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A. Al-Ali*, A. Suleiman, A. Eraqi & S. Swilem IMPROVING STANDARD OF AUTOMOTIVE & MARINE ENGINEERING STUDENTS : A CASE STUDY6

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. . 14(168) .1/2011

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Dear Colleagues!

The Volodymyr Dahl East-Ukrainian National University is a great research and educational-scientific- industrial centre situated in the centre of Europe. The science in university develops according to directions of scientific researches, the basic of which are: resource-saving technologies in mechanical engineering and on transport; development of progressive powder and composite technologies; development of elements of space engineering; designing of devices and means of automation; nano-materials and technologies, transport logistic; industrial and a municipal transportation, logistical systems of transport of industrial and city infrastructure, urban logistics, computer science and technology, tribology and reliability, designs of the units of perspective rail vehicles; ecologically net (non-polluting) chemical technologies, etc.

The high level of scientific researches was confirmed with reception of 2300 patents for inventions of such countries, as France, Germany, USA, Great Britain, Italy, Canada, Russia, Japan, Holland, Austria, Belgium, Sweden, Australia and 1200 patents from Ukraine.

In total, there are 24 faculties, institute of post-diploma education and remote management, magistracy, 106 departments, more than 40 scientific - research laboratories and the engineering centers, the scientific library, publishing house with a printing house, technical park, etc. in the University.

The university has the license for the right of educational activity on 15 of 16 fields of knowledge. In these frameworks the preparation on 54 directions and 130 professions is conducted, about 35 thousand students study at the university.

At present the scientists of the university carry out joint scientific investigations in accordance with 102 international treaties. This collection of scientific papers Visnyk of the Volodymyr Dahl East-Ukrainian National University contain the results of international research work received recently. I hope that you will look through them and it will promote to long-term and mutually beneficial cooperation.

A. Golubenko - Rector of the University, Professor, Doctor of Technical Sciences, Honored Man of Science and Technique of Ukraine

. . 14(168) .1/2011

6

UD 656.073

A. Al-Ali*, A. Suleiman, A. Eraqi & S. Swilem Kuwait

IMPROVING STANDARD OF AUTOMOTIVE & MARINE ENGINEERING STUDENTS : A CASE STUDY

In the article the estimation methodology of the students level knowledge has been proposed taking into account the requirements of employers. The principles of organization of interview with the graduating students have been deseribed subject to the possibilities of execution of the research work by them. The effective method of increase of the graduates qualification is the introduction of the special courses of physics mathematics and English into their base curriculum program.

Keywords: study, standard, students level knowledge, qualification. Abstract Many private sector enterprises have expressed their dissatisfaction with the

graduates standard of Automotive & Marine Engineering Department of College Technological Studies (CTS), Kuwait. They complained about their inability to perform their duties in a satisfactory way. This calls for reviewing the teaching and evaluation methods adopted at the Automotive & Marine Engineering Department so as to make sure that the graduates are readily employable upon their graduation. This is a major national concern and responsibility for providing work chances for the graduates and at the same time while requiring better output from educational institutions.

To study this unusual phenomenon and the factors affecting the standard level of the graduates of the teaching system at the Automotive & Marine Engineering Department of College of Technological Studies were considered. Special emphasis was laid on student evaluation during their study. The study records of department graduates over 4 semesters were collected and analyzed. The number of graduates considered for this study was 87. The aim was to study their performance during their study at the College and the extent to which their grades reflected their actual skill level.

The results of the analytical statistics in tabulated and graphics form were presented. The results indicated several discrepancies in course results which did not commensurate with the objective level of the graduates. The study, furthermore, formulates several recommendations related to the students, the evaluation procedure and those who perform the evaluation. Some of these recommendations include implementing an acceptance test to measure student suitability before joining the department to make sure they meet requirement for technological study. Furthermore, introducing compensation courses in Physics, Math and English language to prepare the students for their technical study. It is further thought that establishing an Exam Bank for student evaluation would to a large extent remove the variations in evaluation between different lecturers and insure proper, verifiable, coverage of the course material.

1. Introduction The Department of Marine Engineering at the College of Technological Studies arranged several meetings with private sector enterprises in order to get them involved in the process of developing and evolving the educational process. Many of them pointed out that the standards of the graduates was inadequate, especially in practical fields, as well as their apparent weaknesses in basic sciences. The same observation was made also by the supervisor that's in charge of students during field training in different workplaces.

.. . 14(168) .1/2011

7

Hence, it was deemed important to study this unusual phenomenon in order to arrive at remedies to this situation. The study concentrates on the three elements of the education process, which are:

1. The students. 2. The staff and curricula. 3. The resources and management systems. Starting with the last element, it can be said that the Public Authority for Applied

Education and Training (PAAET) has endeavored to have in place advanced resources including use of international expertise in planning, building and supplying laboratories, workshops and classrooms with all required equipment, machines and instruments including advanced teaching aids. The management system of the education process including computerized registration was put in place.

As for the second element, teaching staff, there are a group of highly qualified experienced staff members having degrees from different universities such as but not limited to US, UK and Australia, among others. Similarly the engineers and technicians have all high qualifications. The instructor/student ratio lies within the international standard, which is about 1:15 [1]. The curricula and course contents were developed using external expertise and local companies adopting systems like DECUM and WEDGE.

However, although these two elements are on a very satisfactory level, it is still observed that the education and training process does not fulfill its aims completely. The inadequate level of graduates and the constant complaints about their job performance is an indication in that direction.

Hence, this study will concentrate on the first element: Students. A rigorous analysis of the student records, obtained from the College registration office, has been carried out in order to identify the factors that may help explain the weakness of the graduates and produce recommendations for improving it.

2. Study Data The records of 87 students, who graduated within the last four semesters, were analyzed. The results of specialized courses, both theoretical and practical were extracted as well as those for the basic courses. The percentages of the students who obtained each grade in each course were calculated. The grade with the highest student percentage in each course was used as an indicator for this course and was used for comparison with the commutative grade for all courses.

The study included 28 courses according to study curriculum. The number of different data items was 2436 in total, while additional readings were included in case a failed student and repeated a course and or courses.

3. Analysis and Results The statistical results were represented in the following graphics: 1. Main data table, Table 1, which includes: 2. The number of students in each of the considered semesters 3. The number of courses, including the basic and specialized courses and their respective

credit units. 4. The credit units of the courses considered in this study (70 units) 5. The total number of courses 6. The percentage of the number of students and the number of semesters up to

graduation, Figure 1. This figure indicates that: 7. 36.74% of the students (the highest percentage) studied for 5 semesters. This is the

regular number of semesters required for graduation at the College. 8. 32.18% of the students graduated after 6 semesters. 9. The students who graduated after 7 semesters (the maximum allowed by College rules)

is 9.2%.

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8

10. The total percentage of graduates who exceeded the maximum allowable number of semesters was 21.8%. They stayed in the College between 8 and 12 semesters, which is actually not allowed by College rules and regulations.

T a b l e 1

Number of Student Records Considered

No. of Students 87 No. of Subjects 28 No. of Units 70 No. of Readings 2436

Figure 1

11. Figure 2 shows the percentages of the graduation cumulative grade. The largest percentage (44.83%) was for those whom graduated with overall grade C.

Figure 2

No. of Semesters for Graduation (Marine)

36.7832.18

9.2 10.354.6 3.44 2.3 1.15

0

10

20

30

40

50

5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

No. of Semesters

%ag

e N

o. o

f Stu

dent

s

Graduation Grade (Marine)

10.34

44.83

36.78

8.05

0.00

10.00

20.00

30.00

40.00

50.00

60.00

Pass Good V. Good Distinc.

Grade

%ag

e N

r. of

Stu

dent

s

.. . 14(168) .1/2011

9

12. In order to analyze the student results during their study, the courses which have similar course indicators were assembled together in one graph. There were four different types of these graphs:

Figure 3

Figure 4

a. Figure 3 shows a group of courses where the highest percentage of students obtained D. These are 7 courses, 4 basic courses and 3 theoretical specialized courses. This percentage was between 20-30%. The figure includes also the percentage of failed students (first time fail), which is about 20% in some courses, a higher value than in other graphs.

Distribution of Grades (Marine)

0.00

10.00

20.00

30.00

40.00

50.00

F D D+ C C+ B B+ A

Grade

%ag

e N

o. o

f Stu

dent

s

English Language 2 Physics

Steam Shipyard TechnologyDeck Machinery English

Mathematics

Distribution of Grades (Marine)

0.00

10.00

20.00

30.00

40.00

50.00

F D D+ C C+ B B+ A

Grade

%ag

e N

o. o

f Stu

dent

s

Engineering Drawing Workshop

Thermodynamics Naval Architecture

Diesel 1 Practical Training 1

Practical Training 2 Field Training 1

Field Training 2 Marine Safety

Computer

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10

From these two observations, it is clear that the level of students in basic courses (Physics and Math) is low. This could be attributed to their inadequate level coming from the preparatory and secondary schools. The instruction at the schools was not adequate resulting in their difficulties in understanding theoretical technological subjects, and hence the low grades they get in them. Another possible factor would be that the students are not inclined to the technological study and this explains their difficulties.

b. Figure 4 shows the courses with the highest percentage of students who got high grades (between A and B). These were 11 courses; most are practical and technological courses. This actually is in contrast to the observation made by companies about the weak level of graduates in the practical aspect of work. This would point to the fact that the evaluation of students in these courses is not accurate, either because of a flawed method of evaluation or because of lack of experience of those whom do the evaluation.

c. Figure 5 shows the courses where the number of students with varying grades is fluctuating, around about 12%. This makes it very difficult to deduce any relation between the student results in these courses and arriving at any concrete results. This fluctuation in grades could be attributed to the fact that the evaluation process was not stable. It is also observed that the higher percentage in this group belongs to those students who obtained grade A.

Figure 5

d. Figure 6 shows the courses that are nearest in their distribution to the natural distribution, where the majority is in the middle range (grade C) and the minorities are on the extreme edges of the grade scale. This distribution indicates that the evaluation of the students in these courses is more accurate and does not suffer from the deficiencies as in the previously discussed groups.

The curves for the different courses were then compared to the cumulative grade of the students at graduation. This latter distribution assumes the natural distribution shape and can be used as a yardstick to compare other course results with it.

In the following curves, the distribution curves of different courses are compared with the distribution curve for the cumulative graduation grade.

Figure 7 shows the first type of courses, where the highest percentage of students was below the cumulative grade. These were from the basic and specialized subjects. The reason for the low grades in these courses may be due to the low level of the students in these subjects and or due to the inaccurate evaluation process.

Distribution of Grades (Marine)

0.00

10.00

20.00

30.00

40.00

50.00

F D D+ C C+ B B+ AGrade

%ag

e N

o. o

f Stu

dent

s

Islamic Culture Fluid Mechanics

Diesel 2 Propulsion

Applied Mechanics Electrical Machines

Marine Relations

.. . 14(168) .1/2011

11

Figure 6

Figure 7

Figure 8 shows the comparison with the second type of courses where students grades were higher than the cumulative average. These courses include all practical ones and some specialized courses. The reason for the large discrepancy between these curves could be attributed to the inaccuracy of student evaluation.

Distribution of Grades (Marine)

0.00

10.00

20.00

30.00

40.00

50.00

F D D+ C C+ B B+ AGrade

%ag

e N

o. o

f Stu

dent

s

Inspection and Maintenance Production Technology

Refrigeration and A/C

Distribution of Grades (Marine)

0.00

10.00

20.00

30.00

40.00

50.00

F D D+ C C+ B B+ A

Grade

%ag

e N

o. o

f Stu

dent

s

English Language 2 Physics

Steam Shipyard Technology

Deck Machinery English Language 1

Mathematics General Average

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12

Figure 8

Figure 9 shows the group of courses where the students grades were fluctuating, except at the extreme of the curve where the largest percentage of students obtained grade A, and it was more than the percentage of A in the cumulative grades. Here too, the reason would be in the lack of objectivity in evaluation.

Figure 9

Distribution of Grades (Marine)

0.00

10.00

20.00

30.00

40.00

50.00

F D D+ C C+ B B+ A

Grade%

age

No.

of S

tude

nts

Engineering Drawing General Average

Workshop Thermodynamics

Naval Architecture Diesel 1Practical Training 1 Practical Training 2

Field Training 1 Field Training 2

Marine Safety Computer

Distribution of Grades (Marine)

0.00

10.00

20.00

30.00

40.00

50.00

F D D+ C C+ B B+ AGrade

%ag

e N

o. o

f Stu

dent

s

General Average Islamic CultureFluid Mechanics Diesel 2

Propulsion Applied Mechanics

Electrical Machines Marine Relations

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13

Figure 10 shows three theoretical technological courses which are very similar to the curve for the cumulative grade. This evaluation process of students in this group of subjects could be considered as accurate.

Figure 10

4. Discussion and Conclusion The percentage of students who finished their studies during the regular period is about one third (36.78%). This indicates that the efficiency of the education and training process is low. This could be attributed to the bad choice of the students for their field of study and the individual differences between them. This inefficiency causes a drain on public funds, since the cost per student per semester amounts to about KD 3,000 (around $10,000)[2].

The low level of the students in basic courses (Physics and Math) and English language is obvious. Most of the grades are just at the Pass level, and many of them repeated these courses.

More than 80% of the students got an A in practical courses, in spite of the fact that they perform unsatisfactorily at the workplace. They are not able to perform the simplest duties efficiently or reliably.

The method of student evaluation is obviously flawed in the practical as well as the theoretical subjects. This might be due to the fact that the teaching and evaluation are done by the same individual.

5. Recommendations 1. Rethinking of the strategy of basic education at schools in Kuwait to suit the speed of

change and technological advances. More attention must be paid to the basic subjects such as Physics and Math and to the English language.

2. Implementing an acceptance test to measure student suitability before joining the department to make sure they meet requirement for technological study.

3. Introducing compensation courses in Physics, Math and English language to prepare the students for their technical study.

4. Establishing an Exam Bank for student evaluation. 5. The evaluation of students in theoretical subject should be through a committee of

three individuals, one of them is the course instructor.

Distribution of Grades (Marine)

0.00

10.00

20.00

30.00

40.00

50.00

F D D+ C C+ B B+ A

Grade

%ag

e N

o. o

f Stu

dent

s

Inspection and Maintenance General Average

Production Technology Refrigeration and A/C

. . 14(168) .1/2011

14

6. Individuals from the industry should participate in evaluating the students in practical courses.

7. Offering regular upgrading courses for instructors of practical courses to keep them updated with technological advances in their field.

8. A further study should be conducted to come up with new ideas and methods to improve the standard level of graduates.

R e f e r e n c e s

1. Achilles, C., 1999 "The Difference between Class Size and Pupil/Teacher Ratio" Corwin Press. 2. Mohamed, A., 2005 "The Study Cost of Student and Trainee at the Public Authority for Applied

Education & Training" Kuwait.

, . . , .

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A. Al-Ali* Prof., dr.sci. College of Technological Studies, Auto.&Marine Eng. Dept., The

Public Authority for Applied Education & Training, Kuwait. A. Suleiman Prof., dr.sci. College of Technological Studies, Auto.&Marine Eng. Dept., The

Public Authority for Applied Education & Training, Kuwait. A. Eraqi Prof., dr.sci. College of Technological Studies, Auto.&Marine Eng. Dept., The

Public Authority for Applied Education & Training, Kuwait. S. Swilem Prof., dr.sci. College of Technological Studies, Auto.&Marine Eng. Dept., The

Public Authority for Applied Education & Training, Kuwait.

.. . 14(168) .1/2011

15

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The article presents theoretical studies to determine the speed and the interaction forces vibrodisplacement tubers in the cleaning process. Rational mode of vibro-tubers in the cleaning process, adopted by the regime with a continuous tossing tubers, which provides them the maximum number of collisions. Studies have confirmed that the movement of tubers is circulating in nature, which provides qualitative removal of impurities. Analytical dependences that determine the speed and force of interaction of tubers.

Key words: vibration, washing, potatoes, speed of movement, strength of the interaction.

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2009 . 2010 .. 38 . (20 ) - [4] 0,28 1,124 /, , . , , , - -, 10-15%. (Ra 226) 2,67 3,68104 /. - 1,6 /. 1,124 /. - 10 / .

. 20092010 .. -97, 38 , - .

.. . 14(168) .1/2011

27

. [1] . . 38 , - .

1. ` ( ) 2005 2014 ..

2. - 18 2005 130, , .

3. .. , 38 '/ . ., . ., . ., . ., . .// , - . - , 2010 . C. 41-47

4. .. - - 38 / . ., . ., . ., . . // . - , 2010. - . 59. . 34-38

5. (-97). 6. ,

. 7. -97. :

(-97/-2000).

, . 3. . 4. . 7.

: , , - , - ,

The article deals with the issue of radiation situation at the former uranium mill tailings, outside of the production association "Pridneprovsky chemical plant" Fig. 3., table 4, bibliogr. 7 I

Keywords: tailing pond, radiation safety, - radiation, - radiation, uranium waste

.. ..., ., . , . ,

.. ,

, . ,

.. ..., . ,

, . ,

.. ,

, . ,

.. . , .

, : ..., . .

. . 14(168) .1/2011

28

614.89:669

.., ..,. ., ..

. ,

. , , . . 2. . 2.

: , , .

. , , . . .

. . , , .

. .

. , 50,0/2 16000/2 140/2.

, , , , , . , , , .

, , , . 1000/2 20000/2 , . , , , , . Q . -, . : -01 -05. -01 104 107/2. -05 , 10/2

.. . 14(168) .1/2011

29

3000/2. -05 ... . .1 . 1400/2 1800/2.

, , , . -2 (-56). . 2,6. 1273. - -02 20000/2.

. 1. ,

,

1273. 1 . -56 . .

2031/2 562 563, 1=1,0*10-7 /, 0,5. , 313, 0,1 4- . 389,4, - , 0,1.

. , .

, ... . -05 . .

. . 14(168) .1/2011

30

.

-05 . , :

- 35 20000/2 ;

- ;

- .

. () -05

q, . , , . q :

)(2 44 q = (1)

qu , /2;

; -; , ; , . 0,003,

(.2) (.. ). [1,2], =0,1, :

= 12 (2)

, ; ; , .

. 2. .

.. . 14(168) .1/2011

31

a

= (3)

;

; ; ; ; ; .

a=5,9*10-72/, 1 .

37 10*35,011,0*10*9,5*2 ==

> , .. 0,35*10-3, .

[1,2]:

2

2

dxTd

ddT = (4)

(.2.)

)()( 440 ccxT

TTTTddT +== (5)

.

)()( 44 ccLxT TTTTddT +== (6)

2

2

dxTd

-

. 4 - 6 7, 5 6 7 Q:

)(2)(2 44 cc TTTTQddTxSc ++= (7)

7 =const, =const [1,2].

7 . 7 :

. . 14(168) .1/2011

32

)(2 44 TTQddTcxS c += (8)

x - .

q:

)(2 TTq ck = (9)

8

)(2)(2 44 TTTTQddTcxS cc ++= (10)

8 10 ,

.

Q, 10 .

8 Q . 8 [1,2] :

[ ]441 )(2 ncpnn TTQd TTcxS +=+

(11)

[ ]{ } nncpn TTTQxScdT ++=+ 441 )(2 (12)

d - ; n 0, 1, 2 .

10

[ ] [ ]{ })(2)(2 441 ncnncn TTQTTTxScdT +++=+ (13) -05 ,

8 :

[ ]{ }nncn TTTxScdT +=+ 441 )(2 (14) 13 :

.. . 14(168) .1/2011

33

[ ]{ }nncncn TTTTTxScdT ++=+ )(2)(2 441 (15) :

. , , , , , . , 10/2 20000/2 0,76 10, 5/2 5%.

1. .. . .: .- 1961.- 96. 2. .. .

. .: .- 1966.- 216.

. , , . . 2. . 2.

: , , .

The article presents the study of working conditions on the production of hot thermal factor. The proposed method unifies existing gauges in this range with sufficient sensitivity and accuracy, as with the minimum and at maximum heat flow. Fig. 2. East. 2.

Keywords: thermal radiation, heat flow, heat.

. . ..., ., , , . , .

. . ., ,

, . , .

. . ..., ,

. , .

. . ..., ,

, . , .

. . 14(168) .1/2011

34

629.463.3 .., ..

. ,

-

. -.

: , JIT, .

. - (). . , - .

, - JIT (just-in-time) - .

, JIT . . JIT , , .

JIT . , , . [3].

, .

- - , , : .

, , . , i-1 I (.1).

, , . , [2].

.. . 14(168) .1/2011

35

, - :

- ;

- - .

, .

, , . [4].

i-1 i

.1.

, . .

. N 1,2,3...N. 1 , N . i i-1 (i=2N).

Q , i-1, , . Q i-1. i:

- , i-1; - ,

i-1, i .

. . 14(168) .1/2011

36

. d, , )( ip K , Ki [4].

, :

)()()( 21 Nppp KKK ==

() [1]. 1 :

.. . 14(168) .1/2011

37

B(Ki) .

, :

min)()(0

==

n

ii

KZKZ

, , -.

1.

- : , - .

2. .

1. Toyota: / . . .: , 2008. 218 c.

2. . . / . . .. ; . . .. . .: , 2008. 216 .

3. . Sendil Kumar, R. Panneerselvam (2007) Literature review of JIT-KANBAN system. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 32: 393-408.

4. Spearman ML (1991) An analytic congestion model for closed production systems with IFR processing times. Manage Sci 37(8):1015-1029.

5. Tardif V, Maaseidvaag L (2001) An adaptive approach to controlling kanban system. Eur J Oper Res 132(2):411-424.

. -.

: , JIT, .

Possibilities of kanban system implementation in a machine-building enterprise "Azovmash" were considered. The technique of kanban system modeling on site assembly of tank cars trucks was proposed.

Keywords: kanban system, the system of JIT, kanban card.

.. , , . , .

.. ...,

, , . , .

: ..., . ..

. . 14(168) .1/2011

38

621.89:536.24 .., .., ..

. ,

-

- .

: , -, , , , , , .

. - [1-3]. .

Ef . , , .

. [4] [5]. , .

. [6]. , , . .

. -2, , , . , (. .1).

tm, . , . . , . q1(t), . .

.. . 14(168) .1/2011

39

. q2. =0 2l=z .

:

1) ;

2) ;

3) ;

4) .

:

)( kzj

yi

div

rrr+

+=

z

z

yy

+

+

= )()()( . (1)

: 22 yxz += ,

xyarctg= , zz = , cos=

xr ,

rx sin=

, sin=yr ,

ry cos=

, :

r

r

xy

xy

yx

xr

r

r

sincos

1 22

2

22

=

+

++

=

+

=

,

r

r

xy

x

yx

yr

y

yr

r

y

cossin

1

1

2

222

=

+

++

=

+

=

,

(1)

+

+

=

x

r

r

xr

rr

r

)sincos()sincos(

zz

yr

r

yr

rr

r

+

+

+

+

+

)()cossin()cossin(

.

,xr ,

yr ,

x

y :

. 1.

. . 14(168) .1/2011

40

+

+

=

r

r

r

rr

r

)sin(

)sincos(cos

)sincos(

zz

rr

r

rr

r

++

+

+

+

)(cos)cossin(

sin)cossin(

.

:

+

+

+

=

sin

)cos(cos

)sin()sin(cos

)(22

rr

rr

rr

+

+

+

+r

r

r

rr

sin)

sin(cos

)sin()sin()cos(

+

+r

r

cos)

cos(

zz

)(

;

+

++

+

=

rr

rr

rr

rr

cossin)()(sin)sincos()()( 2

+

++

++ 2

2

2

22 cos)(

sincossin)(

cosr

rr

r

rr

zz

rr

++

)(cos)sin( .

, :

zz

rrr

rr

+

++

= )()(11)(

2

, (2)

, , , .

)(1 q , )(2 q , ,1Rr = ,0 l z 00

002 ,0, = lzRr , , , (1) :

,)0,,,( 0Tzr = )(1

1

qrT

Rr=

=

, )(22

qrT

Rr=

=

,

)( 010

TTzT

z=

=

, )( 01 TTzT

z=

=

l

,

.. . 14(168) .1/2011

41

)( 011

0

TTnT =

=

, )( 01

20

TTnT =

=

.

. 1

r, 2

r , 0 =

0 = , .

2l=z .0

2

=

=lzzT ,

)(),,,( fzrT = , n,1= .

==

m

dfzrTqqIn

0

2

121 .))(),,,((),(

. , .

duu

=00

)(1 , )0(0 = , 0=0.

)( =T

duu00

)(1 ,

)(=T T10 +=

+= 121

0

1

1

0

T .

(2)

2

2

2

2

22

2 11)(

)()(zrrrrT

tt+

++

=

, (3)

= TT )(0 , r

TTr

= )(0 ,

=

TT )(0 , zTT

z =

)(0 ,

rrTT

r

= ))((

2

2

0

,

= ))((

2

2

0

TT,

zzTT

z

= ))((

2

2

0

. , :

000

0

)(1)0,,,( == T

dTTzr , (4)

)()(1 1101

pqr Rr

==

=, )()(1 22

02

pqr Rr

==

=, (5)

))),0,,((( 00

0 Trz z=

=

, ))),,,((( 00 Trz z=

=

ll

, (6)

))),0,,((( 01

0

0

Trn

=

=

, ))),,,((( 0

2

0

0

Trn

=

=

l (7)

. . 14(168) .1/2011

42

0 -0 r

2nr

1nr

02

=

=lzr . (8)

).()),,,(( fzr =

(7).

. 2.

2

0 0

.. . 14(168) .1/2011

43

=+

=

rrr

rrr

))sin((),(cos),())sin(),cos(( 000000

rrr

r0

000sin),(cos),(

+

= ,

=+

=

rrr

rrr

y)cos(),()sin(),())sin(),cos(( 000000

rrr

r0

000cos),(sin),(

+

= . (9) ,

+

=

=0

0000

1sin)sin),(cos),((

0

rrr

rn

=+

00000 cos)cos),(sin),((

rrr

r

rr

rrr

rr

r1),(1),(cossin),(sincos),( 00000000

=+

+= ,

++

+=

=

0000

0002

sin),((sin)sin),(cos),((0

r

rrrr

rn

++

=+

rrr

rrr 0

2

000000

0sin),(sincos),(cos)cos),(

rr

rrr

r1),(cos),(sincos),( 00

2

0000

=

++ .

(7)

))),0,,(((1 00

Trr

=

=

, (10)

))),,,(((1 00

Trr

==

=

l . (11)

==

m zrnduuzrqqI

0),,,(

0

2

0121 ))(

1),,,(((),( .

, )(1 , )(1 )(1 , )(2 . ),,,( zr ),,,( zr ,

)(a )(a , ))()()( aaa += .

+ + (3)(6), (8), (10), (11), :

+=+

)((

+

++

++

++

+ 22

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2 1111)(zzrrrrrrrr

, (12)

0)0,,,()0,,,( =+ zrzr ,

. . 14(168) .1/2011

44

)()( 1111

prr RrRr

+=+

==

,

)()( 2222

prr RrRr

+=+

==

,

))),0,,(),0,,((( 00

00

0 Trrzz zz+=

+

== ,

))),,,(),,,((( 000 Trrzz zz+=

== ll

ll,

02

0

2

0 =+

== lzlz zz

,

))),,,(),,,(((11 00010000

Tzrzrrr

+=

==

,

))),,,(),,,(((11 0000000

Tzrzrrr

+=+

==

.

:

=++= ),(),( )(2)(1)(2)(2)(1)(1 ppIppppII

==

m

dzrzrn

0

20

1),,,()),,,((2 .

)(a ada

rr

1 , 22

r , 2

21

r

, 22

z , (12)

+

+

++

+

+

++

=+

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2 11)(11)(zrrrr

zrrrr

+

++

+ 22

2

2

2

2 11zrrrrd

da .

),,,( zr (3) (3)(6), (8), (10), (11), )( :

,1111)( 22

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

+

++

+

+

++

=

zrrrrdda

zrrrr

(13)

,0)0,,,( = zr )(11

r Rr

=

=, )(2

2

pr Rr

=

=,

=+=

=)),0,,(()],0,,(()),0,,(),0,,(([

00 rrrrz z

, (14)

.. . 14(168) .1/2011

45

=+=

=)),,,(()),,,(()),,,(),,,(((0 llll

lrrrr

z z. (15)

,)),,,((1 000

=

=

zrr

,)),,,((1 000

=

=

zrr

(16)

.02

0 =

=lzz (17)

, , (14)(16)

,))),0,,(((

),0,,(

0

rr

z z

=

= ,

))),,,(((),,,( l

ll r

rz z

=

=

,))),,,(((

),,,(

00

zrzrr =

=

))),,,(((

),,,(

00

zrzrr

=

=.

+

+

++

=

2

2

2

2

2

2 11)(zrrrr

),,,,(11 22

2

2

2

2

zrUzrrrrdda +

+

++

+ (18)

),,,( zrU ; ,0)0,,,( = zr (19)

,0),,,( 1 = zr ,0),,,( 2 =

zr (20)

,0))),0,,(((

),0,,(),0,,( =

rrr

z ,0

))),,,(((),,,(),,,( =+

l

llr

rrz

(21)

,0))),,,(((

),,,(),,,(0

00 =+

zrzrzr

z

0))),,,(((

),,,(),,,(0

00 =

zrzrzr

z. (22)

U(r, , z, ) (3) (6), (8), (10), (11) (18) (22) G .

02

0

1

2

)),,,,,,,()()(( dzddzRzrGqa

=

0

10

2

1

)),,,,,,,()()(( dzddzRzrGqa

=

0

)),,,,,,,(),,,(( dzddrdrzrzrGtzrU ,

[ ] [ ] [ ]lRR ,0, 021 = { },:),,( ii RrGzrM == 2,1=i . (z) :

. . 14(168) .1/2011

46

01

0

1 )),,,,,,,()()()((1

dzddrdrzrzrGRrqa

=

02

0

2 )),,,,,,,()()()((2

dzddrdrzrzrGRrqa

=

0

)),,,,,,,(),,,(( dzddrdrzrzrGzrU

:

== )()),,,(()()),,,((),,,( 220

110

RrqzraRrqzrazrU

).()),,,(()()),,,(( 1122 RrpzraRrpzra =

, (18) (22). [ ] [ ] [ ],,0,1,0 00 mS = [ ] [ ] [ ],,0,, 0021 mRRG =

[ ] [ ] [ ],,01,0, 21 mRRF = [ ]m ,0= , dq , n . ,

+

++

=

02

2

2

2

2

2))11)(((),( drdzd

zrrra

tdtL

=+

++

02

2

2

2

2

2)11()( drdzd

zrrradt

+

+

+

=

0

2

2

2

2 ))(())(())(([ ra

rra

ra

tdt

++

++

+

02

2

2

2

2

2

2

2)11()(]))(( drdzd

zrrradtdrdzd

za

++

Q Qdqn

radqn ),cos())((),(cos(

+

dqznzadqna

r QQ),cos())((),cos()(

+

dqnr

a

dqznaz QQ

),cos(

))((

),cos()(

dqrnradqn

ra

QQ),cos()(),cos()(

.

+=

S

R

Rdtdzd

raLL 2

1

)))(((),(),( *

+

S G

R

R

R

Rdtdrd

zadtdzda

z 2

1

2

1

)))((()((

.. . 14(168) .1/2011

47

+

G Fdrdzdtardtdrda

z

0

0

)))((()((11

0

+

F S

R

Rddzd

radrdzdt

ra

2

1

0

0

))(()((

,),,,(),,,( drdzdzrzr mm

+

=

2

12

2

21

2

2* ))(())(())(())((

ar

za

rar

raL

.11)( 22

2

2

2

2

zrrrra

+

++

),(),( *LL = , :

),,,,(* zrL = ),,,( zr , ,0),,,( =mzr

,0)())((

11

=

== RrRr ra

ra ,0)())((

22

=

== RrRr ra

ra

,0))),,,(((

)())((

00=

== zz zr

aza

,0

))),,,((()())(( =+

== ll zz zr

aza

,0))),,,(((

)())((

00

1=

==

zraar

.0))),,,(((

)())((

00

1=+

==

zraar

,

=

= n zzrrgzrzr1

))()()()(),,,((),,,(

. I :

=

m

zzrrgzrIn

0 1

)()()())(),,,((2

1L L *1L , 1

1L . =L* *11*)( = LL , *11*)( == LL

),(),)((),(),(),( 1**11 UULULULI ==== , ,

=

= n zzrrgzrzr1

))()()()(),,,((),,,(

. V ,

:

. . 14(168) .1/2011

48

)).()()()((, 210

120

RrpaRrpaI =

, ),),(( VvII

11 pV = , 22 pV = .

),,( 11 VII V ).,( 22 VII V ,

),,,()),,,(( 10

11

RzRraI p = , ).,,,(),,,(( 2

0

22

RzRzaI p = (21)

),,,( zr ),,,(),,,(),,,( 21 zrzrzr += , ),,,( zri (i=1, 2)

,1111)( 22

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

+

++

+

+

++

=

zrrrrdda

zrrrr iiiiii

,0)0,,,( = zri )( iRr

i r

i

=

=,

,))),0,,(((),0,,(

0

rr

zi

z

i =

= ,

))),,,(((),,,( l

ll r

rz

i

z

i =

=

,))),,,(((

),,,(

00

zr

zrr ii =

= ,

))),,,(((),,,(

00

zrzrr ii

=

= .0

2

0 =

=lzi

z

, ),,,(1 zr 02

1 =

=Rrr ),,,(2 zr

01

2 =

=Rrr .

p1(), p2() [5].

,1 kiikki

ki qbpp =+ ,2,1=i Nk ,0= , (22)

,00 =iq kiikpiki qlIq +=+ 11 , = + m Km Kt

pi

t

piik dtIdtIl0

2

0

2 ,)(/)( 1 .,1 Nk = ikb :

==

=+ ntn t

KKmm

dttzrtzrbdttzrb1 0

210 0

22

11 ),,,(),,,(),,,(

;),,,()](),,,([1 0

1 dttzrgzrn tm =

=

.. . 14(168) .1/2011

49

==

=+ ntn t

KKmm

dttzrbdttzrtzrb1 0

22

0 022

221 ),,,(),,,(),,,(

.),,,()](),,,([1 0

2 dzrgzrn tm =

=

, 02p , . ,

, ,

= =

nj

n

i

t

ji

m

dtttppI1 1 0

221 )()(),( ,

)(2 t - )(tg , n,1= .

)(1

iCNi

Ni pp , i=1,2,

. (2)

, = 1 + 2 . [5, 6].

jM ),,( jjj zr 1Rr = 2Rr = kt .

1Rr = kt . 1

, 323 348 373 398 423 448 373 498 523 548 573

, /.

1,11 1,20 1,40 1,61 1,71 1,84 1,98 1,93 2,34 2,48 2,40

, /.

0,70 0,71 0,74 0,77 0,80 0,83 0,86 0,87 0,57 0,69 0,91

1212 /3 : R1=25 , R2=38 , h=10 02 =32.

: = -410-115+910-84-810-53+ 0,0332-7,1228+605,52, = 310-115-510-84+510-53-0,01952+ +4,0364-330,99. 45, 50 HRC3 50 12 . 2,6 / 2,0 3,0 . 0=292 . 6 . ,

. . 14(168) .1/2011

50

. V = 2,6 / = 2 t 37,05,1235,146 = , V = 2,6 /, = 3 teT 37,05,1375,062 = .

0,

6,66

10,3

13,1

9,1

7,7

6,75,6 5,6

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

0 2 4 6 8t ()5

7

9

11

13

15

17

19

21q1, /2

..

0,

14,9

11,55

4,44

17,3

19,620,5

22,4121,58

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

0 2 4 6 8t ()

q1, /2

0

5

10

15

20

25

..

. 2. 2,6 / 2 - 3 -

. ,

: .

.. . 14(168) .1/2011

51

. , 5 . , .

1. .., .., .. . : , 1983. 214 .

2. .., .., .., .. . : , 1999. 274 .

3. .., .., .., .. - // - ", , ", 3, 2. , , - 1997. . 11-15.

4. .., .. . .: , 1979. 5. .., .., ..

. .: , 1988. 6. .., .., ..

. .: , 1987. 296 . -

.

: , -, , , , , , .

The task of shaft bushing conjugations thermo-elasticity has been solved in order to determine the temperature and the density of heat flow according to the measurement of the temperature and the density inside the body as an incorrect non-stationary problem.

Keywords: carbon plastic, shaft bushing conjugation, gradient of temperatures, thermal flow, incorrect problem, method of regularization, functional, iteration process.

.. , , , .

, , . ,

.. ..-.., ,

, . ,

.. , , . ,

. . 14(168) .1/2011

52

656.003:504.03 .., ..

.

, .

: , , , , .

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. . 14(168) .1/2011

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.. . 14(168) .1/2011

55

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n

ni

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/. ,

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n

ni

AAA== (3)

, , . ./; , , . . /.

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= = =

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. . 14(168) .1/2011

56

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.. . 14(168) .1/2011

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1. .., .. - //. ., 1990.

2. .., .. / - : II , , , , 24-27 2009 . : , 2009. .4. . 189-194.

3. .., .. / TRANSPORT PROBLEMS `2009: I International Scientific Conference Katowice, Poland, 17-19 july 2009 y. Katowice: The Silesian University of Technology, 2009. N.1. .140-147.

4. .. : . / .. , .. , .. ; - - . : - ( ), 2009.-236.

5. .., .., .. . . : . . . -, 2002. 178 .

,

.

: , , , , .

Essence of ecological management of the logistic system, function and purpose of control the system by risks providing of development of green belts of industrial sity is specified in the article.

Keywords: ecological management, municipal educations, green belt, ecological framework, ecological kernel.

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. . 14(168) .1/2011

58

521.481:681.306 .., .., ..

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.. . 14(168) .1/2011

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. . 14(168) .1/2011

60

m2 . () :

%,1001

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mm (2)

m3 ; m4 ; m1 .

() 60, 3,910-6 48 . , , [3].

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; 12 .

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61

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); 110-5 ; 4,810-4

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. . 14(168) .1/2011

62

- (. 2). - (-3) (. 3).

( ) e ( ) . , () .

:

+100; 100; 5; 3090 . ()

2 . 5050 2; ; 1,010-5 ; 610-3 ; 130. . ,

( 1 %), ( 0,1%).

, -04 91,5%, 91,0%. 0,5-1%. -0,4 79-80%, 78,5-77%. 1-2%.

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. , .

.. . 14(168) .1/2011

63

, .

1. . .. , .. . , , 1986. . 25 30.

2. .. . . [] / , , 1967. . 134 136.

3. . ., . ., . . . // . III . . (ISVTE4). , 2001. . 380 384.

4. : 2 . / . . . , . . . . 1: . . 3. .: , 2007. . 316 318.

5. . ., . . // : 2 . / . . . , . . . . 2: . .: , 2007. . 595 614

6. . . // : 2 . / . . . , . . . . 2: . .: , 2007. . 361376.

, , . . . 3. . 6.

: , , , , .

Researches of materials of afterheater of the three-layered cellular construction are in-process executed, thermal mode and exception of direct influence of external thermal streams intended for providing on devices and knots, placed in the middle of volume of space vehicle. Researches are conducted on firmness to the orbital thermocycling and complex influence of radiation factors of space with the set dose of the radiation loading. Fig. 3. Source of literature 6.

Keywords: afterheater, thermocycling, space factors, general loss of mass, condensed phase.

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. . 14(168) .1/2011

64

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, , . 4,5 7,3 , 20,4 29,4 . ( Lupolen-4261), .

. /1,2/, .. . /3/ /4/ ( .1). - . , , , , .

. - :

Q = , $/ (1)

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.. . 14(168) .1/2011

65

G

PV= , (2) P - , (/2);

V - , (3); G - , (). ,

, Q . .

-10 :

1 6 343z80 ( 4,8 $/);

2 Tenax HTA 5131 Toho Tenax ( 75 $/); 3 () - ( 3,4

$/); 4 - Kevlar-49 () DuPont ( 34,5 $/); 5 -58,8 (300)17-1000

, . -, ( 170 $/). . 1.

1

-7-300

/

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,

,

,

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,

,

$

, $/

1 --7-210 20,6 7,3 5,5 3,4 68,7 9,29 16,3 1,75

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3. Kevlar-49 300 /2.

4. --7-210, --7-300 (Kevlar-49) , - .

. . 14(168) .1/2011

66

. 1. ,

1. Vladimir Ivanovskiy, Designing of metal-base composite vessels of high pressure on the set service life( ) Teka. Commission of motorization and power industry in agriculture Lublin University of Technology, Polish Academy of Sciences Branch in Lublin. Volodimir Dal East-Ukrainian National University of Lugansk, Lublin 2010, p. 211-217

2. .., .. // : VI .-. 2006, . 301-302.

3. . 190-2000. . . . . ( 20 2002. 42), -25 .

4. , , 0.00-1.07-94. : 1998, 184 .

5. ., . , // . .: , 1975. . 142-151.

- , .

: , - , , .

The criterion of mass-price efficiency of composite balloons, made from different composite materials is offered.

Keywords: composite balloon , mass-price efficiency, reinforcing material, perfection on mass.

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, . . , . , .

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.. . 14(168) .1/2011

67

332.14:004.9 .., ..

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MS Windows 95/98/NT/2000 , , ,

. . 14(168) .1/2011

68

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69

. : , , , . Documentum , , , - DocBase. Documentum , : , , , . , .

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. . 14(168) .1/2011

70

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1. ., . . // . - 1998. - 3. - . 53.

2. .., .. . . - : - , 1984. - 264 .

3. . - . : , 1998. 144 . 4. .. . .: , 1987. - 552 . .

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: , , EDMS

A review and analysis of the major existing document management systems. Analyzed the benefits of implementing electronic document management systems, as well as major problems. Also shows the problems solved with the help of electronic document management systems, they perform critical functions.

Keywords: system, circulation of documents, EDMS

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.. . 14(168) .1/2011

71

332.14:004.9

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. . 14(168) .1/2011

72

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. - h() () - h()= . , - h() .

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3. , - ( ) , .

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n . , , 0.

(k-n) . , , (k-n)- , k- . "" . - . - (. 2). . , , .

.. . 14(168) .1/2011

73

. 2. -

. 3

. 3.

-

: , (k-n) - , . . (, 32 ),

. . 14(168) .1/2011

74

. (k-n) . "1", (k-n) "0". - .

. , .

, . ( , , ) - h() m:

)(Mhm = , (1) S ,

- m D:

)(mod NmS D= , (2) (,S) - ,

S, S D.

(,S) - . - m', S :

)(mod NSm E= , (3) ,

- h(): )(Mhm =

, ..

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, , S , S D, . "" .

: 1. N, D

, . , . .

2. , , , .. 1018, N, D 2512 ( 10154) , , 20...30% .

.. . 14(168) .1/2011

75

3. . , D , .

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1. .., .., .. . . .. . - 2- ., . . - .: , 2001. - 376 .: .

2. .., .. . - .: -, 2003.-324c.

3. (http://zakon.rada.gov.ua/cgi-bin/laws/main.cgi?nreg=852-15)

4. ., .: , : "", 1999. 672. 5. .: , : "", 1995. 318.

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The protection of information in computer systems using electronic digital signature technology had been thought out. Basic principles of EDS had been showed. A scheme for generation and verification of digital signatures. The reliability of using of technology EDS had been analyzed.

Keywords: informative model, electronic digital signature, hesh-function

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. . 14(168) .1/2011

76

621.793.74

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.. . 14(168) .1/2011

77

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. . 14(168) .1/2011

78

- , ( , ), , . , , , , , . .

- . , - , - .

- , 90%.

- , , , .

PLAZER 30-PL-W, - . , , , 1,6-1,8 . 0,05-5 ( ). . . 2 - , .

() PLAZER SA-AW 30PL-W, . : - PLAZER 30-PL-W; ; ; - ; ; ; ( ); ; ; , -

.. . 14(168) .1/2011

79

. . 3, . 4 .

. 2. - : -

; -

. 3. PLAZER SA-AW 30PL-W

. . 14(168) .1/2011

80

, : , , ..

- , ( 0,5-2,5%), ( 50 ), , .

. 4. PLAZER SA-AW 30PL-W

- , . , , Fe-Cr3C2-Al, , , (. 5). Fe-Cr-Ni-Mn-Mo-W-C .

PLAZER SA-AW 30PL-W , - :

( 150 );

, 1030% ;

;

.. . 14(168) .1/2011

81

( 100 );

, .. () , .. (, , ..) , , , , ;

.

x50 x300

. 5. Fe-Cr3C2-Al, PLAZER SA-AW 30PL-W

. 1. -

, -, . - (0,5-2,5%) ( 50 ), , .

2. - , , : , , , .. - , , 1020% .

3. , - PLAZER 30-PL-W PLAZER SA-AW 30PL-W .

1. : / .. , .. , .. . .: , 2007. 558 .

2. Sudarshan T.S. Tools for engineered surfaces // Surface Engineering. 1998. - Vol. 14, No. 6. - P.449-450.

. . 14(168) .1/2011

82

3. : / .. , .. , .. , .. . : , 1987. 544 .

4. .., .. . , . . :,1992.-432 .

5. Fauchais P., Vardelle A., Dussoubs B. Quo Vadis Thermal Spraying? // Journal of Thermal Spray Technology. - Vol. 10(1), March, 2001. P.44-66.

6. . ., . . . - : , 1993. - 495 .

7. : / .. , .. , .. .; . . .. , .. . .: , 1999. 544 .

8. .. . .: - . .. , 2003. 360 .

9. , - / .. , .. , .. . // . 2007. 12. . 14-20.

-

. , - , , , . - .

: - , , , ,

The method of a plasma-arc wire spraying from the point of view of its application for increase of wear resistance and restoration of responsible details of railway transportation was described. It was shown that plasma-arc coatings favourably differ from other gas-thermal coatings by low porosity, high adhesion strength and other characteristics. The example of using the plasma-arc spraying for restoration of worn surfaces of wheelset axles was resulted.

Key words: plasma-arc spraying, technology, equipment, properties of coatings, railway wheelset axles

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...,

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. . . . (. )

. . .

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.. . 14(168) .1/2011

83

621.541:531.3 (1) .., .., ..

. ,

.

: , , .

. [1]. , , .

. . , - . .

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1 ; 2 ; 3 ;

4-, 5- .

.

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. . 14(168) .1/2011

84

. 2.

. , t , d, , , tp dp P. ( ) i-d , [2, 3].

i-d (. 2) , . 1.

1

D

1. , . .

760 760 760 760

2. , . . .

19,82 23,76 19,82 31,82

3. , 0 +30 +25 +22 +30 4. , / .

. 17,1 19,5 17,1 28,6

.. . 14(168) .1/2011

85

. 3. : 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8

,

. -03/8, 50% V=0,3 3/ 2=0,8 .

. ( ) 690 3 , (. 3). , , - .

p =RT, (1)

G

, t=1

, (3)

R=29,27 / 0 ;

= 1 /2 . :

. . 14(168) .1/2011

86

= . (4)

n=1,2 [4]

2 = (5)

, -,

,

, (6)

-

.

0,1 0, .

(40 45)%,

t=(0,60 0,55)t2 = (0,60 0,55) 156 (90 850)C.

,

(80 900)C.

[3]

d=0,622 , (7)

; , ;

t = 85 0

d85 = 0,622

t = 90 0

d90 = 0,622 .

p = 433,6 . . 800 = 525,8 . . [5].

. (8)

.. . 14(168) .1/2011

87

(9)

1 . (10)

(=760 . . ., tB = 300C =75%)

, . (11)

. , (. 4)

. 4

, , , 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6, 10 , 7 , 8, 9 , 11 ,

12 , 13

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1, 7, 13, 2, . ,

. . 14(168) .1/2011

88

1 4, 7, , 6 .

10.

. . ,

(===1 /2), 3 4, 6 . , .

.

,

(= =1 /2), . 6 8, 4 5, , 3 . 3 Q 8.

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5 ( < > ) 3 4.

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1 . ( < > ). 6 . 3 . 6 , , .

.

-. , . l=0,9 ,

8 /2 (85 90) .

, +300.

F1=DBl=3,14 16,5 10-3 0,9=0,047 2 . (12)

.. . 14(168) .1/2011

89

. (13)

[6]

K=F2/F1 = 0,105/0,047=2,24. (14) ,

, GB=10,15 /

, (15)

t=850C

. (16)

, (17)

[6] 850. lT [6]

.. l=DB. Rl1=1,18 103 > [Rl]=1 103, [6]

:

Nu1=0,35 Rl0,6=0,35(1,18 103)0,6=24,39. (18)

:

85 0.

. (19)

300 40 /,

, (20)

[6] 300.

: . (21)

lT [6]

. . 14(168) .1/2011

90

. (22)

Rl2 = 1,301 104 > [Rl] = 1 104 , [6]

. (23)

:

[6] 300.

(24)

[5] .

:

(25)

. (26)

, , =0,240 / 0 85 0

Q1=Cp GB T=0,240 10,15 (273+85) = 812,09 /. (27) , :

Q2=kTpF2(t2-tokp)=25,43 0,105(85-30)=146,86 /. (28)

(29)

. (30)

. (31)

=149,4 . . . [5] 60 0. 1

,

.. . 14(168) .1/2011

91

. 5. 1 , 2 , 3, 4, 8, 9, 11 - , 5 ,

6 , 7 , 10, 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16, 17 ,

18

, (32)

,

.

:

1 105,88 .

2 - + 49,90

3 - , + 19,79 .

: 175,57 .

:- 173,57 .

: 2,00 .

. (34)

. . t=2900, - 50% 3 50% 35()3. 40% [7].

. . 14(168) .1/2011

92

(. 5) - 6 . - - - .

- 13.

-

d..=0,6d=0,6 15,6=9,36 /. (35)

l-d [3],

(. 6).

tp=130C.

, , 00.

1.

.

2. -- , , - .

3. , 2%.

. 6. i-d

.. . 14(168) .1/2011

93

1. . .. , .. , .. , . .: 1977 -208 .

2. / . .. . . .: . 1971 -472 .

3. .. . . 1982 -197 .

4. .. . , .: . 1969 -744 .

5. . .. , .. , .. . .:. 1951 -380 .

6. .., .. . .: . 1961 -208 .

7. . .: 1971 -624 .

.

: , , .

The method of the compressed air drying calculation in pneumatic systems of vehicles has been provided in the article.

Keywords: pneumatic, vehicle, trolleybus.

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, . ,

. . 14(168) .1/2011

94

669.018:620.178.167.001.5 ..

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