Upload
georgiosxasiotis
View
21
Download
2
Embed Size (px)
DESCRIPTION
r
Citation preview
:
:
.. : 538
2012
2
3
,
.
4
. 5
1
1.1 . 8
1.2 . 15
1.3 . 20
2
2.1 . 32
2.2 .. 40
2.3 . 51
2.4 :
;. 61
2.5 . 69
2.6 ... .75
3
3.1. :
;.. . 84
.... 94
..... 96
5
,
.
;
,
; ,
;
,
,
;
, ;
,
. ,
, .
.
,
. , ,
,
.
.
,
, , .
, ,
,
. , ,
.
,
6
. ,
. ,
.
,
,
, .
,
. ,
,
.
, .
- -. ,
, .
,
. 1.
. ,
,
, , .2,
. ,
, , :
, ,
,
, ,
3
,
,
,
1 , , ,
. . , , , 1998, . 197 2, , 619 d5-e5 3 , , 512e
7
.
8
1
1.1
,
.
4.
,
,
, ,
5.
,
,
.
, ,
,
6.
, , .
, ,
.
, . ,
,
4 ,
, M. P. Nilsson, , , 1990, . 118 5 The Greeks, like other peoples, needed gods to explain what is otherwise inexplicable. To the pre-
scientific consciousness, nature, both human and physical, is encompassed with mysteries which cry to
be penetrated and mastered. The Greeks solved the matter to their own satisfaction by believing in
gods who not only rule the visible world but are at work in fortunes and hearts of men., C. M. Bowra, The Greek experience, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London 1958, 44 6 .. . 121
9
.
. ,
,
.
,
.
,
, ,
.
7. ,
,
. , , ,
,
8. ,
.
.
9.
.
. ,
, ,
, ,
.
,
7 .
, ., .. . 123 8 .. . 123
9 Once indeed in the far past sacrifices had been made to placate angry and inscrutable gods or
demons. C. M. Bowra, The Greek experience, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London 1958, . 47
10
, ,
(
, )
. 10
.
.
.
, ,
.
. , ,
:
,
, ,
. '
, ,
.
, ,
, ,
.
,
.11
12.
10
, , 120-130 11
, , 31c-32a 12
. . , 40a
11
. ,
.
, , ,
.13
.
, .
,
.
,
.
14.
, .
,
.
15.
,
. , ,
.
,
.
.
13
, 14
The gods might live on Olympus or retire to the seclusion of their favourite shrines, but they also moved among men and took part in human affairs., C. M. Bowra, The Greek experience, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London 1958, . 49 15
, 5 , , , : , . , , 1981, . 8
12
, ,
,
, ,
, 16. ,
, ,
. ,
, ,
.
17.
, ,
.
.
.
. ,
.
,
,
18. ,
,
, , . , ,
, .
, ,
.
. , 19.
16
Pierre Grimal, , University studio press, 1991, . 249 17
. .250 18
. 252 19
, , , 1985, . 115
13
.
, . ,
, ,
,
, .
, ,
.
,
.
20.
.
.
.
, .
, .
.
,
21.
.
, 22.
, ,
,
20
Robert Graves, , 1 , , 1998, . 59 21
Mary Lefkowitz, , , 2003, . 55 22
( ), , , . , , 1948, . 105
14
, 23. ,
,
24.
,
25. ,
, ,
.
.
, , .
.
.
23
Robert Graves, , 1 , , 1998, . 283 24
.. . 284 25
Pierre Grimal, , University studio press, 1991, . 555
15
1.2
,
.
,
26.
27.
,
28.
,
,
,
.
( )
,
.
,
.
, -
.29
.
, .
30.
.
26
Mary Lefkowitz, , , 2003, . 33 27
, . , . . , , , 1947, . 105 28
, , . .. . 105 29
, , 90-100 30
Mary Lefkowitz, , , 2003, . 34
16
.
, ,
.
, , , -
. ,
,
, ,
, .31
. , ,
.
. , ,
, .
32. , ,
, 33.
34.
, , ,
.35
,
36. ,
,
31
, , 3-10 32
Mary Lefkowitz, , , 2003, . 52 33
Bruno Snell, , , 1981, . 67 34
, , ., Mary Lefkowitz, , , 2003, . 52 35
, , 483-484 36
, , , , , , ., . , ., 1962, . 14
17
, ,
,
- - .37.
,
. ,
,
. , , ,
,
.
, ,
.
.
.
. ,
, .
.
,
.
, .
, ,
, , -
. ,
, -
: ,
,
.38
37
, , 460
18
,
.
.
, ,
.
.
, ,
, ,
.
,
39.
,
40.
. .
.
,
,
,
41. , ,
. ,
.
,
,
38
. . 790- 810 39
Bruno Snell, , , 1981, . 65 40
. , . .. . 70 41
, , Mary Lefkowitz, , , 2003, . 67
19
,
.42
. ,
.
. ,
43.
,
.
42
, , 250-255 43
, , . . . Bruno Snell, , , 1981, . 74
20
1.3
.
,
.
,
44.
, ,
45.
.
.
, 46.
. , ,
, .
, ,
, .
, ,
.
,
. ,
,
44
, , , , , . . Bruno Snell, , , 1981, . 135 45
Finley M. I. The world of Odysseus, London 1977, . 39 46
Bruno Snell, , , 1981, . 137
21
.47
,
48.
.
.
49.
, ,
. ,
.
.
, ,
.
.
; , .
.
,
.
, ! .50
.
, .
.
47
, , 410-415 48
. . , , , 1985, . 55 49
. . , , 1981, . 39 50
, ,
22
, 51.
, ,
,
.
,
.
.
.
.
52. ,
, 53.
,
54.
.
,
.
.
, , ,
,
.
,
55.
,
,
, .
51
. - ., . . , , 1981, . 39 52
, , ., Karl Reinhardt, , , 1992, . 125 53
Mary Lefkowitz, , , 2003, . 91 54
, , 155-156 55
., Mary Lefkowitz, , , 2003, . 86
23
,
.
,
,
, .
,
.56
,
.
, :
,
.
.
. ,
, .
,
, 57.
,
.
,
. ,
.
,
. ,
56
, , 188-196 57
, ( ). . , . Snell, . . Bruno Snell, , , 1981, . 53
24
,
. , ,
,
, ,
58.
,
,
59. ,
.
.
, .
,
.
. ,
, ,
60. , , ,
,
61. ,
,
58
, , . , , , 405-411 59
Richard Gaskin, Do Homeric heroes make real decisions? , The Classical Quarterly, N.S. 40 (1990), . 3 60
, . . , . ., , , 300-305 61
, , . , , , ., , , 312-315
25
, ,
.
,
, , .
, ,
.
.62
, ,
, , ,
, ,
. ,
, :
.
;
,
.63
.
.
, .
.
,
.
, ,
,
.
, .
,
.64
62
. . , 330-335 63
. . , 340-345 64
. . , 440-442
26
.
. ,
.
.
.
,
.
.
65.
. ,
,
.
.
66.
,
,
Bruno Snell, ,
,
67.
,
68. ,
.
65
Bruno Snell, , , 1981, . 44 66
.. .52 67
Richard Gaskin, Do Homeric heroes make real decisions?, The Classical Quarterly, N.S. 40 (1990), . 4 68
. , . , . Bruno Snell, , , 1981, . 50
27
69. ,
70.
. .
, ,
,
.
,
. Richard Gaskin, Snell,
, ,
,
71.
, .
,
.
,
,
,
.
! !
,
.72
.
. . ,
73.
,
,
69
.. . 50 70
, . . .. . 52 71
Richard Gaskin, Do Homeric heroes make real decisions?, The Classical Quarterly, N.S. 40 (1990),, . 5 72
, , 30-35 73
. , , , 1947, . 100
28
74. ,
75.
,
. , ,
:
,
,
.76
,
.
,
.
, .
.
.
,
:
,
. ,
77
.
, , .
,
,
.
, , ,
, ,
.78
74
Karl Reinhardt, , , 1992, . 122 75
. . . 144 76
, , 505-510 77
. . , 75-80
29
.
.
,
, .79
, ,
. ,
, ,
, .
.
,
.
,
.
, ,
, , ,
.80.
.
. .
,
.
,
. ,
. ,
. , ,
78
. . , 30-33 79
. . , 40-43 80
. . , 80-85
30
. ,
81.
,
, .
.
, 82.
.
.
.
, 83.
, : , ,
.
84.
,
. ,
.
,
. , ,
, 85.
.
81
, . . , . . Bruno Snell, , , 1981, . 48 82
. . , . , . 83
, . , , . . . Bruno Snell, , , 1981, . 183 84
. . . 185 85
. , , , 1947, . 63
31
, .
.
.
, ,
.
,
. ,
.
, ,
.
, ,
,
.
32
2
2.1
,
, . ,
,
, 86.
,
.
, ,
, ,
.87
, ,
.
.
, ,
!88
,
.
; ,
,
89.
.
86
, , 335 b5 87
. . 335 e5 88
. . 338 c5 89
. . 338 e5
33
,
,
90.
, ,
, ,
.
, 91.
,
,
.
,
. ,
,
. ,
,
. :
, .92
,
, ,
. ,
, .
, , .
, .
, ,
,
.93
90
, , , , - , , , ; , , ., . . 339 e5 91
. . 341 a5 92
. . 342 c10 93
. . 343 d5
34
,
.
, ,
, ,
, ,
.94
, ,
, , ,
,
. , ,
, ,
.
,
,
.95
,
,
,
,
, 96.
, ,
,
. ,
,
,
,
. :
, , ,
, , ,
94
. . 343 d5 95
. . 343 e5 96
. . 344 b5
35
, ,
,
.97
, ,
98.
.
,
.
.
, ,
, ,
, ,
, .
, -
99. :
,
.100
,
. ,
,
, ,
97
. . 344 c5 98
, , . . . 345 a5 99
, . , , , . A. E. Taylor, , , , 2003, . 317 100
, , 350 c5
36
, 101..
,
.
.
, ,
.
- ;
- .
- , ,
.102
.
, ,
,
103.
,
:
,
.104
.
.
.
, ,
,
,
, .
, ,
101
: , , , ; . . 351 d10 102
. . 352 b5 103
-, , ; - . . . 353 e5 104
. .. 353 e10
37
105.
, ,
.
, , ,
,
.106
.
,
, .
, , ,
, .
, ,
, ,
, .
,
,
, . ,
,
107.
, ,
,
, .
;
105
( ), , . A. E. Taylor, , , , 2003, . 317 106
, , 359 a5 107
. . 359 d5 360 b5
38
108.
, ,
,
.
,
,
.
.
,
, ,
. ,
,
. , , ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
.
, ,
, ,
, .
, ,
, .109.
,
. ,
,
, , ,
. ,
; ,
108
. . 360 c5 109
. . 365 b5
39
; ,
,
.
40
2.2
, ,
.
, , ,
,
, .
,
. , ,
, 110. , ,
, ,
,
,
,
111.
, ,
, ,
112. , ,
, ,
.
,
,
, .
,
, ,
110
, , , - , , . , , 614 c5 111
. . 614 c5-d5 112
, , . . . 614 d5
41
,
113. ,
,
, . ,
, 114.
,
.
.
,
. ,
, ,
,
115. , ,
116.
,
.
,
, , .
,
, ,
.
. ,
,
, ,
. ,
, ,
113
, , - -, . . . 615 a5 114
. . 615 b5 115
. . 615 e5 116
, , , , , , , , , , , , . . . 616 a5
42
. ,
. ,
:
, , .
,
. ,
. ,
. ,
,
. ,
.117
, ,
. ,
, .
,
. ,
,
, ,
.
. , :
,
, ,
, .
.118
, ,
, ,
,
119.
117
. . 619 d5-e5 118
. . 619 b5 119
, , , , , , , . , , , ,
43
,
,
,
,
120.
,
.
,
,
, .
, ,
, .
,
.
, .
, , .
, ,
, 121.
, , .
.
122. ,
.
. , ,
, . . . 619 c5 120
. . 619 d5 121
, , . , . , ., . - , , , 1994, . 82 122
, , . . , . . Michael Inwood, Platos Myths, . Catalin Partenie, Cambridge University Press, UK 2009, pg. 42
44
,
123.
,
, ,
, , 124.
. ,
, 125.
, ,
,
,
.
.
,
,
: ,
. ,
, ,
, ,
126.
,
,
123
The purport of the mythical account which now follows of the souls fate after death is to insist that whatever done by the soul on earth has direct effect upon its future. Under all the mythological and
poetical forms in which Plato clothes what he says of the past and future of the soul, one thought is
present, that the immortality of the soul, involving as it dos the continuity of its existence, adds to the
moral responsibility which lies upon us., R. L. Nettleship, Lectures on the republic of Plato, Macmillan & co ltd, London 1963, pg. 359 124
, . : , . : . -: , ., . , , , 1987, . 40 125
W. Boyd, An introduction to the republic of Plato, George Allen & Unwin LTD, London 1922, pg 192 126
, , , , , , . , , 107d
45
.
.
, .
,
. ,
,
.
:
,
, ,
. '
, ,
.
,
, ,
, .127
.
128.
, ,
129.
.
,
. , ,
, 130.
, ,
127
, , 31c 128
, , . . , , , 31\10\04 129
, , . , , . . 130
, , 380c5
46
131.
,
,
, .
, ,
.
, :
.
,
.
, ,
132.
,
, ,
.
133.
,
,
,
, .
,
131
, , - . . . 378c5 . Gabor Betegh, Platos Myths, . Catalin Partenie, Cambridge University Press, UK 2009, pg. 91 132
The myth says that every soul haw a lottery. It also says that the soul is responsible for its own life, not God. This would hardly be true if the souls place in the lottery must be that it forms an orderly queue for the choice of lives, not that it seriously affects the choice that is eventually made. . . 43 133
The choice which the souls make of life is the all-important crisis in their history. Plato in his description of their choosing has expressed his opinion upon Free Will and Necessity. In every human
life there is an element of necessity or of what (so far as the man himself is concerned) may be called
chance; there is also an element of choice. This idea is applied here to the causes which determine the
conditions under which a man is born. R. L. Nettleship, Lectures on the republic of Plato, Macmillan & co ltd, London 1963, pg. 363
47
, . ,
.134
.
,
, 135.
,
136.
,
137.
, , ,
, ,
,
, 138. ,
,
.
.
139.
,
.
,
134
, , 523 135
, , , . . , . . . 523 136
. . 523 137
, , , , , . . . 523 138
, . . . Michael Inwood, Platos Myths, . Catalin Partenie, Cambridge University Press, UK 2009, pg 28 139
According to the usual viw, kings are better of all commoners. That might be regarded as unfair. But in Platos view commoners are really better off than kings. . . pg 29
48
,
140. ,
141.
,
.
, . ,
.
142. ,
,
, .
, ,
, .
. ,
.
. ,
,
143.
. ,
140
, , . , , . , , . . Michael Inwood, Platos Myths, . Catalin Partenie, Cambridge University Press, UK 2009, pg 29 141
, . . . . , . . -, , , 1994, . 40 142
Perhaps we understand Plato best by thinking of the tale of Er, not as a description of the souls fate after death, but as a parable, meant to bring home the responsibility which men have towards
generations that are to come after them. W. Boyd, An introduction to the republic of Plato, George Allen & Unwin LTD, London 1922, pg 194 143
, , . , . . . . pg 190-191
49
,
,
, ,
.
, .
,
.
, ,
.
, 144.
.
145. ,
:
, ,
. ,
,
, .
,
.146
, ,
,
. ,
, .
144
. , . . -, , , 1994, . 51, . , , 616b-616d , 177a , 42b-d , XII 959b-c 145
. , . , , . ( ) . . , : , , , , , , , , 2007, . 65 146
, , 30c-d
50
,
,
.
51
2.3
, ,
, .
. , ,
, ,
147. ,
, ,
, .
, , , , ,
,
. ,
,
, . ,
.148
,
. ,
,
149. ,
150.
, , ,
,
147
, : , . , , : . , , 60a 148
. . 116e 149
, , , . A. E. Taylor, , , , 2003, . 216 150
. . . . - , , , 1994, . 66
52
, ,
, [ ,
]151.
, ,
. , ,
152. , ,
, , ,
.
,
,
.
,
, , ,
.153
. ,
, ,
, ,
.
, ,
.
, ,
,
.
.
, ,
. ,
,
,
151
, , 72e 152
, . . A. E. Taylor, , , , 2003, . 216 153
, , 107c
53
, , ,
.154
.
,
, . ,
,
. 155.
, .
, ,
. , , .
- , ,
, , , , ;
- .156
,
, 157.
,
, .
.
.
,
, .
,
.
, ,
. ,
154
. . 108a 155
- , , ; - . - , , , , , , , . - . - , , . . . 93e-94a 156
. . 94b 157
, . . , . . Karl Bormann, , , 2006, . 187
54
,
158.
.
. ,
.159
, ,
,
.
.
, .
, , , ,
160.
, , .
161. ,
,
, 162. ,
, , -, -
, , ,
.
,
, ;
: ,
,
158
, . , . . Gottfried Martin, , , , 1967, . 60 159
, 46b 160
, . . - , , , 1994, . 62 161
. . . & . , , , 2006, . 124 162
, , , . , , . . . , , 1975, . 20
55
, ,
, ;163
.
. , ,
, 164.
, , .
, ,
. ,
, , 165. ,
166
167. ,
, , ,
168. , , ,
.
, ,
,
. , ,
. ,
, , .
163
, , 440e-441a 164
, , , , , , , , , , , . . . 439d 165
, , , , . , , 69e 166
, , , , . . . 70e 167
, , , , , , . . . 70b 168
, , . , . Karl Bormann, , , 2006, . 189
56
,
.
( ).
. ,
, , ,
:
. ,
,
.169
, ,
, ,
.
, ,
, 170.
.
,
. .
, ,
. , ,
.
171.
,
. ,
172.
169
, , 246a-b 170
, , . Karl Bormann, , , 2006, . 191 171
, , , . . F. A. Wilford, The status of reason in Platos phychology, Phronesis, 1959 (4), no1, pg. 58 172
, , . , , , , , , : , , , . Mario Vegetti, , , 2003, . 171
57
,
.
.
.
,
.
.
. ,
173.
, , ,
,
,
,
;174.
.
. ,
.
, ,
.
,
175. , ,
, ,
,
,
173
, , , . . . , , 1975, . 18 174
, , 440b , , ; , ; , , , ; . . 440c 175
, , , , . . , , 247c
58
,
. ,
,
176.
, .
, .
177.
, 178. ,
,
. ,
.
179. ,
,
. ,
, ,
,
176
, , , , , . . , , , , , , . . . 248c 177
, , , . . . , , 1975, . 31 178
, , , . : , . , , , , . . , , , , , . . . , , 2002, . 230-231 179
, , . , 619 e5
59
,
, 180.
, ,
. ,
. ,
. , .
, , ,
. ,
,
.
- ,
- ,
.
- , , ,
, .
- , ,
, .181
,
,
,
, ,
, .
182.
,
. , ,
,
180
, . : . , , . . . , . 1970, . 278 181
, , 588d-e 182
, , , . . . . , , 1975, . 28
60
. ,
.
, ,
.
,
, .
, ,
,
, ,
.
61
2.4 :
;
,
.
.
, , ,
.
, ,
.
,
, , .
, ,
,
.
,
183.
,
-
, ,
, ,
184.
, ,
, .
,
, ,
183
, . : , , , , , , . , . . & . , , , 2006, . 127 184
, . , , , , , , . . . . : , , 2003, . 275
62
, 185. ,
,
,
,
, 186.
,
, , .
, ,
,
, .
, ,
.187
, ,
,
.
, ,
, .
;188
,
,
, 189.
,
185
, , , . , , , , , , , , . , , 514a 186
. . 514b 187
. . 515c 188
. . 515e 189
, , , ; . . 515e
63
,
, ,
.
,
.
.
, .
. ,
.
-, , , ,
,
, .190
,
. ,
.
.
, ,
.
, ,
(
), ,
, ,
.191
190
. . 516b 191
. . 517a
64
, ,
,
,
. ,
, , 192.
,
.
- ;
-
,
.193
, .
, ,
,
,
. ,
, , ,
,
,
194.
192
. , . , , . , , , . . , , , . Mario Vegetti, , , 2003, . 178 193
. . 519d 194
The interpretation of the myth is easy. The cave-dwellers are the mass of men; the prisoner who escapes to the light, is the man who by chance(by nature, Plato says) ascends painfully by the way of the sciences to the real world, as seen in the Idea of the Good W. Boyd, An introduction to the republic of Plato, George Allen & Unwin LTD, London 1922, pg 155
65
, .
, ,
,
.
, .
,
.
,
, . : )
.
, , )
, ,
, ) ,
, , )
, ,
195. ,
, , , .
, , .
: , ,
, , , .
.196
, ,
,
197. ,
195
, . , . , . , : ., Gutenberg, 2001, . 105-108 196
, , 510d-e 197
, , , ,
66
-198.
,
. ,
, , ,
.
.
, ,
, ,
,
199.
,
200. ,
,
,
, ,
201.
, .
,
,
.
,
. . & . , , , 2006, . 124 198
, . . . , : , , 2003, . 293 199
, ( ) . homo cognoscens. , : , , , ; Gregory Vlastos, , , 1994, . 104 200
, , , . . . , , 1975, . 56 201
, . , . . , , , . . W. Boyd, An introduction to the republic of Plato, George Allen & Unwin LTD, London 1922, pg. 186
67
,
.
, ,
,
202.
.
,
.
,
203.
.
, . ,
, .
,
.
,
, .
,
.
,
, 204.
, ,
, ,
202
. , , . A. E. Taylor, , , , 2003, . 330 203
, . . . , , 1975, . 44 204
, , , . , : , , . , , . . . , , 1975, . 34
68
. ,
, .
. ,
.
,
.
,
205.
.
;
205
, , . , , , . . . , , 1975, . 53
69
2.5
.
,
. ;
, ,
,
.
, ,
, .
206.
,
.
,
,
.
,
, ,
, ,
, 207.
,
, -
.208
206
, , , Bentham. . , : .. A. E. Taylor, , , , 2003, . 280 207
, , . , , . . , . , . , 354e-355a 208
, 355b
70
, ,
. ,
209.
,
.
.210
,
.
, ,
,
.
(
),
(
).211
.
, .
,
, ,
,
, . ,
,
212. , ,
. ,
209
, . . A. E. Taylor, , , , 2003, . 283 210
, 357e 211
. . 319a 212
, , , , , . . A. E. Taylor, , , , 2003, . 288
71
213. ,
, . ,
,
. ,
,
214.
, , ,
,
; :
, ,
.215
,
.
, ,
, , ,
, 216.
. .
, ,
.
217.
213
, , , , . , 322b 214
, , ; : , . , ; . . 322d 215
. . 322d 216
, . A. E. Taylor, , , , 2003, . 289 217
. . , , . ( ) , , . A. E. Taylor, , , , 2003, . 289
72
. . ,
,
.
. , ,
,
, ,
,
218.
,
.
;
;
,
219;
.
220. ,
, ,
.
,
,
,
218
, , , , , . , . , , , 2010, . 108 219
, , , . , , . . A. E. Taylor, , , , 2003, .. 291 220
. . . . 291
73
.
,
. , ,
,
. ,
,
. ,
,
.
,
, .
.
,
.
, , .
, ,
,
. ,
,
221.
,
-
,
222. , ,
221
: . , , , , . A. E. Taylor, , , , 2003, . 166 222
, . , . . . . 166-167
74
. ,
, .
,
. ,
, 223.
, ,
, . ,
,
;
;
223
, , , . . . . . . . 167
75
2.6
,
.
,
224.
, , ;
;
,
; , ;225
, , ,
.226
, , , . ,
,
,
227.
, , .
.228
,
.
; , .229
, ,
,
, ,
224
, . . , , , 2010, . 106 225
, , 70a 226
, , . , , , . . . 71a 227
, , , . 228
. . 72b 229
. . 73d
76
, 230.
, .
,
,
. , ,
.
, , ,
.
,
.
.
, :
; , -,
, ,
.
. , :
-, 231.
,
. , ,
, :
, ,
;
; ,
;232
,
230
. , , , ; ; . . 73d 231
; . . 78d 232
. . 80e
77
.
;
,
,
.
, , .
, 233
; ,
, ,
.234
, ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
, 235.
,
.
, , ,
. ,
. ,
.
.236
, ,
,
233
, , , . 234
, , 81a 235
There is a sense in which knowledge acquired both is and is not something new, and his answer to the Sophists bringing out this twofold of education, is given in his theory of Reminiscence. The case of
recollection in ordinary knowledge is obviously one to which the Sophistic dilemma is not applicable. W. Boyd, An introduction to the republic of Plato, George Allen & Unwin LTD, London 1922, pg. 156-157 236
, 81b
78
,
, .
, .
,
237. ,
.
,
. -
-
.
, -
-
,
. .238
,
, ,
, ,
. ,
. , ,
,
,
.
,
, ,
239. ,
237
According to them, the soul of man is immortal, and passes through successive periods of existence, now being born into one existence, now dying and passing out of it, but never being
destroyed. In the course of these successive experiences, it wanders through the upper and the under
worlds, and learns all that is to be known; and though it forgets much of what it learns, yet has been
once known is never lost, and may be recalled by the proper associations W. Boyd, An introduction to the republic of Plato, George Allen & Unwin LTD, London 1922, pg. 157-158 238
, 81c-e 239
, ,
79
, .
, ,
. , ,
,
240.
, ,
, .
,
,
, ,
. , ,
, ,
,
, .
, ,
; ,
, .
,
.
, , .241
, ,
,
.
,
242.
, . , . . W. Boyd, An introduction to the republic of Plato, George Allen & Unwin LTD, London 1922, pg. 159 240
What Plato seems to be trying to express by his myth is that ideas, unlike particulars, are bound up with the very nature of the soul, and are the soul. , . . 159 241
, 84a 242
-, , ; ;
80
- ,
, ,
,
;
.
- .
-, ,
;
- -
;243
, ,
, , 244.
,
, ,
. , 245.
,
.
246.
-, . - , . -, . ; -. - , ; - . . . 85c 243
. . 86a 244
, , , . , , , , . . , . . & . , , , 2006, . 125 245
, , , . Karl Bormann, , , 2006, . 122 246
, : , . , , , . . , . . . . 123
81
, -.
-,
. ,
.
, .
,
.
.
, , .247
,
, ,
, ,
,
. ,
, . ,
,
248.
, ,
,
. ,
.
. ,
,
,
.249
247
, , 246d-e 248
, , , , . , , , , . . , , , , , , . . . 248c-e 249
. . 250d
82
, ,
.
.250
, ,
.
,
,
.
,
, ,
, 251.
,
. ,
,
,
252. , ,
.
.
, ,
. ,
.
, ,
,
.
250
. . 250d 251
, , , , , . . & . , , , 2006, . 125 252
, . , , . , . Karl Bormann, , , 2006, . 128
83
.
,
,
,
, .
, ,
, .253
253
, , 256a-b
84
3
3.1. :
;
, , ,
. ,
,
.
;
, ,
, , ,
.
-, .
, ,
, .
.
, . ,
, -254.
,
.
.
,
, .
,
, : ,
254
: , . , , , , , , , , , . , . . , 352b
85
,
;255
,
, .
, ,
,
.
,
.
, , ,
, , ,
, ;
;256
. ,
,
257. - -258.
,
,
:
,
, ,
, ,
, ( ).
,
255
. . 353e 256
. . 354a 257
, , ; . . . 354c 258
, , , : ) , ; , , , ; , ) . ) . A. E. Taylor, , , , 2003, . 305
86
, ( )
.259
,
, . ,
,
. , 260.
,
, ,
.
; .
,
.
, ; ,
;261
, .
. ,
.
, ,
262.
.263
, ,
, 264. ,
259
. , 355a 260
- , , . , ; . . 356a 261
. . 357a 262
, , , , . . A. E. Taylor, , , , 2003, . 306 263
. . 357e 264
, ,
87
,
,
265.
, , ,
, , ,
;
, , ,
, ;266
, , ,
.
. ,
, .
, .
.
, ,
-
,
, ,
.267
,
, .
,
. ,
268.
. . , : , , , , , , , 2007, . 22 265
, . . . . - , , , 1994, . 83 266
. , 358b-c 267
. . 358d 268
, . ( ) , , .
88
.
;
; .
;269
, ( ).
;
270.
- , ;
,
;
;
- .
-
;
- .
-
, .271
,
.
.
, ,
.
;
, , . . , : , , , , , , , , 2007, . 21 269
, , 278e 270
( ). ; : , , , , , . , , : , , , . A. E. Taylor, , , , 2003, . 127 271
, , 279b
89
.
272.
- , ; ,
, ,
;
-/273
.
,
. .
, . ,
274.
, , ,
, .275
, , 276.
, -
,
, .
272
, , , . ( ) . . , : , , , , , , , , 2007, . 21, . A. E. Taylor, , , , 2003, . 128 273
, , 281e 274
, , , , , (, 466e). . , . . , : , , , , , , , , 2007, . 159 275
, , 488a 276
. . . Koyre, - , , , 1993, . 52.
90
,
.
.
, ,
, ; ,
,
,
,
. ,
, ,
, 277.
,
, ,
, . ,
.
,
278. , ,
.
277
, , . , , . . , (). () , (). . , . , () , () , () (, 467b). . , : , , , , , , , , 2007, . 162 278
; , , 439 . . , , , . , , , . ,
91
-
.
, ,
, ,
.
-.
- ,
, .279
, , ,
. ,
,
,
. ,
,
. , , . ,
, ,
280.
,
,
,
281.
,
, ,
, 282. ,
. ,
, . . . . . 164 279
, , 439a 280
, , , , . , , , , . . . , , 1975, . 43 281
, , . . , , 1956, . 30 282
. , : , , , , , , , , 2007, . 164
92
,
.
, . ,
,
.
.
.283
. ,
.
,
. , ,
.
,
. -
-.
- ,
;
- ,
.
- ,
;
-, .
- , , ,
, .
.284
, ,
.
.
,
283
, , 86e 284
, , 77c
93
285.
.
,
, ,
. ,
,
.
.
285
- , , , , , ; - . - , ; -, . - ; - . - ; - , . - , , , . ; - , , . . . 77e
94
,
.
,
,
. ,
.
, .
, .
,
. ,
, .
.
,
. ,
, . ,
, ,
.
.
, .
. ,
.
, , .
,
.
. ,
, .
,
. ,
95
. , ,
.
,
,
.
. - ,
,
,
. .
96
.
, , . -, ,
1997
, Works & days, Martin Litchfield, Clarendon Press, Oxford 1978
, . . , .
, , 2001
, , . , , 1970
, , . , , , 1936
, , . . (2), , , .
, , . . , , 1956
, , , . . . . , ,
2003
, , . . . .. , ,
2002
, , . . . . . , , 1957
, , . . . . , ,
1939
97
, -, . . . . , ,
..
, , . . . , , 2008
, , . . . . . , ,
2002
, , . . . , . . . ,
, ..
, , . . . . . , ,
..
, , . . . . , ,
2009
, , . . . , , 1995
, , . . . . , , 1956
, , . . . . . , ,
2005
, , . . . . , , 2000
, , . . . . , ,
..
98
, ( ), . . . . .
, 1956
Robert Graves, , 1 , , 1998
Robert Graves, , 2 , , 1998
. ,
A. E. Taylor, , , , 2003
Bruno Snell, , , 1981
C. M. Bowra, The Greek experience, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London
1958
Finley M. I. The world of Odysseus, London 1977
F. A. Wilford, The status of reason in Platos phychology, Phronesis, 1959
(4), no1
Gottfried Martin, , ,
, 1967
Gregory Vlastos, , , 1994, . 104
Karl Bormann, , , 2006
99
Karl Reinhardt, , , 1992
M. P. Nilsson, , ,
1990
Mario Vegetti, , , 2003
Mary Lefkowitz, , , 2003
Michael Inwood, Platos Myths, . Catalin Partenie, Cambridge
University Press, UK 2009
Pierre Grimal, ,
University studio press, 1991
R. L. Nettleship, Lectures on the republic of Plato, Macmillan & co ltd,
London 1963
Richard Gaskin, Do Homeric heroes make real decisions? , The Classical
Quarterly, N.S. 40 (1990)
W. Boyd, An introduction to the republic of Plato, George Allen & Unwin
LTD, London 1922
. Koyre, - ,
, , 1993
.
. , , 1948
100
, , , 1985
. , , , 31\10\04
. & . , , ,
2006
, ,
, 2010
. , , , 1987
. . , : , , ,
, , , ,
, 2007
. , , 1956
. , .,
1962
. - , : ,
, , , ,
, , , 1994
. . . : , , 2003
. , . 1970
. , , 1981
101
. . , , , 1985
. , , , 1998
. . , , 1975
. , , ,
1947