طرق التحليل الطيفي نظري

אאאאאא

٢٥٠٢٥٠

א ٢٥٠

א אא

،،אא،אW

אא א א א אאאאאא،אאאאאאא

אאאא אאאאאאאWא

אאK

אאאאאאא א ،א אא

אאאאאא،אאא א ،א אא א א אא א א א א א א א

אא،אאאא،אK

א א ?א א ? ? א ?אאאאאאאאK

אאאאאאא،א ،א א אא

אאאאאK

א ؛ א אא אK

אאאא

אאאא

אאאא

א

א

١

א ٢٥٠ אא א אא אא

- ١ -

אאW אאאאא

אאW

אאW אאW

١. אאK ٢. אאאK ٣. אאאK ٤. אאK ٥. אאאאאאאאאK

אאאW אאאאא95%K

אאW ٣K

אאW

١. K ٢. אאK ٣. K ٤. K

אאW אאאK


- ٢ -

אאא א א א א א א

אאאאאאK אאאאאK

אW א،אאא

؟אאאאאאאאאאאאאאא

אאאאא،אאאאאאא،אאאא

א،אאאאאאאאאאאאK

אאW אאאאאאא

،אאאאאא،אאאא

אאאאאאK אאאא،

אאאאאא،אא،אאאאאא،

אאאא،אאאא،אאא

אאK


- ٣ -

אW אאאאwavelengthא

אאF١EK

א

א אא

F١Eאאא אfrequencyאאאאא،wavenumberאאאאא

אאcm-1K אאאאW

νλ c =

W λ :אא(cm) ν :אF-1sE cWאFcm/s( 3x1010

אאF−

νEאFcm-1EW

c 1 ν

λν ==−

אאאאאאאא

Fm 10 10-0

=AEאאx-rayאאאK

nm 10 m 10 cm 10 m 10 A 0.1 1-4-8-10-0

==== µ אאFEאא

אאאW


- ٤ -

νh =E hאFJ-s( 6.63x10-34אאא

אW -

hc ch νλ

==E

אאW אאאא

Fm 10 -7=λE10, 000אאF-310 =λKEאא

אF٢EKאאאאאאאאאאאאאK

אאultraviolet reginF380nm J(10،(10-200nm)(200 - 380nm)אאא

אאאאא،אאאאאאאאאK

אאאאאאאK אאאאאאאאאאF380-780nmKE

אאאK אאאFmµ300mµ0.78E،אאאאא

mµ2.5-15אאאאK


- ٥ -

mµ1000

mµ100 אא א mµ 10 (750) nm א1000אnm א

100nm

(380nm) 10nm –X

F٢Eאא Wאא

אאאאאאאא،אאאאא

אאאא،אאאאאאאאאאא،אא

אאאא525nmאאאאאאK


- ٦ -

אא،אאאאFאאEthe ground state א

אאאאאאFאEאאאאא

אאאאאKאאאאאאא

אאאK *M h →+ νM

-10-9 s 10-6אאאאאאאאFאאE،אאאא

אאאא(fluorescence)אאאאאאא

אאK νh M * +→M

אאאאאאא،אאאא

אabsorption spectrumא،אW אאW

אאאאאא،אאאFאEאK

א

אא

F٣Eא


- ٧ -

אF٣Eאא?אאFא?E،אאאאאאאK אאאאאF٤Eאאאאא

אאאאK

3so3p04p1 Ne-10Na2 E2

א

3so3p14p0 Ne-10 Na1 E1

330nm590 nm

3s13p04p0 Ne-10 Nao E0

F٤Eאא אאW

١. א 590 nm 330nm K ٢. אא3s4p3pא،א

אF330 nm א(590nmK ٣. אFאאE540nmאאא

אאאאא3pאאK ٤. אאאאK

אאW אאאFEK

אאאאאאא،אאאאאא


- ٨ -

אאאאאאאאאאאאאא،אאאאK

R3 R2 R1 V1 R3 E1 R2

א R1 V0 א א

א אא(v)

R3 R2

R1 V1 R3 Eo R2 R1 V0

אאא(R)

F٥Eאא אF٥Eאא(E)

א(V)אא)R(אאאאאא

،אאא אאאא

אאKאאאאאאאאאKאאאא

אאאאאאאאאאK


- ٩ -

FאאאEאאאאאאאאא

אאא،אאאאFE،אאאאאאא

FEאאאאאאאKאאאFאאאאE

אאא،אאאאאאאאFאאאאאEאא

F٦KE

א

אא F٦Eא


- ١٠ -

אF١E אאאW

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٦. א؟א

٧. אאאאא>


- ١١ -

אאF٢E אאאW

F√EאFXEאK ١. אאאאאKEF ٢. אאKEF ٣. אאאא

KEF ٤. אאאאאKEF ٥. אאאאKEF ٦. אאאKEF


- ١٢ -

אאאF١E ١. אאאאאאK ٢. אאאאK ٣. אא

אאאאK ٤. אאא

אאK ٥. אאאאאאא

אאאאK ٦. אאאאאא

K ٧. אאאא

אאאאאK


- ١٣ -

אאאF٢E

١. אאאאאF√KE

٢. אאFXKE

٣. אאאאF√KE

٤. אאאאאFXKE

٥. אאאאFXKE

٦. אאאF√KE

- ١ -

אאאאאא

אאאא

א

א

א

٢

א ٢٥٠ אא אאא אאא

- ١٤ -

Wאא אאאאאאא

אאאאאאK

אאW אאW

٥. אאאאאK ٦. אאאאK ٧. אאK ٨. אאאאאאאאאK

אאאW

אאאא٩٥٪K

אאW ١٧K

אאW

١. K ٢. אאאK ٣. K ٤. K

אאW אאאK


- ١٥ -

אאWאאאאא

א،אאאאאאKא

אspectrophotometersאאאKאאאאאאאא،אא

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4SO،4−ClOKKאאא

ultra-violetK אאאאאא

אאאcomplementary colourאאF٧EEאF١Eאאאא،אאא

(380-800nm)אאאאאFאZE

F٧Eאא

F١Eאאאא

אא


- ١٦ -

אאא אא אאFnmE ٧٨٠ J٦٥٠

٦٥٠ J٥٩٥ א ٥٩٥ J٥٦٠

אא ٥٦٠ J٥٠٠ ٥٠٠ J٤٩٠

٤٩٠ J٤٨٠ ٤٨٠ J٤٣٥

٤٣٥ J٣٨٠ אאאאאאאאא

אאאאאFאאEאFאEאאאא

אאא،אאאאF٨KE

A

λ F٨Eא

אאאאW אאאאא

אאאא،אאW ١K אאאאאא

אאאK


- ١٧ -

٢K אאאאelectronsσאאאאאא

אאאאאאאאא١٠–٢٠٠K

٣K אאnאא،אאאNOSאKאאאאא

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אאאא?–W? W

א אאאאאF٩KE


- ١٨ -

b

C

F٩E

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0

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F٢KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKEkbIIT −==0

loglog

W א א א

אאK

F3KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKEkc

IIT −== 10

0

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/

loglog −==


- ١٩ -

א،א? ?אאא(T)אאK

F5KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKEabcIITo

−== loglog

a( )/, kk ( )−אאאא(A)

אW

F6KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKEabcII

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W ،א،אאאאFאEא،K

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W

100%0 =TXI

I

TII

%1000 =

TII %log100loglog 0 −=

TA %log2 −=

100%0

XIIT =


- ٢٠ -

W ١. אאאאא( )T%nm450

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אWabcA =

bcAa =

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×=

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٣. אאCo (H2O)62+א=2.0אאnm530

א1-1−=אmol 10 cmlא=cm0.1

אW

cbA ε=

b

Acε

=

( )( ) M 102cm 1.00 cm mol-l 10

2.0 2-1-1- ×==


- ٢١ -

٤. א?cu?אAu=0.5525nmא،אcs=1.0x10-4M אAs =0.20525nm

אאK

אW

s

u

c

u

cbcb

AA

εε

=

ss

uu c

AAc =

s

u

s

u

cc

AA

=

M 105.2 4−×=MCu4-1.0x10

2.05.0

×=

אW ،אאאאא

אאF١٠WE

F١E F٢E

F٣E

א

א F١٠Eאאא

١. ٢. ٣.

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- ٢٢ -

KאאאאאאK KאWאאאK KW،אאאא

אאאmaxλאאslit widthאstray light

KW א

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אאpHאאF١١KEאאאא

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COO-

A

COOH

λ F١١Eאאאא

אאאאאK (ii אאא

א2CoCl( )[ ] +2

42OHCoאאא[ ] −24CoCl

אאאmaxλא( )[ ] +2

42OHCoאF١٢KE


- ٢٣ -

A [ ] −2

4CoCl ( )[ ] +2

42OHCo

א F١٢Eאאאא

אאאאאאאW J

١K אאאאאא١٠א–٣٨٠א،א١٠–٢٠٠

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٢K אא٣٨٠א–٨٠٠אאאאאא

אאאK אאאW

אאאאאאאאsource،

אאאאFאאEmonochromator،אFאEcells،אאdetectorsK ١. אsourceW


- ٢٤ -

אאאא،אאאD2،אאאא

אאאאאאU.V/VisibleK ٢. אאאאFאאEMonochromatorW

אאאאאאאאλmax،W

(iאFilterW א

אאאאאאאא٣א–٦אK

(iiאא:Prism and Diffraction Grating אאאF١٣Eא

א380-800אnmאאאאאאאKאאאא

אK

منشـــــور

محززة الحيود


- ٢٥ -

F١٣Eאא אאאאא

אאK ٣. אFאEcellW

אאאאאא،אאא،אאאא

אאאאאאאאאK ٤. אאDetectorW

،אאאאאא،א،א

אאאאאאK KאאBarrier Layer cellW

אאאאאFEF١٤KE

F-E

EHF

F١٤Eאא אאאא

אאאאא،אאאאK


- ٢٦ -

אאאאFאKEאאאאאאא

אK KאאPhotocell (phototube)W

אאF١٥EW ( )iK

( )iiK א

H J F١٥Eאא

אאאא،אאאאא

אאאK KאאאPhotomultiplier tubeW

אאאאאF١٦EK

אא

e


- ٢٧ -

F١٦Eאאא אאאאK

אאאאא٥ – ٢Kאאאא

K

אאאאאאcollectorKאKאא

אאאאK אW אאאאא

אK א Single beamW

א א

)١٧(א

אאאא١٧(א( Kא א א אF אא א E אא،אאאאאאא

אאאK


- ٢٨ -

אDouble beamW F١E

Io

א א IIo

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אאאFVEאאF١٨KEאאא،FאEאF١E

אאאאF٢KEאא،א

oII

IIoא،א

אW

( )iT%oIIx100

( )ii

II

log oאאAK • אאאאאא

אאאאאאאאK

%T = 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

0.50 0.30 0.15 0.05 0.00 1.0 ∞ A =


- ٢٩ -

אאW אאאאאאW

(i حضيرتאאאאK (iiאאאאmaxλK

(iiiאאאאאאאאאK

maxλWאאא אאאאאאא

אאאאK maxλ?WאאאK

אmaxλאאאאאאF٢EאF١٩WE

( )iK( )ii F٢Eאmaxλא

A

( )nmλ Aא5000.1 5100.2

maxλ 520 0.5 5300.4

800nm400 F١٩Emaxλ

maxλאW FE אא

אאאאאאW

1C=אאK AxA

CxC 11 =

Cx=אאK

maxλλ


- ٣٠ -

1 A=אאאK

AxZאאK

FE אFאאE אFא٥EאאK

אWF٢٠E

א

א

אא )٢٠Eאאא

FEאאstandard addition methodW אאאאאאאא

אאאKאאא א ،א ،אא

אW JאאWאW

אאsteel،אאאA،אא−c،א

אA-אאאאK

ccc

AA

+= −−

c=אאK JאאWW

אאאאאאאF٣KE


- ٣١ -

F٣Eאאא S 1 2 3 4 5 الدوارق

אFE 10 10 10 10 10 10

אFEאאFppm100E

zero 1 2 3 4 5

אאF100E

100 100 100 100 100 100

אאppmאא100

zero 1 2 3 4 5

א 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6

אאF ٢١KE

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2 0.1

ppm 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 صفر

אאא F٢١Eאא

• אאאppm 1.0


- ٣٢ -

• א∴אאppm10101 =×

F10אא100KE

Fא= taken sample of

volumevolume

finalE

אאאאאF١Eאאא∴אאK

אאאF٢Eאא∴ אאK

W אאאאאאאאFEא

אאאא،אאKK

אאאאאאKאאאאאאאא

אK אK

++ →+ 2-3 FeSCN SCNFe


- ٣٣ -

אF٤KE F ٤Eאאא

אאא אא אא

AL ٨ J

Bi Pb א

Hg א

Zn א Ni Cu

+2Fe١١٠

אאאאאאאאאKאאא

אאאאאאאK

אאאW אאאאאאא

אאאאאאאא،אאא، I.RאאאN.M.R

אM.SK אאK


- ٣٤ -

١. אW אאאאאK

K K maxλאאאאK K maxλאאאאK K אאאF٢١E

A

א

א

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אF٢٢Eאאאאλ1.λ2

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A

2λ λ 1λ

F٢٢E


- ٣٥ -

x1אλ،yא2λK אאאא

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11 ×+×= yxxA εελ

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2

22 ×+×= yxx cA εελ

xxyy εεεε 2121 , , , x, yאאאW

cA =ε

אb=1

A1A2אאλ1λ2

א)1()2 (אxc yc W

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yyx

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εεεεεε1221

1221

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xyxy

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2112

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٣. אAssay:

אאאא%purityK isonicotonicא360=εK

אF310−Eא0355.=Aאא؟


- ٣٦ -

אW

εאאcA

=ε אאW

355100.355 3- ==ε

אW

( ) 98.6% x100360355 % ==purityAssay

٤. אאW אאאאא

،אאאεאK

WXY Y≡אX≡א

Y-X Y →+X

אאXwtאאאwtm.Xא،אאאא

אW

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gwt

⎟⎠⎞⎜

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JW ٢KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKE c bA ε=

cאF١EאF٢EW

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×= εA


- ٣٧ -

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F٤KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKEAbwtm ××

= wt . ε

אאאאאאאאאK

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NO2

NO2

OHO2N

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אא0.5 380=λ1.0،אאא،אאאאא=13400K אW J אאאK 302

0.51 .0113 13400 wt. =

××=

××=

Abwtm εFאאE

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٥. אW אאאאFאאEאא

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++ +↔+ H M 1)-(nHLM n ( ) +− +↔+ H M HL 2

2-n)1( LLM n

nML↔


- ٣٨ -

W+3Fe ١،١٠אK אW

אאmole ratio method

אאאmethodvariationscontinuous

אאslope ratio method אאאאאW

אאאאאאW

[ ] zero 108 109 M 10 -4-4-3 ××+nM

[ ] M 10 102 101 zero -3-4-4 ××HL אאאF٢٣KE

אא

אא A

X [ ]

[ ]MHL

F٢٣Eאאא

xML،X is mole ratio


- ٣٩ -

אאWאאא Molecular Fluorescence and Phosphorescence

אאא،אא،אF10-9

אאאKEאאאאאאluminescenceK

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so

אא F٢٤Eאא

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א 10-310אאF٢٤KE אאאא

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S2

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Sec. 10 – 10-3

عبور داخلي

تحول داخلي

S1

T1


- ٤٠ -

transition) *π n(

*π

n

π אא

T S S0 F ٢٥Eאא

אאא،אאאאאאאאאאאאא

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FאאEאאF↓↑Epairedאאא singlet state אoSKאאאאW

(iKאאאאאאF↓↑Eאאא1 2 S , SKKKKאאFsec1010 69 −− →Eא

אאoSאאK (iiKאאאspinאאunpaired

אאtriplet stateא.T אTאאאSאK

אאאאאאאאoS12 S , SK


- ٤١ -

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K ∴אאW

1S →oS،T1 →oS אW

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FE

א exλ

א א

אא

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אK

אאW א

א


- ٤٢ -

אK אW

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K אאאאW

١KאW אFאא،אא

K

١(KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKbc-e ε==IoI

אא

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⎠⎞

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I- oIאאK

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o e-1 I F εφ=∴ φא،אאאא

אK

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אאאM 10 -5≤cא٤W


- ٤٣ -

(6KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKbcF εφ oI 303.2= אאאא،

אk٦אאאK 7(KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK( )bc 2.303Io εφkF =

אאאאאFcאאאK (8KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKc /kF =

אcFאcA،א

אFcאאאK ٢KאW

אאאאאאאאא،אאאאאאא

אאאאK ٣KאאW

אאאאאאאאאK

אemλאexλ אא،אא،א

אאאא anthracene آماאF٢٧ .(


- ٤٤ -

300 320 340 360 380 400 420 440 460 480nm F٢٧Eאאאא

א،אא،אאא،אא

אאאK ،אexλemλאאK

אאאW ١KאFאEאאאK

אאאoIIאאאאאKאאאK

٢KאאאאFאאאאא،אK

אאW ١. אאאאאאKא

אאא20%1 ±K


- ٤٥ -

٢. אאאאאא،אאאK

אאW ١. אאא،אאא

W

א אexλemλK

٢. אאK אא+2

2UO3+אCeאאאK

א،אאא٨ JK


- ٤٦ -

אאWאאאאא Infra – red Spectroscopy

אW EאאFאאאאא

אאאאאאאאאK

אאאאאW E אאאK

E אאאאK

אאאאאאW E אא

E אאאאאאאK

אאאאאאאאאאFאאE

אאאאאאאFEאאאא

mass spectroscopyאאאאאN.M.RK

אאאאλאאאאK

אאאאאאאא،א1א−cmKאאאאאאאK

אאאW אאאא١٤٢٠F(cm-1

א)٥KE

F٥Eאאא


- ٤٧ -

H

H

אא1−cm

٦٥٠ ٦٥٠ – ٢٠ J٤٠٠٠ ٤٠٠٠–١٤٠٠٠

אאm µ

٢.٥–١٥ ١٥– ٥٠٠ ٢.٥ –٠.٧٣

אאF٦٥٠ J٤٠٠٠EאאאאאאאאK

אאאאW אאאאW

Eאאאאstretching vibrationsW אאאאאאאאF٢٨E

W JאאאאK

-1cm 2853 ≈ JאאאאW

-1cm 2926≈ F٢٨Eאאאאאא

EאאאאW

H

H


- ٤٨ -

אאאאאאאF٢٩EW JאאאאW

in plane-1cm 1450 ≈ Jאאאא:

in plane -1cm 750≈

JאאאאW JאאאאאW

1250≈1250≈ Out of plane

F٢٩Eאאאאא

• אאאאK

אאאW HClאK

H

H

H H H H

H H


- ٤٩ -

−∂ +∂

−∂ +∂

−∂ +∂

אW ١. אאאאאK ٢. אאאאK

אאאאאאאאאאאאK

אאא،אאאאאK

אאאאאFאאEW H2, Cl2, N2 , O2 W

HClWאאא،אאאאאאאאK

H Cl

H Cl

H Cl


- ٥٠ -

אאאאאW אF٦EאאאאאאאאאאK

F٦E 4000 (cm-1) 2500 2000 1800 1650 1550 650

C = N C – Cl

C – O

C - N C = C C - C

N = O N = O

C = O

אא

C ≡ C

N ≡ C

X = C = Y(C, O, N. S)

O - H C - H

N - H

1500א J700אprint finger א

אאאאאאK

WאאאאאH JOא٣٦٥٠٣٥٨٤א١٥٠٠ ١٠٠٠ـא-C-OO-Hא

K אאאאאאF ٧E

אאאאאאאK


- ٥١ -

F٧Eאאא אאنوع الرابطة

cm-1 C – H ألكانات

)شد(ألكينات )شد( ةروماتيالمركبات األ

ألكاينات

الدهيد

٢٨٥٠ – ٣٠٠٠ ٣٠٠٠ – ٣١٠٠ ٣٠٥٠ – ٣١٥٠

٣٣٠٠ ٢٨٠٠ – ٢٩٠٠ ٢٧٠٠ - ٢٨٠٠

C = C ألكينات

يةمركبات أرومات

١٦٠٠ – ١٦٨٠ ١٤٧٥و ١٦٠٠

C ≡ C ٢١٠٠ – ٢٢٥٠ألكاينات C = O ألدهيد

تونكي احماض كربوكسيلية

استر أميد

انهيدريد كلوريد الحمض

١٧٢٠ – ١٧٤٠ ١٧٠٥ – ١٧٢٥ ١٧٠٠ – ١٧٢٥ ١٧٣٠ – ١٧٥٠ ١٦٤٠ – ١٦٧٠ ١٦٧٠و ١٨١٠

١٨٠٠ C - O كحوالت ، ايثرات

،אאאא

١٠٠٠ - ١٣٠٠

H _O كحوالت ـ فنيوالت حرة يةمرتبط برابطة هيدروجين

أحماض كربوكسيلية

٣٦٠٠ – ٣٦٥٠ ٣٢٠٠ – ٣٥٠٠ ٢٤٠٠ – ٣٤٠٠

N – H ٣٠٠ - ٣٥٠٠ ميداتاألمينات األولية والثانوية واأل C – N ١٠٠٠ – ٣٥٠ أمينات C = N ١٦٤٠ – ١٦٩٠ اكزيمات إمينات

N ≡ C ٢٢٤٠ – ٢٢٦٠ نتريالت N = O نايترو

x C - =فلوريد كلوريد=

بروميد ويوديد=

١٣٥٠ - ١٥٥٠ ١٠٠٠ – ١٤٠٠ ٦٠٠ – ٨٠٠

٦٦٧أقل من


- ٥٢ -

٣٠א ٣١٣٢אאאאאאאאאK

100

90

80 70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0 3500 3400 3200 3000 2800 2600 2400 2200 2000 1900 1800 1700 1600 1500 1400 1300 1200 1100 1000 800 700 600 500

Wavenumber (cm-1) F٣٠Eא

100

90

80 70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0 3500 3400 3200 3000 2800 2600 2400 2200 2000 1900 1800 1700 1600 1500 1400 1300 1200 1100 1000 800 700 600 500

Wavenumber (cm-1) F ٣١Eא


- ٥٣ -

100

90

80 70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0 3500 3400 3200 3000 2800 2600 2400 2200 2000 1900 1800 1700 1600 1500 1400 1300 1200 1100 1000 800 700 600 500

Wavenumber (cm-1 F٣٢Eאא

אאאW אאאF٣٣EK

א

א אאא

אא )٣٣Eאאא

Wא א،אאK

Wאא،אאאאאא1800oCKאאאא

אאK אאאW

אאאאאאאאאאאאאאK

C – Cl اهتزاز الشد


- ٥٤ -

אF٨EאאאאאאאW

אאאאFmµE א١٦٠٠٤

א١٣٠٠٩ א١٣٠٠١٢ א٢٠٠٢٥

א٢٥٠٠٤٠

אאאאאאאא

אאאאK אאאאאאאא

אאK אFאWE

אאאאאאW אאא

אאאK אאא K

אאאW א،א

אאFאאEאאFאאEאK

אאאאאאאאאאאאK∴אאא

אאאאאאאאK


- ٥٥ -

אW אאאאאאא

אKאאK ١. W

אאאאאאאא

א،אK ٢. W JאW

אאאאאאאאאאאאא

אאאאאאאאאאאK

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אF١٢EKBrF١٠٠٤٠٠EאאאאK

٣. W אאא

אאK


- ٥٦ -

אאF١E אאאW

١K אאאא؟אאא ٢K א؟ ٣K אאאאא50 % ؟ ٤K א_؟ ٥K אאאא؟אאאאא ٦K אאא؟א ٧K אאאאאאא

אK ٨K א10-3א0.380

אאא385؟ ٩K ؟א

١٠K אאא؟


- ٥٧ -

אאF٢E אאאW

אאW ١K אאאאW

LאLא ٢K אאאאW

LאLא ٣K אאאאאW

LאLא ٤K אאאFFאEcFאEW

LF=k'cLF=Φc ٥K אאW

LאאאLאאאK ٦K אאאאW

LאLאK ٧K אאאאאאאW

LLK ٨K אW

L2-log%TLlog%T- 2 ٩K אאW

LאLאK ١٠K אאאאאאאאW

LאאאאאLאאאK


- ٥٨ -

אאF٣E אאאW

F√EאFXEאK ١. אאאאאאKEF ٢. אאאאא

אאאאKEF ٣. א

אאEFK ٤. אאאאא2500 – 3000KEF ٥. אאאאאאFKE ٦. אאאאאFKE ٧. אFאEא١٨٠אאאEFK ٨. אFEא

אEFK


- ٥٩ -

אאאF١E ١K אאאאאאK ٢K אאא

אאאK ٣K A = 2-log %T =2-log 50 =0.3

٤K

• אאאאK • א • אאאFKE

٥K אאאK ٦K אאאFאאEאאK ٧K אWאאאאאאא

אאאאאאאאאKאאאK ٨K אאאW

38010

380.03 === −c

Aε

אאW % = 380/385 x100 =98.7%

٩K אאאאאאאאK ١٠K אאאHClאN2H2K


- ٦٠ -

אאאF٢E ١K FEאK ٢K FEאK ٣K FEאK ٤K FKEF=k'cK ٥K FEאאאK ٦K FEאK ٧K FEאK ٨K FET2-log% ٩K FEאK

١٠K FEאאאK


- ٦١ -

אאאF٣E

١K אאאאאאF√KE ٢K אאאאאא

אאאF√KE ٣K א

אאFXEK ٤K אאאאא2500 – 3000FXKE ٥K אאאאאאF√KE ٦K אאאאF√KE ٧K אFאEא١٨٠אאאFXKE ٨K אFEאא

F√KE

- ١٤ -

אאאאאא

אאאא

א

א

א

٣


- ٦٢ -

אאW אאאאאאאאאK

אאW

אאW ١. אאאאאK Kאאאא .٢٣. אאK ٤. אאאאאאא

אK

אאאW אאאא٩٥٪

אאW

١٠

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אאW

Kאאא


- ٦٣ -

אאWאאאFlame Photometer W

אאאאאאאFאאEאאKKא

אK אאאאאאא

אאK אאאא

אאאאאאK אW

אאאאאאאאK

Kאאאאאאא • • אאאאאW

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )ggg22 Cl Mg MgCl +→→sMgCl • אאאאאאאאא

אאאאאF٣٤EW

( ) ( ) νh Mg Mg g*g +→→gMg

E2*

E1*

Eo

F٣٤Eאא אאאאאFKE


- ٦٤ -

אאW

א א אא א א

אF٣٥Eאא אאאאאW

• אK • אK • אאאK • אאK • אFאEK ١. אW

אאאאאאאאK

٢. אW אאאאא

אK ٣. אאאW E א

אאW • אאאאאאK • אאK


- ٦٥ -

• אאאאK א،אאאKא

אאKאאאאא،אאאאאאאא

אאאאK FEאאW

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אאאא،אאאאאאKKאאאא

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א אא א

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- ٦٦ -

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א

א

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٥. אFאWE אאאאאא

אאK אאא،אאאאא

אאFאאא،אאאKE


- ٦٧ -

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אאאאאאאאFKE

( ) ( ) e Na g +→ +gNa

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אאאאאK o אאMLx،אZL MFאEא

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אאאK K אW

אאאאאאאאאW

אאאאאאFEאאאK

אאאW • אאאאאא

אאא80%אאאK

• אאK


- ٦٨ -

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אאאאאאאK • אאblank solutionFzeroEאK • אאאאא

אאאאאאאאאK

• אאאאאאK • אK

אאאK אW

אאאאאאאאאאאאK

אאאאאאK


- ٦٩ -

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אאאאאאKאאאאאאאK


אאאאאאא

א10000KK א

א،אאאאאאאאאאאאK

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א11-17LKאאFEhigh frequency generatorK

א،אאאאאאאאKאאאאאא

אאאאאאאאK


- ٧٠ -

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1.0LK אW

o אאאFאKE o אאאאאאא

אאאאאK o אאאFא٤٠E

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אאEK

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- ٧١ -

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אאAtomic Absorptionאא?AA?אאאאאאאאK

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E E E E

E

E WEE E E E

I Io א

אאאא


- ٧٢ -

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אW אאאאאאF٣٩EK

• אאK

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I+E EEIoא

א

א א

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F٤٠Eא

א א

אא


- ٧٣ -

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FEK אW

300א4-50،אאאFאEאאאאK

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line spectraאאאאאאאאאא،אאאK

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אאאאאאאאmodulation

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- ٧٤ -

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א א،אאאאא K


- ٧٥ -

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אאאאאK F٩Eאאאאא

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( oC ) אא( oC ) א 2500 – 2700 2000-2100

3100-3200 2200-2400 א 2800-2900 1025-2000 2800-2900 1300-1900

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• אאאאאK • אאאאאK • אאאאאK • אLא(3230 oC)אאא

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- ٧٦ -

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א

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- ٧٧ -

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- ٧٨ -

א אא א א א א אmodulationK

(iiאאא א אא א אא

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אאFEאאFאאKE

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- ٧٩ -

אאאF١EאאאאאאאאW

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אאאK אאאאאאW

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W • אאאא

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אאאאאאאKKKK • אאא،אאאא

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- ٨١ -

J0.25אאFEאא5.0K

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- ٨٣ -

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١. אאאאאK ٢. אאאאK ٣. אאאK ٤. אאאK ٥. אאאאאK ٦. אאאאאK ٧. אאאאאאK ٨. אאאאא

אK


- ٨٤ -

אאF٣E

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KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

٥K אאאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ٦K אאאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ٧K אאאאאLא

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

٨K אאאאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

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- ٨٥ -

אאאאF١E

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K אאאאאאK K אאאFאאEאאאK

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אK ٥. אK ٦. אאאK ٧. אאאאאאאאאK ٨. אאאאא

אאK ٩. אאאאאK ١٠. אא

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- ٨٦ -

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٥. אFאEאאאאא ٦. אאאאא

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٢K אאאאאאאאאאאאK

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٤K אאאאאאאאאאאK

٥K אאאאאאאאא

אK ٦K אאאאאK ٧K אאאאאLא

אK ٨K אאאאא

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א ٢٥٠ א אאא

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אא אא אfemto f 10-15

pico p 10-12

nano n 10-9

micro µ 10-6

milli m 10-3

centi c 10-2

deci d 10-1

kilo k 103

mega M 106

giga J 109

אtetra T 1012

א ٢٥٠ א אאא

- ٨٩ -

אF٢E א אא אא

Α α

B β

Γ γ

∆ δ

Η η

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R ρ

Κκ

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א ٢٥٠ א אאא

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الكيميائيةالجدول الدوري للعناصر): ٣(الملحق IA

01

2

HH

e1.

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IIIA

IVA

VAVI

AVI

IA4.

003

45

67

89

10

LiB

eB

CN

OF

Ne

6.94

9.01

10.8

112

.01

14.0

116

.00

19.0

020

.18

1112

1314

1516

1718

Na

Mg

AlSi

PS

Cl

Ar22

.99

24.3

1III

BIV

BVB

VIB

VIIB

IBIIB

26.9

828

.09

30.9

732

.07

35.4

539

.95

1920

2122

2324

2526

2728

2930

3132

3334

3536

KC

aSc

TiV

Cr

Mn

FeC

oN

iC

uZn

Ga

Ge

AsSe

Br

Kr

39.1

040

.08

44.9

647

.88

50.9

452

.00

54.9

455

.85

58.9

358

.69

63.5

565

.39

69.7

272

.61

74.9

278

.96

79.9

083

.80

3738

3940

4142

4344

4546

4748

4950

5152

5354

Rb

SrY

ZrN

bM

oTc

Ru

Rh

PdAg

Cd

InSn

SbTe

IXe

85.4

787

.62

88.9

191

.22

92.9

195

.94

98.9

110

1.07

102.

9110

6.42

107.

8711

2.41

114.

8211

8.71

121.

7512

7.60

126.

9013

1.29

5556

5772

7374

7576

7778

7980

8182

8384

8586

Cs

Ba

*La

Hf

TaW

Re

Os

IrPt

AuH

gTl

PbB

iPo

At

Rn

132.

9113

7.33

138.

9117

8.49

180.

9518

3.85

186.

2119

0.20

192.

2219

5.08

196.

9720

0.59

204.

3820

7.20

208.

9820

8.98

209.

9922

2.02

8788

8910

410

510

610

7

FrR

a**

Ac

Unq

Unp

Unh

Uns

223.

0222

6.03

227.

0326

1.11

262.

1116

2.12

262.

12

Atom

ic w

eigh

t

ريالذ

دد الع

صرلعنز ارم

ريالذ

ن وزال

Che

mic

al s

ymbo

l

Atom

ic n

umbe

r11 Na

22.9

9

ــةــيـائـيـيمـالك

ر صنــاــع للريدوالــ

ل دوجــال

VIII

Lanthan

ides

*

------

------

------

------

------

---Tr

ansi

tion

met

als

------

------

------

------

------

--

THE

MO

DER

N P

ERIO

DIC

TA

BLE

OF

ELEM

ENTS

Met

als

Sem

imet

als

Non

-met

als

Alkaline Earth Metals

Alkaliine Metals (Except H

Halogens

Noble Gases

5859

6061

6263

6465

6667

6869

7071

Ce

PrN

dPm

SmEu

Gd

TbD

yH

oEr

TmYb

Lu14

0.12

140.

9114

4.24

144.

9115

0.36

151.

9715

7.25

158.

9316

2.5

164.

9316

7.26

168.

9317

3.04

174.

97

Lanthan

ides

Actinides

* **



9091

9293

9495

9697

9899

100

101

102

103

ThPa

UN

pPu

Am

Cm

Bk

Cf

EsFm

Md

No

Lr23

2.04

231.

0423

8.03

237.

0524

4.06

243.

0624

7.07

247.

0724

2.06

252.

0825

7.10

258.

1025

9.10

260.

11

Non

-met

als

ت :لزاال ف ا

- M

etal

loid

s or

sem

imet

als :

ت لزاالف

ه شب ال

- M

etal

s :ت لزاالف

Actinides

**

Hal

ogen

s :ت يناوجهال ال

- N

oble

gas

es : ملةخااال

ت ازاالغ

- T

rans

ition

met

als :

ة الينتقاإل

ت لزاالف

- A

lkal

ine

eart

h m

etal

s :ة ضيألرة اويلقلت الزاالف

-

Alk

alin

e m

etal

s :ة ويلقلت الزاالف



א ٢٥٠ אא אאא

אא 1) Gary D. Chritian, Analytical Chemistry, fifth edition, John Willy & sons, Inc, 1986.

2) G.W. Ewing, Instrumental methods of Chemical Analysis, Fourth edition, McGraw-

Hill, New York, 1975.

3) A.I. Vogel, Textbook of Quantitative chemical Analysis, fifth edition, Longman, London 1975.

4) J.S. Fritz & G.H. Schenk, Quantitative Chemistry, Fourth edition, Allyn Bacon,

Boston, 1979.

5) D.A. Skoog & D.M. West, Principles of Instrumental Methods of Analysis, sixth edition, Holf Rinehart & Wiston, New York, 1991.

6) PAVIA & LAMPMAN, Introduction to spectroscopy, Saunders College Publishing.

٧E אKKאאKאאK،

אאKאאאא،א،אאא،١٩٨٦K

٨E אאא،אא Jאא،אא،אא،

١٩٩٨K

٩E ،אאאאאאאא،אאאא،אK

א ٢٥٠ א אאא

א אאא K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K J٢ J

אF١E K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K J١٠ J אאF٢E K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K J١١ J

אאאF١E K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K J١٢ J אאאF٢E K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K J١٣ J

אאWאאאאא K K K K K K K K K K K K J١٥ J אאWאאא K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K J٣٩ J אאWאאאאא K K K K K K K K K K K K J٤٦ J

אאF١E K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K J٥٦ J אאF٢E K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K J٥٧ J אאF٣E K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K J٥٨ J

אאאF١E K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K J٥٩ J אאאF٢E K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K J٦٠ J

אאאF٣E K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K J٦١ J אאWאאאFlame Photometer K K K K K K K K K K K K J٦٣ J

אאWאאא K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K J٦٩ J אאWאא K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K J٧١ J

אאF١E K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K J٨٢ J אאF٢E K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K J٨٣ J אאF٣E K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K J٨٤ J

אאאאF١E K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K J٨٥ J אאאF٢E K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K J٨٦ J אאאF٣E K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K J٨٧ J

אא K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K J٩١ J

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