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7 (WPS) (PQR) . . Welding Process Material Type Electrode Type, Filler Wire Type (Classification) Material Thickness Polarity (AC, DC+ve / DC-ve) Pre-Heat Temperature Heat Input

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11Included angleRoot GapRoot FaceAngle of bevelSingle-V Butt11 .

12FilletDesign Throat Vertical Leg LengthHorizontal leg LengthExcess Weld Metal 13

14tempered zonegrain growth zonerecrystallised zonepartially transformed zoneMaximum Temperaturesolid-liquid Boundarysolid weld metalunaffected basematerial15Misalignment (hi-lo)UndercutUnderfillConcavity or ConvexityExcessive reinforcementImproper reinforcementOverlapBurn-throughIncomplete or Insufficient PenetrationIncomplete FusionSurface irregularityOverlapArc StrikesInclusionsSlagWagontracksTungsten SpatterArc CratersCracksLongitudinalTransverseCraterThroatToeRootUnderbead and Heat-affected zoneHotCold or delayedBase Metal DiscontinuitiesLamellar tearingLaminations and DelaminationsLaps and SeamsPorosityUniformly ScatteredClusterLinearPipingHeat-affected zone microstructure alterationBase Plate laminationsSize or dimensions (Under Cut) . (1/32 ).1616 (Under Cut)17

17 (Concavity) . .1818 (Convexity) .19 (Porosity)20Cluster porosityGas poreBlow holeRoot pipingHerringbone porosity20 (Porosity)21

21 (Lack of fusion)22

22 () (Spatter)23

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Crater cracks(Star cracks)Crater pipe . .26

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Tensile SpecimensFracture Fillet SpecimenCTOD SpecimenCharpy SpecimenBend Test Specimen 29All-Weld Metal Tensile SpecimenTransverse Tensile Specimen 30

31usually the hardest region1.5 to 3mmHAZfusion line or fusion boundary 32

. 350 . 600 30 .3330600mm

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Colour contrast PenetrantFluorescent PenetrantBleed out viewed under a UV-A light sourceBleed out viewed under white light .38

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Crack42

Porosity43 .

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Lack of fusionSlag inclusion46 Lack of penetration47

Slag inclusion48

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.50initial pulsedefect echodefectdefectdefect01020304050CRT Display01020304050initial pulsedefect echoCRT Display SkipFull Skip