15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4 15.5 15.6 15.7 15

15.1 (global change )

15.1.1 15.1.2 15.1.3 15.1

15.1.1

H20(CO2)(CH4)(N2O)(CF6)(CFCs)(HFCs)

GREENHOUSE EFFECT Incoming sunlight warms the surface of the Earth and is radiated back to atmosphere. Greenhouse gases absorb some of this heat, trapping it in the atmosphere.

15.1.1.1 15.1.1.2 15.1.1.3 15.1.1

15.1.1.1 145%15%

CO2

Carbon accumulation CO2 has increased from its pre-industrial level data: recent records plus older data such as ice cores mostly fossil fuel burning

15.1. 1.2

15.1. 1.2

15.1.1.2

2630 3436

15.1. 1.2 103103

15.1.1.3

15.1.2 O33 25~40km

O2+180~240nm=O+OO+O2 =O3O3+200~320nm = O2+OO+O3 = O2+O2

DNADNA

CFCS

CFCS CFCS CFCS CFCS

Cl+O3= ClO+O2 ClO+O3=ClO2+O2 ClO2+ =Cl+O2100 000

19931070%

Chart1

2830

2940

2950

2300

km2

km2

km2

Sheet1

km2

9/3/002830

9/6/002940

9/25/062950

9/12/072300

Sheet1

0

0

0

0

km2

km2

km2

Sheet2

Sheet3

2000982000932830km2 200096

20061020

1994410%~ 20% 2008311

15.1.3

193019431948195219531956195519721968198419861986

20006251400

15.1.3 15.1.3.1 1215.1.3.2 15.1.3.3 15.1.3.4 15.1.3.5 15.1.3.6

15.1.3.1

H2SO4 11952SO2COFe2O3

1(photochemical smog)

()NOxCxHy

2(acid rain )pH5.65 H2SO4HNO3

1872

SH2SO4 S+O2SO2 SO2+H2OH2SO3 2H2SO3+O22H2SO4 S+O2SO2 2SO2+2H2O+O22H2SO4

a.NOHNO32NO+O22NO23NO2+H2O2HNO3+NO4NO+2H2O+3O24HNO3b.NO2HNO34NO2+2H2O+O24HNO3

(Acid rain) (Acid drop )

2006331

15.1.3.2 4

PCBs

biochemical oxygen demand, BODBODBOD

(chemical oxygen demand, COD)CODBOD/COD

1anywhere in the sea

(Red Tide )(Red Tide )(Eutrophication )

1

2

1878640 2060

70km

3

4

60%4

15.1.3.3 CO[()(TNT)],

15.1.3.3 2000104hm2130104hm2

15.1.3.4 7222

15.1.3.4

15.1.3.5 (Toxic pollution ) 209DDTP.H.Muller(18991965,)19481972DDT

15.1.3.6 60dB

BODCOD

15.2

15.2 15.2.1 15.2.1.1 15.2.1.2 15.2.1.3 15.2.2 15.2.2.1 15.2.2.2 15.2.2.3 15.2.2.4

15.2.1 15.2.1.1 (population explosion )

5074068 15.2.1.2

15.2.1.2

15.2.1.3 (Aging of population )6010%657%

657%14%14%25%7%14%20%1930197520274552189019752012853718651995201913024194520152050703519701996200626101999201620231772000202020292092000202720372710

15.2.2 (Non-depletion of resources)(Exhaustible resources )(Renewable natural resources )(Natural resources of non-update )

15.2.2.1

15.2.2.2 95%

3t 20251990330

15.2.2.3

1/42000hm28000300

15.2.2.4