第三章否定、被动语态、比较等级

第三章否定、被动语态、

比较等级

主讲：秦荻辉教授

西安电子科技大学

§3.1 否定

1 、全否定：一般要用“ none,no,neither”来表示，意为都；均。

普通的窗户均承受（ withstand ）不了这么大的力。


§3.1 否定

1 、全否定：一般要用“ none,no,neither”来表示，意为都；均。

None of the ordinary windows [= No ordinary windows] can withstand so large a force.


2 、部分否定：

一般用 “ all,both, every”+ not 来表示，意为并非都。

This parameter （参数） does not change during all time intervals.

Eq. (1 – 5) cannot be satisfied by all values of x.


§3.1 否定

3 、否定的转移

（ 1 ）主句中有表示“相信”、“认为”等臆想动词否定式时，一般汉译时否定在从句中。（在科技文中不常见）


§3.1 否定

not +

thinkfeelsupposebelieveimagine

+ that 从句

They don’t think that this answer to the problem is right .


§3.1 否定～ 3 、否定的转移

（ 2 ）

appearseemhappen

的否定式 + 主语从句

动词不定式

It does not appear that this value satisfies the equation.

This computer does not seem to be so good as that one.



This disease does not affect most animals as it does humans.

These layers （层） are not “stretched”（能拉伸的） as a rubber sheet would be.

（ 3 ）主句中有 not [no, rather than, instead of] + as 从句或短语（或 the way … ）：

译成“并不像…那样～”。



The presence of the minus sign indicates that the current of 1.5 A flows from C to F, and not from F to C as shown. The HIGH-level output voltages for both OR and NOR are between – 0.81 and – 0.96 V rather than – 0.8 V, as predicted（预计） by Eq. (2 – 9).



The majority of distance communication in the future could well be computer-to-computer, not person-to-person as at present.



The Maxwell relations （关系式） are not modified （修正） by relativity （相对论） as Newton’s relations are when particle （质点） velocities approach the speed of light .



1 、带有双宾语动词（ tell, inform, convince, give, assign, deny 等等）的被动语态（在谓语后存在一个“保留宾语”）

In this case some of the users will be denied （拒绝给予） permission （允许） .

Each of the users has been assigned a frequency band .


§3. 2 被动语态

We are told by Ohm’s law that the current in a circuit is proportional to the applied voltage .

If the reader is not convinced that P is a maximum when R = r, he should verify it by the used （惯常的） calculus （微积分） method .


§3. 2 被动语态

In 1858 Darwin （达尔文） was sent a scientific paper by a man called Alfred Wallace. A thorough exposition is accorded principles of a computer in this book.

We are given that the coefficient of sliding friction （滑动摩擦） between box and floor is μ.


§3. 2 被动语态

2 、“不及物动词 + 介词” = “ 及物动词”的被动语态

Electronic radar systems are relied on for a safe flight from one airport to another.


§3. 2 被动语态

In this case the work done is accounted for by an increase in potential energy.

This topic will be dealt with in the next chapter.

Actually, this result could have been arrived at intuitively （直观地） .


§3. 2 被动语态

3 、“及物动词 + 名词 + 介词” =“ 及物动词”（ make use of, pay attention to, take care of, make mention of 等等）的被动语态

Full use must be made of the computers available.


§3. 2 被动语态

注意：这里并不是“ be made of [ 由……制成 ]” 这一词组的含义。而是“ make full use of ” 的被动形式。


§3. 2 被动语态

The computers available must be made full use of.

Use is made of this characteristic （特性） in feedback （反馈） amplifier design.

The protective （保护的） resistance should be made use of in the usual way.

又如：


§3. 2 被动语态

In the quantum （量子） theory of the atom no use is made of these models.


§3. 2 被动语态

必须充分利用现有的设备。（要求使用“ make use of” 的被动形式）

*** 汉译英：


§3. 2 被动语态

Full use must be made of the devices available.


§3. 2 被动语态

4 、由“

getbecomeremainappearcome

+ 过去分词”构成的被动句（强调状态）

The energy that is stored in the inductor（电感器） and capacitor eventually （最终） gets dissipated （消耗） by the resistor.


§3. 2 被动语态

The air throughout the room becomes heated by convection currents （对流的气流） .

The gate （门电路） will remain closed by the low input until the clock pulse arrives.

This system can come equipped with a radio frequency wireless keyboard and mouse (optional). [ 备有 ]


§3. 2 被动语态

5 、科技文中不能有被动形式、不得用过去分词作定语的常见情况

（ 1 ）不及物动词

the resulting equation; the existing algorithms; the newly emerging approach

( 几个特例： the fallen leaves; the elapsed time; the arrived train; the worked hours)


§3. 2 被动语态

（ 2 ）表示状态的及物动词（ have, afford 等）

（ 3 ）表示被动含义的“不及物动词 + 介词”

consist of “ 由……组成”

result from “ 由……引起”

arise from “ 由……引起”


§3. 2 被动语态

serve as “ 用作为……；起……作用”act as

“ 用作为……；起……作用” behave as

“ 用作为……；起……作用”

（ 4 ）表示被动含义的“及物动词 + 名词”（ find use [applications]“ 得到应用”）


§3. 2 被动语态

function as “ 用作为……；起……作用”

1 、表示“……得多”的句型

一些程度副词 + 比较级

常见的程度副词有： much, very much, far, by far, well, greatly, a lot, a great deal, considerably, appreciably, significantly, substantially, incredibly, enormously, immeasurably 等。


§3.3 比较等级

This computer is much smaller than that one. Most computer facilities （设施） continue to protect their physical machine far better than they do their data.

This circuit requires many more components （元件） than the circuit shown on page 3.


§3.3 比较等级

If q2 is HIGH, it means that two mo

re CLi pulses （脉冲） than CLo pulses a

rrive. Equation (8 – 10) contains much more than a mere description of how the gain（增益） saturates （饱和） .


§3.3 比较等级

2 、表示“越来越……”的句型（ 1 ）最常用的方式

对单音节词：采用“～ er and ～ er”

对多音节词：采用“ more and more ～” Electronic devices are becoming smaller and smaller but more and morecomplicated .


§3.3 比较等级

（ 2 ）采用“ ever + ～ er” （主要用于单音节词）

Computers are ever smaller.

（ 3 ）采用“ increasingly + 原级”（主要用于多音节词） Computers are getting increasingly complicated .


§3.3 比较等级

（ 4 ）“含有比较级的主句 + 表示时间的as- 从句 [ 随着 ]”

The skin effect （集肤效应） is more pronounced （明显的） as the frequency increases.

The accelerating （加速） force becomes smaller as the body approaches the center.


§3.3 比较等级

3 、“ as 形容词 as 数量”要译成“ ～达 [ 到 ]……”

这块芯片 (chip) 薄达零点几毫米（ millimeter ）。


§3.3 比较等级

This chip is as thin as a few tenths of a millimeter. [ ≠ This chip is a few tenths of a millimeter thin.]


§3.3 比较等级

地球离月球的距离远达 24 万英里。


§3.3 比较等级

The distance of the earth from the moon is as great as 240,000 mi.


§3.3 比较等级

Efficiencies of as much as 99% are achieved in large transformers （变压器） .


§3.3 比较等级

4 、在“ as …as” 句型中省去第 2 个“ as 部分”的情况

Digital transmission need not have as high an S/N ratio. [可看成省去了“ as analog transmission”] To dissipate （耗散） 50 watts of heat, the temperature difference must be twice as great.


§3.3 比较等级

Measuring anything means comparing it with some standard to see how many times as big it is. [可看成省去了“ as the standard”]

How many times as great is the kinetic energy if the velocity is doubled?


§3.3 比较等级

A force which causes a body to have twice the acceleration （加速度） another force produces must be twice as great.


§3.3 比较等级

5 、一种特殊的“ as … as” 句型

as many (+ 名词 A) as there are + 名词 B

译成“有多少个 B就有多少个 A”


§3.3 比较等级

There are as many designs as there are designers.

These energy bands （能带） are actually composed of a multitude of （许许多多） individual （单个） energy levels（能级） , as many as there are atoms in the crystal （晶体） .


§3.3 比较等级

6、句型“ more 名词 A than 名词 B”译成“与其说是 B 不如说是 A” The design and implementation （实现） of programming languages has been more art than science .


§3.3 比较等级

7、“ much 和 long” 常起形容词和名词的双重作用

The flip-flop （触发器） can stay high for as long as 2 min.

The recommended practice is to let Rs

contribute as much of 45 Ω as possible.


§3.3 比较等级

8、表示最高级的比较范围“在……之中”时“ of ” 和“ in” 的用法区别

in ：后跟表示整体的集合名词单数

Of all physical properties of matter, electrical resistance perhaps shows the greatest range of values.

of ：后跟可数名词复数


§3.3 比较等级

9 、表示“……越～，……就越～”的句型

(1) 通常的句型

“the + 比较级 … [条件从句部分 ] ， the + 比较级 … [ 主句部分 ]”


§3.3 比较等级

导线越细，你获得的电阻就越大。


§3.3 比较等级

The thinner the wire, the more resistance you will obtain.


§3.3 比较等级

该物体被提得越高，它具有的位能就越大。


§3.3 比较等级

The higher the body is lifted, the more potential energy it possesses.


§3.3 比较等级

The smaller the time interval ∆t, the more closely does v∆t approach the actual displacement （位移） .

The greater the nuclear mass, the less of the neutron’s （中子的） energy is transferred （转移） to the nucleus （原子核） .


§3.3 比较等级

颜色越深，它吸收（ absorb ）的热就越多。


§3.3 比较等级

The darker the color (is), the more heat it will absorb.


§3.3 比较等级

（ 2 ）特殊句型

特点： ① “ 主句部分”在前，“从句部分”在后

② 两部分之间无逗号分开


§3.3 比较等级

③ “ 主句部分”的比较级前一般不用“ the” Skin effect is greater the higher the frequency.

The particles move more freely the higher the temperature.


§3.3 比较等级

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第三章 否定、被动语态、 比较等级

第三章否定、被动语态、比较等级