'

Prosthodontics 4

4

"

4

?

4

5

-

5

1.

6

2.

13

3.

14

4. Marginal Integrity

18

4. (Marginal Integrity)

19

5.

21

21

21

22

23

25

27

"

28

29

33

()

33

33

35

36

37

" PFD Indications

37

?

37

39

40

41

42

43

43

44

Self Cure Acryl

45

Heat Cure Acryl

46

46

External Surface Form

46

Custom

47

Preformed Crowns

49

Internal Surface Form

49

1. Indirect procedure

49

2. Direct Procedure

50

3. Indirect Direct

51

52

52

55

59

60

,

60

Impression Trays

60

"

62

63

64

Two Step Putty-Wash

65

' One Step

65

Mono Phase

65

Copper Ring

66

-

69

73

Die Preparations

73

73

-Pindex

75

-Di-Lock Tray

76

76

77

( )

77

77

78

78

78

78

79

Pattern Wax

80

Processing Wax

80

Impression Wax

81

84

84

85

ADA 2

86

86

Calcium Sulfate Bonded Investment

88

Phosphate Bonded Investment

89

Silica Bonded Investment

89

-

89

Sprue

90

Casting Ring Liners

94

20'

94

94

95

99

100

100

101

101

101

101

103

103

105

105

105

105

106

109

HN -

109

HN

111

N

113

114

HN - N

114

-

114

CAPTEK

117

Soldering

120

121

122

122

128

128

129

129

130

130

" PFM

130

-

23.10.2006

"

", " . ".

. . .

:

1. . . . " 25%. .

2. . 15% .3. . 10-15 . 60%. .

.

"

? :

. . , . .

:

(") - , .

(") . ", " ".

( ) . , .

: 21, , . . . :

1. . , . .

2. . . " , , , . 3. : , . ( ) , . - ". Tooth Abutment. " . . .

( ).

Glutting Agent . .

Cement .

":

1. .2. .3. .4. .5. .1.

2 " -DEJ.

. . ( ) .

, . . .

. .

2 ". -BL 4 " (2 " ). " 2 " . . , 2 " -DEJ, . , " .

:

1. . .2. 25 M-O -CEJ. . . , , " . 2 " 2". " , ( ). " 2 " . " 2 " , -CEJ. 2 " . -CEJ , 2 " . " .

3. - . . , .

:

1. . " .a. . . ( ). c5 -15% 10c -40% 15c -60% 30c .b. .2. a. - . -DEJ. ", . b. " 2 " " . . . . 26.10.2006 . .

2. .

. .

- . ( ). .

. .

. . " , BL LB.

. . .

E3. .

C1 .

. . .

.

. . .

. . " (' 24-26). -24 -26 .

, -26 .

- . " .

" .

" .

-90 .

:

, .

. (The weakest link). .

.

. . . , :

. , . . . " , . , , . . " . , " . , . .

:

. , -5 10 20. 80 -40 -5 . X: Degree of taper Y: Retention

. . , . 6 . 6-12 . 3-6 . . 3 . 6 . . . , . . .

- . : . . . . , . . . , . . ( . , . . . . , . , .

40 , 10 10 10 . . . :

1. " (Line of action) . . " " . " (, " ), ", ( ) " .

2. (Torque) .

" . ( ) " . " .

. , " ". . .

Tanget Point.

. :

, fulcrum center of rotation.

".

. .

, . .

, - . resistance area.

? P1, , , . -P1 . -P1.

.

. , , .

.

. . (Resistance Area) . Resistance Area . , .

, . . . . , . ( ). :

. .

.

.

" - . .

" , - .

, , .

- .

, , .

.

.

.

, .

:

, . , , " .

: .

.

, , , .

- - , .

- :

, line of action ". M, D B, L, BL MD .

" . , . " . .

" ' " . . " , ' , .

: . , ( C1) . , 2 .

, , .

= .

( ) -20 .

: 1:1, 15 , 2:1 , 7 (" ).

. . , " , .

:

'' . " . , , , . . - , . . , .

, . , . , . " , . 30.10.2006 . . . Resistance Area .:

, -20 .

, , . 20 .

-20 , .

. ( ) 15 . . 15 . , -Rwesistance Area -7 . , .

". .

.

, . . . , , , , . ( ). , , .

3.

. , . -FOA.

5 , , .

" .

High of Contour .

A. . ", " . . , FOA.B. . . . . " . C. , . B, " . . " . , , , . " .[ ", .] -FOA. FOA, " . -Inner Aspect . , . A B -C A . .4. Marginal Integrity " " . . " . . " . . " . " , , " . . . . . . " . , . . . . . , " " " . , " .

.Under Contour , Under Contour, .

. . . , . . .

" , . , " .

Over Contour . : . -Free Gingival Margin.

. - , . , , .

. , .

. . . .

. ? .

, . .

Over-Contour and Under-contour, Vertical & Horizontal.

, , ? . , .

(emergence profile) -High of contour . , -High of contour. 360 . , , . " " . .

1 " , . -Over & Under Contour.

. -High of contour. , ? . .

.

? ? ?

" , , ". ?

" ".

? . .

.

. .

, '', . . ".

Knife Edge . Chamfer- . 45 . . Shoulder .Knife Edge 30 " ( ). -Knife Edge .

E . - Knife Edge . . "", ". . . , . . . . . . Knife Edge. . . -Knife Edge. -Knife Edge , . . Knife Edge " .

. . " . . -Over Contouring ". . Knife Edge , " .

:

. . , , . . -P.F.M. -0.3 ". Bulk . Over Contour . . . .

1. .2. " .Chamfer

40-60 Round End C (Round End), E5 ( ). " PFM . Light C Heavy C.:

" PFM. . " . " .:

-Knife edge. -Lipping.6.11.20064. (Marginal Integrity) :1. Knife Edge 2. Chamfer

3. Shoulder . " PFM.Shoulder 90 . . (Butt Joint). T .

: 90 .

90 .

Shoulder1.

2. PFM ( ). . , Shoulder Porcelain, . . , 90 . -Chamfer .Knife Edge , , .

Heavy Chamfer Disappearing Metal.-Shoulder PFM , Porcelain Shoulder.

Shoulder: . . . " . ". Shoulder , . Shoulder , " .:

. ( Knife Edge). :

, 14. ? ?

-Shoulder. : . Shoulder Heavy Chamfer -Disappearing Metal. . .

1.90 ,, . . Heavy c. , Light. Light C. -Knife Edge . , Chamfer (Heavy Light) . -Knife Edge.

Over Weight 1, Heavy Chamfer , . -Knife Edge, , .

.

, , Heavy C..

5.

. Supra Gingival.

Sub Gingival : .

:

1. . , .

2. .3. .4. , .5. . , . , . .

, .

:

. " , " ". . , , . . " , clearance . . . . . , -CEJ. , . . :

1. . 1 " . , , Free Gingiva, Junc. Epi. . . 1 " . . , .Knife Edge -Over Contour. , .

2. " . , . , , .3. (Attached Gingiva). -Free Gingiva -Muco-Gingiva. 1-9 ". 1 ". . 1 " ( ) . , 2 " ", . .4. . . ( ). , . . . , , -Free Gingival Margin . . / " ". . 2 " , ". . 1 " . 3 " ( " " ). , -3 " ". 3 ".

. . . -2 " " .

.27.11.2006

I.

-High of contour (H.O.C.) " .

. ( ) -HOC -0.5 " . HOC -0.5 " , -1 " .

HOC -'' :

-1/3 -1/3 .

-1/3 . HOC -'' :

-1/3 . -1/3 .

II.

". : -'' -1/3 , 6 -7 , -1/3 . - , 6 -7 , . , (Central Fossa Line) 6 -7 .III.

.

.

1. Food Deflection Theory, Gingival protection theory Wheeler (1961) '' . , (HOC) .

: '' , " .

:1. .2. .3. -.4. , Over Contour . !

2. Muscle Action Theory Morris (1962) ( = ).

: .

: " '' .

!

3. Anatomic Theory Krown & Miller (1971) (Self Cleansing) (Self Protected Denture).

: .

: .

4. Plaque Retention Theory - Schulger et al (1973)

.: " ( , , ).

!!!

1. . . -HOC . .

2. -. " 1 " "Flat - non fat". 1 " . ( ).

3. . . . . . -Central Fossa . , .

4. Transitional Line Angles. ". .

5. . Central Fossa. . . .

1. .

2. .3. - Barreling.4. ( ) . -1 " , -1 " .5. ( ) : . . . 5 " ( ). .6. : . . . .

References:

1. Shillinburg 0 Fundamentals of fixed prosthodondics, 3rd edition.

2. Koidis et al (1981), Clinical crown contour: Contemporary view. JAVA 114:792-795.

3. Becker et al (1981), Current theories of crown contour, margin placement and pontic design. JPD 44:268-277.

4. Anthony et al (1980), Current Controversies in axial contour design. JPD 44:536-539.

5. Ehrlich et al (1980), Alternation on crown contour-Effect on gingival health in man.

4.12.2006

" . , . , . , (???).

:

( " . :

, . .

: Full Veneer Crown. Partial Veneer Crown. . . - . .

1. Retainer Abutment.

2. Pontic . .3. Connector -Retainer -Pontic.

.

:

1. a. . . .b. () . . , . .c. d. - , . .

2. a. .b. , , , '.c. , , .d. .e. , , .

3. a. ' . . . , , , ., .4. :a. b. c. .d. e. f. .g. ( ) . . . .

" :

1. , , (, , Glass Ionomer ).

2. ".3. (Plaque Control) " , .

1. . , . : ! , .2. . .3. . . .4. .5. .6. .

.

.

. .

: . /. , , . . "

1. / , . ( ) . . 1:2. 2:3, , , 1:1. -1:1 . : , . , (") .2. , . a. . b. . .c. , .d. .3. (PDL) , . -PDL . , . , . : , -Span, , .' . . , . . , , .

".

1. ( ). , , . . : . . (, , "). ( ) . . .

2. Span Length - -Span (Rigidity) , -Torque ( ). .Degree of deflection . , 2 , , 27 (??? 27, 8! 27...). , . , , (1/b3). , 1/b2. , . . -OG . -BL .3. - . , Class 3 Class 2 Deep over Bite .4. - . ' . , ( ) . , . , , .11.12.2006 . .

+ .

Type I . .

Type II . Cantilever ( ). , , .

Type III . , . .

Simple- .

Complex - .

1. (Rigid). , , , Rigid.2. :a. -Major Pontic , "". -Minor Connector.b. -Minor Connector " ". -Major Connector.

1. / / span .: (Secondary Abutments). . , . :a. / .b. .c. . , , , . . .

2. : , . . , .3. 5 Pier AbutmentPier Abutment ".

PDL -Pier A.. . , " . .

-PDL:

1. ' .

2. .3. .

. . .

Non-Rigid ( ) .

, . . '.

-Pier A.. , , . . , .

-Non-Rigid Connector:

.

" , .

:1. .

2. .3. ". , .4. -25 . . . , , 35X37 .

.

:

1. ( / ). .2. Uprighting . 3. "3/4" (Proximal Half Crown). , , , . . . . .:4. . . . . . .5. : , , , , . . 6. , - .

.. non-rigid ( ), . Dowel Core DO - . , / .5. .

.

.

.

:

1. " . ( , ).

2. " .

. . . ( ) .

, , ". .

6. (Cantilever Bridge) / , .

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1. . -ICP . , . . , ( ). .2. . a. . . . . .b. .c. .d. : . - . .3. . . , . Cantilever . , . . , , .

.

.

2 .

18.12.2006 ()

"

- " , , , .

. . 1. : .: . , . , . , . () . .

2. . . . , , Attached Keratinized. , . , ". Attached , . Siebert Class I '' .

Class II . Class III . :

1. Attached Keratinzed. . . , . , . Blenching . , . . . . .

2. . . :a. '' b. .c. .

. . '' Super Floss ( ) .Proxabrush . .

3. - , ( ). .

.

. " . :

. (Resin Veneered). . . .

(PFM) :1. ( 1.2 ") . Bulk .

2. . .3. .4. - .

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, , .

1. , . , .

2. , . . , . , . . , . . . , . . , . . . " ", .

3. , , .

4. ' , 1.619, . .

5. . . . = .

1. Ridge Lap, Saddle. . . "" , . , , . , , . . 2. Modified Ridge Lap , . . . , . . . 3. , Hygienic (Sanitary). . : , . , . , . . :a. Fish Belly .b. Perel Pontic . .4. , Conical. ''. . . . '' .

.

5. Ovate. '' . . '' . '' . (Super Floss ). , , . . . :a. -1/4 . .b. . .

1. . .

2. . . , . . . , . , . 3. - . " , . , . 25.12.2006 " PFD Indications" -

?

. :

. , , .

. .

. . . . .

. . \ . .

.

.

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.

. . . .

. " .

. . , . , , . Onlay ( , ).

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:

31 . . .

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.

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. , / , . , ' . Retained E (E ).

' 45. . , . . -Over Eruption .

- . .

. (Mesial Drift) . , . . , -TMJ , .

(, , ).

(Splinting) . .

, , . , .

". . .

. . , . .

. : Laminates, . . . 31 , . Non Vital Bleaching. . ". . . /

1. " . 17 -18 . .2. . . , .3. .4. .5. .:

Case Selection!!! .

29.1.2007

" , ,

+

/ . . -P.F.M.

. Bisque ( , -Finish). -Bisque, . , . .

-Bisque .

5 . . . , ? .

Temporary Crown, Provisional. .

. . , , . , ( ).

. . , . -, , . . . . , . . Over Contour . . , . Over Eruption. . (Mesial Drift) Tilting. . .

- . . . , . .

. TMJ . .

.

. .

. .

, , -.

. .

, . . - , . . , , , . !!!

.

. . PFM (0.4) ( 1.2) . 2 ". .

.

. . .

. .

, () .

, . . :

Heat Cure . .

Cold Cure / Self Cure .

.

: . "".

.

= "" X .

"" .

. .

. - . . . - Branched .

:

- Graft .

Cross Linked , . . .

Thermoplastic Polymers .

Thermosetting Polymers . .

Addition Polymerization " . . Ring Opening Polimerization Ionic Polimerization Condensation polymerization . . , , .Addition Polymerization . . .

.

:

, 5% Cold Cure.

, , .

-Heat Cure .

.

. .Ring Opening Polymerization

Epoxy.

Ionic Polymerization --. Addition Polymer.

Condensation Polymerization .

.

.

.

Self Cure Acryl:

PMMA Poly Methyl Meta Acrylate. PEMA ( ). .Working Time . Setting Time- . -48 , .

Initiator . . Opacifiers , . . . . .:

MMA.

Inhibitor . . Plasticiser DiButyl Phtalate-Initiator ( ) . -Initiator . , , .

? , , .

. Sandy . , , . . .

. -Cross Links. . . . .

1. - 8%. 2%. 8%, . . Cross Links. . .

2. (, ) -60 . , . .3. ( , , ). , . .4. , , . .5. . .Heat Cure Acryl . " Span ( ), , . -Heat -Cold Cure: , ( -Cold Cure).

.

.

. . . . 0.2%. . . . . .

?

Body Pliers .

12.2.2006

"

. .

:

+ .

/ . . -P.F.M.

. Bisque ( , -Finish, ). -Bisque, . , . . . . .

External Surface Form .

Internal surface form .

External Surface Form Custom . .

Performed Crowns .

Custom . , .

. , . .

: (Putty). ' ( ). . .

(Putty)

. ( ). -100 .

. .

" . ( ). . ( ). . , . -Putty . ., , .

, ". (Putty, ', , ) . . .

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.

'

( -putty 7 ' ).

. . . ' -Putty.

.

. . . . ( ).

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.

.

Putty , .

() .

. . ( ). . , . . , , .

Custom . , .

.

Preformed Crowns .

. . ( ) - - -

. . ( ). .

. . . , . .

: -HOC. . . .

. . . . , ( ) . . . . . .

.

: M-D. . . , .

, , ( , , , . , .

.

. ( ).

. . . . . 20 . 7 PFM . 18 . , . . . , .

Internal Surface Form 3 .

1. Indirect procedure , .

. . . : . . : , . 2 .

.

( ). . . . ( ).

. .

. .2. Direct Procedure -Internal Surface Form, .

, . . . . ( ). .

3. Indirect Direct .

, . . . .

. , .

.

. , .

.

:

. . . . : . . . Indirect direct -Indirect Heat Cure Acryl . ( ). . . .

5.2.2007

"

.

, . , .

.1. .

2. ".3. ".4. , , .5. . . .

. ( Setting) .

. . , .

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1. , .

2. .3. . .4. . , . .5. , .6. . : . , . .7. . .8. - .9. .10. . 11. . . . ( ). .12. . . ( ). 13. . .14. . . .

1.

a. () , ', b. ZOE, , . . -ZOE .2. a. , (). . .b. i. ', , ZOE.ii. . , , , .

Colloid (Solution) (Suspension), 1-200nm.

-, '. : (), ' ( ). . "". , , , () .

.

.

. . . -75 , ' . -70-100 , . -30 '. . , . . ' . ' 46 ( 1 ). . , . . . . . ' 46 . : . , . , . . ( ). . , ( ). . . . ' -20 . , . 15-30 ( ).

12.5% . '. 1.7% . -Borax . Borax 0.2% - , ' . Alkyl Benzoate 0.1% - . 85.5% - . ( ).'

-19. . , .

' , :Potassium Alginate + calcium sulfate dihydrtate ( (+water) calcium alginate gel + potassium sulfate. '. . : . (, ). : Potassium Alginate 18% - '. Calcium Sulfate Dihydrate 14% - ' '. Potassium Sullfate, Potassium Zinc Fluoride, Silicates or Borates10% - . Sodium Phosphate 2% - . 56% - ' . . ' . , . 1-2%. ' : . , . . , . / . " ". . . " . " , . . . " ". "" . . '. . . ' . ' , . . ' . /. " " . . ' . . -18 -23 . " ". . . , . . ' . 2-3 . 2-3 , ' . , 2-3 . - . , . . : . . . : . . ( 8 , ). . "" , . . . , . - ' (, Synersis) ' , (Inhibition). -100% . , . - . , . , . ( ) ( ) . . , ' . 1.5-2 .

1. , Polysulfide2. , Condensation Silicones3.

- Polysulfide . .

. , , . . , ' 3-4 . : : 80-85% Titanium Dioxide 16-18% - : . Hydrated Copper Oxide 60-68% - . 30-35% - . Sulfur 3% . , . ( ). ( ). . . , . . . . . . , . , , . . . . , . , , . . Under Cuts , . , . . . ", .15.2.2007

"

- Condensation Silicones -50 -20 . .

" . . . . Copper Carbonate or Silica - . Wash ( ) -Putty ( ). . . , . . . . , , . . Stannous Octeate and alkyl silicate . . , , . . ( ). . , Wash Putty, . -Wash . ( +) + . . : -Wash . . , . . . . . . . . : . " . . . . . Putty-Wash. . : . ". . . . . . , , . , . , . . . " , , " .

-70, ".

. . : : 3-10 . . : . . . . . , . () . : -Auto Mix. . . . : . -Auto Mix . . , . . . . , . , , , . ( ). . . Putty . Wash . -PuttyWash . Monophase . . , , . . , . . . : " , . . , . , . . . , , . -60. . . - ' -3-4 . , . : : . . . . : 2,5 . . . , Octyl Phtalate , . : . , . Auto Mix . . . ( ). . : . . . , , . . . . . : , . " . .

. " 10-20 . : - 2%. - 10% . .

,

"

Impression Trays .

1. :

a. b. c. .2. :a. b. Custom Made3. :a. . .b. . .c. .4. Bite Tray. . , . . , . . . . "

:

. . .

, ''.

. :

1. Electrosurgery .

2. Curettage .3. Scalpel. .

1. . , . .

2. .a. - .b. .c. : . , .i. Twisted. .ii. // Knitted / Braded - . -

. - .

.

. . , . . . " ": . . . : Ferric Sulfate Fe2(SO4)3 Aluminum Chloride AlCl3 pH (0.7-1.3) . (Smear Layer). . : Oxymetazoline Hydrochloride 0.05% (Afrin ). Tetrahydrozoline hydrochloride 0.05% (Visine ).19.2.2007

"

. .

()

( , ...)

+ ( ). . Ditching " , . , . . ( ). . Bisque , , , . Glaze . ( ) . " . , . .

: , Negaticve Imprint , .

: . , . .

:

, , . . . . . : .

Two Step Putty-Wash , . Putty , Wash.

One Step - Double Mix, ' . Mono Phase . . Copper Ring - . . .

.

. . , . .

3 .

, , .

. . , -Twisted . : Twisted Knitted Braded : - . : . , . . . " . : . . . : , . . . ( ) . . . . 5-8 , . . 30 , . , . , , .

" . ( ), .

Two Step Putty-Wash -Putty / . . -Wash. . . . . . '. -Wash . -Putty -Wash . .

. / . / . () . . , , . -Wash. , , -Wash , -Wash. -Wash :

. Wash . . . , , -Wash , -Putty, .

:

- 35 ( ), 85 . 3 . . . . 2 . Wash , 50-60 120 ( 2 ). Wash - 50 60 .

:

. , .:

.

. Putty . " . Putty. -PVS (--). . ' One Step

Putty Wash . .

.

. . : Laminates . (Inlays, Onlays). . Pick Up , , , , . , . . .

Wash.

-One Step .

Mono Phase -One Step .

, .

Shear Thinning Properties . .

-Putty -Wash.

. .Copper Ring

.

. , ( ). .: . . , , . , . Annealing . (0.5 " , ). " . , . . . . . . Venting "" . . . . . . . . .

26.3.2007 -

.

.

, .

. .

, ( ):

.

. . . ' . '. ' , . .

. -Free Gingival Margin . .

. . . . (). , . . . , . . . " ( ) . . . . 2% . . . . 4% . . . . . . , . . . Ferric Sulfate. ( ) . . -Ferric Sulfate Coagulants. . . ' . . . . Cartridge gun . , : , . - . . . , "". , - , . , . . . . . . , . .

, free gingival margin. .

, , . , .

: , , , , .

- ' , . , ' .

:

, , , . .

Pick-Up -:

1. 14-X-16. , . . . . (). . .

2. ( ) . . , , . .

.

' , .

, :

.Laminates: , , , , .

'.

, , .

.

- , , ( , , ). . , . . - , . . . . , - (CaSO42H2O).

.

HemiHydrate. -75% - -.

(Plaster of Paris) . . . . .ADA (American Dental Association) 25 , Type II, III, IV. Type I -Plaster of Paris .

Type II Model Plaster ; Hemi-Hydrate III -IV. . . . ( Hemi Hydrate Stone. . Type III Dental Stone. Type IV High Strength Dental Stone .

, .

Hemi-Hydrate Type II 120 . Albaster. , . , , . , . . Hemi-Hydrate -( Hemi Hydrate. . .

Xantana. . . . , . , . . .

( Hemi Hydrate Type III & Type IV -( , : III - -125 , . Hydrocal. , , , . ", ". IV - (30%). . Densite . " . . .

. . .

.

, , . , .

. . . .

Working Time - . . , . , , .

/ . . 1-2 .

7-13 , , , .

: . , .

.

Type II 100 ' 50 " . Type III - . 100 30 " .

Type IV 100 24 ". 100 18.6 ", , . .

, . 100%, . .

, -7 .

Setting Time - . . Working Time .

-7 , 13 .

( ). () . : Center for Dissolution. Center for Precipitation . . . ( ) . . + .

-7% , , . .:

-75% . , , .

, .

:

Type II 0.2-0.3%. Type III 0.08%-0.1%. Type IV 0.05%-0.07%.

, .

-Setting Time -Working Time.

. , .

: 37 ( ) 37 ( ). -100 , .

, . . .

" .

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, . . .

:

1. . . . . . "" .2. . , . . . . :a. b. 2 .3. . .4. .1.3.2007

Die Preparations" - . .

, .

- , ( , " ).

, " , .

, . , Type IV .

1. Clearance . , .

2. .

.

( ) , Occlusal Clearance " . , . .

.

. .

.

. . .

-4-5 , -2 .

-Pindex ".

.

1. , PVS -Putty-Wash.

2. a. :i. " .ii. .

3. . . . . Type IV.

4. . . .

5. -Dowel Pin Pindex. .a. " .b. . . . . Dowel Pin . .

6. . , . " , Type 3. Block Out- . Utility Wax, Boxing Wax . . 30 Trimming . .

7. . .

8. [ , , , .] . . , , . [ / \ , | | ] , , .

9. Ditching / Die Trimming . . . . . Ditching. -Ditching .

10. ". .

11. Spacer -Spacer . -Spacer . 20-40 . . . . 10 , , . . . . . , . 20 , " .

12. . . . . . -Di-Lock Tray , . , .

Trimming . .

-4 " .

. . . . .8.3.2007

.

.

. "" , Flaring, , , , , , . . ". Lost Wax Technique. .

. .

. . . 44-62 . 50-90 . . . 10% , ( , ). (). . . 22-52 . " . 0.4%. . , . . . . , . , . . . . : . . . ' . , . , -38 , -40 , , . . ( ). . , . . , , , . ( ). , , , . , , , . . / ( ). . ( )

.

. . (). .

.

. , . , , .

, .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

-17-44 . .

. : .

19-31 . (Carnauba), . . .

' ' , . , . .

.

.

" .

. , . .

Pattern .

Processing . Impression .Pattern Wax

Inlay Wax.

Casting Wax. Baseplate Wax.Inlay Wax , Lost Wax Technique. . . ". , . , . , .

: () () () () () , ( ) . (4) ADA 0.1%. , , . -Inlay Wax : Inlay Wax I

. . . Inlay Wax II

. .Casting Wax .

. " . ". . ", , . . . , , , , .

Baseplate Wax .

. . . , . . 2 . , . , . , .

Processing Wax

4 :

Boxing Wax . . . , . ' 30 , . Utility Wax . : . . . Sticky Wax . - . , . . . , . . ( ). , . Rewax . , Dipping / Copying Wax. ( ).Impression Wax Correction Wax . . , . . , . Bite Registration Wax . ., :15.3.07

, .

1.

2. 3. - . 4. : 0.4 " , , . Lost wax technique . . . " '. . sprue

sprue , .

, , sprue. . " , sprue .

: - pattern wax inlay type 2.

:

: , , . . .

1.

2. : : a. : b. : - 3. : 0.1% - . .

- . . - : " . . " . .

2, 4ADA . .

.

:

. , . 1 " . 1 " . . 2-4 , . . . . . . - / . . - . . . / ( ). , . , . . , . . . '' . . -Sprue. Sprue. . . . ." . Remargination . . -Lost Wax Technique .

Overwaxed Margins Over Countour . .

, , . . . Open Margins.Suckback Porosity -Sprue, . 31.5.2007

Lost Wax Technique . ? ?

. , . . .

. -3 :

1. .

2. .3. .

.

.

. : . . ' -1000 . , ' , , . . ( 1.5% 2.4%). , . . . . . , , . -2% , , -2%. . .

1. Setting Expansion . . " . , , 0.4%, " . 2. Hygroscopic Expansion

, . , . 2.2% () . ' , .3. Thermal Expansion . . . . . . - . 1:1, :Metal Shr. + Wax Shr. = hygroscopic exp. + Setting Exp. + Thermal Exp. + Wax Exp. :

1. Thermal lnv. Or High Heat Technique.2. Low Heat Technique. :

.

. , . . ' . . , . . , , . . . . . ADA 2

ADA 2 3 :

Type I .

Type II , . Type III ".

3 :

1. Refractory Materials ( , ) Silicone Dioxide , , . , .

2. Binder Materials . , , . :a. Calcium Sulfate Hemihydrates - . ".b. Phosphate . ".c. Silicas . " " .

3. Other Chemicals . :a. b. c. - . -Borax .d. e. f. 7.6.2007 Calcium Sulfate Bonded Investment . ' - 700 . .

: 60-65%

30-35%

5% 300 .

: " . - setting exp.: ADA 0.6%. - " ADA 20-25 . fineness - . " . . ' :

' . 800 , ( 200-400 , 400 -700 , ). -800 . . , . , , , . . . '. -, . , , , , , , . . , . 700 . 650 , . - ' . , . .

105 . 105 . 400 . 400 .-700 . . 400 700 . , . -800 . .

, SiO2 . , ' . , , 75%. .

-4 , : Fused Quartz . ' . , . . , ' , . . . ' . -105 -155 . -220 . -573 . -400 . ' ' . , . . ' . , ' . -500 700 .

/ . , 550 . , . , . . . " ADA 2 2.4 Mpa. . 550 . . , , . , . ' ' . . . . , . . . . . . Phosphate Bonded Investment . , . ' . .

. -, .

. . ' -700 .

20% , (. ). 80% . . : . ' . ' , . . . . - . . , , .

' . ( ) . Technique Sensitive. . . : , (2 ), . Silica Bonded Investment ' -700 . . . ". . . , , . -

Lost Wax Technique.

: Sprue . . Liner. . .Sprue - Sprue . , -Sprue.

" . . -Sprue. -Sprue

-Sprue - Sprue "". . . . . . . . . , , . 45 . 90 ? . . , . , . . . . . , , Reservoir . -Sprue , . : . - . . 20 " ? . . 20 " . . : 6 " -Calcium Bond. Investment. , , . 3-4 " . -Sprue : . Suck Back Porosity . . , . . . .18.6.2007 -Sprue . , . .

. . ' . 750 .

Casting Ring Liners , . , (). . .

.

. 1 " , . 1 " "". . .: . . . -1 " . . . -1 " , . . . . , -Liner .

.

, .

:

. - ' . ' . ' 500-600 . 650 . ' 30 (" ). . = . . . . . . 1-2 " , . . - . -500 . 800-870 900 1-5 , . . 100 ' . 1-5 ( , ). . . ' .

. -600 -1500 . -1500 . , . . . .

1. - . . . .: . ' .2. . ' ' .

. .

.

. . , . . . . . , . . . . ' 2000 .

. . . .

. . . . . . , .

- . : . .

Suck Back Porosity. . ' 650 . . , 750 . , . . , , .

. .25.6.2007 20'

-3 :

1. ".

2. .3. -1968. -1907 TAGGART . , . , .

1932 , . . -40 .

-50 " . .

-30 - - " . -1970 " .

. -1989 ADA , , , . ADA ' 5 -TYPE 1 TYPE 5, SOFT, MEDIUM, HARD ,EXTRA HARD. ' 1 -2 - INLAY ALLOYS ' 3 -4 - CROWN AND BRIDGE ALLOYS. . 20-1 427

.

: , , ,, , . . -1984 ADA :

HN-High Nobel - 40% 60% .

N-Nobel - 25% .

PB-Predominantly Base - 25% .

" " .

20-2 427

-4 :

1. .

2. .3. .4. .

:1. - YIELD STRENGTH.2. HARDNESS.3. - TENSILE STRENGTH.

4. - ELONGATION.

5. - BURNISH ABILITY OR DUCATILITY.6. - CASTABILITY OR CASTING ACCURCY.7. - CREEP AND SAG RESISTANCE.

8. - PRE- AND POSTSOLDERING9. DENSITY10. - COEFICIENT OF THERMAL EXPANTION.

11. - MODULUS OF ELASTICITY

. , , 0.1%-0.2% " . " .

MPA PSI . ADA 5 3 -4 340-200 MPA 340 MPA ,. 14-5 393

: , 50% ( ). , " . " . VIKERS. . . .

: . . .

. .

, , .

" ". " , -Metal Ductility. X 100. . : . ADA 5 -10% 18%. .

" . .

, , , !

5-4 67

.

-

. , , ' .

, ' . 110 0.1%-0.2% . 0.5% .

.

.

.

:

' !

' .

' 2 SOLIDUS ' , LIQUIDUS ' . . 5-14 ' 393 '

. -70 . ' -L ' . " ' 500 ' . ' -L " , ' , ' L . ' -S ' ORDERED PHASES, 50 ' -S .

SAG . . . ' -S ' . : . , 980 . . . ' . ' ' . ' -Soldius ' .

, . .

-Over Contour. ' . ' , . ' . ():

". " -Liquidus -Solidus .

30-40 -L - S .

, ' .

. ". . , (8-7 "). 3 :

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12x10-6. . - ' ' .[ :

, .

, , .

, , . , . ] ' 1

3 :

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12

14.2

19.2

11.8

8.9

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, , , , .

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. . . .

. " .

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HN , .

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.

.

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.

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, , . , 3 :

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. ,, . -, , . :

1. Substitutinal- , , , .

2. Interstitial- "" "". . "". .

3. Ordered . ' . , : - SS ' , 50.2% -49.8% -400 .

1-15 330 '.

Solid Solution Solid Solution "".

, 2 .

, SS .4 SS:

1. 2 - 15% SS, - 15%, Multi-Phases .2. , Valence- SS .3. - Chemical Affinity 2 Inter-metallic Compound.4. SS. . , 12%, .

, , .2. Inter-Metallic Compound , - .3. Eutectic Mixture . , Two Phases Alloy. : 72% 28% . Solid Solution . -SS. Alloys , , ' . " Multi-phases Stainless Steel.Eutectic Mixture " , " ' .Inter-Metallic Compound . " .

112 10-5 '

.

. (NaCl). 3 : , (Brine). ' : A 100% .

B 5% . C 15% 100% One Phase.

D -21- 2 .

(???). 6 :

-

-

-

-

-

-

.

388 2-14 '

1. ()

( 136 )

, -A -:

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3

-S SS - -.

Ordered Solution 2 , , -SS - -.

-. . Order-Solution :

, .

, -Ordered Solution . , . PFM " : 20-3 ' 428 . -PFM , , -Sag () .

- . " , :PD-CU, ,PD-AG ,PD-CO ,PD-AG-GA , PD-AU, PD-AU-AG.

" N.

8 , , . . . 3 .

( ). . . . :1. , - 100.2. , , 190.' . : -160 -1064 .

. -Fineness - 24 .

Fineness - 1000 . , .

.

.

: -- 3 , , .

.

: . .

" ADA ' 5 -Type 2,3 or 4.

" .

Solid State .

.

.

' 700 . Intermediate Phases Disordered Solid Solution. , , . ' , " . ' " 15-30 . ' " 200-450 " . Disordered Solid Solution. . ", .

. -3 :

1. ' ' -Liquidus.2. .3. -Solidus ' . , , .

.

. :

.

, .

. . , " . , , SS .

Au : . . . . " . . - 1063 . 19.3 . , ACQUA REGIA . - . " , . . , .

' , ", " . " ADA5 . ": , ' . . , . , . . Pt -.

' 1872 . : 21.4. , . . " ' . : Pt Foil- , ' . , , , ' , .

Pd ( ).

' 1554. - 12.02. . . ( ). " . . 1998 . , 10%, . Ir; Ru; Rh , . , ' . 30% , .

Ag .

. . . : 961.9. , . , . , , " 5%-10% . " . SS , .

Cu .

. . . ' 1083. SS : . ' . . .

Zn .

. 419 . . . : , . . .

In . .

156 . . .

Sn .

. . . 232. .

Ga .

. 29.8. .

HN -

- 88% , , . " 1% : , , 3. -. 2 , , . 3 HN, N, PB , - " , , .

20-7 436 3 :

1. .2. .3. ' Solidus . ' , ' . HN -- ' :

88% . 6% . 5% . 1% . . . ' . . 5% , . . ' . ' 1150 . : . . . . . : -Sag " . . . . --

, -1970 " WILLIAMS Will-Cream . -Pt. : 50% 30% 10% ,, . ' 1320-1330 . : . -Sag . . . . 1998 . : . " , , , , . Greening. - Greening . () , . . , .

- -1977 -Greening. . ' : 52% . 38% . 8.5% . 1.5% . ' 1320-1330.

: . -Sag . . . . : . . N N -

.

. .

- - -

-70 . ' , . , Greening, - . 75-90% . -Degassing. " . --- . . ' - . . - 1974 . : 80%-55% 35%-25% 20%-10% . ' 1350-1310. ' . . . . : . . : . . ( " ). . . . -Sag . - - -

-.

. 1170 - 1190 -Sag ' . " Span . 2% , , . ": 9-15% 74-80% . , . , , . . . . . 7 ' . -. . 1145mPa. 5-11% , . 0.1 ", . - 1984 " ' NEG , OPTION . : 79% 10% 9% 2% ' 1190-1170. . . : , , SAG SPAN . , . . . . - DEGASSING , -OPAC -. : . . . - - -

.

-Sag . : 78-88 % 4-10% . 8% . . 20%. 586MPA . , . . ' , . : 80% 5% 6% 6% : -SAG : , " -OPAC .

- -, . : - 81-88% . 7-11% . 2-4% . 1-4% . -ADA 1 . ' .

-- - ---

. VITA. , 5-8% . . -ADA.

HN - N : . . . . . " 75-150 . ' ' ' . ' . " .

-

-1978 29% " .

-1980/1 70% ' . . -, , , , . : 61%-81% . 27%-11% . 5%-2% . . : 67%-53% . 35%-25% . 6%-2% .CAPTEK

- CAPTEK " " - () .

: Metal Composites %Au-88 -9% - Pt %Pt 4.

FILLER MATRIX .

' .

:

( ' -Pt) , -Au. P G .

P ' - PT . G .

BINDERS - 0.3-0.2 ".

P - REFRACTORY DIE :

/ . " . + 4 ' 1075 .

.

G .

G . -PM 0.25 0.35.

3 :

30 .

290-190 .

-CAPBOND 4 1000 . .

1. " 5 -6 , ' .2. , , . .3. . 0.5-0.3 -0.8-0.5 .4. -: . -50 ! . .5. PFM 14 . . . .6. , IMPACT LOAD . . 1.2 , .7. .28.6.2007 Soldering , solder. -Solder ' ' -Solidus , ' -Liquidus , -Solder . .

Brazing - ' -Solder 425 . Soldering ' -Solder -425 . Welding - . " ' -425 Soldering.

", . ( ). . . -Wash, -, . ". " . -Solder

:

. ' -260 . . .

. : ' . . . : . . -- , ' . , ' . ( ).

( -Solder) - , ( ) . Pre-Soldering - . Post Soldering . ' ' ' -Solidus . -Solder .

Free Hand ( ).

Investment , .Fluxes () .

. -Flux . -Fluxes: . : Surface Protection . . Reducing Agent . Solvent . " . ' . : - "Borax" ( ) . "Borax + Potassium-Fluoride" - Flux . -Borax , Solvent. Flux , . Flux , -. -, 5 , , . Anti-Fluxes . : , '. : . . Iron-Oxide. -Solder '

Fineness ' - Fusion' -Solder, .' ' Solidus -56 -Liquidus -Solder .

' (Flux). .

Easy Flowing -Solder. ' . Free Flowing . -Solder , .Fineness ():0.65 Fineness X = 65% X Fineness . -Solder Easy + Free Flowing ' . .

-Solder . -Solder , -1%, ( ). . , .

- . .

-Fineness .

Solder -Flux: . -Flux . -Solder ' . Fineness Fineness 0.95. . : - . . Flux . -Solder ' (Liquidus). 3 . .

0.2-0.3 ". -Solder, Capillary Suction. . . ' -Solder ' , " . . . ' ' -Solder .

" .

- 1

" Rocking. . , ( ). . (Duralay Pattern Resin). , . , . .

1. " ".

2. , .3. .4. ' -400 ( B .5. .6. -400 .7. .8. , .9. , .10. , .. 11. . 2

1. .2. Pick-Up '.3. .

. .

. 0.3-0.8 ". . 0.8 " 1.5 ", 0.3 " 2.5 ". ( ). .

. . . , . .2.7.2007

" , . , , .

.

:

1.

2. 3. .

. , 380-750 . , , . , , .

, , , .

.

, . , .

-3 , , .

- Primary Colors , . , RGB. . . Secondary Colors. . ( . ( . Complementary Colors. , . . Dullness, . . , Value, . Supplementary Colors - . value . .

-12:00 .

. , , . , .

- . Color Corrected.

, Metamerism.

[ :

- :

: : -, -.

: .

- . , , 12 , . - , , .

, , , 180 , .

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. , .

: . .

, . Munsell.

. "

Hue - , Hue. , .

Chroma - . . Value - / . / . . Munsell (1961)

. -10 . .

, () , , .

.Hue -10 .

. , . . .

Value Brightness . ( ).

, , . Value , .

Munsell , , -10 , , , , . - . , /, .

, . , . - . value, .

, : CIE*L*A*B - . . , . . .

- Rods, Cones. , . .

.

-Rods .

. . . .Dark Adaptation -40 .

Cones RGB .

8-9.8% 0.5% . Achrimatism .

Dichromatism . Anomalouchromatism - -Cones.

, . - Color Adaptation .

, -Chroma .

: . , , Re-Sensitization . , .

. . . . -Value . -Value -Value .

.

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1. .

:

. , .

. .

2. (Translucent) , . : , , . . .

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. . . .

3.

. .

, . .

. . , '. .

. .

. , . , . . . .

.

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. . . , . , , . .

. . . . , , , .

. , , -Value, . , . . . . , . , , . -. .

. Vita Lumin Vacuum .

Opaque , , .

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-Value .

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.

. , .

. , , . . . . , . ( Hue). 3 :

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Feldspar 75-85%.

() 12-22%. 3-5%. ( ) . , .

-

Feldspar. ( , ). ( ). Feldspar

- , , . .

' - 1250-1500 .

: . . . / / . : Albeit Orthoclase . ()

() . . .

% .

. . .

:

HFP - High Fusion Porcelain 1310-1370 .

MFP - Medium Fusion Porcelain 1100-1250 . LFP Low Fusion Porcelain 850-1050 . VLFP Very Low Fusion Porcelain 850 . ' ' . ' .

' , , .

1. .2. ( ). , .3. + . .4. + .5. + . . , 2 .

, . Shoulder. , .

- . ' ' -50 . ' ' . Bisque - . , , . . ' , Auto-Glaze. :1. . . ' 480 .

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(), " , . .

.

. ( ). . . .

. . . . . LFP -VLFP . " PFM -PFM . : .

. LFP. .

-

1. , . . . .

2. " sandblasting . .

3. . . 10-6 . - -4 :

I. .II. .III. .IV. . I IV .

:

. . .

()

Lengthening Illusion

Shortening Illusion

Initial

Initial

Widening Illusion

Narrowing Illusion

PAGE 3 ()