAGHBRPNB FNI. 3L@LOLI XTB ULQUNMGD 10 ]EOIGBC 1828 @LQG O QEIEODE (KIHFGDPGE: ?EJ!$BNKMJKUNB -LMMNN WGDMJOG _INOGDMHLE N *GWNPEOGDMHLE, LXCAGBMC AGUBGJNJS 20 FNBBNLDLO IKXBEVMEIEXILF HLDJINXK^NN N QGJS IKMMHNF ULQQGDDTF ADGPNJEBSDTE JLI@LOTE OT@LQT O 1EIMNN.1GMHEONP ULBKPNB JNJKB @IG]G _INOGDMHL@L.

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

*L MKBJGD 4GWFKQ DE WLJEB MBTYGJS L OFEYGJEBSMJOE WINMJNGDMHNW QEI[GO O E@L QEBG MXKDJKR\NFN ULQQGDDTFN, JEF XLBEE PJL $OMJINC N $D@BNC QEVMJOLOGBN CODL O NDJEIEMGWJKIE^HL@L UIGONJEBSMJOG. +FUEIGJLI *NHLBGV WLJC LXDGIK[NOGB ULBDLE MLPKOMJONE HLWIGDNJEBSDTF DGPGBGF &OC\EDDL@L MLRAG, LQDGHL DE WLJEB, PJLX -LMMNC QLBEE DGWLQNBGMS ODEML@BGMDTW M EE QLMJLNDMJOLF LJDLYEDNCW H (KI^NN. %MC ,OILUG UINADGOGBG AG -LMMNEV UIGOLJIEXLOGJS OLLIK[EDDLR IKHLR KQLOBEJOLIEDNC AG LMHLIXBEDNE MOLE@L ULMBGDDNHG O5LDMJGDJNDLULBE O DGPGBE @IEPEMHL@L OLMMJGDNC, AG DGIKYEDNE QL@LOLILO, AG @LDEDNE DGUIGOLMBGODKR =EIHLOS.

*GHLDE^, GD@BNVMHLE UIGONJEBSMJOL, ONQC OMELX\EE MLPKOMJONE H @IEPEMHLFK QEBK K MEXC NO ̂ EBLV ,OILUE, MLPBL DELXWLQNFTF UEIEFEDNJS ULBNJNHK N DGPGBL QEVMJOLOGJS O ULBSAK @IEHLO,H K\EIXK ADGPEDNC -LMMNN, EMJEMJOEDDLV ULHILONJEBSDN^T OLMJLPDTW WINMJNGD. % FGIJE 1826@LQG NFUEIGJLI *NHLBGV OEBEB LX`CONJS 1LIJE O ULMBEQDNV IGA MOLN JIEXLOGDNC, MLMJLCOYNE:OL 1) O JLF, PJLX O 3KDGVMHNW HDC[EMJOGW (4LBQGONN N %GBGWNN) OLMMJGDLOBED XTB ULICQLHOE\EV, KMJGDLOBEDDTV QL@LOLIGFN FE[QK -LMMNER N (KI^NER N DGIKYEDDTV ULMBEQDER O 1821@LQK OOEQEDNEF JKIE^HNW OLVMH ULQ UIEQBL@LF OLMMJGDNC, 2) PJLX &EIXNC ULBSALOGBGMS OMEFNUIGOGFN, OT@LOLIEDDTFN EV UL 7KWGIEMJMHLFK FNIK, N MEIXMHNE QEUKJGJT, AGQEI[GDDTE O5LDMJGDJNDLULBE, XTBN LMOLXL[QEDT; 3) PJLX JKIE^HLE UIGONJEBSMJOL LHGAGBL ULBDLE

241

KQLOBEJOLIEDNE UL UIE[DNF JIEXLOGDNCF N QBC LHLDPGJEBSDL@L KBG[EDNC QEB OTMBGBLKULBDLFLPEDDTW DG IKMMHNE @IGDN^T. ,MBN PEIEA YEMJS DEQEBS UL ULBKPEDNN DLJT JKIE^HLEUIGONJEBSMJOL DE NMULBDNJ ZJNW JIEXLOGDNV, JL IKMMHNV ULOEIEDDTV UL QEBGF LMJGONJ5LDMJGDJNDLULBS.

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

1LIJG KMJKUNBG AQEMS, DL DE KMJKUNBG DNPE@L O @IEPEMHLF OLUILME, DEMFLJIC DG JIEXLOGDNCADGFEDNJL@L MOLNF DGMJLVPNOTF WGIGHJEILF GD@BNVMHL@L ULMBGDDNHG &JIGJ]LIQG 5GDDND@G.4E[QK JEF UINEWGB O 5LDMJGDJNDLULBS IKMMHNV ULMBGDDNH -NXLUSEI, N JL@QG LXG ULMBGDDNHG,IKMMHNV N GD@BNVMHNV, LX`CONBN 1LIJE JIEXLOGDNC MOLNW QOLILO LJDLMNJEBSDL @IEHLO (]EOIGBS1827 @LQG): 1LIJG KQEI[NOGEJ DGQ "IE^NER OEIWLODKR OBGMJS, "IE^NC UBGJNJ MKBJGDK E[E@LQDLQGDS, DL ULBKPGEJ MLOEIYEDDL DEAGONMNFLE ODKJIEDDEE KUIGOBEDNE, UINPEF DGWLQC\NEMC O"IE^NN JKIHN QLB[DT OTMEBNJSMC. 1LIJG LJOEI@BG JIEXLOGDNC. (L@QG JIN QEI[GOT — -LMMNC,$D@BNC N ?IGD^NC — AGHBRPNBN O #LDQLDE QL@LOLI 24 NRDC (6 NRBC): KMBLONBNMS MDLOG MQEBGJS1LIJE LADGPEDDTE UIEQBL[EDNC (]EOIGBSMHNE) N JIEXLOGJS UIEHIG\EDNC OLEDDTW QEVMJONV MLXENW MJLILD; EMBN HLJLIGC!DNXKQS NA OLRR\NW MJLILD DE ML@BGMNJMC DG UEIEFNINE OUILQLB[EDNE FEMCPDL@L MILHG, JL JIN QL@LOLINOYNEMC QEI[GOT QBC QLMJN[EDNC MOLEV ^EBNUINDNFGRJ MLLJOEJMJOKR\NE LXMJLCJEBSMJOGF FEIT.

+ HLBBEHJNODGC DLJG JIEW QEI[GO DE NFEBG QEVMJONC: 1LIJG LJOEPGBG, PJL IEYNBGMS DNHL@QGDE QLUKMHGJS PK[L@L OFEYGJEBSMJOG O MOLN ODKJIEDDNE QEBG, N OMBEQ AG JEF MNBSDTV JKIE^HNV]BLJ ULOEA O 4LIER DLOLE OLVMHL. % $IWNUEBG@E DGWLQNBNMS JL@QG JIN ZMHGQIT: GD@BNVMHGCULQ DGPGBSMJOLF GQFNIGBG 5LQIND@JLDG, ]IGD^KAMHGC ULQ DGPGBSMJOLF -NDSN N IKMMHGC (EVQEDG;DGPGBSDNHN ZMHGQI ULBKPNBN LJ MOLNW UIGONJEBSMJO UIEQUNMGDNE MLEQNDEDDTFN MNBGFNUIEUCJMJOLOGJS UILQLB[EDNR OLVDT. 5L@QG DGPGBSDNH JKIE^HL@L ]BLJG +XIG@NF!UGYGIGMULBL[NBMC O *GOGINDMHLV @GOGDN, PJLX LJJKQG DGPGJS QEVMJONC UILJNO @IEHLO, JL GD@BNVMHNVGQFNIGB UEIOTV CONBMC UIEQ *GOGINDLF; ULJLF UINMLEQNDNBMC H DEFK ]IGD^KAMHNV, N LXGOMJKUNBN O UEIE@LOLIT M +XIG@NF!UGYLR, JIEXLOGBN UIEHIG\EDNC OLEDDTW QEVMJONV, @ILANBN,PJL O UILJNODLF MBKPGE XKQKJ UINDK[QEDT NMJIEXNJS JKIE^HNV ]BLJ, @LOLINBN, PJL ?IGD^NC N$D@BNC DNHL@QG DE QEVMJOLOGBN OIG[QEXDL UILJNO (KI^NN N JEUEIS OMJKUNBN O MLRA JLBSHL QBCJL@L, PJLX ULFEYGJS PEMJLBRXNOTF UBGDGF IKMMHL@L NFUEIGJLIG, HLJLITV WLPEJ OLMMJGDLONJS%LMJLPDKR INFMHKR NFUEINR.

+XIG@NF!UGYG LJOEPGB, PJL LD DNPE@L DE ADGEJ L JILVDLF MLRAE N PJL E@L LXCAGDDLMJS —AG\N\GJS MKBJGDG. +XIG@NF DGPGB LUKMJLYNJEBSDKR OLVDK UILJNO @IEHLO, G FE[QK JEF HGD@BNVMHLV N ]IGD^KAMHLV ZMHGQIGF UINMLEQNDNBGMS N IKMMHGC; MLRADNHN QGBN XNJOK JKIE^HLFK]BLJK N O PEJTIE PGMG NMJIEXNBN E@L (8 LHJCXIC 1827 @LQG).

*GOGINDMHGC XNJOG JLBSHL IGAQIG[NBG JKILH N DNMHLBSHL DE LMBGXNBG NW KULIMJOG;ULMBGDDNHGF JIEW MLRADTW QEI[GO XTBL LX`COBEDL, PJL ULHLIDLMJS @IEHLO LMJGEJMC

* "RBNMJGDMHNV FNI AGOEIYNB IKMMHL!NIGDMHKR OLVDK 1804!1813 @@. /GHBRPED 5 DLCXIC 1813 @. O MEBEDNN 1LBNMJGD.-CQ AGHGOHGAMHNW UILOND^NV N WGDMJO LJLYEB H -LMMNN, LDG ULBKPGBG NMHBRPNJEBSDLE UIGOL QEI[GJS OLEDDTV]BLJ DG 5GMUNVMHLF FLIE; IKMMHNF HKU^GF IGAIEYGBLMS MOLXLQDL JLI@LOGJS DG JEIINJLINN LXLNW @LMKQGIMJO((0+/,*. 0,-.).

242

EQNDMJOEDDTF LMDLODTF KMBLONEF FNIG, OMBEQMJONE PE@L ULMBGDDNHN ULJIEXLOGBN MOLNWUGMULIJLO. (KIHN M [GILF DGPGBN UIN@LJLOBCJSMC H OLVDE, N ABLXG NW UIENFK\EMJOEDDL XTBGLXIG\EDG DG -LMMNR, PJL OTMHGAGBLMS O MKBJGDMHLF FGDN]EMJE. „+AOEMJDL, — @LOLINBLMS OFGDN]EMJE, — PJL FG@LFEJGDE UNJGRJ OIL[QEDDKR DEDGONMJS H DEOEIDTF; NAOEMJDL, PJLULMBEQDNE MKJS OIG@N NMBGFG, N NFEDDL IKMMHNE, HLJLITE 60 BEJ ULBSAKRJMC OMCHNF KQLXDTFMBKPGEF, PJLX DGUGQGJS DG (KI^NR, N QLB[DT MPNJGJSMC @BGODTFN OIG@GFN 1LIJT. 'DN MLMJGONBNAG@LOLI M MOLNFN EQNDLOEI^GFN @IEHGFN, PJLX MJEIEJS NFC FKMKBSFGDMHLE M BN^G AEFBN. 4TAGHBRPNBN M DNFN OIEQDTV QBC DGM QL@LOLI $HHEIFGDMHNV, DL LDN ZJNF DE KQLOLBSMJOLOGBNMS,OLLIK[NBN UILJNO DGM N QIK@NW ]IGDHLO“.

_JL XTBL O QEHGXIE 1827 @LQG; O GUIEBE 1828!@L IKMMHNV NFUEIGJLI LX`CONB, PJL DE QKFGEJL IGAIKYEDNN 'JJLFGDMHLV NFUEINN N L IGMUILMJIGDEDNN UIEQEBLO MOLEV, PJL @LJLO KQEI[GJSMCLJ OLVDT, EMBN 1LIJG LXEMUEPNJ UIE[DNE QL@LOLIT N NMULBDNJ JIEXLOGDNC MLRADNHLO UL QEBGF@IEPEMHNF. 'JOEJG DE XTBL, N OLVDG DGPGBGMS. -KMMHNE ULBHN AGDCBN 4LBQGONR N %GBGWNR, OUINMKJMJONN MGFL@L @LMKQGIC UEIEYBN 3KDGV; MNBSDTE HIEULMJN 7IGNBLO N %GIDG XTBN OACJT.& QIK@LV MJLILDT, O $ANN, @IG] 1GMHEONP OACB YJKIFLF ADGFEDNJKR HIEULMJS 5GIE, ULIGANBJKILH ULQ $WGB^TWLF N LOBGQEB ULMBEQDNF M MJIGYDTF HILOLUILBNJNEF; OME ZJL XTBL MQEBGDL,UL -KFCD^EOMHLFK N &KOLILOMHLFK UINFEIK, M MGFTFN L@IGDNPEDDTFN MIEQMJOGFN. (GHLHLDPNBGMS O ,OILUE N $ANN HGFUGDNC 1828 @LQG.

% DGPGBE 1829 @LQG DGPGBG XTBL @ILANJS DLOGC OLVDG, UEIMNQMHGC: O (E@EIGDE OLAFKJNOYGCMCPEIDS KFEIJONBG IKMMHL@L ULMBGDDNHG "INXLEQLOG (ADGFEDNJL@L GOJLIG „"LIC LJ KFG“) M XLBSYERPGMJNR MONJT; YGW MJGB MLXNIGJS OLVMHG DG @IGDN^GW MKBJGD MUEYNB OLVJN M DNF O UEIE@LOLIT,DL YGW MHLIL LQKFGBMC N UINMBGB ODKHG MOLE@L :LAIEO!4NIAK O 1EJEIXKI@ UILMNJS NFUEIGJLIGUIEQGJS AGXOEDNR JE@EIGDMHLE UILNMYEMJONE.

&KBJGD LMJGBMC LQNDLH. % NRDE 1829 @LQG 1GMHEONP ULIGANB QOE JKIE^HNE GIFNN N LOBGQEBXL@GJTF $IAEIKFLF. % ,OILUE AG XLBEADSR ]EBSQFGIYGBG %NJ@EDYJEVDG UINDCB DGPGBSMJOLDGQ OLVMHLF @IG] 3NXNP. *LOTV @BGODLHLFGDQKR\NV O FGE ULIGANB OEBNHL@L ONANIC UIN5KBEOPE: JKIHN ULJEICBN 5000 KXNJTFN, OEMS LXLA, GIJNBBEINR, ADGFEDG. 1LMBE UGQEDNC&NBNMJINN, AGUEIEO IGAXNJL@L ONANIC O >KFBE, 3NXNP UEIEYEB AG 7GBHGDT N AGDCB$QINGDLULBS (8 GO@KMJG).

%MC JC[EMJS OLVDT UGBG, JGHNF LXIGALF, DG -LMMNR; EV LQDLV N UINDGQBE[GBG MBGOGLMOLXL[QEDNC "IE^NN, NXL JLBSHL KMUEWGFN IKMMHNW OLVMH MBLFBEDL XTBL KULIMJOL 1LIJTLJDLMNJEBSDL JIEXKEFL@L ,OILULR IEYEDNC @IEPEMHL@L OLUILMG; BE@HNE ULQON@N ]IGD^KAMHL@LLJICQG O 4LIEE DE FL@BN NFEJS DNHGHL@L OBNCDNC. 9JL [E HGMGEJMC QL QIK@NW QEI[GO, JL O$D@BNN MNBSDL [GBEBN L *GOGINDMHLV XNJOE, ULOEQYEV H IGAITOK. $D@BNC N $OMJINC JIEUEJGBNUEIEQ KMUEWGFN IKMMHNW OLVMH O (KI^NN N O JL [E OIEFC WBLULJGBN L MLHIG\EDNN UIEQEBLOXKQK\EV DEAGONMNFLV "IE^NN. $OMJINVMHNV HGD^BEI 4EJJEIDNW UIEQBG@GB MLEQNDEDDTFNKMNBNCFN PEJTIEW QEI[GO — $OMJINN, $D@BNN, ?IGD^NN N 1IKMMNN — UINDKQNJS -LMMNR HFNIK M (KI^NER N UIEQUNMGJS E@L KMBLONC; ZJLFK UBGDK OLMUILJNONBGMS ?IGD^NC: AQEMSLX\EMJOEDDLE FDEDNE XTBL O JL OIEFC AG -LMMNR, N HLILBS 5GIB : LX`CONB, PJL EMBN $OMJINCDGPDEJ OIG[QEXDTE QEVMJONC UILJNO -LMMNN, JL ?IGD^NC LX`CONJ OLVDK $OMJINN.

,\E O 1828 @LQK 1LIJG LX`CONBG, PJL ML@BGMDG UEIE@LOGINOGJS L @IEPEMHNW QEBGW MKULBDLFLPEDDTFN AGUGQDTW QEI[GO, N BEJLF 1829 @LQG ULMBGDDNHN GD@BNVMHNV N ]IGD^KAMHNVUINEWGBN O 5LDMJGDJNDLULBS. 5L@QG UINYBL NAOEMJNE L AGDCJNN $QINGDLULBC, 1LIJG, UL MLOEJKULMBGDDNHLO AGUGQDTW QEI[GO, IEYNBGMS UILMNJS FNIG N LX`CONBG, PJL LJDLMNJEBSDL "IE^NNUINMJKUGEJ H #LDQLDMHLFK JIGHJGJK. 2 MEDJCXIC O $QINGDLULBE XTB ULQUNMGD FNIDTV QL@LOLI:EOILUEVMHNE @IGDN^T LXENW QEI[GO XTBN LUIEQEBEDT IEHLR 1IKJLF N UL MLEQNDEDNN EE M3KDGEF, ZJLR ULMBEQDER IEHLR QL "ELI@NEOMHL@L KMJSC; LMJILOG DG 3KDGVMHLV QEBSJE QLB[DTUINDGQBE[GJS -LMMNN; DG GANGJMHLV @IGDN^E -LMMNC KQEI[NOGBG AG MLXLR HIEULMJN $DGUK, 1LJN,$WGB^TW N $WGBHGBGHN. 4LBQGONC, %GBGWNC N &EIXNC ULBSAKRJMC OMEFN UINONBE@NCFN NOLBSDLMJCFN, OT@LOLIEDDTFN O $HHEIFGDMHLF QL@LOLIE. -KMMHNE ULQQGDDTE ULBSAKRJMC

243

ULBDLR MOLXLQLR JLI@LOBN O JKIE^HNW LXBGMJCW; IKMMHNE HLIGXBN N HLIGXBN OMEW DGWLQC\NWMCM (KI^NER O FNIE DG^NV ULQ JLI@LOTF ]BG@LF MOLXLQDL UILWLQCJ PEIEA 3GIQGDEBBT N 7LM]LI;(KI^NC LXCAGDG OLADG@IGQNJS IKMMHNW HKU^LO AG UIE[DNE NW ULJEIN, 1 500 000 @LBBGDQMHNWPEIOLD^EO, N OTUBGJNJS AG OLEDDTE NAQEI[HN ADGPNJEBSDKR MKFFK QEDE@.

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— O 1LBSYE.

9BEDT ULBSMHNW JGVDTW LX\EMJO OWLQNBN O MDLYEDNC M PBEDGFN IKMMHNW, JLBHLOGBN LDELXWLQNFLMJN ML@BGYEDNC, DL L@IGDNPNOGBNMS LQDNFN JLBHGFN, NXL ̂ EBN XTBN IGADTE; IKMMHNENFEBN O ONQK ODKJIEDDNE UEIEFEDT O -LMMNN, G ULBCHN — OLMMJGDLOBEDNE DEAGONMNFLV 1LBSYNO UIE[DNW EE UIEQEBGW. 1INADGDNC IKMMHNW AG@LOLI\NHLO MDLOG KHGAGBN UIGONJEBSMJOK DGMK\EMJOLOGDNE JGVDTW LX\EMJO O 1LBSYE. *GADGPEDG XTBG MBEQMJOEDDGC HLFNMMNC QBC 1LBSYN;UL UINADGDNR GIEMJLOGDDTW, LDN NFEBN ̂ EBSR UILNAOEMJN OLMMJGDNE OMER DGILQDLR FGMMLR NOOEMJN HLDMJNJK^NR 3 FGC, HGH MHLIL -LMMNC XKQEJ AGDCJG HGHLR!DNXKQS LUGMDLR OLVDLR.1ILNADEMEDNE UIN@LOLIG @LMKQGIS ULIKPNB ULBSMHLFK MEDGJK, HLJLITV DE FL@ QEVMJOLOGJSXEMUINMJIGMJDL O QEBE, MPNJGOYEFMC ULBSMHNF DG^NLDGBSDTF QEBLF; MEDGJLIT LUIGOQGBNLXONDEDDTW, PJL ULMBK[NBL ULL\IEDNEF H QGBSDEVYNF IEOLBR^NLDDTF QON[EDNCF.

5DCAS 9GIJLITVMHNV, OLAOIGJNOYNVMC NA!AG @IGDN^T O %GIYGOK, N #EBEOEBS MJGBNQEVMJOLOGJS MFEBEE, LMLXEDDL HL@QG -LMMNC O 1828 @LQK DGPGBG JIKQDKR JKIE^HKR OLVDK, DGHLJLIKR DELQLXINJEBSDL MFLJIEBN QIK@NE EOILUEVMHNE QEI[GOT. 1LQULIKPNH %TML^HNVLMDLOGB JGVDLE LX\EMJOL NA FLBLQTW L]N^EILO N OLMUNJGDDNHLO OLEDDTW YHLB. (GHNF LXIGALF,]IGD^KAMHGC IEOLBR^NC, OMUTWDKOYGC O NRBE 1830 @LQG, DGYBG 1LBSYK @LJLOLR ULQIG[GJSUINFEIK ?IGD^NN, O HLJLILV ULBCHN DGQECBNMS DGVJN ULQQEI[HK. /G@LOLI\NHN IGMMECBNMS ULLXBGMJCF, MLMJGOBCOYNF UIE[DEE 1LBSMHLE HLILBEOMJOL, QBC OLAXK[QEDNC OLMMJGDNC.

% %GIYGOE @LILQMHNF [NJEBCF @LOLINBLMS, PJL OME OLVMHL @LJLOL H OLMMJGDNR, OLEDDTWKOEICBN, PJL OME @LIL[GDE QIK[DL ULQQEI[GJ IEOLBR^NR. 16 DLCXIC 1830 @LQG AG@LOLI\NHNNA L]N^EILO MLXIGBNMS N LQLXINBN ^EBN OLMMJGDNC, MLMJLCOYNE NA JIEW @BGODTW UKDHJLO:KFEI\OBEDNE ^EMGIEONPG 5LDMJGDJNDG 1GOBLONPG, AGWOGJ GIMEDGBG N LXEALIK[EDNE IKMMHNWOLVMH. *G QIK@LV QEDS, OEPEILF 17 DLCXIC, AG@LOLI\NHN OLIOGBNMS OL QOLIE^ (7EBSOEQEI),KFEIJONBN DEMHLBSHL XBNAHNW H OEBNHLFK HDCAR BN^, DL MGF ̂ EMGIEONP KMUEB KQGBNJSMC H OLVMHK.$IMEDGB XTB AGWOGPED AG@LOLI\NHGFN N IGA@IGXBED; LIK[NE ILAQGDL PEIDN, OLAXK[QEDDLVHINHGFN AG@LOLI\NHLO, PJL IKMMHNE IE[KJ ULBCHLO, [@KJ N @IGXCJ @LILQ.

3BC ULHGAGDNC DEMUIGOEQBNOLMJN ZJNW HINHLO IKMMHNE OLVMHG XTBN LMJGOBEDT O XEAQEVMJONNN JGHNF LXIGALF ULJEICDG XTBG OLAFL[DLMJS KJKYNJS OLMMJGDNE O E@L DGPGBE. *LPSR HDCAS#RXE^HNV MLAOGB PBEDLO GQFNDNMJIGJNODL@L MLOEJG, UINMLEQNDNOYN H DNF E\E DEMHLBSHLOBNCJEBSDTW BN^, N UIEQBL[NB NF OLVJN O UEIE@LOLIT M ̂ EMGIEONPEF; OEBNHNV HDCAS UINHGAGBLX`CONJS EFK, PJL LD LJMJKUGEJ N UIEQLMJGOBCEJ ULBCHGF MGFNF ML@BGMNJS MOLN DEQLIGAKFEDNC.

-KMMHNE OLVMHG QEVMJONJEBSDL LPNMJNBN %GIYGOK, PJL ULQDCBL QKW IEOLBR^NLDEILO N LJDCBLADGPEDNE K MK\EMJOKR\NW OBGMJEV N BRQEV KFEIEDDTW. -EOLBR^NLDEIT DGPGBN MJIEFNJSMC HMLOEIYEDDLFK IGAITOK M -LMMNER. *GPGBSMJOL DGQ OLVMHLF XTBL ULIKPEDL NFEOYEFK UL MOLEVMBK[XE N WGIGHJEIK ULPEJDKR NAOEMJDLMJS @EDEIGBK :BLUN^HLFK, DL, ONQC KFEIEDDLMJS QEVMJONV:BLUN^HL@L N GQFNDNMJIGJNODL@L MLOEJG, IEOLBR^NLDEIT MLMJGONBN UGJINLJNPEMHLE LX\EMJOLM UKXBNPDTFN AGMEQGDNCFN O @LILQMHLV IGJKYE; ̂ EBS HLFNJEJG MLMJLCBG O JLF, PJLX DGUIGOBCJSLX\EMJOEDDLE FDEDNE N ULQQEI[NOGJS IEOLBR^NLDDLE QON[EDNE; #EBEOEBS XTB DGADGPEDUIEANQEDJLF LX\EMJOG, HLJLILE QEVMJOLOGBL ULMIEQMJOLF E[EQDEODLV @GAEJT „1GJINLJ“,

244

IGAQGOGEFLV XEAQEDE[DL, ULMIEQMJOLF AG[N@GJEBSDTW MJNWLJOLIEDNV N ULMIEQMJOLFOLAXK[QEDNC DGQE[Q MBKWGFN L AGJIKQDNJEBSDLF ULBL[EDNN -LMMNN N 1IKMMNN N L @LJLODLMJN?IGD^NN N $OMJINN ULQQEI[GJS ULBSMHKR DEAGONMNFLMJS.

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

$QFNDNMJIGJNODTV MLOEJ UEIEMJGB MK\EMJOLOGJS; LXIGALOGBLMS OIEFEDDLE UIGOBEDNE,AGFEDEDDLE OULMBEQMJONN OTMYNF DG^NLDGBSDTF MLOEJLF. "EDEIGB :BLUN^HNV, ONQCGDGIWNPEMHNE QON[EDNC QEFLHIGJLO, LJIG[GOYNEMC N O OLVMHE, LX`CONB, PJL MBG@GEJ M MEXCAOGDNE @BGODLHLFGDQKR\E@L; JL@QG UINDK[QEDT XTBN UILOLA@BGMNJS E@L QNHJGJLILF. 1ILJNO:BLUN^HL@L, H HLJLILFK UINFTHGBN KFEIEDDTE, MJGB #EBEOEBS M JLOGIN\GFN, DE OTUKMHGOYNFNNA IKH DGUIGOBEDNE DGILQDTW IEOLBR^NLDDTW QON[EDNV, JL@QG HGH :BLUN^HNV MJGIGBMC XLBSYEOME@L L UINFNIEDNN M IKMMHNF UIGONJEBSMJOLF, DE NFEC DNHGHLV DGQE[QT DG KMUEW XLISXT M-LMMNER.

3BC UEIE@LOLILO M NFUEIGJLILF LJUIGONBNMS O 1EJEIXKI@ HDCAS #RXE^HNV N @IG] ,AEIMHNV,JL@QG HGH #EBEOEBS JIEXLOGB OLAFK\EDNC #NJOT N DGMJKUGJEBSDL@L QON[EDNC DG -LMMNR, NXLIEOLBR^NC, UL E@L MBLOGF, QLB[DG DGUGQGJS, PJLX NFEJS KMUEW. 1GIJNC OLVDT OACBG OEIW, N OCDOGIE 1831 @LQG :BLUN^HNV MBL[NB M MEXC QNHJGJKIK. 5L@QG LD DGMJGNOGB DG DEQLMJGJLPDLMJSMIEQMJO 1LBSYN H XLISXE N EFK UIEQBG@GBN KMNBNJS OLVMHL HLMNDSEIGFN, JL LD LJOEPGB: „%EQNJEMGFN OLVDK M OGYNFN HLMGICFN, G FDE NW N QGILF DE DGQLXDL“. &LXIGBN MEVF, N@BGODLHLFGDQKR\NF XTB UILOLA@BGYED HDCAS -GQANONB, PEBLOEH MBGXTV, XEA OLEDDTWMULMLXDLMJEV; NAXIGDNE E@L MLUILOL[QGBLMS HINHGFN: „% #NJOK! % #NJOK!“

13 CDOGIC O AGMEQGDNN MEVFG OLAOIGJNOYNVMC NA 1EJEIXKI@G @IG] ,AEIMHNV11 MLLX\NB LMOLEF IGA@LOLIE M NFUEIGJLILF, HLJLITV MHGAGB EFK: „) ^GIS ULBSMHNV N WLPK NF LMJGJSMC, DLC DE FL@K QLUKMJNJS DNPE@L, PJL NFEBL XT QG[E ONQ KMJKUHN, O LMLXEDDLMJN EMBN EE JIEXKRJ LJFEDC O FNDKJK XKDJG N M LIK[NEF O IKHGW. 4L@K BN C, AGHLDDTV OGY ^GIS, OMJKUNJS OKDNANJEBSDTE UEIE@LOLIT M FLNFN ULQQGDDTFN? 7KQS C JLBSHL ULBSMHNF ̂ GIEF, C XT DGWLQNBMCJEUEIS MIEQN OGM, G HGH IKMMHNV NFUEIGJLI, C QLB[ED LXIGJNJS ODNFGDNE N DG QIK@NE NDJEIEMT;C DE FL@K KUKMHGJS NA ONQK PEMJS N QLMJLNDMJOL OEBNHL@L @LMKQGIMJOG. %LAFL[DL BN JIEXLOGJS,PJLX C OME UIEQGB AGXOEDNR? -GAOE O %GIYGOE DE XTBL MLOEIYEDL KXNVMJO? -GAOE DE ULHKYGBNMSDG [NADS FLE@L XIGJG? 'J FEDC JIEXKRJ, PJLX C KMJKUNB UINMLEQNDEDDTE H NFUEINN UIE[QEXTOYNE ULBSMHNE UILOND^NN. (GHGC FTMBS DNHL@QG DE FL@BG UINVJN FDE DG KF; K@ILAGFN E\EFEDEE FL[DL QLMJN@DKJS JL@L, PJL MLMJGOBCEJ QEBL DEFTMBNFLE. 5GHNF LXIGALF C FL@K LQDL NA@LMKQGIMJO, MJLC\NW ULQ FLNF MHNUEJILF, OLAOTYGJS DG MPEJ QIK@L@L? 1KMJS JLBSHL ULBCHNULBL[GJMC DG FEDC, N LDN XKQKJ MPGMJBNOT“.

+FUEIGJLI LX`CONB, PJL O HGPEMJOE ULBSMHL@L ̂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

-KMMHGC MJLJTMCPDGC GIFNC DGWLQNBGMS ULQ DGPGBSMJOLF ]EBSQFGIYGBG @IG]G 3NXNPG!

245

/GXGBHGDMHL@L. ?EBSQFGIYGBK QLDLMNBN, PJL — EOIEN, DEF^T N MIEQDEE MLMBLONE OMJIEPGRJIKMMHNW M IGQLMJNR HGH OLMMJGDLONJEBEV ULICQHG, UILMJLV DGILQ MLOEIYEDDL IGODLQKYED N[EBGEJ JLBSHL ULHLC, DL YBCWJG N QKWLOEDMJOL KULJIEXBCRJ OME KMNBNC QBC E@L OLAXK[QEDNC.'XEALIK[EDNE WLJC N UINOLQNJMC O NMULBDEDNE O @LILQGW XEMUIEUCJMJOEDDL, LQDGHL OEAQEDGWLQCJ MHITOGEFLE LIK[NE, N UIEQOLQNJEBN, ONQNFL, OT[NQGRJ JLBSHL KQLXDL@L MBKPGCKQGBEDNC IKMMHNW OLVMH QBC LJHITJL@L OLMMJGDNC.

*G BN^GW PNDLODNHLO N YBCWJT DGUNMGDG MHITJGC DEDGONMJS, WLJC LDN N OMJIEPGRJ IKMMHNWM ULBDTF MFNIEDNEF; EMBN FT XKQEF MPGMJBNOT O DGYNW QEVMJONCW, JL DGF DEPE@L XLCJSMC; OMBKPGE [E DEKQGPN FT QLB[DT LUGMGJSMC OME@L“. 13 ]EOIGBC O LHIEMJDLMJCW %GIYGOT UIN MEBE"ILWLOE UILNALYBL HILOLUILBNJDLE MIG[EDNE, O HLJLILF ULBCHN XTBN ULXE[QEDT; %GIYGOGUINYBG O K[GM; ZHNUG[N, DGULBDEDDTE XE@BE^GFN, MUEYNBN AG AGMJGOK; IKMMHNE OLVMHG@LJLONBNMS H YJKIFK DG MBEQKR\EE KJIL, DL OFEMJL YJKIFG LJQGDL UINHGAGDNE LX LJQTWE.1LBCHN LXLQINBNMS, PEFK FDL@L MULMLXMJOLOGB MOLER QECJEBSDLMJNR DLOTV@BGODLHLFGDQKR\NV &HI[NDE^HNV, OTXIGDDTV DG FEMJL -GQANONBG, QLHGAGOYE@L ULQ "ILWLOLFMOLR DEMULMLXDLMJS.

?EBSQFGIYGB QKFGB, PJL ULMBE @ILWLOMHL@L ULIG[EDNC ULBCHN ULHLICJMC XEA QGBSDEVYE@LHILOLUILBNJNC; QEVMJONJEBSDL, &HI[NDE^HNV AGOEB UEIE@LOLIT, DL ]EBSQFGIYGB JIEXLOGBXEAKMBLODLV ULHLIDLMJN, G ULBCHN JIEXLOGBN DGQBE[G\NW IKPGJEBSMJO O UILPDLMJN MOLNW UIGO,N UEIE@LOLIT UIEHIGJNBNMS; IEOLBR^NLDEIT XLBSYE OME@L DGQECBNMS DG NDLMJIGDDLEOFEYGJEBSMJOL, DG ULFL\S $OMJINN. 1LBCHN OLMULBSALOGBNMS XEAQEVMJONEF IKMMHLV GIFNNULMBE "ILWLOMHLV XNJOT N ULULBDNBN MOLE OLVMHL QL 80 000 PEBLOEH.

& LJHITJNEF OLEDDTW QEVMJONV, O DLOTW XNJOGW IKMMHGC GIFNC JEIUEBG PNMBEDDTV KILD,KQGBCBGMS LJ %GIYGOT, G ZJL KFEDSYGBL QLOEINE H @BGODLHLFGDQKR\EFK. #NJOG, OLAXK[QGEFGCZFNMMGIGFN NA 1LBSYN, UIN FGBLF PNMBE IKMMHNW OLVMH, OLBDLOGBGMS. % %NBSDE LXIGALOGBMCJGVDTV ̂ EDJIGBSDTV IEOLBR^NLDDTV HLFNJEJ; ILMMNEDMHGC YBCWJG UEIOGC ULQDCBG OLMMJGDNE,LOBGQEBG MOLNF KEAQDTF @LILQLF N LXIGALOGBG OIEFEDDLE UIGONJEBSMJOL, HLJLILE LX`CONBL,PJL IGMUILMJIGDCEJ MOLR OBGMJS DG OME LXBGMJN, LJDCJTE IKMMHNFN, DG 5KIBCDQNR, #N]BCDQNR,_MJBCDQNR, &FLBEDMH, 9EIDN@LO N 5NEO. %LMMJGDNE LXWOGJNBL OMR #NJOK; ULOMJGD^TLXIGALOGBN OMRQK YGVHN, HLJLITE @IGXNBN, OEYGBN, IGMMJIEBNOGBN OMEW, HJL DE UINDNFGBKPGMJNC O NW QEBE, LMOLXL[QGBN IEHIKJ N GIEMJGDJLO, WOGJGBN IKMMHNW PNDLODNHLO, LOBGQEOGBNHGADGPEVDTFN HGMMGFN, LIK[NEF, OLEDDTFN AGUGMGFN, UIEITOGBN ULPJLOTE MLLX\EDNC.

*L BNJLOMHLE OLMMJGDNE OMJIEPGBL OG[DLE UIEUCJMJONE O JLF, PJL DE NFEBL MIEQLJLPNC:%NBSDG XTBG O IKMMHNW IKHGW N DE OTYBG NA DNW QG[E N JL@QG, HL@QG ULBSMHLE OLVMHL NA ̂ GIMJOGOLYBL O #NJOK: ZJL OLVMHL XTBL IGAXNJL ULQ %NBSDLR O NRDE FEMC^E, G O NRBE ULBCHN XTBNOTJEMDEDT NA #NJOT. >BCWJG UIN@LJLONBGMS H OLMMJGDNR DG %LBTDN N O 1LQLBNN, DL AQEMS LDGDE FL@BG; QEVMJOLOGJS M KMUEWLF, NXL OME DNAYEE DGILQLDGMEBEDNE MJIGDT N QKWLOEDMJOLMLMJLCBL NA IKMMHNW; YBCWJG UINAOGBG H MEXE NA ^GIMJOG NAOEMJDL@L ULBSMHL@L @EDEIGBG3OLIDN^HL@L, DL IKMMHNE OLVMHG ULQ DGPGBSMJOLF @EDEIGBG -NQN@EIG UIL@DGBN 3OEIDN^HL@L O"GBN^NR.

„%FEMJE M 3OEIDN^HNF MPGMJNE DGM ULHNDKBL“, — @LOLINBN ULBCHN. 'DN [GBLOGBNMS DGFEQBEDDLMJS N ILXLMJS MOLE@L @BGODLHLFGDQKR\E@L &HI[NDE^HL@L. &HI[NDE^HNV XILMNBMCML OMEF MOLNF OLVMHLF DG @OGIQEVMHNV HLIUKM, MJLCOYNV FE[QK 7K@LF N *GIEOLR, DL DE DGDEMEFK DN FGBEVYE@L OIEQG; @OGIQNC LJMJKUNBG O ULICQHE, G ULBCHN JLBSHL NMJLFNBNMS. 14 FGC&HI[NDE^HNV OMJIEJNBMC M @BGODLR IKMMHLR GIFNER UIN 'MJILBEDHE N ULMBE QLB@LV N KULIDLVXNJOT ULJEIUEB ULIG[EDNE. 4E[QK JEF %GIYGOG, DEMFLJIC DG LUGMDLMJN, @ILANOYNE EV ULMBEXNJOT UIN 'MJILBEDHE, OLBDLOGBGMS L[EMJLPEDDLR XLISXLR UGIJNV, GINMJLHIGJNPEMHLV NQEFLHIGJNPEMHLV, UL OLUILMK, DK[DL BN MLMIEQLJLPNJS OBGMJS O IKHGW LQDL@L NBN LMJGONJSUIE[DEE UIGOBEDNE.

;MUEWN IKMMHLV GIFNN LXEMUEPNOGBNMS ML OMEW MJLILD, DL MIEQN EE QON[EDNC H %GIYGOE 29FGC @IG] 3NXNP KFEI LJ MONIEUMJOLOGOYEV JL@QG WLBEIT.

* 5DCAS #RXE^HNV LMJGBMC O 1EJEIXKI@E.

246

1IEEFDNHLF 3NXNPG XTB DGADGPED @IG] 1GMHEONP!_INOGDMHNV. 7 NRBC DLOTV@BGODLHLFGDQKR\NV UEIEUIGONBMC PEIEA %NMBK. 4E[QK JEF DG MEVFE IEOLBR^NLDDGC UGIJNCOACBG OEIW, ULJLFK PJL O PNMBL QEUKJGJLO OOEQEDT XTBN ULOMJGD^T, XE[GOYNE UEIEQ IKMMHNFNNA #NJOT, 1LQLBNN N %LBTDN: ULJEICOYN OME DG ILQNDE, ZJN BRQN JLBSHL O HIGVDNW FEIGW[QGBN MEXE MUGMEDNC. %GIYGOK MNBSDL KHIEUBCBN, @LILQMHNE [NJEBN, HMEDQAT, [ED\NDTQLB[DT XTBN KPGMJOLOGJS O IGXLJGW; OTUKMJNBN XKFG[DTE QEDS@N, OACBN ^EIHLODLE MEIEXIL,[NJEBN QLB[DT XTBN LJQGJS UIGONJEBSMJOK OMR MOLR MEIEXICDKR ULMKQK; ZJN FEIT OLAXK[QGBNMNBSDLE DEKQLOLBSMJONE. (C@LJNBNMS DEIEYNJEBSDTF ULBL[EDNEF N LXONDCBN@BGODLHLFGDQKR\E@L &HI[NDE^HL@L O FEQBEDDLMJN, O DEKFEDNN NBN DE[EBGDNN LMJGDLONJSIKMMHNW, UINXBN[GOYNWMC H %GIYGOE.

-EOLBR^NLDDGC UGIJNC, DE JEIUEOYGC &HI[NDE^HL@L HGH KFEIEDDL@L, OLMULBSALOGBGMSLX\NF DEKQLOLBSMJONEF N MOEI@BG @BGODLHLFGDQKR\E@L. *L DGOEIWK OME E\E LMJGOGBNMSKFEIEDDTE, GINMJLHIGJT, 9GIJLITVMHNV M JLOGIN\GFN; PJLX DNAOEI@DKJS UIGOBEDNE,IEOLBR^NLDEIT UILOLQNBN O DGILQ FTMBS, PJL MBGXLMJS UIGONJEBSMJOG ONDLR OMEW DEMPGMJNV1LBSYN; DGQLXDL QEVMJOLOGJS ZDEI@NPEMHN, JEIILILF, UL UINFEIK ]IGD^KAMHNWIEOLBR^NLDEILO, UILJNO BRQEV IGODLQKYDTW, [EBGR\NW UINFNIEDNC. *EMHLBSHL BN^, O JLFPNMBE @EDEIGBT, XTBN AGULQLAIEDT O NAFEDE; MKQ LUIGOQGB NW, N, DEMFLJIC DG JL, NW QEI[GBN OAGHBRPEDNN. 3 GO@KMJG OMUTWDKB FCJE[, JLBUT OLIOGBNMS O AGFLH, @QE MLQEI[GBNMSAGHBRPEDDTE, N KFEIJONBN NW AOEIMHNF LXIGALF.

1IGOBEDNE O K[GME IGMMECBLMS; HDCAS 9GIJLITVMHNV, UEIELQEJTV HLDRWLF, XE[GB O BG@EIS.(LBUT UILQLB[GBN NMJIEXBCJS O IGADTW FEMJGW KHGAGDDTW QEFG@L@GFN BRQEV. 3BC UIEHIG\EDNCIEADN N MFKJT ULMUEYNBN UILOLA@BGMNJS @KXEIDGJLILF %GIYGOT @EDEIGBG 5IKHLOE^HL@L,HLJLITV QGODL K[E NDJIN@LOGB N [QGB MBKPGC AGWOGJNJS OBGMJS. 7TOYEE UIGOBEDNE XTBLKDNPJL[EDL; MEVF UL LXIGA^K &EOEILGFEINHGDMHNW >JGJLO LJQGB NMULBDNJEBSDKR OBGMJSUIEANQEDJK N LJOEJMJOEDDTF FNDNMJIGF, N UIEANQEDJLF XTB UILOLA@BGYED 5IKHLOE^HNV."BGODLHLFGDQKR\NF XTB DGADGPED QBC ONQG MJGINH 4GBGWLOMHNV, DL OMEF IGMULIC[GBMCUIEANQEDJ.

% JGHLF ULBL[EDNN DGWLQNBNMS QEBG, HL@QG @IG] 1GMHEONP UINXBNANBMC M OLVMHLF H%GIYGOE. 1EIEQ UINMJKULF NMUILXLOGDT XTBN UINFNINJEBSDTE MIEQMJOG; ULBCHGF QGDL XTBLADGJS, PJL EMBN NFUEIGJLI DEFEQBEDDL XKQEJ UINADGD HLILBEF N ULBCHN DE XKQKJ DGMJGNOGJS DGMLEQNDEDNN M BNJLOMHNFN N AGUGQDLIKMMHNFN @KXEIDNCFN, JL OME LMJGBSDLE LDN BE@HL FL@KJULBKPNJS. 1LBCHN LJOEPGBN, PJL LDN ULQDCBN LIK[NE AG DEAGONMNFLMJS MOLEV DG^NN O @IGDN^GW,HLJLITE LDN O UIE[DEE OIEFC , AGOLEOGBN K IKMMHNW. „*G ULQLXDTE OE\N FL[DL LJOEPGJS JLBSHLUKYEPDTFN OTMJIEBGFN“, — MHGAGB IKMMHNV ]EBSQFGIYGB, N 25 GO@KMJG DGADGPED XTB YJKIF.

25 GO@KMJG IKMMHNE LOBGQEBN MEBEDNEF %LBER, OME@L MNBSDEE KHIEUBEDDTF, N UEIOLR BNDNERKHIEUBEDNV. *G QIK@LV QEDS IGDL KJILF UILNMWLQNBN BNPDTE UEIE@LOLIT FE[QK @IG]LF1GMHEONPEF N 5IKHLOE^HNF. -KMMHNV ]EBSQFGIYGB UIEQBL[NB KMBLONC: „7EAKMBLODGCULHLIDLMJS GIFNN N DG^NN; DEFEQBEDDGC MQGPG %GIYGOT, FLMJG PIEA %NMBK N 1IG@N, KQGBEDNEULBSMHLV GIFNN O 1BL^H“. 'JOEJG ULBL[NBN QL[NQGJSMC QL PGMG ULULBKQDN, DL MEVF UILOEBKMBLOBEDDLE OIEFC O XEMULBEADTW UIEDNCW, N O ULBLONDE OJLIL@L PGMG OLEDDTE QEVMJONCDGPGBNMS. 5L@QG KHIEUBEDNE AG KHIEUBEDNEF MJGBN UEIEWLQNJS O IKMMHNE IKHN, JL 5IKHLOE^HNV,ULBKPNOYNV LJ MEVFG ULBDLFLPNE QBC UEIE@LOLILO, DGUNMGB O 6 PGMLO OEPEIG UNMSFL @LMKQGIRM NA`COBEDNEF XEAKMBLODLV ULHLIDLMJN.

*L ZJNF QEBL DE HLDPNBLMS, ULJLFK PJL DG MEVFE MFEDNBN 5IKHLOE^HL@L, OTXIGBN DLOL@LUIEANQEDJG, *EFLEOMHL@L, HLJLITV KYEB NA %GIYGOT MHLIL ULMBE MOLE@L NAXIGDNC, N O JGHLVMFKJE JLBSHL DG IGMMOEJE QIK@L@L QDC @BGODLHLFGDQKR\NV 4GBGWLOMHNV M @EDEIGBGFN LXCAGBNMSLPNMJNJS %GIYGOK. % 7 PGMLO KJIG 27 GO@KMJG IKMMHNE ULBHN OMJKUNBN O @LILQ. *L ULBSMHLEOLVMHL, LPNMJNO %GIYGOK, DE QKFGBL ULHLICJSMC; UIN DEF DGWLQNBLMS N UIGOBEDNE M UIEANQEDJLF*EFLEOMHNF; EQNDLQKYNC DE XTBL, @BGODLHLFGDQKR\NE FEDCBNMS; *EFLEOMHNV, @BGODTVONDLODNH MEVFLOTW MFKJ O %GIYGOE, N JEUEIS XTB NW ONDLODNHLF O OLVMHE. *GHLDE^ O MEDJCXIE

247

*EFLEOMHNV M QIK@NFN PBEDGFN UIGOBEDNC KYEB AG UIKMMHKR @IGDN^K; OLVMHL, UIEMBEQKEFLEIKMMHNFN, UEIEYBL JKQG [E; QIK@NE HLIUKMG UEIEYBN PIEA GOMJINVMHKR @IGDN^K, N OLVDG O OLMEFSFEMC^EO XTBG LHLDPEDG. "IG] 1GMHEONP!_INOGDMHNV ULBKPNB JNJKB HDCAC %GIYGOMHL@L.

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

1%+*)!<,%+, ;%++. % IKMMHNW LXBGMJCW, OLAOIG\EDDTW LJ 1LBSYN ,HGJEINDLR II,KDNPJL[EDL XTBL COBEDNE, MNBSDL DGULFNDGOYEE ULBSMHLE OBGQTPEMJOL, — KDNC. %LAOIG\EDNEKDNGJLO H OEIE UIEQHLO, MJLBS MNBSDLE UIN ,HGJEINDE, LMJGDLONBLMS O QOG ULMBEQKR\NW^GIMJOLOGDNC; HGJLBNPEMHLE QON[EDNE MJGBL KMNBNOGJSMC, N KDNC QEI[GBGMS JEF HIEUPE, PJL=EIHLOS KDNGJMHGC O -LMMNN OFEMJE M =EIHLONR INFMHL!HGJLBNPEMHLR DGWLQNBGMS OAGOEQLOGDNN LQDLV HLBBE@NN. % ̂ GIMJOLOGDNE NFUEIGJLIG *NHLBGC E\E O 1828 @LQK KUIGOBEDNEKDNGJMHLR =EIHLONR XTBL LJQEBEDL N MLMIEQLJLPEDL O LMLXLV HLBBE@NN, HLJLIGC QLB[DG XTBGLWIGDCJS KDNGJMHKR =EIHLOS LJ DGUBTOG HGJLBNPEMHNW LXICQLO N LXTPGEO N OLMMJGDLOBCJSUIE[DNE @IEHL!IKMMHNE KMJGOT N LXTPGN.

% 1838 @LQK MQEBGD XTB DLOTV YG@: AGOEQLOGDNE QEBGFN KDNGJMHLV =EIHON ULIKPEDL XTBLLXEI!UILHKILIK &O. &NDLQG. % 1839 @LQK KDNGJMHNE EUNMHLUT N ADGJDEVYEE QKWLOEDMJOL,MLXIGOYNMS O 1LBL^HE, ULMJGDLONBN UILMNJS @LMKQGIC NFUEIGJLIG L QLAOLBEDNN KDNGJGF„UINMLEQNDNJSMC H UIGILQNJEBSMHLV UIGOLMBGODLV %MEILMMNVMHLV =EIHON“. &O. &NDLQLUIEQEBNB: UL UIGONBGF MO. LJE^ UINDCJS EUNMHLULO, MOC\EDDNHLO N OMR UGMJOK @IEHL!KDNGJMHLV=EIHON O ULBDLE N MLOEIYEDDLE LX\EDNE MO. UIGOLMBGODL!HGJLBNPEMHLV OLMJLPDLV =EIHON NO DE IGAQEBSDTV MLMJGO =EIHON %MEILMMNVMHLV.

3)%!H,%+$ " ?;0=++. 1LBSMHLE OLMMJGDNE NFEBL OG[DLE OBNCDNE DG ODEYDRR ULBNJNHK-LMMNN, MLQEVMJOKC XLBEE OME@L LWBG[QEDNR FE[QK -LMMNER N ?IGD^NER. 'X\EMJOEDDLEFDEDNE OL ?IGD^NN XTBL DG MJLILDE ULBCHLO, N UIGONJEBSMJOL NA K@L[QEDNC EFK MOLNF DEBLOHNFOFEYGJEBSMJOLF IGAQIG[GBL IKMMHL@L NFUEIGJLIG: JGH, LDL MJGIGBLMS MHBLDNJS QIK@NE QOLITMQEBGJS EFK MLEQNDEDDTE UIEQMJGOBEDNC DGMPEJ QIK[EBRXDL@L KBG[EDNC QEBG M ULOMJGD^GFN;]IGD^KAMHLE UIGONJEBSMJOL JLBHLOGBL, PJL EOILUEVMHNE QEI[GOT NFERJ UIGOL OFEYNOGJSMC OULBSMHNE QEBG DG LMDLOGDNN ULMJGDLOBEDNV %EDMHL@L HLD@IEMMG.

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

?IGD^NC, OONQK JL@L PJL NMJL\EDDLE UIGONJEBSMJOL MKBJGDG DE KMJLNJ UIEQ MNBSDTF N

248

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

% 1839 @LQK XLISXG FE[QK MKBJGDLF N UGYLR E@NUEJMHNF OLALXDLONBGMS, N LUCJS UGYGJLI[EMJOLOGB DG MKWLF UKJN N DG FLIE. -LMMNC OFEMJE M $D@BNER, $OMJINER N 1IKMMNERULQQEI[NOGBG UL!UIE[DEFK MKBJGDG ($XQKB!4EQ[NQG, MTDG 4GWFKQLOG), 4E@FEQ!$BN QLB[EDXTB ML@BGMNJSMC DG XEAKMBLODKR ULHLIDLMJS MKBJGDK; ?IGD^NC LMJGBGMS LQNDLHLR N KJIGJNBGMOLE OBNCDNE DG %LMJLHE. :LJC -LMMNC OL OMEW ZJNW MLXTJNCW XTBG AGLQDL M $D@BNER, LQDGHLULMBEQDCC MNBSDL IEODLOGBG H OBNCDNR -LMMNN O 5LDMJGDJNDLULBE N DE KUKMHGBG MBKPGCKMNBNOGJS MOLE OBNCDNE.

J,%.,08"#$ 6!'%#. % ]EOIGBE 1848 @LQG OMUTWDKBG DLOGC IEOLBR^NC OL ?IGD^NN;'IBEGDMHGC QNDGMJNC MOEI@DKJG, UILOLA@BGYEDG IEMUKXBNHG, N OLBDEDNE IGMUILMJIGDNBLMS UL,OILUE, LXWOGJNO N MLMEQDNE M -LMMNER @LMKQGIMJOG — 1IKMMNR N $OMJINR. 1LBSMHGCZFN@IG^NC OLMULBSALOGBGMS MFKJLR QBC QLMJN[EDNC MOLNW ^EBEV. *E NFEC OLAFL[DLMJNQEVMJOLOGJS UICFL UILJNO -LMMNN, ULBCHN QEVMJOLOGBN LHLBL, O GOMJINVMHNW OBGQEDNCW, O3KDGVMHNW HDC[EMJOGW, LMLXEDDL MNBSDLE KPGMJNE UINDCBN LDN O OED@EIMHLF OLMMJGDNN: KMUEWZJL@L OLMMJGDNC XTB O NW @BGAGW UIN@LJLOBEDNEF H JLI[EMJOK NW MLXMJOEDDL@L QEBG.

3BC UILJNOLQEVMJONC ZJNF UBGDGF NFUEIGJLI *NHLBGV OOEB MOLN OLVMHG O 3KDGVMHNEHDC[EMJOG N O 1849 @LQK UL UILMSXE GOMJINVMHL@L NFUEIGJLIG LJUIGONB H DEFK DG ULFL\S UILJNOOED@EIMHNW ULOMJGD^EO OLVMHL ULQ DGPGBSMJOLF HDCAC %GIYGOMHL@L. 1 GO@KMJG OED@EIMHNVQNHJGJLI "aI@EV MQGBMC IKMMHLFK @EDEIGBK -NQN@EIK M 30 000 OLVMHG N 120 UKYHGFN.

249