Моделирование образования озона в атмосфере города

Моделирование образования озона в атмосфере города

А.В.СтарченкоТомский государственный

университет

ENVIROMIS2004, Tomsk, 16-22 July 2004

Проблема качества атмосферного воздуха в городах

Tomsk

Первичные загрязнители воздуха в городах

оксид углерода диоксид и другие производные серы углеводороды оксиды азота органические соединения твердые и жидкие частицы


Загрязнение тропосферы газами обычно приводит к образованию канцерогенного фотохимического тумана, называемого смогом

Los Angeles

Вторичные загрязнители атмосферного воздуха в городах

При образовании фотохимического смога имеют место реакции, входящие в так называемый фотохимический цикл озона, когда под действием интенсивного солнечного излучения в ультрафиолетовом диапазоне образуются различные соединения, обладающие высокой реакционной способностью. Тем самым инициируется сложный механизм генерации таких опасных для человека веществ как озон, пероксиацетилнитраты, пероксид водорода H2O2, альдегиды и другие.

Основные реакции образования озона

R - радикалы O - атомарный

кислород O3 - озон NO - оксид азота NO2 - диоксид азота hv - ультрафиоле-

товое солнечное излучение

Озон в приземном слое воздуха относится к одному из наиболее токсичных примесей воздуха, поскольку оказывает неблагоприятное воздействие как на биологические объекты, так и на элементы технологической среды. Поэтому по решению ВМО он включен в переченьосновных соединений, за которыми должен бытьустановлен постоянный контроль в населенных пунктах

Максимальная разовая ПДК для О3 = 160мкг/м3 или 80 ppb


Воздействие озона

Максимальнаяконцентрация втечение часа

Эффект

100 мкг/м3 (50ppb) Головная боль

300мкг/м3(150ppb) Раздражение глаз

500мкг/м3 (250ppb) Кашель, дискомфортв легких

В последние десятилетия математические модели широко

используются:

для проведения сценарных расчетов с целью выявления характерных особенностей распространения загрязнений над выбранной территорией при различных погодных условиях,

при установлении вклада отдельных источников или их ансамблей (промышленного предприятия, автомагистрали) в общую картину загрязнения, что имеет особое значение при проектировании новостроек, оценки развития аварийных ситуаций на объектах повышенной опасности.

Компьютерная моделирующая система ТГУ и ИОА СО РАН

блок инициализации (данные о поверхности, наземные наблюдения и вертикальные профили метеопараметров, база данных о точечных, площадных и линейных источниках загрязнения)

мезомасштабная негидростатическая модель модель переноса примеси блок визуализации

Негидростатическая метеорологическая модель

система координат, учитывающая рельеф поверхности

негидростатические трехмерные гидродинамические уравнения

3D уравнения энергии и влажности двухпараметрическая «k-l» модель

турбулентности технология вложенных расчетов усвоение данных наблюдений

Модель переноса примеси

3D уравнения турбулентной диффузии для основных загрязнителей атмосферного воздуха (пыль, CO, SO2, NO2)

учет сухого осаждения в рамках модели сопротивления

база данных о точечных, площадных и линейных источниках г. Томска

Современные транспортные модели атмосферной химии используют:

Carbon Bond IV (CBIV) механизм - 36 газовых компонентов, 93 химические реакции (11 фотохимических), (1989)

Regional Acid Deposition Model (RADM2) механизм - 57 газовых компонентов, 158 химических реакций (21 фотохимических), (1990)

Regional Atmospheric Chemistry Mechanism (RACM) - 73 компонента, 232 реакции, (1997)

Фотохимическая схема GRS Харли (TAPM2)

9 компонентов: O3, NO, NO2, SO2, H2O2, радикалы RP, реакционная доля смога Rsmog, устойчивые газообразные азотосодержащие вещества SGN и аэрозоли APM;

10 химических реакций

Реакции фотохимической схемы GRS Харли (TAPM2)

Rsmog + hv => RP + Rsmog + APM

RP + NO => NO2 NO2 + hv => NO + O3

NO + O3 => NO2

RP + RP => RP + H2O2

RP + NO2 => SGN RP + NO2 => APM RP + SO2 => APM H2O2 + SO2 => APM O3 + SO2 => APM

Модель образования озона

iiiii

iiii

RSz

CK

zy

CK

yx

CK

x

z

CW

y

CV

x

CU

t

C

2222 OH,RP,NO,SP,R,NO,SO,APMi xsmogx

Ri - скорости химических реакцийSi - интенсивность поступления компонента

Область исследования

водная поверхность небольшая

растительность пашня лиственный лес смешанный лес хвойный лес городская застройка

Томский район 50х50км2

Превышение поверхности над уровнем моря и распределение источников в

городе Томске

-25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25

-25

-20

-15

-10

-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

6 0

7 0

8 0

9 0

1 0 0

1 1 0

1 2 0

1 3 0

1 4 0

1 5 0

1 6 0

1 7 0

1 8 0

1 9 0

2 0 0

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r. Tom

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Параметры расчетов

338 точечных источников 10 площадных источников 119 линейных источников разрешение модели - 500м период моделирования - двое суток использовалась многопроцессорная

техника ТГУ и ИОА СО РАН

Параметры расчетов (интенсивность движения транспорта)

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Результаты тестирования модели(озон и оксид азота)

-20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25

tim e, hrs

0

10

20

30

40

50

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26-27 May 2004AkademgorodokTomskTOR-site IAO

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Результаты тестирования модели(диоксид азота и оксид углерода)

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-20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25

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0

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40

60

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-20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25

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0

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Результаты тестирования модели(сила и направление ветра)

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Результаты тестирования модели (сравнение различных кинетических

механизмов)

Фотохимическая модель GRS Харли, 9 компонентов, 10 реакций

Фотохимическая модель Сейнфелда, сокращенный механизм RADM2: 12 компонентов, 12 реакций

Фотохимическая модель AIRCHEM CSIRO, сокращенный механизм CB-IV: 10 компонентов, 10 реакций



-20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25

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0

10

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40

50

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26-27 May 2004GRS, AkademgorodokRADM, AkademgorodokGRS, TomskRADM, TomskTOR site IAOAIRCHEM, AkademgorodokAIRCHEM, Tomsk

-20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25

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0

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0

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80

120

160

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26-27 May 2004GRS, AkademgorodokRADM, AkademgorodokGRS, TomskRADM, TomskTOR site IAOAIRCHEM, AkademgorodokAIRCHEM, Tomsk

-20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25

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400

600

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Об аномально высоких приземных концентрациях озона в районе

г. Томска в зимний период

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r. Tom

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0

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wind direction, deg

12 14 16 18 20 22 24tim e, hrs

O 3 February 10 2001 00:00

-15000 -10000 -5000 0 5000 10000 15000-15000

-10000

-5000

0

5000

10000

15000

0

8

16

24

32

40

-15000 -10000 -5000 0 5000 10000 15000-15000

-10000

-5000

0

5000

10000

15000

Reference Vectors

1 m /s5 m /s10 m /s

O 3 February 10 2001 02:00

-15000 -10000 -5000 0 5000 10000 15000-15000

-10000

-5000

0

5000

10000

15000

0

8

16

24

32

40

-15000 -10000 -5000 0 5000 10000 15000-15000

-10000

-5000

0

5000

10000

15000

Reference Vectors

1 m /s5 m /s10 m /s

O 3 February 10 2001 04:00

-15000 -10000 -5000 0 5000 10000 15000-15000

-10000

-5000

0

5000

10000

15000

0

8

16

24

32

40

-15000 -10000 -5000 0 5000 10000 15000-15000

-10000

-5000

0

5000

10000

15000

Reference Vectors

1 m /s5 m /s10 m /s

O 3 February 10 2001 06:00

-15000 -10000 -5000 0 5000 10000 15000-15000

-10000

-5000

0

5000

10000

15000

0

8

16

24

32

40

-15000 -10000 -5000 0 5000 10000 15000-15000

-10000

-5000

0

5000

10000

15000

Reference Vectors

1 m /s5 m /s10 m /s

O 3 February 10 2001 08:00

-15000 -10000 -5000 0 5000 10000 15000-15000

-10000

-5000

0

5000

10000

15000

0

8

16

24

32

40

-15000 -10000 -5000 0 5000 10000 15000-15000

-10000

-5000

0

5000

10000

15000

Reference Vectors

1 m /s5 m /s10 m /s

O 3 February 10 2001 10:00

-15000 -10000 -5000 0 5000 10000 15000-15000

-10000

-5000

0

5000

10000

15000

0

8

16

24

32

40

-15000 -10000 -5000 0 5000 10000 15000-15000

-10000

-5000

0

5000

10000

15000

Reference Vectors

1 m /s5 m /s10 m /s

O 3 February 10 2001 12:00

-15000 -10000 -5000 0 5000 10000 15000-15000

-10000

-5000

0

5000

10000

15000

0

8

16

24

32

40

-15000 -10000 -5000 0 5000 10000 15000-15000

-10000

-5000

0

5000

10000

15000

Reference Vectors

1 m /s5 m /s10 m /s

O 3 February 10 2001 14:00

-15000 -10000 -5000 0 5000 10000 15000-15000

-10000

-5000

0

5000

10000

15000

0

8

16

24

32

40

-15000 -10000 -5000 0 5000 10000 15000-15000

-10000

-5000

0

5000

10000

15000

Reference Vectors

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Заключение

Для исследования образования вторичных загрязнителей в атмосфере города применена фотохимическая модель GRS Харли

Сравнение с данными наблюдений, выполненными на ТОР станции ИОА СО РАН, и результатами расчетов по другим сокращенным кинетическим схемам показало перспективность ее использования для оценки качества воздуха в городах

Проведен анализ причин возникновения аномально высоких приземных концентраций озона в городе Томске в зимнее время

Documents

Моделирование образования озона в атмосфере города