摘 要摘 要

• 位于正文之前的一段概括性的文字。高度地概括了正文中叙述的内容，突出正文的重点，是正文实质性内容的介绍。

• 摘要不是正文的一部分，但又不能脱离正文而单独印行。这一部分要有高度的概括性和简明性，可以说是科技写作中最为困难的部分。

1. 1. 文摘的分类文摘的分类

• 科技文摘的体裁通常分为四种：• 陈述性文摘 (Descriptive Abstract)• 资料性文摘 (Informative Abstract)• 混 合 性 文 摘 (Descriptive and Informative

Abstract)• 评论性文摘 (Critical Abstract)

陈述性、资料性、混合性文摘用以客观地介绍论文的内容，可根据具体情况选择一种。评论性文摘用于介绍对某项进展所作的评论。

1.1 1.1 陈述性文摘陈述性文摘

• 也叫做论题性 (topical) 文摘。具有高度概括性。通常只是以标题性的手法介绍论文的论题和内容，以便突出所进行研究的特点。优点：篇幅短小，主题突出。一般不超过 150 个单词。

• 应用面最广的文摘体裁，适用于理论性、实验性或应用性研究论文。

1.1.1 1.1.1 实验性或应用性研究论文的陈述实验性或应用性研究论文的陈述性文摘一般介绍下列几项内容：性文摘一般介绍下列几项内容：

（ 1 ）提出问题，即进行了什么实验，或从事 了什么工程技术问题研究；

（ 2 ） 处理了什么问题；（ 3 ） 正文中是否提供结果或数据；（ 4 ） 正文中是否提出了结论或建议。

例例 11 ： ： Investigation on behaviors of AZ31 Investigation on behaviors of AZ31 magnesium alloy sheet in cold deep magnesium alloy sheet in cold deep drawingdrawing

Abstract: In order to find out how magnesium alloy sheet behaves in cold working, cold deep drawing experiments (at room temperature) along with Finite Element Analysis (FEA) have been conducted on the popular AZ31 magnesium alloy sheet after annealed under various conditions. The focus of the research has been laid on deformation load, fracture pattern, Limit Drawing Ratio (LDR), anisotropic effect, thickness distribution, and influence of the annealing conditions and the tool conditions on them.

1.1.2 1.1.2 理论性研究论文的陈述性理论性研究论文的陈述性文摘通常需说明下列内容：文摘通常需说明下列内容：

（ 1 ）所研究问题的领域和性质以及论题是什么；

（ 2 ） 研究的思路或所用的方法；（ 3 ） 有没有得出结果；（ 4 ） 有没有实际应用价值。

例例 22 ： ： Basic theoretical calculations Basic theoretical calculations of wind turbinesof wind turbines

Abstract: This report treats elements of basic turbine theory. The subjects are: aerodynamics of the horizontal shaft rotor including computation of loads and expected power production; structural static and dynamic analysis of the rotor blades; the use of asynchronous machines as generators for wind mills and various possibilities for control of the generator. The theoretical treatment is everywhere illustrated with examples to facilitate application of theory. All computer codes described in the report are available at Risoe National Laboratory for consulting services.

1.1.3 1.1.3 综述性研究报综述性研究报告需包括下列内容：告需包括下列内容：

（ 1 ） 涉及的领域或论题；（ 2 ） 报告中所综述的各种方法或发展动态；（ 3 ） 是否得出了结论。

例例 33 ： ： Durability methods development. Durability methods development. Volume II. Durability analysis: state-of-the-art Volume II. Durability analysis: state-of-the-art assessmentassessment

Abstract: A critical evaluation of three analytical approaches is made to determine their applicability and /or potential for analytically assuring airframe durability during the design stage. A suitable analytical format for quantifying durability damage is developed based on U.S. Air Force durability design specifications and durability analysis needs. Air Force durability requirements are briefly reviewed and discussed. Three potential approaches for durability damage analysis are conceptually evaluated and discussed: (1) Conventional Fatigue Analysis (Palmgren-Miner Rule); (2) Deterministic Crack Growth Approach and (3) Probabilistic Crack Growth Approach. The resulting evaluation provides the prerequisite work needed to develop a durability analysis methodology. The probabilistic crack growth approach found to be the most promising for developing the durability analysis methodology under phase 1.

1.1.4 1.1.4 陈述性文摘的行文陈述性文摘的行文

以 “ This report (paper, article,…) presents (discusses, describes,…) …” 开头。句子结构比较单一，也相对短一些。

典型的陈述性文摘： EI----Engineering Index

1.2 1.2 资料性文摘资料性文摘

资料性文摘是正文实质性内容的高度缩合，可以在一定程度上有效地起到正文的作用。资料性文摘包含有数据、方法、手段和结果等具体的技术性内容，所以在帮助读者决定是否进而阅读正文方面更为有效。

1.2.1 1.2.1 篇幅篇幅

资料性文摘在篇幅上通常比陈述性文摘要长，但一般也以不超过 300 词为宜。

1.2.2 适用范围

资料性文摘的适用范围比陈述性文摘小。在科技领域里，资料性文摘一般只适用于单项研究课题的文献，如：理论性研究报告、实验性研究报告、应用技术报告、以及新产品、新工艺的研制报告等。

1.2.3 1.2.3 内内容容

资料性文摘的内容在项目上与陈述性文摘基本相同。

它们的不同点在于： 陈述性文摘只作报导性说明，它向读者介绍正文中“有什么”，而资料性文摘必须提供正文中的实质性具体内容，向读者介绍“是什么”。资料性文摘往往突出新的发现，新的结论，或者独特的见解。但应注意，在文摘中提供的技术数据，只能采用叙述的方式，不宜采用图像、表格等其它方式，公式或结构图在原则上也不宜采用。

例例 4: 4: Investigation into carbon diffusion in Investigation into carbon diffusion in multicomponent iron alloys with chromium, nickel, multicomponent iron alloys with chromium, nickel, molybdenum and niobium in the range of –solid molybdenum and niobium in the range of –solid solutionssolutions Abstract: The effect of chromium, nickel, molybdenum, and

niobium on carbon diffusion in iron alloys with 15-20%Cr, 15-20%Ni, 0-2%Mo, and 0-1%Nb in the range of –solid solutions is studied by the method of planning the total factor experiment. The coefficients are determined using the numerical version of the method of integral residue and 14C radioactive isotope at 600, 700, 800 ˚C. It is shown that the value of the carbon diffusion coefficient is essentially influenced by chromium concentration variation: increasing the chromium concentration from the average (17.5%) to the upper (20%) level leads to reduction of the carbon diffusion coefficient approximately by 13%. The nickel effect on the carbon diffusion parameters, noticeable at 600˚C, decreases with the temperature increase. The molybdenum and niobium effect, on the contrary, becomes more noticeable at relatively high temperatures(800˚C). The effect of chromium, nickel, molybdenum, and niobium on the carbon diffusion parameters is not additive. 

1.3 1.3 混合性文摘混合性文摘

混合性文摘并不是一种独立的文摘体裁。陈述性文摘和资料性文摘在实际写作中并不互相排斥，往往在同一篇文摘中可同时兼带陈述性和资料性。一篇文摘可以基本上属于其中的一种体裁，而又在某种程度上兼有另一种体裁的特性，这种文摘叫做混合性文摘。

作者在选择文摘体裁时，必须以便于读者在最小的篇幅中，最大限度地了解正文所论述的具体内容为前提。

1.3.1 1.3.1 基本为陈述性，兼有资料性基本为陈述性，兼有资料性例 5: Numerical and experimental investigations on the

effect of the heating strategy and the punch speed on the warm deep drawing of magnesium alloy AZ31

Abstract: The present work has been focused on the warm deep drawing process by superimposing a thermal gradient between the blank center in contact with the punch and the blank flange (which is going to be drawn). Using such a technique the limit drawing ratio of Mg alloys can be dramatically improved. As a case of study, the forming of cylindrical AZ31 cups was investigated. In particular, the attention was focused on the forming temperature (in both the flange region and in the blank center). Finite element simulations were run in order to investigate the stress and strain distribution in the material determined by the temperature gradient and to validate experimental results. Tests highlighted that a LDR equal to 3.375 is possible when setting the temperature of the blank holder at 230˚C and the punch speed at 6mm/min.

1.3.2 1.3.2 基本为资料性，兼有陈述性基本为资料性，兼有陈述性例 6: Analysis of high-temperature deformation and

microstructure of an AZ31 magnesium alloy

Abstract: High-temperature plastic deformation and dynamic recrystallization of AZ31 extruded (EX) and heat treated (FA) alloy was investigated in the temperature range between 200 and 400˚C. High-temperature straining resulted in partial dynamic recrystallization above 250˚C; in the EX alloy recrystallization was complete at 300˚C, while a moderate grain growth was observed at 400˚C. The peak flow stress dependence on temperature and strain rate are described by means of the conventional sinh equation; the calculation of the activation energy for high temperature in the whole range of temperature deformation gives Q=155kJ/mol, i.e. a value that was found to be substantially different in EX and FA alloys; in particular, the EX alloy was characterized by a lower flow stress, a higher ductility and by a finer grain size of the dynamically recrystallized grains. These results are then discussed on the basis of the “necklace” mechanism of dynamic recrystallization.

1.4 1.4 评论性文摘评论性文摘

评论性文摘涉及的内容是对有关的研究项目或研究报告，就其质量或价值加以评论。

构成：（ 1 ）介绍作者所评论的研究项目的要点，这一

部分的篇幅应尽量限制。（ 2 ）文摘主体部分的是作者个人的看法。行文： 评论性文摘常常分成几个段落，行文必须用第三人称，一般以陈述性体裁为主。

22．科技文摘的行文规则．科技文摘的行文规则

2.1 文摘必须自成一体2.2 文摘必须忠实于正文2.3 文摘应以文字叙述为主要形式2.4 文字叙述应力求简炼2.5 叙述应尽可能具体2.6 客观介绍，不作评论

33．科技文摘的内容要点．科技文摘的内容要点

3.1 论文的论题3.2 进行这项研究的原因3.3 完成的具体工作3.4 取得的主要成果3.5 研究成果的意义3.6 就研究的进一步深入提出看法

44．英文科技文摘的写作过程和写作方．英文科技文摘的写作过程和写作方法法

4.1 科技文摘的写作过程 4.1.1 科技论文的写作过程 4.1.2 科技文摘的写作过程4.2 科技文摘的写作方法 4.2.1 中心词扩展法 4.2.2 论文目录扩展法 4.2.3 翻译法

4.1.1 科技论文的写作过程（ 1）整理研究素材，围绕主题筛选素材。（ 2）初步确定论文标题。（ 3）准备论文提纲。（ 4）写文摘初稿。（ 5）写正文。（ 6）确定论文正式标题。（ 7）文摘定稿。（论文若不是用英文写作，则需把标题和 文摘译成英文。）（ 8）把写作提纲整理成论文目录。（ 9）按出版机构的要求准备好清稿。

4.1 科技文摘的写作过程

4.1.2 科技文摘的写作过程

（ 1）选择适当的文摘体裁（ 2）确定文摘的具体内容（ 3）撰写文摘初稿（ 4）修改初稿并润色（ 5）最后定稿

44）） 修改初稿并润色修改初稿并润色

(1) 初稿中是否概括了论文的主要内容，其重要 内容是否有遗漏。(2) 初稿在逻辑和结构上是否合理。(3) 校核初稿中的各项内容是否准确，重点是否 突出，是否有过分细节性的部分可以删除， 或是否需要更具体一些。(4) 采用恰当的修辞手段，消除理应避免的重复 之处；或者把过多的一连串短句适当归并， 以便减少句子的数量，使文字更为简炼。

4.2.1 中心词扩展法1）将论文的主要部分或内容简缩为中心词2）★应用各种修辞手段（从属修辞）3）按合理的逻辑过程，把名词短语进行整 理、排列，确定文摘的基本结构。4）选用适当的动词，把它与名词短语适当 地结合，扩展成完整的句子，从而写出 文摘草稿。5）修改，定稿。

4.2 科技文摘的写作方法

例例 77 ：陈述性文摘写作过程的分解：陈述性文摘写作过程的分解（（ II ））

研究项目：用快速富里叶变换算法计算汉克尔变换主要内容：• 论题：介绍一种汉克尔变换的有效计算方案。• 方法：用二维富里叶变换项表达汉克尔变换，然后再简化为一维，用快速富里叶变换算法计算。

• 其它：附例题和计算机程序。

(1)(1) 确定中心词确定中心词

算法— algorithm ，计算— computation ，过程— procedure ，表达式— expression ，项— term ，维— dimension ，例子— example ，计算机程序— computer program 。

(2)(2) 把中心词扩展为名词短语把中心词扩展为名词短语 （注意冠词与名词的数） （注意冠词与名词的数）

算法→快速富里叶算法，algorithm→fast-Fourier Transform algorithm ，计算→汉克尔变换计算，computation→computation of Hankel Transforms ，过程→一种有效的数字过程，procedure→an efficient numerical procedure ，表达式→汉克尔变换表达式，expression→expression of Hankel Transform ，项→以二维富里叶变换为项，term→in terms of a two-dimensional Fourier Transform 。

(3)(3) 确定逻辑联系确定逻辑联系

algorithm 和 procedure 是 为 了 实 现computation ； Hankel Transform 和 简化是algorithm 的基础，简化以后才能计算

其它内容仅需作报导性说明，应放在最后。

(4)(4) 选用恰当的动词，把名词短语扩展成句子。选用恰当的动词，把名词短语扩展成句子。

论题： An efficient numerical procedure is presented for

the computation of Hankel Transforms.

方 法 ： The algorithm is based on the expression of

Hankel Transform in terms of a two-dimensional

Fourier Transform. Then the expression is reduced to

one dimension. After that it is evaluated by using the

Fast Fourier Transform algorithm.

其 它 ： Examples are presented and the computer

program is included.

标题： Computation of Hankel Transforms Using the

Fast-Fourier Transform Algorithm

（（ 55 ）修改，定稿。）修改，定稿。

Title: Computation of Hankel Transforms Using the Fast-

Fourier Transform Algorithm

Abstract: An efficient numerical procedure is presented for

the computation of Hankel Transforms. The algorithm is

based on the expression of the Hankel Transform in terms of

a two-dimensional Fourier Transform, which is then reduced

to only one dimension. The latter is then evaluated with the

Fast Fourier Transform algorithm. Examples are presented,

and a listing of the computer program included.

例例 88 ：陈述性文摘写作过程的分解：陈述性文摘写作过程的分解（（ IIII ））

研究项目：悬臂式机翼的颤动抑制实验主要内容： 论文主题：介绍悬臂式机翼的颤动抑制实验及其结果。 实验说明：机翼的控制面位于翼尖，实验在低亚音速风洞里进行。用应变仪测量机翼的偏移度，应变仪置于靠近翼根处。副翼用伺服电机驱动。

结果处理：把这次实验结果与先前的结果相比较。 结论：控制定律的系数可能对二维和三维模型稳定性有

不同的影响。

（（ 11）确定中心词）确定中心词

实验— experiment ，抑制— suppression ，面— surface ，尖— tip ，风洞— wind tunnel ，根— root ，应变仪— strain gage, 偏离度—

deflection ，比较— comparison ，系数— coefficient ，稳定性— stability ，影响— effect 。

(2)(2) 扩展成短语扩展成短语

实验→悬臂式机翼的主动型颤动抑制实验experiment→an experiment on active flutter suppression of a cantilever

wing

面→控制面， surface→control surface ，尖→在翼尖处， tip→at the wing tip

风洞→在低亚音速风洞， wind tunnel→in a low subsonic wind tunnel

根→靠近翼根处， root→near the root of the wing

偏离度→机翼的偏离度， deflection→deflection of the wing

系数→控制定律的系数， coefficient→the coefficient of the control law

比较→这次结果与前次结果的比较comparison→comparison between the present and previous results

影响→对……的稳定性的影响， effect→effect on the stability of …… 。

(3)(3) 确定逻辑联系确定逻辑联系

该文摘涉及一项实验，合理的行文次序应为：实验项目—特点—实验条件—实验数据测试手段—结果

处理—结论。

(4)(4) 选用恰当的动词，把名词短语扩展成句子。选用恰当的动词，把名词短语扩展成句子。

An experiment on active flutter suppression of a cantilever wing is described.

The control surface is at the wing tip.

The experiment is done in a low subsonic wind tunnel.

The deflection of the wing is measured by strain gages.

The gages are located near the root of the wing.

The aileron is driven by a servomotor.

Comparison between the present and previous results is made.

It is concluded that the coefficients of the control law may have a different effect

on the stability of the two- and three-dimensional models.

标题： Experiment on Active Flutter Suppression of a Cantilever Wing

（（ 55 ）修改，定稿。）修改，定稿。

Experiment on Active Flutter Suppression of a Cantilever Wing

Abstract: An experiment on active flutter suppression of a cantilever

wing with the control surface at the wing tip is described. The experiment

was done in a low subsonic wind tunnel. The deflection of the wing was

measured by stain gages located near the root of the wing. The aileron was

driven by a servomotor. Comparison was made between the present and

previous results. It is concluded that the coefficients of the control law

may have a different effect on the stability of the two- and three-

dimensional models.

把写作目标按内容分解，然后分而治之的方法。

（ 1 ）审阅论文目录。（ 2 ）把论文中有关章节的标题，逐条变换成能

概括该章主要内容的一个句子。

关键 :名词从属成分的修辞手法、选用恰当的动词 和句型。

4.2.2 论文目录扩展法

例例 9 9

CONTENTSThe need for genetic counseling (1)   Definition on genetic counseling(2)   Statistics on genetic defects(3)   Purpose of genetic counseling The counseling process(1)   Evaluating the needs of the counselees(2)   Taking a family history(3)   Estimate the risks(4)   Counseling the family(5)  Determination of a genetic disorder ： Amniocentesis （羊水诊断）， Karyotyping （细胞核定型法）， Fluorescent banding （荧光光谱法）， Staining （染色法）

(6)   Advantages of genetic screening: Lower cost, Increased availability

ABSTRACT :ABSTRACT :

(1) Genetic counseling is a service for people with a history of hereditary disease. (2) One in 17 births contains some defect; one fourth of the patients in hospitals are victims of genetic disease (including diabetes( 糖尿病 ), mental retardation, and anemia （ 贫 血 ） ). One of every 200 children born has chromosome abnormalities. (3) Genetic counseling offers parents an alternative to genetically diseased children and assistance for those with already afflicted children. (4) The first step in counseling is to evaluate the needs of the parents. (5) A family history is prepared and (6) risks of future children being afflicted are evaluated. (7) The life expectancy and possible methods of treatment of any afflicted child can also be determined. (8) Four prenatal （ 出生前 ） tests are used to determine if a genetic disorder is present: amniocentesis, karyotyping, fluorescent banding, and staining.(9) The development of these four relatively simple methods has lowered the cost of genetic counseling and increased its availability.

4.2.3 4.2.3 翻译法翻译法

要避免按中文的字面意义逐字逐句地生搬硬译的倾向。选词要从技术概念的角度出发，取其本质性的含义；要注意介词及其它结构词的配用关系；还要注意中、英文两种语言的行文差别。在冠词的使用、名词的单复数、人称的一致性、动词的时态和语态、以及各种修辞手段的应用等方面，要遵循英文的习惯用法，从而使译文结构紧凑、内容具体、关系明确、语言规范。

例例 110 0 用最小二乘法拟合齿轮寿命试验用最小二乘法拟合齿轮寿命试验数据的方法数据的方法

(1) 本文探讨应用最小二乘法拟合齿轮疲劳试验数据，建立齿轮疲劳曲线的函数关系式。 (2) 文中编制了求解疲劳曲线的 ALGOL 程序和 BASIC 程序。 (3)

并利用电子计算机绘制出齿轮的疲劳试验曲线。(4) 本文探讨的方法，建立的函数式以及计算和绘图程序，可以推广用于一般金属疲劳试验件或三角皮带。

A Least Square Method for Fitting the Test Data of Gear Life

Abstract:A least square method for fitting the test data of gear life is dealt with and the expression of the gear fatigue curve is derived. Programs in ALGOL and BASIC are presented for the computation of the fatigue curve and the experimental fatigue curve of the gear is plotted with the aid of a computer. The method proposed, the expression derived and the programs for computation and plotting can be extended in use to the fatigue testing of common metals or V-belts.

55．英文科技文摘的语法修辞．英文科技文摘的语法修辞

5.1 名词的扩展5.2 结构的简明化5.3 语态的应用5.4 时态的应用

• 含义清楚，结构简明，表达确切。• 含义清楚：所包含的意思能一目了然。• 结构简明：只用一些足以表达文摘基本意思的

词，直接点明主题，力求避免同样概念的重复。• 表达确切：避免使用不科学的、不贴切的表达

词语。• 文摘行文的修辞特点：谓语短，主语或宾语（包括介词宾语）长。

写好英文文摘的关键：正确而适当地使用名词 + 修饰成分的各种修辞手段

5.1 5.1 名词的扩展名词的扩展

5.1.1 名词 + 动词不定式（短语）5.1.2 名词 + 分词（短语）5.1.3 名词 + 介词短语5.1.4 名词（修饰语） + 名词5.1.5 名词 + 形容词短语5.1.6 名词 + 定语从句5.1.7 名词扩展的各种修辞手段的混合应用

5.1.1 5.1.1 名词名词 ++ 动词不定式（短语）动词不定式（短语）

通常进一步说明该名词所表达的问题或项目的目的、处理方法，或进一步限制所论述问题的某些方面，使其更为具体。有主动和被动两种形式，往往有将要进行，或有待进行的内在含义。

Some factors to be considered in using pitch control agents were discussed.

Methods to establish the main sources of noise and effectiveness of structural redesign are reviewed.

5.1.2 5.1.2 名词名词 ++ 分词（短语）分词（短语）• 使用动宾结构或动状结构作为名词的后置定语• 作用：1）进一步限制论题的范围，说明所做的研究工作的方向、起因、目的等；2）提供研究或处理问题的具体做法的细节，如实验条件、对研究对象采取

的技术措施等；3）提供有关研究项目的时间、地点、方式、伴随情况等资料。• 若有被动或完成的含义，应选用过去分词，若有主动和进行

的含义，应选用现在分词。The calculations needed for the interpretation of the experimental data are

presented.A brief discussion of a phase transition occurring in the laboratory is also

given.

• 可带不定式短语说明有关项目的目的。An effort conducted at Sandia National Laboratories to develop a

televiewer for operation in a geothermal environment is described.

Studies dealing with the use of wood to produce synthetic fuels are

excluded.

5.1.3 5.1.3 名词名词 ++ 介词短语介词短语

1）一般提供时间、地点、方式、研究领域或范围、条件、伴随情况以及一些数量关系等方面的资料。应用上有较大的自由度。

2 ）受名词约束，与名词相呼应。应用的自由度较小。在使用时须注意名词与介词的固定搭配关系。

• The relationship between two different theoretical approaches to the thermal expansion of defects is discussed.

• Substitution of steel by concrete and future chances of the application of steel are considered.

• Parametric variations are applied using two-dimensional finite element models to determine the sensitivity to changes in mining and design parameters.

5.1.4 5.1.4 名词（修饰语） 名词（修饰语） ++ 名名词词

• 作用：对主导词作性质性或技术性说明，有时还与形容词前置修饰语相结合，达到叙述简炼、明确的效果。

• 类型：• 重叠式名词做前置修饰语：组合时应注意排列得当，原则是

关系越紧密，限制性越直接者，应离主导名词（中心词）越近。• 复合名词做前置修饰语：名词 + 名词，形容词、数词、动名

词、分词等 + 名词，名词 +动名词，这些形式有时在词间用连词符连接。还常常可以插进副词。

• 注意： • 使用上有一定的局限性 • 作前置修饰语的名词的数

5.1.5 5.1.5 名词名词 ++ 形容词短语形容词短语

• 形式：只作后置修饰语 • 形容词 +副词： suitable properly• 形容词 + 不定式： easy to operate• 形容词 + 介词短语： available in any field

• 作用：• 可能扩大对主导名词的修饰范围 • 为采用名词性前置修饰语创造条件 • 用逗号与所修饰的名词隔开时，相当于一个非限制性定语从句。This research is for the study of microscopic processes relevant to

the decomposition of energetic materials.Discusses the basic principles underlying the revolutionary change

from the telephones as used now to the new home terminals, capable of providing not only the telephone service but also telecopy, video and teletext, remote alarm and measurements, etc.

5.1.6 5.1.6 名词名词 ++ 定语从句定语从句

• 最后的选择 • 作用：文摘的层次更分明，结构更紧凑。 • 类型：限制性和非限制性 • 分隔现象： • 被修饰的名词带有另一个关系更为密切的介词后置修饰语。• 句子的主语带有定语从句，篇幅较长，而谓语部分又很短。为了使句子平衡，便于读者理解，往往把谓语部分提到定语从句之前。

• The algorithm is robust in that it can handle image sequences that are quantified rather coarsely in additive noise.

The total errors, which include the precision and the accuracy, are inferior to 25% in practically all cases, which allows the inclusion of the methods in the ‘Excellent’ category, according to McFarren’s statistical criterion.

5.2 5.2 结构的简明化结构的简明化

5.2.1 隔裂修饰5.2.2 形式主语“ it” 的应用5.2.3 倒装5.2.4 省略5.2.5 句子的长短和长短句交替

5.2.1 5.2.1 隔裂修饰隔裂修饰

• 概念：在提出了说明论题或概念的主导名词后，立即插入谓语部分，而把主导名词的后置修饰语放在谓语之后，形成主导名词与其后置修饰语被分隔的语言现象。

• 类型：修辞性隔裂和结构性隔裂。• 修辞性隔裂：为了使句子的层次更分明，或为了保持全句的平衡而进行的语序调整。是人为的选择，不是不可避免的。

• 结构性隔裂：句子的正常结构所要求的，是不可避免的。 • 形式：• 主语 +被动式谓语 +主语的修饰语• 主语 +被动式谓语 +定语从句• 名词 +介词（或分词）短语 +定语从句• 名词 +介词短语 +被动式谓语 +定语从句• 名词 +介词短语（ I） + 介词短语（ II）

11 ）主语）主语 ++ 被动式谓语被动式谓语 ++ 主语的修饰语主语的修饰语

主语修饰语：不定式、分词、形容词短语或介词短语。Comparisons could be made between the adjacent resilient

and steel screen decks under similar operating conditions. （介词短语）

A study was performed to assess the current state of the art of carbon technology in respect to the application of carbon materials in phosphoric acid fuel cells. （不定式短语）

A hydraulic system was constructed using switches to simulate pump failures. （分词短语）

Performance evaluations are also included relative to air purification processes. （形容词短语）

22 ）主语）主语 ++ 被动式谓语被动式谓语 ++ 定语从句定语从句

• Approximate formulas are also developed

which are sufficiently accurate for technical

applications.

• A multivariate linear least squares fit is used

in which both dependent and independent

variables may be subjected to statistical

variations.

33 ）名词）名词 ++ 介词（或分词）短语介词（或分词）短语 ++ 定语从句定语从句

• 名词是指定语从句修饰的主导名词，它同时也被介词（或分词）短语所修饰。

• This paper develops approximate theoretical methods of

general interest which compared favorably with the

experimental results.

• Other options for decreasing the risks associated with

trolley systems that arose during the study are briefly

discussed in the appendices.

44 ）名词）名词 ++ 介词短语介词短语 ++ 被动式谓语被动式谓语 ++ 定语从句定语从句

• 兼有主语+被动式谓语 +定语从句和名词+介词（或分词）短语+定语从句的特点，在被修饰的名词与定语从句之间，插入了介词短语，是一种复合式隔裂修饰。

• Approximate theoretical methods of general interest are developed which compared favorably with the experimental results.

• A method for finding the optical flow pattern is presented which assumes that the apparent velocity of the brightness pattern varies smoothly almost everywhere in the image.

55 ）名词）名词 ++ 介词短语（介词短语（ II ）） ++ 介词短语介词短语（（ IIII ））

• 两个介词短语都修饰同一名词，介词短语（ II ）因此而被介词短语（ I ）隔裂。应用这一结构的条件是，介词短语（ II ）必须与被修饰的名词有某种固定搭配关系，否则会使句子层次不清。介词短语（ I ）多用 of 短语。

• The effect of the precision of a digital data acquisition system on the data and the integrals is the subject of this report from the point of view of digital data anslysis using various word sizes.

( the effect f A on B, on)• Reduction of up to 17 percent in required torque were measured.( reduction of N in A, in)• Application of Schwinger and Kohn variational principles to

scattering by a simple model potential gives results which clearly illustrate this relationship.

( application of A to B, to)

5.2.2 5.2.2 形式主语“形式主语“ it”it” 的应用的应用• 优点：① 可使句子相对地匀称；

② 避免了使用人称，从而减少了主观色彩，使叙述显得客观一些。 • 缺点：① 形式主语“ it”强占了句中重要的和强调的位置，使句子的语气变弱；② 这种结构推迟了重要概念和事实的出现；③ 用词不经济，多用了一个 that 从句；④ 表达显得迂回，好象在回避责任，容易使读者怀疑作者的论据不够有力。

• 常用结构：• It is +形容词 + 主语从句 • It is +名词 + 主语从句 • It is + 不及物动词 + 主语从句 • It is +被动语态 + 主语从句

5.2.3 5.2.3 倒装倒装

• 修辞性倒装：采用把谓语动词提到句首的倒装结构。不仅能引人注目，而且还能使语言通畅。并不是必不可少的，是否采用完全取决于作者的选择。

Also discussed are the techniques of determination, and identification of pesticide chemical components.

Among these is the assumption of a reciprocal transducer.Also covered is work on preservation of artifacts and remote

sensing for the site location.

• 结构性倒装：是英文句型所要求的倒装。在文摘中使用不多。Not only do these conditions have a marked influence on the

appearance of the meat, but they directly affect the capital and running costs of the refrigeration plant.

Not only must assumptions be made carefully, they must never be forgotten.

5.2.4 5.2.4 省略省略• 状语从句的省略：由连接词直接加上分词或形容词构成的。这

类连接词常见的有 when, if , however, unless 等。• If properly exploited, the system permits both the vertical and

horizontal relative motions to be reduced.

• 并列句的省略：两个由连词（或没有连词）连接的并列句，后面一个句子可省略跟前面一句重复的部分，特别是当后面一个句子的谓语含有“ to be”时，通常可省去。

• Using digital voltmeters the commutation curve can be plotted and the permeability determined.

• 主语的省略：若文摘起首句的主语是非人称名词，如“ This paper” “、 This report”等，而谓语又是一般现在时，则可把该非人称名词主语省去，这样，文摘就以动词的第三人称单数形式开头。

• Solves the differential equations describing the electrical conductivity of a copper-clad aluminum conductor produced by the extrusion method as a way of economizing on the use of copper.

5.3 5.3 语态的应用语态的应用5.3.1 被动语态的应用 可以避免提及有关的执行者，使行文显得客观；在结构上有较大的调节余地，有利于采用恰当的修辞手段，扩展名词短语，扩大句子的信息量；还能使作为主语的名词短语位于句首，有利于突出有关的概念、问题、事实和结论等内容。 例 11 ：文摘中被动语态的应用

Application of Kalman Filtering to the Kinemetic Reconstruction of Free Flight of Catapulted Aircraft Models in the Laboratory

Application

Abstract: A Kalman filtering procedure was developed in order to improve results obtained with a catapult and aircraft model. Application of this procedure is criticized. It is concluded that the procedure as it stands is unreliable. Reconfiguration of the filtering system is recommended. A protocol of tests intended to determine acceptable performance of the system is presented.

5.3.2 主动语态的应用

作用：比被动语态在结构上更简炼；在表达上更为直接有力；可突出动词所表达的内容。

形式： * 非人称名词Examples illustrate the use of the method. (Examples are given to illustrate the use of the method.) *the author 或 authors The authors describe a detailed study on these problems. * 第一人称复数 we We propose an indirect way to study some solutions. * this paper ， this report ， this article 等说明论文类别的名词

This report describes the results of analysis and experiment on the

thermal stress around the reactor vessel nozzle.

5.4 5.4 时态的应用时态的应用

5.4.1 一般现在时5.4.2 一般过去时5.4.3 现在完成时5.4.4 一般将来时和过去将来时5.4.5 现在进行时5.4.6 各种时态在文摘中的混合应用5.4.7 文摘的时态结构规则总结

5.4.1 5.4.1 一般现在时一般现在时

• 介绍论文的有关内容，如论文的目的（不是指所介绍的研究项目的目的）、论题和具体内容；

• 用于对一般事实的描述，或对研究项目的背景知识的介绍；

• 叙述普遍性真理，或被作者的研究证明是正确的结果和结论；

• 指出新的理论和建议；• 描述研究方案、思路、方法和过程。

5.4.2 5.4.2 一般过去时一般过去时

• 说明某一具体项目的发展情况，包括时间、地点、资助单位以及某一连续性研究项目的历史性发展概况等；

• 介绍科学或技术研究项目的具体资料，包括这一研究项目的目的，该项目研制过程中出现的具体情况和做法，观察到的现象和得到的数据、结果的具体应用情况等；

• 用于虚拟语气中，以委婉的方式提出理论上探讨的方案和可能达到的效果。

5.4.3 5.4.3 现在完成时现在完成时

• 在说明论题的发展背景时，指出该项研究尚存在着的空白领域，以便与后文提出的论文主题相呼应，达到突出重要性的效果；

• 在介绍业已结束的研究项目时，强调该项目已经完成，而不强调该项目进行的具体时间；

• 在叙述某一实验过程时，指出进行正式研究前所做的预备工作。

5.4.6 5.4.6 各种时态在文摘中的混合应用各种时态在文摘中的混合应用

•现在时与过去时的混合应用 • 以现在时为主，过去时为辅；• 以过去时为主，现在时为辅；• 现在时与过去时交替应用。•现在完成时与其它时态混合应用 •多种时态的混合应用 ：文摘在时态的应用

上比较单纯，一般采用一到两种时态便足以表达有关内容。但有时为了使时间上的层次更清楚，或为了满足表达在语气上的要求，往往使应用的时态在三种以上。

5.4.7 5.4.7 文摘的时态结构规则总结文摘的时态结构规则总结

同样的一项内容，若作者从介绍论文的内容出发，应该选用一般现在时；若作者以介绍研究项为出发点，则应该以一般过去时为主；如果作者希望在介绍研究要点的同时，强调某些工作已经进行，或强调已经取得的进展，就应适当选用现在完成时。此外，凡属规律性的发现，或被研究所证明为普遍正确的结论性的说明，不管文摘的基本时态是什么，都可以用一般现在时叙述。

66．文摘的标题和起首句．文摘的标题和起首句

6.1 文摘的标题6.2 文摘的起首句 6.2.1 直接式起首句 6.2.2 间接式起首句 6.2.3 文摘标题与起首句的呼应关系

6.1 6.1 文摘的标题文摘的标题

• 标题既要简短明了，又必须概括全篇、突出重点。• Testing of a New Type Main Rotor System• Performance Testing of a Main Rotor System for

a Utility Helicopter at 1/4 Scale• An Application of Remote Sensing Technique• Application of Remote Sensing to the Study of

the Dispersion of Pollutants in the Atomshpere

6.2 6.2 文摘的起首句文摘的起首句

6.2.1 直接式起首句：开门见山地说明论文或研究项目的论题和有关资料。

① 主语 ( 一般是说明文摘性质的名词 )+谓语动词 ( 主动语态 )+宾语或其它成分 ② 主语（名词） +名词从属成分 +被动态谓语 + 其它成分 ③ The purpose/aim of ….+is + to 不定式 或 主语 + 被动态谓语 + to 不定式 ④ 说明一项十分具体的研究成果的文摘，可以用性能描述作为起首句。 ⑤ 用“ we”作主语的起首句 ⑥ 用“ author” 作主语的起首句6.2.2 间接式起首句：不直截了当地介绍研究课题，而是首先说明

研究动态、该课题的发展情况以及背景等，然后才引入正题 . 6.2.3 文摘标题与起首句的呼应关系 : 起首句必须做到对标题

的内容有所延伸和扩展 .

Thanks!