-
:
:
:
2014/15.
:
:
. .
, 2015.
-
2
................................................................................................................................
4
.....................................................................................................................................
6
1.
........................................................................................................
6
2.
................................................................................
7
3.
....................................................................................
8
4. 9
1.
.........................................................................................................
11
1.1.
............................................................................................
11
1.1.2.
........................................................................................
12
1.1.3.
....................................................................................
12
1.1.4.
...............................................................................................
13
1.1.5.
........................................................................................
13
1.1.6.
......................................................................................................
13
1.1.7.
.................................................................................................
14
1.2. , ............. 15
1.2.1.
...........................................................................................
15
1.2.2.
..........................................................................................
16
1.2.3.
............................................................................................
20
1.2.4.
................................................................................................
22
1.3.
...........................................................................
23
1.3.1.
................................................................
23
1.3.2.
..............................................................
25
1.3.3.
...........................................................................
26
1.3.3.1. ............................................ 27
1.3.3.2.
...............................................................
34
1.3.4. ......................................................
37
1.3.5.
..................................................................................................
43
1.3.6.
.........................................................................................
46
1.3.7.
................................................................................................
46
2.
.....................................................................................................
48
2.1.
..............................................................................................
48
-
3
2.2. .... 54
2.2.1. ....................... 54
2.2.2. ........................................... 55
2.2.3.
.............................................................
57
2.1.4. ........................................ 58
..........................................................................................................................
60
......................................................................................................................
63
-
4
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.
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1 BTU - British thermal unit 1055 2 Energy Information
Administration. 2008. Renewable Energy Consumption and Electricity
Preliminary Statistics 2007.Table 1. U.S. Energy Consumption by
Energy Source, 2003-2007.
-
10
.
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12
(Low Heat Level - LHV). LHV ,
. LHV
LHV :
Hu(w) = Hu(wf )(100 w) 2,44w/100
: Hu(w) - LHV (u MJ/kg) ,
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-
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5 http://www.consiliari.pl/gasoline228.html
http://www.consiliari.pl/gasoline228.html
-
17
, .
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-
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(Cellulomonas fumi, Clostridium thermocellum, Bacteroides
7 , ., , ., , ., , , , ,2007, 28.
-
19
cellulosolvens) (Trichoderma reesei).
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20
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-
22
1.2.4.
.
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.
, ,
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,
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,
99%
( , H2S 2),
() .
9 Macias-Corral, M. i sar., Anaerobic digestion of municipal
solid waste and agricultural waste and the effect of co-digestion
with dairy cow manure, Bioresource technology, vol 99, 17, 2008.,
p. 8288-8293
-
23
1.3.
1.3.1.
,
()
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-
24
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25
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.
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111 54 172 52 202
-
26
1.3.3.
:
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pH 6,5 7,5. 6
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-
27
1.3.3.1.
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Methanobacterium 37-45 Methanobrevibacter 37-40 Methanosphaera
35-40 Methanolobus 35-40 Methanococcus 35-40 Methanosarcina 30-40
Methanocorpusculum 30-40 Methanoculleus 35-40 Methanogenium 20-40
Methanoplanus 30-40 Methanospirillum 35-40 Methanococcoides 30-35
Methanolobus 35-40 Methanohalophilus 35-45 Methanohalobium 50-55
Methanosarcina 50-55
-
29
pH
pH .
pH 6,5 7,2.
pH 6,2,
.
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pH .
pH
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2
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-
34
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(20-30 )
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.
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.
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.
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.
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.
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-
39
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-
43
1.3.5.
, .
, 5.
5 -
H2S CO2 H2O
()
-
44
. C2 ,
pH. C2 ,
. ,
, H2S C2.
5- 10 % C2.
,
Ca(H)2 C2 H2S CaCO3 CaS. ,
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.
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.
, 25 , .
CH4.
H2S
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. H2S
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.
.
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.
H2S 95 %. H2S
,
. ( 14).
,
-
45
. 35 C
6
. H2S NaOH
Na2S NaHS.
14 - H2S
. ,
. ,
. ,
.
,
.
.
-
46
1.3.6.
,
. 6
.
6 -
(0.14-0.41bar) , (1.05-1.97 bar) (200 bar)
1.3.7.
:
,
.
, . ,
. ,
.
.
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. ,
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0,6 l .
, .
( 225 )
, .
-
47
.
.
, ,
- .
,
, .
.
-
, ,
.
22 -.
, ,
590-880 . 90 %
, , , .
90 %
.
.
-
48
2.
2.1.
,
2,7 ( 1,7
1 ).
.
( . , . ),
, ( , , ).
( .
. 1998.)
7:
..
(103 ha)
(t/ha)
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2. 165 2,5 412,5 3. 16 1,6 25,6 4. 5 2 12 5. 1300 5,5 7150 6. 25
2,3 86,25 7. * - - 1430 8. 200 2 800 9. - - 120
10. 80 2 320 11. 60 2,5 300 12. 1,5 1,6 7,92 13. 3 1 1,05 14.
275 1,05 289,44 15. 75 0,95 71,55 16. - - 110
3055,5 12571,31
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-
49
12,5
, 1,7 .
,
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.
-
50
8:
..
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(MJ/kg)
(103 t)
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14 1 5. 1787,5 13,5 574,55
6.
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() .
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,
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: 6.8% , 32.8% , 39.4%.
-
52
50.91% , 49.09%.
235 m3 , 101.6 m3/h, ()
6.2 m3, 2.67 m3/h.12
.
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12 www.srbijasume.rs 13 , www.stat.gov.rs
http://www.srbijasume.rs/http://www.stat.gov.rs/
-
53
.
, ( ).
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m3/l 90 - 310 340 - 550 310 - 620 175 - 280
, 66
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14 ; ; , 5.11.2008: ; . , . ; ,
-
54
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.
2001/77/C15
2003/30/C16
15 www.aers.rs, 2001/77/C 27. 2001.
http://www.aers.rs/
-
55
,
.
10 % .
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.
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, %
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,
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http://www.aers.rs/
-
56
, , ,
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.
15.
2010. 2009/28/
http://www.tf.ni.ac.rs/IPA_Bul_Ser/pdf%2012.pdf
17 www.mre.gov.rs, 2015., , 2005.
http://www.mre.gov.rs/
-
57
16.
http://www.tf.ni.ac.rs/IPA_Bul_Ser/pdf%2012.pdf
2.2.3.
2012. ,
18 %, 9 %,
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(
).
,
,
. 2011. 2012.
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. 2012.
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-
58
,
2012. 28 % 2011. .18
.
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.
,
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,
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().
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-
62
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-
63
1. .,, , a, , , 2009.
2. , , , : , , I : , , , , , , 1996, . 15 24
3. , , , : , II : , , , 1998, . 5 9
4. , . ., , , 2011.
5. , ., , ., , , 16, 2011, .57-69
6. , ., , ., , ., , , , , 2007.
7. ,, , ,, , Jefferson Institute, , 2009.
8. Sustainable Forest Biomass: Promoting Renewable Energy and
Forest Stewardship by Jesse Caputo; July 2009.
9. Bergman, P.C.A., and J.H.A. Kiel. November 2005. Torrefaction
for biomass upgrading. Published at 14th European Biomass and
Conference & Exhibition, Paris, France, 17-21 October 2005. 8
p.
10. Biomass Research and Development Board. December 2008.
Increasing feedstock production for biofuels: economic drivers,
ecological implications, and the role of research. BRDI. 148 p.
-
64
11. Energy Information Administration. 2008. Renewable Energy
Consumption and Electricity Preliminary Statistics 2007.Table 1.
U.S. Energy Consumption by Energy Source, 2003-2007.
12. Macias-Corral, M. i sar., Anaerobic digestion of municipal
solid waste and agricultural waste and the effect of co-digestion
with dairy cow manure, Bioresource technology, vol 99, 17, 2008.,
p. 8288-8293
13. : , , 2007.
14. ; ; , 5.11.2008: ; . , . ; ,
15. ., : , , , 2014.
, ,
16. 2015., , 2005, www.mre.gov.rs
17. Zakon o energetici Slubeni glasnik RS br. 57/11
18. (" ", . 99/2009)
19. , www.srbijasume.rs
20. , www.stat.gov.rs
21. DIRECTIVE 2009/28/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE
COUNCIL on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable
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22. http://www.consiliari.pl/gasoline228.html
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