Upload
mohammed-enab
View
126
Download
3
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
א
אאאא
0
אא:
אEF
אאאא אאא
א
אאאא
1
،אא،אאW،
אאאאאאאאאאא،אאאאאא
אאאאאאאאאאא
KאאאWאא א א א אא
،אאאאאאאא،א
א אא ،אאא א אאאאאאא
،אאאאאאאאאאא،אא
Kא ? א א א J ??
אא אאא אא א ?Kאאאאאא
אאאאאא א ،א א אא ،א א א א
Kאא אאא؛א
Kא אאאא
א
אאאא
2
א
א א ١
א ٢
٧
אאאאWאא ١٠
١١א ١٢
1.2١٦ א
1.2.1אא ١٦
1.2.1.1 אאאא ١٩
1.2.1.2 אאא ١٩
1.2.1.3 א ٢٠
1.3אאא ٢١
1.3.1אאא.٢٢
.Iאא٢٢ א
.IIא ٣٠
.IIIאא ٣٣
٢٣١אאא ٣٧
.Iא ٣٧
.IIאא ٤٠
٤١אאא ٤٣
٥١ ٤٥
אא ٥١
א
אאאא
3
א אאאאאWא٥٤ א
١٢א ٥٥
١١٢א ٥٥
٢١٢אא ٥٧
٣١٢א ٥٩
٤١٢EאFא ٦١
٥١٢א ٦٣
٦١٢אא ٦٦
٢٢אאא٦٩
١٢٢אאא ٧٠
.Iאאא ٧٠
.IIאאאא٧٤ א
٢٢٢א٧٨
٣٢٢א٨٢
٤٢٢אאא٨٦
٥٢٢א٨٧
٦٢٢א ٩٢
٧٢٢א ٩٥
٨٢٢א ٩٧
٣٢ ٩٨
אא ١٠١
א
אאאא
4
א אאאWא١٠٤ א
١٣אא١٠٥
١١٣אאא١٠٦ א
٢١٣אאאא ١٠٨
٣١٣אאאאאא١١١ א
٢٣אא ١١٢
١٢٣אא ١١٢
٢٢٣אאא ١١٥
٣٢٣אאא ١١٨
١٣٢٣א١١٩ א
٢٣٢٣אא١٢٢ א
אא ١٢٤
אאאWאא١٢٧
١٤אא١٢٧
١١٤אאאא ١٢٨
٢١٤אאא ١٣١
٢٤אאאא١٣٣
٣٤ ١٣٦
١٣٤אא ١٣٦
٢٣٤אאא ١٣٧
אאא ١٣٨
א
אאאא
5
א א
אאאאW ١٤١
١٤٢
١٥אאא ١٤٤
٢٥א ١٤٥
٣٥א ١٤٨
١٣٥א ١٤٨
١١٣٥א١٤٩ א
٢١٣٥אא ١٥١
٢٣٥א ١٥٦
١٢٣٥אא ١٥٦
٢٢٣٥אא ١٦٠
٣٣٥אאא ١٦٥
٤٥אא١٦٧
١٤٥א ١٦٨
١١٤٥א ١٦٨
٢١٤٥א ١٧٠
٣١٤٥א ١٧١
אא ١٧٣
א
אאאא
6
א א
אאWאא ١٧٦
W ١٧٧
١٦א١٧٨ א
١١٦א ١٧٨
٢١٦١٨١ א
١٢١٦א ١٨٣
٣١٦١٨٤ א
١٣١٦א ١٨٤
٢٦אאא١٨٩
١٢٦א١٨٩ א
١١٢٦אא ١٨٩
٢١٢٦Kאאאא ١٩٠
٣١٢٦Kא ١٩١
٢٢٦Kאאא ١٩٤
אא١٩٥
אא ١٩٦
א
אאאא
7
א א א א ، א א ،א א אא א
KאאאאאKאא ،אאאאא
אא،אאא،אאאאאאK
אKאא،אאאאא
Kא،אאאאKאא
אאאאאאKאאאאאאאאא
אאאKאא، אאא،אא
אאאאאאאא،אאאאאא
אאUPS،אאאא،אאאאאא،אאא
Kאאא،אא Wאא
אאאאאאKאאאאאא
א،אאא،אאאאאאא
א
אאאא
8
אאא،אא
Kאא אא،אאאאא
אאאאאאא،אאאאא،א
אKKאאא
אאאאאאא،אאאא،א
אא،אאאאאאאאאאא،א
Kא אאאאאא
אאאא،אאא،א،אאאא
Kאאאאא אא،אאאא
אאאאאאאKKאאאKאא
אאאאא،אאא،אאKא
א
אאאא
9
אא،אא
א،אאאאאא،א
Kאאאאאאאאאא،א
Kאא אאאאW ١. אאKא
٢. Kאאאאאאא
٣. Kאאאאא
٤. Kאאאאאא
٥. אאאא.
א
אאאא
10
אאאא
אא
א
אאאא
11
אאWאאאאאאאאאאאKאאאאא
Kא
אאאW ١K אKאאא
٢K אאאאאאאK
٣K אאאאאאK
٤K Kאאא
٥K אאאאאK
٦K אאאאK
٧K אאאאאאאאK
٨K אאאאאK
٩K אאאאK
א
אאאא
12
١١Wא
אא١٩٤٨אאאאאאא،א١٩٥٦Kאא١٩٥٨
אאאKאאאאאאאאאא
אאא،אאK
אאאאאKאאאאאא
אאאאאא،אאאאאאא،
Kאאאא אא PowerElectronic Circuits
Kא א א א א אאאאאאKאא
א(Semiconductors)אאאאKא
אאאW ١K אאאאUncontrolled& controlled Rectifiers ٢K אKאAC Voltage Controllers ٣K אKאDCChoppers ٤K אא.Inverters
א
אאאא
13
אאאLUncontrolled Rectifiers
אאאאאאא،אאאאא،
אא(Diode)אא1-1)(K
(1-1)אאא.
אאאLKControlled Rectifiers
אאאאא،אאאא،אאא
אאא(Thyristor)(2-1)אKאאאאא
אKא
١(א J٢(אא..Controlled Rectifier
א
אאאא
14
אאLKAC Voltage Controllers
אאאאא)٣-١(،אא
אאאאאא،אאאא (Triac)אאאK
אאאאאאאאאאKאאא
٣-١(א (אא.
AC Voltage Controller.
אאLאDC Choppers
אאKאאאאאאאאא
אא(Transistor)אאאא)٤-١(Kאאאאאא
Kא
٤ -١(א (אא.DC Chopper.
א
אאאא
15
אאL Inverters
אאאאאאאא٥-١(א(אאK
אאאאKאאאא
אאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאא
אאאKאאאאאאא،אא
אאאUPSK
٥ -١(א (.Inverter.
אאאאאאKאאאא
אאW אאאאK אאאKאא אאאאK אאאאKאאאא
אאאאKאאאאאא
א
אאאא
16
٢١K אPower Electronic Elements
א א א א ،א א א אא א א
אא K א א א א
אאאKאא
אאאא5 kVא4
kAאאא אא KKאאא
١٫٢٫١. אאPower Diode
،אאאאא،א،א
אאא(Freewheeling diode)K אאאאאאאFP-NE
NPאאKאא(Anode)A
א(Cathode)KF١ J٦אEאF١ J٦EK
EF EF
F١א J٦KאאאאE
א
אאאא
17
אAאKאא
א(Forward Bias)F١ J٧E،אאאאאאאא
אאאאאKאאאאא1.2VK
אAא K ،אאאא(Reverse Bias)א
אא(LeakageCurrent)אא،אאאאאאK،
אאאFVBREאאא،אאF١ J٧EKאאא
FEאא FEאא
F7-1אאאEK
א
אאאא
18
)1-8(אאאא(Practical)א،
אאא(Ideal)אאאאא)9-1(K
אאאא(IA)אאאא(VAK)K
F8-1אאאEא
אאא.
F9-1אאאאEאאא.
אאאאא،
W ١ JאאאאGeneral Purpose Diode ٢ JאאFast Recovery Diode ٣ JאSchottky Diode
א
אאאא
19
١١٢١ אאאאGeneral Purpose Diode
Fאאאאאאאאא1kHzEאאאאא،
א25µsKאאאאאאא،א
א5kVאא3kAK אאא
א1אkv 300AKF10-1אEאאאאאאK
F10-1אאEFאאאPowerexE.
٢١٢١ אאאFast Recovery Diode
אאאאאאאאאא5µsKאאאאאאאא
אאאאא 3kVאא1kAKאאא،אא،א
אאאאK(11-1) אאK
א
אאאא
20
F11-1אאאE.
٣١٢١ א Diode Schottky
אאא א،אאאP-Nא،אא
א א א ،א א אP-N א ،P-N
אאKא F12-1KאE
א א א (Voltage Blocking) א200 v،300A،
אאאFKאא13-1אEK
F12-1אאE.
א
אאאא
21
F13-1אאEK
٣١ אאאUncontrolled Rectifier Circuits א א EאאFא א ، א אא
א א א אא، אאK
אאאאאאאאא،אאW
١K FאאEאK ٢K אFEK
אאאאאא،אאאאאאא،א
א،אאאאא،אאא،א
אאKאאא،אאאאאא،Kאאא
א،אאאא1.2v،אאאאאK
א
אאאא
22
١٣١K אאא.Single-phase Rectifier Circuits
אאאאאא،Kאאא،
אאא(Center-tap-Rectifier)א(Bridge Rectifier)KאאאאאKא
IK אאאThe Single-phase Half-wave Rectifier
אאאאא،אאאאא(DC Component)א
אאאאאא،אאאאאאK
F14-1EאאאאאKא
K
א
אאאא
23
F14-1אאEאאא.
א
אאאא
24
Wאא
1-1 v t V sin ω. t
אאא0π، 2π3πאא،אאאאKאאא
Wא
2-1 i tv tR
V sin ω. tR
אאאא(t) vsאאV L(t) F14-1EK
אאאπ2π،3π4πאאא،אאא
EאFאK
אאאאF14-1אEאאאא(VAK)W
3-1 v t v t v t
אאא(t)VAK،אאאאKאאאאאא
(Peak Inverse Voltage-
PIV)K EאFאDCACKDCאאאVavאWאא
א
אאאא
25
4-1 V1
2 πV sin ω. t d ω. t
5-1 V Vπ
0.318 V
אאאIavWאא
6-1 IVR
Vπ R
אאאא(Poav)Wאא
7-1 P V I I RVR
אאאW
V12π
V sin ω. t d ω. t
VV2π
1 cos 2.ω. t2
d ω. t
VV4π
ω. tsin 2 ω t
2
VV2
0.5 V 8-1
אאאWא
9-1 IVR
0.5 V
R
א
אאאא
26
א،אאאאאאאאPinאWאאאאא
10-1 P V I I RVR
אאאא(Ripple)אא،
אאVacWאא
11-1 V V V
Wאאאא ١K אא(η)WאאW
٢K אFFWא،אWאא
٣K א(Ripple Factor)Wא
אWאאא
12-1 ηP
P100
13-1 FFVV
RFVV
14-1 RFV V
VVV
1 FF 1
א
אאאא
27
٤K אא(Transformer Utilization Factor-TUF-)W
אאאאא،אאWאאאאKאא
Vs،אאאאIsאאKאא
15-1 TUFP
V I
W
V V
√2
I V
R
א
אאאא
28
1-1W Fאא14-1אאאאאא،E
220Vא(a =N1/N2)٥א10 ΩWא ١K Kאאא
٢K Kאאא
٣K Kאאא
٤K Kאאא
٥K Kאא
٦K Kאא
٧K Kאא
אW J
V 220 v،5،10Ω אW
Wא
V N V
N1 220
544 v
١KאאאW
V √2 V √2 4462.23v
אאWא
VVπ
62.23π
19.8v אאא:
IVR
19.810
1.98A אאאW
VV2
62.232
31v ٢KאאאW
IVR
3110
3.1A
א
אאאא
29
P V I 19.8 1.98
39.204 W
٣Kאאאא
P V I 31 3.1
96.1W ٤Kאאא
ηP
P100
39.20496.1
100
40.8%
٥אאK
PIV Vm 62.23V ٦Kאא
TUFP
V I39.204
44 3.1120.286.
1/TUF =1/0.286 =3.496.
٧אאK
1/TUF=3.496:אאאא٤٩٦٣אאאאאK
אאאאאאאאאK
א
אאאא
30
IIK Wא Single-phase Full-wave Center-tap Rectifier
F15-1EאKאאאאאא،
א،אאאKאאאאאאאאאD1
אאאD2،אאאVsאאאאא،D2
אא(2VS)אאא،D2K אאאאא،
אאD2אאא،אאD1א،אאאKא
אאא،Kאא
א
אאאא
31
F15-1אE.
א
אאאא
32
אאאVavWאא
16-1 V1π
V sin ω t . d ω. t
17-1 V2Vπ
0.6366 V
אאאIavWאא
18-1 IVR
2 Vπ R
Wאאאאא
V1π
V sin ω. t d ω. t
VVπ
1 cos 2 ω t2
d ω. t
VV2π
ωtsin 2 ω t
2
19-1 VV
√20.707 V
WאEאFאאאאא
20-1 IVR
V
√2 R
א) ١٧-١(אאאאאאאא،PIV
אאאאKאא
א
אאאא
33
אאאאאאאא
אאKאאى (١٢-١(א )١٥-١) إلKא
IIIK אאSingle-phase Full-wave Bridge Rectifier
א،אאאאאאאאאאא
אא،Kאאאא،אא
(16-1)אאאאאאאKאאVsא0πאאD1
אאאD1אאאD2אאאאKD3 , D4VsK
אVsא π2πאאD3אאאD3אאא
אאD4אאאKאD1 , D2VsאאאKiLKאא
אאאאאאKאאאאאPIV
אאאאאאא،Kאאאאאא،אא
Kאאאאא
א
א.
34
אE
F16-1E
א
א
אאא
א
אאאא
35
2-1W
אא(16-1)אא،44 vא10 ΩWא
١K Kאא ٢K Kא ٣K Kא ٤K Kאא
אW J
V 44V 10Ω אW
V √2 V √2 44 62.23 v ١K Kאא
V2 Vπ
2 62.23π
39.6 v
IVR
39.610
3.96A
VV
√2
62.23
√244v
IVR
4410
4.4A
P V I 39.6 3.96 156.8 W P V I 44 4.4 193.6 W
ηP
P156.8193.6
0.81. % 81%.
FFVV
4439.6
1.11. % 111%. ٢K
Kא
א
אאאא
36
RF FF 1 1.11 1 0.48
% 48%.
٣KKא
٤KKאא PIV Vm 62.23v
אאאאאא،KאאאאאK
א
אאאא
37
٢٣١K אאא Three-phase Rectifier Circuits
א (1-3-1)אאאאאאאאF (0.6366×Vmא)١٧-١(אא،
15 kW،אאאאאאאאKאאWא
،אKאאאאאאאאK
I. אThe Three-phase Half-wave Rectifier
F17-1Eאא،אאאאאאKא
אאאאאאאאN K
VaVb
120°(2πK
V 2
V3
א
.
Vc
π/3)
12π/3 ⁄
√3 V2 π
א
אDb
א
W
V⁄
0.82
5π/6אא
אDcאאא
sin ω. t
27 V
38
1E
π/6VE،
אאא
. d ωt
F17-1
אF(VcVb)
،
א
א
אא
אKאא
א
אDa
אא
אאא
2
אא
א
א
21-1
א
אאאא
39
Wאאאאא
22-1 IVR
0.827 VR
WאEאFאאא
23-1 P V I
אאWא
V1
V sin ω. t⁄
⁄d ω
24-1 V 0.84068 V
25-1 IVR
0.84068 VR
WאEאFאאאא
26-1 P V I
אאאWאא 27-1
V V V
28-1 η
P
P100 96.8%
29-1 FF
VV
1.017
30-1 RF FF 1 0.185 18.5%
31-1 TUF = 0.6643 = 66.43%
א
אאאא
40
IIK אאThree-Phase Bridge Rectifier
אאאאאאאKאKאאא
(18-1)א،אאאאאאאאWאאD1D2, D2D3, D3D4,D4D5, D5D6و D6D1 .
١(א J١٨ (אא.
א
אאאא
41
אאאאאא
،אאאאאאאא،אWאאאא
Wאאאאא
33-1 IVR
1.654 VR
Wאאאא 1 J34 P V I
Wאאא
1-35 V
1V sin ωt
⁄
⁄d ωt
1.655 Vm
1-36 IVR
1.655 VR
Wאאאאא 1 -37 P V I
אאWאא 38-1
V V V 0.0575 V
V1π/3
√3V sin ωt . d ωt⁄
⁄
32-1 V3√3 V
π1.654 V
א
אאאא
42
1 -39 η
Po av
Pin99.83%
1 -40
VV
1.0008 100.08%
1 -41 1 0.04 4%
1 -42 TUF = 0.9542 = 66.43%
(Filters)
C
א
אא
،א
،L
אLCK
D
AC
אאאא،
C Filters
C Filters
אאא
אאK
א19-1EK
א
אא
43
Filter Ci
אאאא
F،
אא
אא
ircuits
אא
Kאא
אא٢٠ (
)19-1(
)20-1(
א
א
אא(Ripple
א
א(DCFilteK
LC (A
)١-
א
א
א
١K אא
es)
K
אאer)
ACFilter)
K
אא
٤
אא
א
V
V4
V V
א
א
.
V2 f
V
4√2 f
VV2
(19b-
W VR C
R C
Wא
2V
V
1)
א
4
V 1
44
א
א
א
Vf R C
4 f
21 (א
א
Wא
C
1R C
א
אא
)1-
א
אא
א
א
אא
אא
43-1
44-1
45-1
א
אאאא
45
אאK)١-(21אא
אKאאאKאאא
אCf2>Cf1KאאKאאאאאא،
אאEFVdcKK fאאאאא
،אאאאK אאאאאCfK
Wאאאא
٥١K Applications.
אKאאאאאאא،אא
אKאאאא،אאאא
،אאאאאאאUPS אKאא،) ١-
٢٢(אא EאאאKאאא،א
אVsאEאאאKαאאβ .
46-1 RFVV
E V
α sin
א
sin α
K EV
α
א
.
א
46
W
א
22-אE
אβ
אαא
F1
א
אאαא
א
א
א
א
4
א
4
אא
47-1
48-1
א
אאאא
47
אאVs،אאאאאβ
אWאא
48-1 β π α
אWאא
50-1 i t V t E
RV sin ωt E
R… . . α
אiLא،אא50-1א) (אאFאאאWאאE
I
12π
V sin ωt ER
d ωt
12. π. R
| V cos ωt E ωt |
51-1 I 1
2π R2 V cosα 2 E α π E
א
אאאא
48
3-1
٢٢-١ (א (אא12 v100 Whאא5אAא 120 Vא1:2 ،אWא J ١K אאאK ٢K אK ٣K אאK ٤K אK ٥K אאK ٦K Kאא
אW J E = 12 v , Vp=120 v, Io= 5 ANN
21
VV
NN
≫≫VV NN
120 12
60V
Wא
V √2 V √2 60 84.85 V
α sinEV
sin12
84.858.13° 0.1419 rad
β π α 180° 8.13° 171.87° אאאδWאא
δ β α 171.87° 8.13° 163.74°
אIavFא1 J51WאאE
I 12πR
2 V cosα 2 E α π E
א
אאאא
49
אאRא5אA
W
R 1
2π I2 V cosα 2 E α π E
R 1
2π 52 84.85 cos 8.13 2 12 0.1419 π 12
4.26Ω
אאאWאא
אאאאRWאא PR= Irms
2× R = 8.22 4.26 = 286.4 W
Wאאאאא Po(av)= E × Iav=12 5= 60W
Wא t
100P
10060
1.66h
אאηWאא η
P
P P60
60 286.417.32 %
Wאאאא PIV=Vm + E = 84.85+12 = 96.85 v
Arms
I
Em
VmV
EmV
R
tdR
Etm
V
rmsI
2.8
cos42sin2
2
222
2
22
1
)(
2sin
2
1
א
אאאא
50
אאא١٨אא،٪
אאאאאאKאאאאאKאא
K
א
؟
א
א
א؟א
א
א
Kא
א
א
51
א
؟
K
K
K
K
אא ؟
K
א
א؟אאא
א؟
؟ א
אW
K
אאא
אאאאאאא
א
אאא؟אאאאאאאא
K
אK
אאאאאאאא
K
א
א
אאאאאא
אא
aK bK אcK dK א
אא
אא
אאאאא
אא
١K ٢K א٣K ٤K א٥K ٦K ٧K א٨K א٩K
a
b
c
d
١٠K ١١K ١٢K א١٣K ١٤K א١٥K
א
1א
380V
20V
Wא
אWא
K
א10 ،א
VK
52
(1א،12Ω،א
K
K
אא
(2א،אΩ
Kא
K
W
Vo, iL, Vs, V
16-1)
אΩ
אא
K
Kאא
1-1)
א
אKאKא
VAK
אK
א
א
Kאאא
אK
א
١W١٠א
אא
אKאא
א
א
אא١W٥
אא אא א אא
אא
א א א א
אאא א
אא
١٦K
١٧K א
١٨K
א
אאאא
53
אאאא
אא
א
אאאא
54
א אW א א א אא א אKא
אאאW
١K אKאאאאאאא
٢K אKאאא
٣K אKא
٤K אKאאאאאאא٥K אKאאאאא٦K אKאאאאאא٧K אKאאא ٨K אKאאאאאא ٩K א א א א א
Kאא ١٠K אKאאא
אא
Thyris
א
א אא
stor Con
Semicon
J،
Gאא
SiliconK
Kאאnstructio
nductors
1 , J2 , J3
אG
E א
،א
،n Contro
אon and O
א Junc
א (
א
F
55
א
א
olled Rec
אOperation
ctions
( Thyא(Gate)
F1-2Eא
א
Thyrist א
א ctifier(SC
א n
yristor)
Kא F
F1-2E
א
tor
Kאא
CR)
א
K
K
EF א
א
אא
Kא
א٢K א
אPNPN
F٢ J١EK
Pאאא
אא
١٢Kא
א
א١١٢
N
Aא
אאא
א
אאאא
56
אאF2-2E،אJ1,J3 א (Forward Bias) א ، J2
א(Reverse Bias)א א א (Leakage Current) א K א
(Forward Blocking)KאאאKEאFאאאא
אאF2-2E،אJ2אאJ1,J3א
אK(Reverse Blocking)א،אאאK
אאאאאVAKאאא،אאא،
אאאאאKאאאאא(Forward Conducting)F2-
2EK
EF EF EF
F2-2אEאK
א
אאאא
57
٢١٢K אא Thyristor Characteristics
אאאאאVAKאאIAאאאKאF3-2E
אאאאאאKEאFאאKא
אאאאאאאאאאאאאPNPNאא،
،אאאאVBoאIBoKאאאאאאא
1VKאאאאאKאא
אאאאאאאאVBo،
אאאאIgK אKאאאאא
אאאאא،אאאא(Holding Current)
IHK אאאאאאא
אאאKאאVBRאאאKאא
אKאאאאא אאאאא
אF3-2E،אא،אאאא،א
KאאאאאאאאKאאא
،
K
אאא
ILKא
א
אאא
א
אאאL(Latchin
א
אא
א
א
g Current)
א
אVBo
א
אK
א
א)
IHK
58
(3-2)א
אא
א،
אא
א
אא
אא
א)
אאאאא
א،Eא
א
א
א
אא
אא
אאK
אאא
א
א
אא
K
F
א
אא
K
אא
אא
א
אא
א
אא
א
אאאא
59
٣١٢K אThyristor Firing
אאאאאILאא،Kאאא
אאאאKאאאאאאאאא
K o Wאא
אאאא،אא،א،
אאאK،א،אאאאאאKאאא
אאאאאאאאאאאHeat Sink،(4-2)K
F4-2אאאEHeat sinks
א
אאאא
60
o Wא
אJ2אאא،א،א J2،
אאKאאאאאאKא(Light Activated
Silicon Controlled Rectifier,-LASCR-)K o Wאאא
אאאאאאVBoא(Leakage current)אKאא
אא،Kאא o אאא(dv/dt)W
אאאאKאאאאאאאא
Kאאאאאאאא(dv/dt)Kאאאא
20V200 V1 µsK o Wאאא
אאאאאאאאאאאאאאאP2א
אאJ2،אKאאאאאא،
אאאאKא،،אאא
Kאאאא
אKא
IH
K
אא
dv/
א
Metho
אאא
אאא
،
،) ب٥/dt
ods of Thy
א
) ٢-
،K
yristor Tu
א
א
K
א
א(
אאא
א
61
Eurn-off
אא
א
אאא
א) أ٥-٢
5-2E
אF
א
Kא
א
א
אאא
F2א
א
א
א،
א،
א،
Wא
א
א
٢K
א
אK
אאא
،
א
،
אא
٤١٢
א
אא
א
Jאא
אא
א
אאאא
62
JWEאFאאאא
אאא،אאאKF5-2Eאאא
א،אSאאאא،אKאאאא
אאאK אאאאאאא
אא(Line Commutated)K
א
אאאא
63
٥١٢K א Thyristor Protection
אאאאאאאKאאאאאאאא
א،אאKאאאFאEKKKאאאאK
אא،אאאאKאאאאאא
אKאא
J Wאאאא
אאאאאאאאאאKא،
אאא،אא א (dv/dt)،א
،אKאאא אא،אאאאאא
אKאאאאאאא،אKא
אאאאאאאאK
Kאא6-2) (אאאאאאRCאאאאKא
אKאאאR1אאאאאאKאאאR2Kא
אאאאאFdv/dtEאKא
א
אאאא
64
אאאאdv/dt)Eאאא
אאאאא) 6-2 (K
عبنملا دھج
عبنملا دھج
(6-2) אאאאאdv/dtא.
J Wאאאא
אאאאאא،אאאאאKאאא
Kאאאא،אא،
אא،אKאאK
אאאאFdi/dtEאאא،F7-2EK
א
אאאא
65
F7-2אאEdi/dtK
א
אאאא
66
٦١٢K אאThyristor Types
אאא،אאאאאאK
אאאTriac،אKאאאאאא،אאאKא
אאאאאאאWא
١K אא Phase Controlled Thyristor(SCR)
٢K אאא Fast Switching Thyristor (SCR)
٣K אאאאא Gate-turn-off Thyristor (GTO)
٤K אא Bidirectional Triode Thyristor (TRIAC)
٥K אא Light Activated Silicon-Controlled Rectifier (LASCR)
אאאאאאא
אא،אאאא(SCR)אא،F٢ J٨EKאאא
(9-2) א K
PowE.
א
werex
.
F
אא
67
8E
F-2
א
9E
א
א
F9-2
אא
א
א
אאאא
68
אאא(Datasheets)،
אא،אא،א،אא،אאאאאKאאאאא
אאKאא5000V4000A،אאאאKא
K
א
אאאא
69
٢٫٢. אאאControlled Rectifiers
אאא א،אא? אא א ،?
א Kא א אא אא א אא א،
، א א א א א אאאEFאא،
א א א א א Kאא אאאאאא
א א א א ، Wאאאא
אאא אאא
Wא אא Half-wave Controlled Rectifier
אאאFull-Wave Semi controlled Rectifier
אאא Full-Wave Controlled Rectifier
אא Dual Converter
א
אאאא
70
١٢٢אאאSingle Phase Half-wave Rectifier
IK Wאאא
אאאאאאאאא10‐2K
אKא א א א א A
אK،אא،אאאאαאא،אאא،אא )π ωt
אא،Kא אאאאA
אKאא،א ، א א א ،
Kא،אא11‐2K
F10-2אאE.
א
אאאא
71
א א א א Vav א ،EאFאVoאא0‐2πW
1‐2
cos12
V)t(d)tsin(V
2
1V m
mav
אא1‐2אאא
אאαK Wאאאא
2-2
cos1R2
V
R
VI mav
av
F11-2אאאאE
א
אאאא
72
Wאאאא
Wאאא
4-2
2
)2sin(1
R2
V
R
VI mrms
rms
אאאאאאאא
א،אאאא،אאאאאא،Kאאאאאא
td)tsinV(2
1V 2
mrms
3-2
2
)2sin(1
2
VV m
rms
א
אאאא
73
١- ٢
א208v60Hzא10ΩWא،
١K אאאאא45°אK٢K אאא6AK٣K Kאא٤K אPIVK ٥K Kאאאא
Wא J
v156.29422082VV rmsm ١ Jא
v92.79)45cos1(816.46cos12
VV m
av
A 992.7R
VI av
av
٢אאK6A
A 60106RIV avav א3‐1 Vavאאα
64.73
cos12
156.29460
ساوية للصفر. قيمة لتيار الحمل يجب أن تكون زاوية اإلشعال م. للحصول على أقصى ٣
V 63.93))0cos(1(816.46cos12
VV m
(max)av
A 36.910
63.93max(max)
R
VI av
av
PIV Vm 294.156v ٤. ٥אאאאאK11‐2
א
אאאא
74
IIK אאאאא
א א א א א א Kאאאאאאא،
2‐12אאFא ،12‐2אא א א א E
אא א Kא אאא،،א אאא
א א א ، א א ، א א א א،אא
אאא،אאאאאאאβאKאא
א א א D Freewheeling diode א א ، א א א א
אאאאאαπאאאאאאאאπβא
2‐12א א א א אא אא،אאאאא،אא
א א א א Kאאא
א
אאאא
75
אאאVavאאא
אVoאא02אπW
5-2
coscos2
)()sin(2
1 m
mav
VtdtVV
א אאאאא אאאאאאא Kא
1‐2WאאאK
6-2 R
VI av
av
אא،אא א א א אא א א
Kאאאא
F12-2אאאE
אא
א
אאאא
76
F12-2אאאאE
א
אאאא
77
F2‐12אאאאEאאא
א
אאאא
78
٢٢٢K א
Single Phase Full-wave Semi Controlled Rectifier א א
אQ1,Q2אאD1,D2F13‐2א،EKאאאא
א א אאQ1 א”“אאאאD1א،
Fאאt KE Fא2π ωt π αEאQ2א
א א א אD2 א אאt 2K
אאF14‐2EאאK
(13-2)אא
א
אאאא
79
F2‐14אאאאאאE
א א א א Vav א
אאVoאא0‐W
7-2
cos1)()sin(1
mmav
VtdtVV
א
אאאא
80
Wאאא
8-2
cos1
R
V
R
VI mav
av
Fאא2 J٧אEאFאE
א א א ،א אא אא א א א א Kא א
אאא)OnequadrantK
א
אאאא
81
:2-2مثال
אא208V/60Hz א15Ω
Wא،אא 1K אאאא60°K2K אאאא150VK3K Kאא
Wא J
v156.29422082 rmsm VV .1
v4495.14060cos163393cos1
mav
VV
v3633.9R
VI av
av
2אאאאK150vK 2‐7بالتعويض في المعادلة αيمكن إيجاد الزاوية Vavعن قيمة
cos1156.294
150
cos16328.93150
α 52.987o 3KאאK
א אאא K
V 266.187)0cos1(633.93cos1(max)
mo
VV
Single P א
Q
،א
א
א
Phase Fu
Q1،Q2א א
אא
א ‐،
אאא
،
ull-wave
E
א
א
Eא Q1، Q2
Vav
10،E א
Control
F 15‐2
א
אא
א
א א
F0‐2
90°
82
lled Rect א
Q3א
אא
א
אאא°
tifier
Q1,Q KK
א
Q1,Q2t
3,Q4
15-Eא א
א
א אאא
א
א
א Q2,Q3,Q4
א א2
א
16KE
F2א
א
K אאא
אא
א
٢٢K
א
א ، א
Q1,Q
2K
F6‐2
F9‐2KEאא
א،
אא
٣٢
א
אא
Q2 אא
א
،א
א
אאאא
83
אאא 90° אא،א
אאאאאא(Two quadrant).
9-2
cosV2)t(d)tsin(V
1V m
mav
10-2 R
cosV2
R
VI mav
av
א
אאאא
84
(16-2) אאאאאא
א
אאאא
85
3‐2W
אא208v/60Hzא12Ω
Wא،،אא1K אאאא60°K2K אאאPinK3K א א א א א א א א
120°KWא J
.1Kא
v156.29422082 rmsm VV
v
VV m
av 633.9360cos156.2942cos2
A 8.7R
VI av
av
א א א א א א אאאאאא
אאאKאאאאאאKאאאא
93.633 7.8 730.6
א א 120o، א א א א3‐9 K
V 633.93 120cos266.187cos2
m
av
VV
אWאא
∙ 93.633 7.8 730.6
א
Wא
1avV
W
2avV
א
א
א
2 mV
א אא
2 mV
Sin
אא
א
1cos a
אא
cos a
א.
ngle -Phas
א
א
Q1,Q2,
אQ1
2
א
86
se Dual C
א
K
Q3,Q4
א ’,Q2’,Q3’,
(אא
onverter
אא
א אא
א
א’,Q4’
(17-2)
א
א
א
א
אא
א
א
אאא א
1،Eא ،
א
1
א אאא
1
אא
٤٢٢K
F17‐2 א
1-2
12-2
א
אאאא
87
٥٢٢K אThree Phase Half-waveRectifier
א א א א אא א אא א א ،،א
א،אKאאאאא
א א א א א Q1,Q2,Q3אא،א2‐18אK
אF2‐18אאEQ1אא،،א
אQ2אא،א،אQ3אא
Kא ،א א אאWאא،
t /6 אVanא،א Q2t 5/6 Q1
א Vbn א א Q3t 3/2 Q2
אVcn א،א אאא19‐2K
א
sin
sin
sin
א
W
אא
2 3⁄
2 3⁄
88
א
א
18אE
אא
א
F8-2
א
א
אא
א
אאאא
89
F19-2אאאאאאE.
א
אאאא
90
EאFאא אא א א Kא א א
אא/6 5/6 א،Fא2‐13אKE
13-2
cos2
33)()sin(
2
3 6
5
6
mmav
VtdtVV
א
אאאא
91
4‐2W
א א10 Ω א
א א א ،208אV، אW1K אאאאאא30°K2K אאאאאא60°K3K אאאאאא120°K4K Kאאא
Wא J
v83.1693
2208
3
2
rms
m
VV .1
v633.121)30(cos449140cos2
V33V m
av
A 166.12R
VI av
av
v2245.70)60(cos449140cos2
V33V m
av
.2
A 7R
VI av
av
V 2245.70)120(cos449140cos2
V33V m
av
.3
A 7R
VI av
av
٤אאאאאKK
V 45.140)0(cos449140cos2
33
mav
VV
א
אאאא
92
٦٢٢K א
Three Phase Semi controlled Rectifier
אא א א א ،א F 20‐2 E، א א א א
FOneQuadrantאא،Eאאאא120kW
א א א،אא א א،אאאא،אא
Fא14‐2KE
14-2 )cos1(2
V33V m
av
(20-2)אא
א
אאאא
93
5‐2W
א א10 Ω א א א א א ،208v،א
W1K אאאאאא45°K 2K אאאאאא75°K 3K אאאאאא135°K 4K Kאאא5K אאאא6AK
Wא J
v83.1693
2208Vm
١-
v76.239)45cos1(449140cos12
V33V m
av
A 976.23R
VI av
av
v8.176)75cos1(449140cos12
V33V m
av
٢-
v136.41)135cos1(449140cos12
V33V m
av
٣-
٤אאאאאKK
v898.280)0cos1(449140cos12
V33V m
av
٥K6AWאאאא
v60106RIV avav
א
אאאא
94
) للحصول على زاوية اإلشعال الالزمة للحصول على ١٤-٢في المعادلة ( Vavنعوض عن قيمة
: 6Aتيار
125
cos12
83.1693360
T א
avV
א
hree Pha
Tw ،
33
se Full-w
wo quad
co mV
ave Recti
א
drant
s
95
ifier
אא
א
א א
F15‐2KE
21-E
א
אא א
،א א
F2
א
F21‐2 E
א
15
א
אא
٧٢٢K
א
5-2
א
אאאא
96
6‐2W
א א10Ω א
א א א ،א 208vא KW
1K אאאא45°K 2K אאאPsK3K א א א א א א א א
135°KWא
v83.1693
2208
mV ١.
v625.198)45(cos898.280cosV33
V mav
v86.1910
625.198
R
VI av
av
٢Kאא א א א א א Kאאא
198.625 19.86 3944.7
٣ א א K135o א א א א3‐15K
v625.198)135(cos898.280cos33
mav
VV
אא 198.625 19.86 3944.7
א
،א
Three Ph
אאא
א
hase Dual
،א
א
97
lConverte
אא
2E
er
אא א
F22-2
א
אא،
Kא
א
א
א22‐2،
א אא
אא
٨٢٢K
א
א
אאאא
98
٣٢ א אא אאא ،
א،אא אא א א א א ،
?אא? א א،א א א F Kא 23‐2א אא א אא E
Kא א א אא Kא אא،א א אא אאא א א א אא א
א אא Kא W
W א א א א אאאאא،א
אאאאKאאאאאא א ،א אא אא
Kאאא Wא א א א
،אאאא،אאאאאאאאא
אא،א،אאא א א ،א א ،א
Kאא
א
אאאא
99
F23-2אאאאאאאאE
א
7‐2W א2.5hpא،
220V/60Hz א א K10Aא1500אrpmWא
1K Kאאאא 2K אא500rpmK
אא0.2ΩK Wא
אאא١١٠אא ،Wאאא
aaaa RIEV KE a
aI KT
60
n2
موحد حمكوم
א
אאאא
100
Wאאאאא
cosV2
V mav
v13.3112220Vm
sec/ 1.15760
15002
60
2rad
n
Wאאאא
m.N87.111.157
7465.2PT
187.1
10
87.11
I
TK
a
v6.1861.157187.1 KEa v6.1882.0106.186RIEV aaaa
אאאאVav VaWא
o
m
av
8.17
9522.013.3112
6.188
V2
Vcos
אא500rpmW
v 15.6260
5002187.1KE 11a
v 15.642.01015.62RIEV aa1a1a
o1
m
1av1
1.71
3238.013.3112
15.64
V2
Vcos
א
אאאא
101
אא
١. ؟אאא
אאאאא؟ .٢
٣. Kאאאא
אא؟ .٤
אאKא .٥
אאאא؟ .٦
٧. א א א א א א אא אאא؟
٨. א א א א אKאא
٩. אאאאK
١٠. אאאKאאאאאאKא
١١. Kאאאאאא
١٢. ×WאאאKאאא
aK Kאאאא bK א א א א
K cK אאאאאאK
dK א א א א
K
א
אאאא
102
١٣. אאא،אאאא،Kאא
١٤. Kאאאאאאאאא
١٥. א א ، א20 Ωא
א،אא208Vאאאא Poא2kWWא، J
aK אאאKא
bK Kאאאא
cK אאKאא
dK Kאא
eK Kא ١٦. א3 hpא،
220V/60Hz א12אAא1500א rpmWא،
a. Kאאאאb. אא800rpmK c. א150°אK
אא0.2ΩK
א
אאאא
103
אא
אא
א
אאאא
104
א אWאאאאאא אא
K
אאאW١K אKאאאא ٢K אKאא
٣K אKאא٤K אKאאאאאא٥K אאאאאאK٦K אKאאא٧K אKאאא٨K אKאאאאא
א
אאאא
105
١٣ אאPower Transistor
אאאא، אאא
،אאאא Kאאא،אאא
א،אKאאאאא، Kא
אאאאW ١ J אאאא(Bipolar Junction Transistor) BJT ٢ J אאאאא
(Metal–Oxide-Semiconductor Filed Effect Transistor) MOSFET ٣ J אאאאאאא
(Insulated Gate Bipolar JunctionTransistor) IGBT
א
אאאא
106
١١٣ אאאא(Bipolar Junction Transistor) BJT
אאאאאא p-nFא٣ J١אKE
FEmitterFאEBaseFאECollectorאא،EאnpnpnpFא٣ J١אאאאE
Kאאאpnאאאא JFאBase-Emitter JunctionאאאאE
א JFאBase-Collector JunctionFE٣ J١אא،EE،Cא،B
FK٣ J٢אאאאאאEאnpn אpnpK
EF
)١-٣אEאאKא
(Base)
א B B
C (Collector) א
E (Emitter) א E
C
n
p
n
n
p
p
א -א
Base-Emitter junction
א -א
Base-Collector junction
FE
Metalized contacts
Collector المجمع Base א
א Emitter
Substrate طبقة أساس
أ
Oxide
א
אאאא
107
אאא אאICאאאVCE
אIBK אאאא
F٣ J٣KאE
אאאאאFאCut off RegionאEאאאF٣ J٣KE
F3 J3KאאאאE
B
E
C
pnp
B
E
C
npn
F٢-٣אאאאאEא
IB 5
IB 4
IB 3
IB 2 IB 1
IB = 0.0
0 א(Cutoff region)
VCE
IC
א
אאאא
108
٢١٣ אאאאMOSFET
אאאאא(MOSFET)אאאאא(Insulated Gate Field Effect
Transistor)IGFETKאאאאBJTא،א،א
א،אאאא،(1010Ω - 1015Ω)אאאאKא
אאאא (Substrate)אאאא J nאF J (Pא JpF
א J (nאאאאא(Source)א(Drain)א
א(SiO2)Kאאאא.(Gate) אא
F3 J4KE
ثاني أكسيد السيليكون(Silicon dioxide)
SiO2
معدن(metal)
البوابة(Gate)
G المصب (Drain)
المنبع (Source)
P-طبقة األساس من النوعp-substrate)(
n n
S D
البوابة(Gate)
G المصب
(Drain) المنبع
(Source)
n-طبقة األساس من النوعn-substrate)(
p p
S D
)٤- ٣אEאאMOSFET
-nא(ب) -pא(أ)
(ب) (أ)
n
MOSF
VDSKFאא،
א
א Jn
אא
n- ch
FET
،S
א
K Jp
MOSFEא
hannel
אא
ID،אאאא
א
ET
Jp
אא
אאא
אאאא
א
109
אא
א
MOSFEאא
אID
א
אאאא
٣ J٦E
אא
Jא٥E
אET
EV
אא
F٣K
א
٥אE
F٣J
אא٣ J٦E
F٣ J٦אVGS
Eא
אאא
א
F٣Jאא
F
JnKא
F٣ J٦אEא
אא
א
אא
אא
K
אEא
א
אאאא
110
EF EF
VGS = 2 V
منطقة التشبع(Saturationregion)
المنطقة االومية(Ohmic region)
ID, mA
VDS, V
6.0 5.5 5.0 4.54.0
3.5 3.0
0 1 2 3 4 5
300 250 200 150 10
00
VT
ID, mA
300 250 200 150 100 50 0
1 2 3 4 5 6 0 VGS, V
n-ذو القناة MOSFET) منحنيات خواص لترانستور ٦- ٣شكل ( (Drain or Output characteristics)(أ) خواص المصرف أو الخرج (Transfer characteristic)(ب) خواص التحويل
(MOSFE
1000A
(אא
א
IG
FET
16(Emitter)
אא
IG
GBT
BE
א00V
CF7-3E
GBT
IGK
א
BJT)
אא
BJTE
אא
אאאGBT
111
אא
א
(K FT
אא(CollGK
7-אאE
א
IGEאMOSEK(BJT)
א
lector)
IGBTK
F3א
א
אא
FGBT
SFET)
א
40kHzK،א
(Gate)א
K
א
١٣ א
אא
אא
z
KEא
א
א
אא
٣
אאא
Kא
א
א
אאאא
112
٢٣ אאDC Choppers אאאא א א א ، א
א، א אא ،א אא،א א ، KKKKא א א א א
א א،א א אא אאאאKא
K
١٢٣ אא Theory of Operation F א אא א א א 8‐3E
א Kא אאTonא،אאאToff
אא، אFא9‐3KE
F3‐8אאאאE
א
אאאא
113
F9-3אאאE
Wאאא
W VsאW TonאW ToffאW T אאW
VavEאFאאאW KאW
1 -3 ss
on
T
sav VkVT
TdtV
TV
on
0
1
٣ J٢ T
Tk on
א
אאאא
114
א א א Po א א Ps
א א א ON،Wא
3-3 R
Vk
R
V
T
Tdt
R
v
T
1dtiv
T
1PP
2s
2son
T
0
2s
T
0
osos
onon
אא100%K Wאאא
4-3 R
Vk
R
VI sav
av
Wאאאא
5-3 sson
T
srms VkVT
TdtV
TV
on
0
21
Fאא1‐3אאאE
אאאא،500אHz 2500Hz א א א א א
א א א אא אBJT IGBT MOSFET GTO ،KKKKKK
אאאא0.5V2VFאאאא1‐3FE5‐3E
א א א א א א א א א:
6-3 )()()(11
00
dsdson
T
ds
T
oav VVkVVT
TdtVV
TdtV
TV
onon
Vd،אאאא
א
אאאא
115
Wאאאא
7-3 )()()(1
0
2dsds
on
T
dsrms VVkVVT
TdtVV
TV
on
Wאאא
8-3R
VVVk
R
VVV
T
Tdt
R
VVV
TdtIV
TP dssdsson
Tdss
T
oss
onon )()()(11
00
Wאאא
9-3 R
VVk
R
VV
T
Tdt
R
VV
TdtIV
TP dsdson
T
ds
T
ooo
onon 22
0
2
0
)()()(11
٢٢٣ Wאאא
אאאאאא ،א א א א
א א א א א אW
١ JאPWMW אTonאאT،Fאא10‐3KE
א
אאאא
116
אF10‐3Eאאאא
‐2אFrequencyModulation–FM‐W
אTאאTon،אאF11‐3KE
א
אאאא
117
אF11‐3Eאאאא
א
אאאא
118
٣٢٣ אאא
אאאWא Wאא
אSCRאא،، אא K א GTO א
Kאא אאאW
א א BJT א ، ،،א א
אאא،אאא א א א א א א א
Kא Wא
אאMOSFETא،Wאא،א
אאMOSFET א،Kא Kאאאאאאא Kאאאאא
אאאא א،אאKאא،אא
Wאאאא
אאStep‐DownDCChoppers KאאאStep‐UpDCChoppers
،א
א
אאא א
א
אאא
On
،
א
Ste
F13‐3 Eא
א
Q
1‐3E
א
p Down
אא1E
F 3
א
אא אF3
א
119
DC Cho
F12‐3
،،
،Q
אא
א
oppers
אK
א
א אQ
Off
אא
אא
א
אאא
א
אE
א
٣ אאא אא
K א א Kא
Dא
אאKא
F12‐3E
אא
١٣٢
אאאא
א
א
אאאא
120
F13-3אאאאאאאאE
א
אאאא
121
1-3W
אאאאאא15Ωא300Vא1kHz60%אK
אאא2VWאK ١K אאאא٢K אאאא٣K אאאא٤K אאא٥K אאא٦K א
אW J
Wא R 15,Vs 300V,k 0.6,f 1kHz١אאK
٢אK 0.6mssec. 0006.0001.06.0TkTon
٣אK 0.4ssec. 0004.0001.0)6.01(T)k1(Toff ٤אאK
א V 8.178)2300(6.0VVkV dsav
٥אאKא
٦אאKא
٧Kאאא
٨Kאא
1mssec. 001.01000
1
f
1T
V 83.230)2300(6.0VVkV dsrms
W16.355215
)2300(6.0
R
)VV(kP
22ds
o
W357615
)2300(3006.0
R
)VV(VkP dss
s
%33.991003576
16.3552100
P
P
s
o
א
אאאא
122
٢٣٢٣אאאStep- Up DC Choppers אא א אא
KאF14‐3 אא E، Kאאא
אאאאא א،א א،
א א א א K א א אאאאאאKאאאVs
אVLFK15‐3KאE
אF14‐3אאאאאאאא
F3‐15אאאאאאE
א
אאאא
123
Wא
٣ J10 k1
1V)
t
t1(V
t
ILVV s
2
1s
2so
W VsWKא∆IKאאאאאאWkKאW
אאCLאאא
VoKאאא א 9‐3 א א א א
אאאאKאKאאא
א
אאאא
124
אא ١K ؟אאאאאא
٢K אאאאאאאBJT،אאMOSFETאNK
٣K אאאאאאIGBT؟ ٤K אאKא
٥K ؟אאא
٦K Kאאאאאא
٧K ؟אאאאאא
٨K אאאאאKאאאא
٩K FFE×WאאאKאאאE
Kאא Kאאאאאא אKאאאאאא
١٠K אאאאאא15Ωא300Vא1kHzאא
אא2VאKאאא5kWא:
א א א אאאא אאאא אאא א
١١K אאאאאאאאKא
א
אאאא
125
אא
אאא
א
אאאא
126
אאWאאאאאא
אאאW
١. אKאאאאא٢. אKאא٣. אאאאאאאא
Kא
א
אאאא
127
אאאאאאא א،א א א א א א
א אאא ، א א א א א
Kאא
١٣ אאTheory Of Operation
אאאא א F1‐4Eא ،
א א Q1,Q2א ، ،א א א א א
180°אKאא
F1-4אאאאאE
א א א א א א א א
WאאK
אא AC Voltage Controllers
א
אאאא
128
١١٣ אאאאControl On-Off
אQ1,Q2אא אF2‐4Eאא אא ،،Vrmsא
אאאאאאא،אQ1ig1אQ2ig2K
F4‐2אאאאEEאאאאF
אאאVsאאnאאm
Wאא
א
אאאא
129
1-4 kVmn
nVttdV
mn
nV sssrmso
2
0
22)( sin2
2
ھي نسبة التشغيل ويمكن حسابھا من المعادلة التالية: k حيث
א א א א א א א
אאאאאK
٤ J٢
Tאאא Wאאא
٤ J٣
Wאאא ٤ J٤
Fא٤ J١WEאFאאE ٤ J٥
Wאאא ٤ J٦
Wאאאא ٤ J٧ √
Wאא ٤ J٨ √2
א
אאאא
130
1‐4W
١٠אא١٢٧א٦٠אא،٢٥
٧٥Wאא،١. Kא٢. Kאאאא٣. Kאא٤. אאאK٥. Kאא٦. Kא٧. Kא
א
א 25.07525
25
mn
nk
אאא vkVV srmso 5.6325.0127)(
אאא
A 35.610
5.63)()(
R
VI rmso
rmso
אאא W225.40335.65.63IVP )rms(o)rms(oo
אא W45.80635.6127 ss IVS
א 5.0kS
PPF o
א A 96.19
R
VI m
m
א
אאאא
131
٢١٤אאאPhase Angle Control א א אא א א Q1, Q2
אאF3‐4EאK ١٨٠א א א א ،
אVsK
F3-4אאEאאאאאא
א
אאאא
132
אאא
،א،אאאאאאאאאא ،אאF4‐4Eא
אKאQ1D1אא،אאQ2D2Kאאא
א א א א אKאאאאא
F٥א J٤אEאאא
Wאאא
9-4 )2
2sin
2
2sin(
1sin2
2
2 22
ssorms VttdVV
א
אאאא
133
٢٣ אאאא
Single Phase Controller with inductive load
אאא אא א א אא K א F5‐4E
אK א אאאאאאאא
،W א א א א W א א °١٨٠
، α πאאQ1אאא א א א ، א א
אQ1אאאאא אאא א אא
אQ1 א אF6‐4E א KQ1אאאאא
Q2א אאאאאא אא א 6‐4 א،
אאאאKאא
4‐5אאאאאא
א
אאאא
134
F6-4אאאEF E
Wאאאא אאא،
אא אאאQ1 א F+א EQ2 א +F E (2+
א א Kא א אא אא א א א א
Fא7-4KE
א
אאאא
135
(7-4)אאאאאא
א
אאאא
136
٣٣
אא אאאWא
١٣٣ אא
F4‐8אE א א א אא אא א א ،
א،،אאאאאא،EאFאאאא
אאאKאאאאאאאאK
F8-4אאאEKא
אא א
א
א
א
א אא א
אאא
אא
e
א،א
א
אTr
e
א אא
Tאא א א
Trאאא א
א
137
א
אTaא
אאאאא
Kא
אא
אא
א
אא
א א אאא
א
א
،،
אא
א
א
א
F9‐4 E
Tr
אא
אאאאא
א א
F9-4אE
א
٢٣٣ אא
אא ، ،
e Trא
eאא،
א
אא
אאאאא
אr ‐Ta
א
א
אאאא
138
אאא
١K אאאK
٢K ؟אאא
٣K Kאאאאאאאא
٤K אאאאKאאא
٥K אאאKאאאא
٦K 10Ωא א א127V60Hzאא،n
mאא،א6 AWא،
aK Kאאאא
bK אn, mK
cK אאאK
dK Kאא
eK Kא
fK Kא
٧K 10Ωא א א 200v 60Hz אא n
m،Wא aK אאא1000אWK
bK א nmאאא٨٠אK cK Kאא dK Kא eK Kא
א
אאאא
139
٨K אאאאאאKא
٩K אאאאאאKאא
١٠K אאאאKאאא
א
אאאא
140
אא
אא
א
אאאא
141
אאWאאאאאאK
אאאW ١K אKאאא٢K אKאאא٣K אKאאא٤K אKאא
א
אאאא
142
W אאInvertersא
،،אאאאאא،אאאאא
אאאאEאאאאFאאאPWMאאאא
Kאאאאאא א א א א אא א א
،אאאאאאאאאא،Kאאאא
אאאאא،אאאאאאא
،אאאאאKאאא
אא א )(Inverters א א ، א א، א
אא א א א א א، א א ،א،
IGBTKKKKאאאאא K،אאאאאאא
אKא،אאאאאW
אאאK
אאאK
אאK
אאאK
א
אאאא
143
Wאאא
١K אVoltage Source Inverter (VSI)
אKא
٢K אCurrent Source Inverter (CSI)
Kאא
א
אאאא
144
١٤ אאא
א א א א א א א אא א ،Filter
R‐L‐C،אאאאאאאאאאאא
אא Kאא אאא א א א א אא ، א
אאW אאא(Induction Motors)
אאאא(Synchronous Motors)
אא(Induction Heating)
אאא(Aircraft Power Supplies)
אא(Uninterruptible Power Supplies UPS)
אאאאא(High-voltage DC Transmission)
אא(Standby Power Supplies)
א(Battery)(Solar Cell)אאאאא
220 v 60 Hz 220 v 400 Hzא אאאאאאאא v 380 v /22050 Hz
208 v/120 v60 Hz 200 v/115 v400 HzK
א
אאאא
145
٢٤ א
F א 1-5א אא Eא אאאאאאא
אא K ، א Kאאאאאא
אא S1אS2א ،אאאS1S2אא
F2-5אאES1 א א S2 א א א
،אאאאVsאS1S2K
אS1אS2،א
S2א،אאאאאאS1אאאאא
אאא
T/2 - T 0 - T/2
F1-5אאאאWE
א
אאאא
146
אTFא2-5אE،
א' f 'אאW
f1T
1-5
F2-5אאWES2S1אא
אK
א
אאאא
147
א א א א
אS1S2Kאאאא،אאא
Kא א،א،
אW א א 'filter 'א א
אא א אאאא א،א א
אKאא אאאאPWMK
א א א א א אאאא אא
אאK
א
אאאא
148
٣٤ א Voltage Source Inverter (VSI)
אא א א א אא א ، א א ،א א ،אאאאא
،אאאא א א א א ،
אאאא،אK א א א
،،K
١٣٤ א
Single-Phase Half-Bridge Inverter(VSI) א אא א א א
(3-5)אאא א א ، אא S1S2אVsאא
אא א ،א אאא אא א (MOSFET)א (Thyristors) אKKK.
א
אאאא
149
Case of a Resistive load R ١١٣٤ אא
אא S1 S2אא (3-5) R א S1א S2
א 0א t T 2⁄ אאVs،אאאאאאאאא
אא S1אאi1. א S2א S1אאT 2⁄ t T
א S1אא t =T/2 אא (-Vs)א א i א א אא
אא א אא א S2 א אiאi אF4-5Eא R
א f א א (1/T) א אאאא.
א א א،אאאאאאVs.
F3-5אEאאא
א
אאאא
150
F٥א J4אאEאא
א
אאאא
151
٢١٣٤ אא
א א אא ioאאאאVO،
אאאאאא،אאאא א،F א 5-5א א E
،א،א א א:
א א 0 t T 2⁄ א Vo א א אא S1אא א D1 K
אiאא،אאK א א 0 t tא א א אא א
א D1אאא א א Vsא א t t T 2⁄ א ، א אא א
אאא S1אאא،אאא א א S1 א א 0 t T 2⁄
אאאאt t T ⁄ 2אK
א א t T/2א S1 א א א א אא א S1א א
אVsאאא אא אא אאאאא D2 אT/2 t tאאt tא
אאא D2אא ،א S2 א א t t Tא אא א
אאאאאאא S2א S2 א א t t T א א
،אאא.T
א
אאאא
152
א F5-5Eאא אא א א א
אiאא،א،אאאאאא
F5-5 Eא א א iiאא אiא אא
א א א א א א 0א t T 2⁄א א א א א א א א
אא . T/2 t T
א
K א א
153
5-WE
א
F-5
א
א
אא
א
אאאא
154
אאאאאא :
א א א א א א W
٢-٥V V
אאאאVW א אF אא א3-5א E
:
n אא ωאאא א red/s
אאאאאאא n=1
W 4-5
V4
√20.9 V
אאW
3-5v t, ,
sin nωt
5-5
א
אאאא
155
1-5W אאאFא3-5E'R'
2.4Ω'Vs'.24 vW aK אאאVo(rms) bK אאאIo(rms) cK אאאאאV1(rms)
dK אPo"?
Wא
א א אא א אF2-5EW
V V 24 v
אאאW
I242.4
10 A
F א א א אא א א 4-5EW
V 0.9 V 0.9 24 21.6 v
אW
PV
R242.4
240W
א
אאאא
156
Single -Phase Bridge Inverter ٢٣٤ א
١٢٣٥אאR
אאאאאא
א،אאאא ، F6-5 Eאאאא
אא א،א א S SאS SאS S
א S S א، א S SאS SאאT/2K
WאאאS Sא
א0 t T 2⁄אאאאאאS S
אאאאאאאאאאא
F6-5אEWאא مع حمل مادي
א
אאאא
157
S Sא'VO'אאא'
SV' א א S S א S S אאT/2 t T א א אא א א א
אאאאאאS Sאאאאא،א
אא א، OV JF א א 7-5 E
אSV، אא א א، א fo
אאT1 T⁄K
F7-5אEWאאK
א
אאאא
158
אאאאאאW
אאאאF2-5EאאאאאK
אאאאאW אא א א א
א א א אא א א א 1)=n(F3-5EF4-5EKא
א
אאאא
159
F2-5EW
אאאF6-5E'R' Ω2.4V 48 vW
aK אאאVK bK אאאK cK אאאאאVK dK אPK
Wא אאא א א אא אא
F1-5E א א א א אא א א א א א א
אאאאאאאאאאאW
אאאאאF2-5EW V V 48v
אאאW I
V
R482.4
20 A
אאאאאאאא F4-5EW
V 0.9 V 0.9 48 43.2 v
אW
PV
R482.4
960 W
א
אאאא
160
אאאאא
אא،אא4אאK
אא،אא48v אF2-5 Eאא 24 v
אאא(2-5) K
٢٢٣٥אא ( R – L) Load case.
Fא8-5אאEא (R -L)אאאFאא6-5אאאאE
אR F(R-LFא9-5אE' Vo' אioFאאאS1 . S2 . S3 . S4Eאאאאא
( D1 . D2 . D3 . D4 )אאא 'Is' אאאאW
F8-5אאאאWE
א
אאאא
161
אioFא9-5אאEVoא
א،S4S1אאF(0 < t < t1t1אאאאא،א
אאא،א א א א א
،אאאאאFt1= ( tאאFt = T /2EK אא)0 < t < t1(אאאאאא
אאאאאD4 D1אאא' Vs'אאאאאאאאS1S4אאאא
א(t1< t < T/2)אא،אאVoאאאאא(0 < t <
T/2)KאאאioאאאFt1=( tאאא
t = T /2KאאאאאאאאאאS4S1אאאאאאא
א אאאא אD3 D2 א א א Vsא א)T/2 < t < t2 (Kאאאא
)Vs- = (Voאא א א א ioא
א(t = t2)K אS2S3אא א
T/2 < t < t2א،אאאאאא،אio
אאא< t < T t2א،S2S3אא א א א אא א א
א S3S2אאאVsאא،אא )Vs- =(VoK
א
א
Imin
אא
א
t =0و א
א
אאא
T=t
(t=T/2)א
אאK
162
אא (t=3T)
א
אאא
IminT/2)
אא
א
אאא
אK
W
א
Imaxא
F9-5E
אא
א
א
א
אאאא
163
אאאW
אא،א،אא،אאאאF2-5KE
Wאאא אאאאWא
VR
I VR
e / 0 t
VR
I VR
e ⁄ t T ٦-5
W אאאWL/R)E
: IminKאאא : ImaxKאאא
א אא א א א
I I ٧-5
Wאאאאא
I I⁄
⁄ ٨-5
א
אאאא
164
3-5W
אאא)8-5(א١٠אL = 25mH100V אK
א60אHz ،Kאא
אאאLMATLABKאא Wא
Wאאאאאא
T1f
160
0.0167s
τLR
0.02510
0.0025s
∴2
0.01672 0.0025
3.34
Fאאאאאא8-5WE
I I
.
. 9.31A
Fאאאא6-5WE
t 9.31 e .⁄
10 19.31e .⁄ 0 t 0.0083s
t 9.31 e.
.
10 19.31e.. 0.0083 t 0.0167s
Three- P
א
Phase Bri
א،א
(11K
idge Inve
אאאא
1-5)
א
erter
אאאאאא
א
165
א
10אE
א
אא
F0-5
א
א
אא
EK180o
א
א
٥Kא
אא
F10-5E1
אא
٣٣٥
א180o
א
אאאא
166
F11-5אאאאאEאא
א
א
אאאא
167
٤٤ אא Inverter Voltage Control Techniques
،אאאאאאאWאא
١K אKאא ٢K אאאK ٣K Kאאא
אאאאא،אא א،א
א،אאאאא א א ،א
א א א א א، אאא،
א א،א א א Kא
א א א א א א א א، א א PWM
אא א ، א א אאא
אאאאאאKא
א
אאאא
168
١٤٤ אPulse – Width Modulation PWM
אאאאאאאאW
א Single Pulse – Width Modulation א Multiple Pulse-Width Modulation
א Sinusoidal Pulse-Width Modulation
١١٤٤ א
אאאאאKF12-5אEאאא
F א S1S2 א אא א Eא א אF 6-5E
ArAcK אאאאאאEאאF
Arא Acאאאא180OKAr Acא
"Modulation Index''Wאא
M ٩-5
אאא 'Vo' אW
V V ١٠-5
א
אאאא
169
W
:MKא :VoKאאא : ArKאאא ACWKאאא :δKא
F12-5אאאEאא
S1S2אאא
א
אאאא
170
٢١٤٤ Wא
אאאאא א K א א
Kאאfo،אאאא،אאא
אאאאfcK F א 13-5E א א א א א א
א،Wאאאא
11-5mff
Pf2f
m2
W
PWKאא fcWאאKא foKאאאW
mfWKא
אאMKM١א،sVא PLπ א א א א
Wא
12-5 V V
א
אאאא
171
٣١٤٤ א
אאאאא א ،א א
אKאאאא،Kאאאאאאא
Fא14-5אE١S،٢SאאfofcKא
אאאאאאאאאאMאאא
אoVFא14-5KאאאE
F13-5אאאאאאאאWE
א
אאאא
172
Wאאאא
10-5 V V
W PWKאא mאאWmK
VsWאאאK
14-5א)אE١S٢Sאא
Kא
א
אאאא
173
Wאא
١K ؟א ٢K ؟אאא ٣K ؟אאאא ٤K אאKא
٥K ؟אאאאאאאא
٦K אא؟א
٧K אאאאאאK
٨K אאאKא ٩K אא؟א
١٠K FFE ×WאאאKאאאE
aK אא
bK Kאאאאאא
cK אאKאא ١١K ؟אאאאא ١٢K ؟אאאאאא ١٣K ؟אאאאא ١٤K אאאא
؟؟אא ١٥K א V٢٢٠
Ω٢٠WK aK ?אאאVo? bK ?אאאא١אV? cK Kאאא
א
אאאא
174
١٦K אאאאK ١٧K א א F א٥ J٨? ER?
א Ω١٠ א mH٥٠=L? Vs?V١١٠אKאאHz٦٠،
Kאא
א
אאאא
175
אא
אא
א
אאאא
176
אאWאאאאאאא
אאאW
١K أن يتعرف المتدربאאK
٢K אאאאK
٣K אאאK
א
אאאא
177
W
אאUninterruptablePowerSupply،אUPSא א א א א א א
אאאאאאאאKא
UPS א א א אאא א א א א אא א א
،אאא،אאאאאאאא،
אאאאK UPSא ،א א ،א
אאאאאאא،א א א א אאא א
א ، א אUPS א אF200VAאאEא،א،אא
אK UPSאאאWא
١K אאאK
٢K אK
٣K אאK
٤K אאאאאאאK
٥K אאאK
٦. אא.
(FK
א،אאא
אא אא
א
א
א Filter)
א ،
א
אאא
א (Inveא
א
،א
אא א
א erter)
א
، א
א א
א
178
W א
(Bא
א
א
א א
אא א Kא
אא
attery)
F1-6E
א א
K
K
אאא
א
א١E
(Reא
א
א א
Rectif
אא
אW
E،
א
א
F ٦ J١
ectifier)
א א
א אK
٦אfier
א
א
F٦ J٢Eא
אא
١٦
אא
١١٦ אאא
א
א
א
،
א
א
א
א
،אאאKא
א
א
א אא
אאא
א
אאא א
179
א
אא
אאא
אא
א
א
٣Eא
א
א
F2-6Eא
٣ Eא א
F٦ J٣
Eאא
א
א
F ٦ J٣א
א
F٦ J٤Eאא ،אאא
אא
א
אא
אא
א
אאאא
180
F4-6אEאאאאאא
א
אאאא
181
٢١٦אBatteryW
אאאאא،אאא א א Kאא אא
Kא אאאא،אאא
אאאאKאאאא א א א א K
אאאאאא،אאאאאאא
،אאא،אא א א
“Sealed,Valve‐regulatedLead‐acid”אKאF٦א J٥EKא
Kאאאאא א אא אא
א א א א א Kאא
אF٦ J٥ESealed lead-acid battery
א א “Volt” J
“Amp‐Hour” א K J א א אFא١KאאאE
א
אאאא
182
אאא JKאא
K א א א א א 20Ah12V12V1A
٢٠א12V20A،אאאאא،
א،א20Ah18Ahאא5Aאא
Kאאא א א אא א אאאKאאא אא א א א K א
،אאאKאא
Kאאאאאאא
Kא
אאאKא
Kאאא
אאאא(Short
Circuit) אאאאא.
א
אאאא
183
١٢١٦Wא אא،אא
א א א، אא א Wא
א א א ، א אאאאאEאFא،
Kא
Kאאאאא
אאאאא،١٠
א٣٠ Jא אאאאא
אKEFאא Wא
1K א אאאא א Wאא.
٢K א אאאאא Wאא Kא א א א
Kאא
٣K אאWאאאא א אא Kא א א
אאאKאא
א
אאאא
184
٤. אIUIאאWאאא،אא
، א אאאאא.
٣١٦אInverter
אא K א א אא א، א א ،א Kא א
Kאאאאאאאאאא
א ١٣١٦Wא
F٦א J٦Eאאאא،א אא F١ E
אF٦ J٧FאאאE١WE
F٦א J٦Eא
E
S1
S2
S3
S4
Load Vo
א
Loa
F١E
OF
OF
OF
OF
Zeoltage
S1 S2 S3 S4
d Voltag
א
F٦ J٨E
ON FF
ON FF
OFF FF
OFF FF
+ Vd ero
א
OF
OF
OF
OF
Ze ge
אא
א
א
ON ON
OF ON
ON OFF
OF OFF
Zer + Vd
אא
185
ON FF
ON FF
OFF FF
OFF FF
+ Vd ero
א
OFF N
OFF FF
ON N
ON FF
- Vd ro
OFF
OFF
ON
ON
- Vd
א
א
OF OFF
ON OFF
OF ON
ON ON
Zer - Vd
א
א
O ON
O ON
O OFF
O OFF
- + Vd
F١E
F٦ J٧E
א
ON FF
ON N
OFF FF
OFF N
+ Vd ro
F2E
א
OFF
OFF
ON
ON
Vd
א
א
F٢E
O ON
O ON
O OFF
O OFF
Z + Vd
א
אא
ON
OFF
ON
OFF
Zero
אא
J٩KE
Tr4
א
F٢E
א
F٦Jאא
אא
אKא
אא
א
א
אאאא
Tr1
א
186
א
F٦ J٨Eאא
א א
T،Tr3
٩אE
א
٧אEאאא אא
Tr2
F٦J
א
F٧ J٨E
F٦ J٧
אא א
אא
א
א
א
א K
אא
אאא
א
אPulseW
٦ J١٠ J E
א
א
א
א
אWidth
Fא٦א Fא٤
א
א
،אא
F ٢ EF٣E
א
א
א
אא
F٦ J١١KE
אא
א
א
187
אא
J١٠EF ١ E
א
(أ)
(ب)
אא
אא
א
F٦אא
א
א
א٦ J١٢KE
א
אא
Mא
١ JEא
١E
١١E
Fא
א
אModulati
F٦ J٠א
F٦ J٠
F٦J
אא
אtion Eאא
א
א
אא
א
אאאא
188
٦א J١٢אאא
א
אאאא
189
٢٦Wאאא
א א א א א W SingleConversion א אDouble Conversion
W ١٢٦Wאא
אאא אLoadCriticalא ، א א א
א، Kא א وينقسم ھذا النوع بدوره إلى ثالثة أنواع א
مختلفة :
١١٢٦FאאStand By (Off line א א א ،א א א
אאאKאאא١ K F٦א J١٣ J א E
א א אאאא א א אא א א
אאF٦א J١٣ JE.
EFאאאאאא
א
אאאא
190
EFאאאאאאא F٦א J١٣Eאאאא
٢١٢٦אאאאFerro Resonant Standby אאאאא،אאא
، Kא א א א אא א א אא א א א אא א א
אFerroresonantF٦א J١٤KE
EFאאאא
א
אאאא
191
אאאאאEF F٦א J١٤EאאEאF
٣١٢٦אLine Interactive אאאאא א
،אאFאEאאאאKאאא،
אאאאאא،אאאאאא
F٦א J١٥E KF٦א J١٥E א א א א א Kא F٦א J١٥E
F٦א J١٥Eאא אא، Kא אF٦א J١٥E
אאאא אאאא،אKאא
א
אאאא
192
EFאאאא
EFאאאאאא
EFאאאאאא
א
אאאא
193
EFאאאאאאא ٦א J١٥אאאא
א
אאאא
194
٢٢٦אאאDouble‐ConversionOnlineUPS
אא א א א א א א
אא،אאאאKאאא،א
Kאאא א א א F٦ J١٦E אF א א –
א –א E א ، א א א א،א א א א אא א Kאא
،אא אא EאFאאאאאאK
F٦א J١٦Eאאאאא
א
אאאא
195
אא
١K ؟אאאא
٢K אאאאK ٣K Kאאאאא
٤K ؟אאאאאאאא
٥K אאאאא؟א
٦K אאאאא،אאאאK
٧K אאאאK
٨K אאאאאאאK
٩K אאאאאK
א
אאאא
196
אא
אא א Power Electronic for Technology, Prentice
Hall,1999 Ashfaq Ahmed
Power Electronic: Circuit, Devices, and Applications, Prentice-Hall 2004.
M. H. Rashid
Power Electronics, Nelson Thornes ,1995 David A Bradley
Power Electronics Converters, Applicatin and Design ,John Wiley, 1995
Ned Mohan Tore M
Spice For Power Electronics And Electric Power , Second Edition ,2006
M. H. Rashid Hasan M. Rashid