география материков и океанов 7 бойко

Yqe6HlfK JI,JHl7 KJIaccao6lIJ,eo6pa30Ba TeJIhHhIX

YQe6HMX3aBeJI,eHIfH

. teHiJoeaHo MUHucmepcmeoM o6pa30eaHUR U HayKU YKpauHbl

Ylfe6HUK - no6eOUmeJlb

BceYKpauHcKOcO KOftKypca Ylfe6ftUKoe

OJlJl 12-Jlemfteu o6U1eo6pa30eameJlbftOU UlKOJlbl

Jfuftucmepcmea o6pa30eaftuJl U ftaYKU YKpaUftbl e 2007 c.

KHeB«3o,lJ,iaK-EKO»

2007

B 7 KJ1acce BbI rrpO)J,OJDKaeTe H3yyeHHe reOrpa¢HI1. B T<:ypce

«feorpa¢l15I MaTepl1KOB H OKeaHOB» BbT Y3HaeTe 0 MaTepl1KaX H

OKeaHax, 0 MHoroo6pa3HH I1X rrpl1pO)J,HbTX KOMrrJTeKCOB H rrpH-

pO)J,HbIX 6oraTcTB. BbI TaTOKe Y3HaeTe 0 HaCeJT5IIOW;VIXMaTepl1KH

HapO)J,ax, I1X X035IHCTBeHHOH )J,e5ITeJTbHOCTI1.

KpoMe TOro, BbI nOnOJTHHTe 3HaHH5I 0 3aKOHOMepHOCT5IX pa3-

BI1TI15I o60JTOYeK-C¢Cp 3eMJTH, C KOTOpbIMH 03HaKOMHJTHCb B

6 KJ1acce. BbI 60JTbllIC Y3HaeTe 0 rryTeweCTBeHHHKax, 4bH HCCJTe-

)J,OBaHH5I H OTKpbITH5I 06eCrreYHJTH reorpa¢wIecKoe n03HaHHe

MaTepHKOB H OKeaHOB. BbI 6Y)J,eTeCOBepllIeHCTBOBaTb CBOHYMeHH5I

pa60TaTb C reorpa¢HYeCKHMH KapTaMH, KOTopble opHeHTHpylOT B

rrpOCTpaHCTBe.

113yqa5I reorpa¢HIO MaTepHKOB H OKeaHOB, BbI paCWHpHTe CBOH

3HaHl15I 0 HallieH rrJTaHeTe. 3TH 3HaHH5I B 6y)J,ylIleM rrOMOryT BaM

rrOHHMaTb XO)J,C06bITHH B MHpe H C03HaTeJTbHO rrOJTb30BaTbC5I pa3-

Hoo6pa3HOH HH¢OpMaIIHeH, 6e3 KOTOpOH COBpeMeHHoMy '-leJTO-

BeKY cerO)J,H5I He 060HTI1Cb. feorpa¢I1YeCKl1e 3HaHH5I Heo6xo)J,HMbI

Ka)[()l,OMy, rrOCKOJTbKY cy)J,b6a 3eMJTH BCe 60JTbWe 3aBHCHT OT

)J,e5lTeJTbHOCTHJTIO)J,eH,OT rro3HIIHH Ka)[()l,OrO H3 Hac. l1TaK, BMeCTe

C yqe6HHKoM OTKpbIBaHTe IiI J13yqaHTe oKpy)[(alOllI,J1H Bac MHp.

CO,ll.EP>KAHHE

§ 1. LITO M KaK M3yy:aeT reOrpa¢M51 MaTepMKOB H OKeaHOB 6§2. LJ.acoBble n05lca 10§3. CTpoeHMe3eMHoH KOpbl HpeJlbe¢ 14§4. KnMMaTMy:eCKMe n05lca H 06J1aCTH ........................••..•...... 18§5. ITPMpO,lJ,Hble30HbI 22TeMaTU':leCKHH KOHTpOJIb 3HaHUH 27

Pa3,lJ,eJl IOKEAHbl

Pa3,lJ,eJl IIMATEPHKM

TeMa 1. TUXUH OKeaH. OKeaHuH

§6. TMXHH OKeaH 30§7. TMXMH OKeaH (npO,lJ,OJDKeHHe) ..................•••••.................. 35§8. OKeaHMH 38§9. CTpaHbIOKeaHIH1 42

TeMa 2. ATJIaHTU':leCKHH OKeaH

§10. ATJlaHTWIeCKMHOKeaH 46TeMa 3. lIH).l,uHCKHH OKeaH

§11. I1H,lJ,HHCKHH OKeaH 52TeMa 4. CeBepHbIH JIe,lJ,OBUTbIHOKeaH

§ 12. CeBepHbIHJIe,lJ,OBI1TbIM OKeaH .............•........................... 57TeMaTU':leCKHH KOHTpOJIb 3HaHUH .............•.................................. 63

TeMa 1. ApuKa

§13. feorpa¢wleCKOenOJlO)l(eHMe 11HCCJle,lJ,OBaHl1e 66§ 14. feOJlOrWieCKoecTpoeHHeM peJIhe¢ 70§ 15. KJIMMaT 74§ 16. BOllbl CyWH 78§ 17. 3KBaTOpl1aJIhHbleJleca 82§ 18. CaBaHHhl 86§ 19. ITYCTbIHM H nOJlynYCTbIHM.

Be':lH03eJleHble )I(eCTKOJlHCTHble J1eca H KycTapHMKM 90§20. CTMXHH:Hble5iBJIeIDl51rrpHpO).l,h1.3KOJlOrWIeCKMe np06J1eMbI . 94§21. HaceJleJ-Ilife 98§22. CrpaHbI 103TeMaTlf':leCKHH KOHTpOJIb 3HaHUH ...............................•.............. 109TeMa 2. AsCTpaJIUH

§23. feorpa¢l1':leCKOe nOJlO)l(eHMe.feOJlOfMyeCKOe CTpoeHMe M peJlbe¢ 110

§24. KJII1MaT. BO,lJ,blCYWI1 : ...•....... 115§25. OpraHMyeCKHH Ml1p. ITPMpO,lJ,Hble30HbI .....•••....•............ 119§26. HaCeJleHl-fe M nOJTMTlfLleCKa51KapTa 124TeMaTU':leCKHH KOHTpOJIb 3HaHHH 129TeMa 3. IOJKHaH AMepuKa

§27. feorpa¢l1yeCKOenOJIO)l(eHMeMI1CCJle,lJ,OBaHMe 130§28. feoJlOrl1yeCKOe CTpoeHHe H peJlbe¢ 134§29. KJIHMaT 138

§30. BOlJ,bI cyWJ.1 142§31. npJ.1pOjlHbIe 30HbI 146§32. HaCeJIeHJ.1e 11rrOJIJ.1TJ.1yeCKa51KapTa 151§33. CTPaHbI ............................•........................................... 156TeMaTH'leCKHU KOUTPOJIb 3uauu;H 161TeMa 4. AuTapKTH)J,a .

§34. feorpacPw-recKoe nOJIO)[(eHJ.1e 11J.1CCJIejlOBaHJ.1e 162§35. feoJIorl1yeCKOe CTpOeHJ.1e 11peJIbecP 168§36. npJ.1pOjlHbIe yCJIOBIDJ. 171TeMaTINeCKHU KOUTPOJIb 3uaUHU 175TeMa 5. CeBepua~AMepHKa

§37. feorpacPWJecKOenOJI0)[(eHJ.1eJ.1I1CCJIejlOBaHJ.1e 176§38. feoJIOrl1yeCKOe CTpOeHl1e J.1peJIbecP 179§39. KJII1MaT 182§40. BOlJ,bl CYU1l1 186§41. npJ.1pOlJ,Hble 30HbI 190§42. HaCeJIeHl1e 11nOJII1TJ.1lleCKa5I KapTa 195§43. CTPaHbl 198TeMaTH'IeCKHU KOUTJlOJIb 3uaUHU 203TeMa 6. EBpa3H~

§44. feorpacj:>l1'-IeCKOe nOJIO)[(eHJ.1e 204§45. I1CTOpJ.15I OTKpbITI151 J.1I1CCJIelJ,OBaHJ.1e

OTjleJIbHblX pefl10HOB EBpa31H1 207§46. feoJIOrJ.1yeCKOe CTpOeHJ.1e 11peJIbecj:> 210§47. KJIJ.1MaT 215§48. BOjlbI cyWJ.1 220§49. npJ.1p0lJ,Hble 30HbI 224§50. npJ.1pOlJ,HbIe 30Hbl (npOjlOJI)[(eHJ.1e) 229§51. BbiCOTHa5I n051CHOCTb 234§52. HaCeJIeHl1e 11nOJII1T11yeCKa51 KapTa 238§53. CTpaHbI CeBepHoH EBpOnbl.. 241§ 54. CTpaHbI3analJ,HOH EBPOHbI 245§55. CTpaHbl EO)[(HOH EBponbI 250§56. CTpaHbI IJ;eHTpaJIbHOHI1 BOCTOYHOH EBponbI 254§57. POCCJ.15I 258§58. CTpaHbI EO)[(HOHA3J.1J.1 ............................................•..... 261§59. CTpaHbI BOCTOYHOH A31111 265TeMaTINeCKHH KOUTPOJIb 3uaBHH 271

Pa3,lJ,eJl III3EM1U1- HAW06UJ.11J1JJ.OM

TeMa 1.B3aHMO,ll,eHCTBHe '1eJIOBeKa H npHp0,ll,bI

§60. npl1pOjlHbIe pecypCbI J.1npJ.1pOjlOnOJIb30BaHl1e 274TeMa 2. 3KOJIorl1yeCKHe np06JIeMbI MaTepl1KOB 11OKeaHOB

§61. 3arp5I3HeHJ.1e OKpY)[(aIOliIeH CpelJ,bl 278§62. Cnoco6blpeWeHIDJ.3KOJI0f\1yeCKHXnpo6JIeM 281TeMaTINeCKHH KOUTPOJIb 3uaHHU '" 285n PED,METHbII1 YKA3ATEJIb 286

5

Q

A~arpaMMan110U4aA~

MaTep~KOB

§1. QTO 11 KAK 113YlIAET fEOfPA1UIMATEPI1KOB 11 OKEAHOB?

~ • BcnOMHVlTe, 4TO 03Ha4aeT cnOBO «reorpa¢Vl51».

W · 1!I3KaKVlXVlCT04HVlKOBMO)f(HO n04epnHYTb 3HaHVl51noreorpa¢VlVl?

• C KaKVlMVlMeTOAaMVl reorpa¢Vl4ecKVlX VlccneAOBaHVliii Bbl03HaKOMVlnVlCb B 6 Knacce?

qTO H3)7qAET fEOfPA<l>HH MATEPHKOB H OKEAHOB.Ope,UMeToM M3Y4eHM5I reorpaqmM MaTepMKoB H OKeaHOB

51BJHleTC5InpMpo,Ua HallleH nnaHeTbI B uenoM, ee MaTepHKH H

oKeaHbI, Hap0,UbI M CTpaHbI.

[JpM M3Y'leHI1M OTD.enbHblX MaTepHKoB H OKeaHOB Bbl Y3Hae-

Te, KTO H Kor,Ua HX oTKpbln M HccnelloBM, B 4eM 3aKJ1IO'lalOTC5I

oc06eHHocTM HX npMpollbI: penbe¢a, KJ1HMaTa, BHyTpeHHHX

BOD., paCTI1TeJIbHOCTH M )[(I1BOTHOro MMpa. BbI paClllMpMTe CBOI1

3HaHI151 0 MMpOBOM OKeaHe, ero pOJIH B ¢OpMl1pOBaHI1I1

npl1pOD.bI MaTepMKOB 11pa3BI1TMM X035IHCTBa HaCeJIeHI15I 3eMnM.

Pa3Ho06pa3Ha He TOJIbKO npMpOD.a MaTepI1KOB, HaCeJIeHl1e 11

X035IHCTBO Ka)[(,UOH CTpaHbl TaK)[(e I1MelOT CBOI1 oc06eHHOCTH.

JIlOD.11)[(MByT M pa60TalOT Ha paBHI1HaX 11B ropax, cpe,UH JIeCOB 11

CTenHblX npOCTopOB, B XOJIO,UHOHTyH,Upe M )[(apKHX nycTblH5IX.

OHM B03BO,U5IT,UOMa, CTp05lT ¢a6p11KM 113aBO,UbI, BbInJIaBJI5IIOT

MeTaJIJIbJ, C03,UalOT MalllMHbI, BblpamMBalOT pa3Ho06pa3Hble

paCTeHM51, pa3BO,U5IT)[(MBOTHbIX. 3TO TaK)[(e 113y'laeT reorpa¢115I

MaTepMKOB I1 OKeaHOB. 003TOMY BbI paCllll1pMTe CBOM3HaHM5I 0

CTpaHax, pacnOJIO)[(eHHbiX Ha MaTepHKax, 0 )[(M3HM 11 6bITe

HapO,UOB, KOTopble MX HaCeJI51lOT.

3TOT KYPC TaK)[(e ,UorrOJIHMT Ballll1 3HaHM5I 0 reorpa¢M'leCKOH

060JIOl:IKe 3eMJIM, B npe,Uenax KOTOPOH Mbl )[(MBeM M KOTOpylO

,UOJI)[(HbIOXpaH5ITb, 0 ee KOMnOHeHTax - nI1TOC¢epe, rH,UPOCcPe-

pe, aTMoc¢epe, 6I1oc¢epe.

MATEPHKH, qACTH CBETA, OKEAHbI. 06ma51 nJIOma,Ub

3eMJIM COCTaBJI5IeT 510 MJIH KM2. 113 HI1X, KaK Bbl ~e 3HaeTe,

66JIblllYlO 'laCTb 3aH11MaeT MI1POBOH OKeaH. Ero pa3,UeJI5IIOT Ha

4 OKeana - Tuxuu, AmJlaHmulfeC/wu, JfHaUUC/WU, CeeepHbluJleaoeumblu, a TaK)[(e MX MOp51.

CYllla BKJ1IO'laeT 6 MaTepHKOB - EepQ3U1o, ArjJPUKY, Aecmpa-JlUIO, lOJ/CHylO AMepuKy, CeeepHylO AMepuKy, AHmapKmuay. OHM

OTJII1'laIOTC51no BeJII14HHe M O'lepTaHH5IM 6eperoBotl JII1HMM. BoKeaHax, npeMMylIJ,eCTBeHHo B6JIM311 MaTepMKoB, Haxo,U5ITC5I

3Ha'lMTeJIbHO MeHblllMe Y'laCTKI1 cyUlM - oCTpoBa.KpOMe Toro, cyma ,UeJIMTC51Ha 6 qaCTeU CBeTa: Eepony, A3UIO,

ArjJpUKy, AMepuKy, AecmpaJlulO c OKeaHueu, AHmapKmuay.

)],eJIeHl1e Ha LJaCTl1 CBeTa CJIO)J(l1JIOCb I1CTOpl1LJeCKl1, no Mepe

n03HaHl151 lleJIOBeyeCTBOM 3eMJIl1.

HCTOqHHKM fEOfPAHqECKHX 3HAHHll. BbI Y)J(e

3HaeTe, YTO 3HaHI151 MO)J(HO nOLJepnHYTb 113 pa3HbIX l1CTOYHl1-

KOB: reorpaq:mYeCKl1X CnpaBOLJHl1KOB 11 3HLl,11KJIOne,LI.l1M, KapT

11aTJIaCOB, )J(ypHaJIOB 11ra3eT.

)],JI5I 113YlleHI151 reorpa<pl1l1 MaTepl1KOB 11 OKeaHOB lJ,eHHbIM

I1CTOYHI1KOM 3HaHl1M MOryT CTaTb TeJIenepe,LI.alll1 0 npl1po,LI.e ca-

MbIX pa3HbIX yroJIKOB HaweM nJIaHeTbI, HaCeJIeHl1l1 11KYJIbType

pa3JIl111Hb1X CTpaH Ml1pa. CerO,LI.H5I K yCJIyraM nOJIb30BaTeJIeM -

BCeMl1pHa51 KOMnblOTepHa51 ceTb I1HTepHeT, C nOMOIll,blO KOTO-

pOH MO)J(HO 6blCTPO nOJIyql1Tb TeKcToBYIO, KapTorpaQJl1YecKylO,

Bl1,L1.eO-l1JII1 3BYKOBylO l1H<p0pMalJ,l1lO.

METO,nbI fEOfPAlfqECKI1X HCCJIE,nOBAHHM. 0 He-

KOTOpbIX MeTo.z:y:ax - cnoco6ax I1CCJIe.z:y:OBaHl15I06'beKTOB l1JIl1

51BJIeHI1M- BbI Y3HaJIl1 B 6 KJIacce. B llaCTHOCTl1, 03HaKOMI1JIl1Cb C

onucamellbllblM 11 3Kcneouu,uollllblM MemOOllMU. KaK 11 npe)J(,LI.e,

Ba)J(HbIM MeTO,LI.OM 5IBJI5IIOTC5I lla61l100e1lUJl. Ha6JIIO,LI.eHI151 3a

COCT05lHI1eM 3eMHOM KOpbI, B03,L1.yxa,BO,LI.bI,3a paCTl1TeJIbHOCTblO

11)J(l1BOTHbIM MI1POM YlleHble npOBO,Ll.5lT Ha HayqHblX CTaHlJ,l15IX,

pa3MeIll,eHHbIX B Pa3HbIX yrOJIKaX 3eMJII1. IIaIleoi!eoi!parjJulfecKuuMeTO,LI.,LI.aeTB03MO)J(HOCTb Ha OCHOBe 113yqeHl151 ropHbIX nopoLl"

OCTaTKOB paCTeHI1M 11 )J(l1BOTHbIX Y3HaTb 0 npl1pOLl,e Ll,aBHI1X

reOJIOmlleCKI1X 3nox. KapmOi!parjJulfecKuu Memoo COCTOI1T B

onpe,LI.eJIeHl1l1 MeCTOHaXO)J(,LI.eHl151npl1pOLl,HbIX 06'beKTOB (peK,

o3ep, ropHbIX xpe6ToB), CTpaH 11HaCeJIeHHbIX nyHKTOB 11 HaHe-

CeHI1I1l1X Ha Kapry.

ECTb 11 Ll,pyrl1e cnoco6bI reorpaQJl1yeCKl1X I1CCJIeLl,OBaHl1M.

Hanpl1Mep, BXX B. reorpaQJbI HallaJIl1 npl1MeH51Tb a3POKOCMUlfecKuuMemoo - 113yqeHl1e nOBepXHOCTl1 3eMJIl1 C nOMOIll,blO a3poQJoTO-

CHl1MKOB, CLI,eJIaHHbIX C CaMOJIeTOB 11 KOCMI111eCKl1X annapaTOB.

PlI1c.1.li'ICTOLfHII1KII1

reorpa<l>lI1LfeCKII1X3HaHII1j;1

rEOrPAIiI4ECKIiIE KAPTbl Ac nOMOl11,bIOMemOOaMOOe.flUp06aIlUR, HCnOJIb-~ 3y5I KOMnblOTepHyIO TeXHHKY, npOrH03HpYlOT

H3MeHeHH5I B oKpy)KaIOl11,eMCpe)le.

KAKPA3JIWIAlO (Ap'fbI. I13yt-la5I reorpa-

<pHIO, BbI 6y)leTe rrOJIb30BaTbC5l pa3Ho06pa3Hbl-

, MH KapTaMH. I1x cyl11,eCTByeTMHO)KeCTBOBH)lOB.

l..{T06bl npaBHJIbHO rrOJIb30BaTbC5I KapTaMH KaK

Ba)KHbIM HCTOlfHHKOM HH¢OpMaIJ.HH, BaM

He06xo)lHMO 3HaTb HX Ha3HalfeHHe H oc06eH-

HOCTH. KapTbI KJIaCCH<pHIJ.HPYIOTno pa3HblM

npH3HaKaM: CO)lep)KaHl1lO, MaClllTa6y, oXBaTy

Teppl1TOpHl1 (Pl1c. 2).

00 CO)lepMaHHIO pa3JIHlfaIOT 06l11,ereo-

rpa<pl1lfecKHe H TeMaTWIeCKHe KapTbI. 06""e2eo-

2patjJUlteCKUe Kapmbl oT06p~aIOT 06111,HMBl1)l

3eMHOM nOBepXHOCTH. Ha Hl1X OLll1HaKOBOo Mlo1pa 101nonywaplo1H nO)lp06HO nOKa3aHbI pa3HbIe 06beKTbI - 11

o MaTeplo1KoB 101OKeaHOB peJIbe¢, 11peKH H 03epa, H HaCeJIeHHble nYHK-

o 4aCTeH MaTeplo1KOB 101OKeaHOB TbI. KTaKHM KapTaM OTHOC5ITC5Iy)Ke 113BeCTHbleBaM <pH3HlfeCKl1e KapTbl nOJIywapl1H, MHpa,

MaTepl1KOB, OT)leJIbHbIX CTpaH. A meMamUlteCKUe Kapmbl nOCB5Il11,e-

HbI onpe)leJIeHHOM TeMe, Ha Hl1X 11306p~eH KaKOM-JIH60 O)ll1H

KOMnOHeHT npl1pO)lbI, HaCeJIeHH5IHJIHX0351MCTBa.Harrpl1Mep, 3TO

MOryT 6blTb rrOlfBbI, BO)lbl, TeMneparypa B03)lyXa, paCTl1TeJIbHOCTb.

OCTaJIbHble 3JIeMeHTbI KapTbl (60JIbWl1e ropo)la, peKl1 11T. )l.)

51BJI5IIOTC5l06111,HM<pOHOM11He06xo)lHMbI KaK opHeHTHpbI.

00 Mac mT a 6y , KaK BbI 3HaeTe, KapTbI )leJI5ITHa KpynlloMacUl-

ma61lble (OT 1: 10000)l0 1 :200000); cpeolleMaCUlma61lbie (OT

1: 200000 )l0 1: 1000000); Me.flKOMaCUlma6Ilble (OT 1: 1000000 11

MeHbwe). DOJIee MeJIKOMaCWTa6HoM 51BJI5IeTC5ITa KapTa, Ha KOTO-

pOH no cpaBHeHl1IO C MeCTHOCTbIO YMeHbWeHHe 11306p~eHl15l

60JIhwe.

ITo oXBaTy TeppHTopHH pa3JIl1lfaIOT KapTbl: 1) MHpa 11

nOJIywapl1M, me H306pa)KeHa nOBepxHocTh Bcero 3eMHoro wapa

(OHl1 l1MeIOT MeJIblfaMWHM MacwTa6, 11306pa)KeHHe 0606111,eH-

Hoe 11cxeMaTHlfHoe); 2) MaTepl1KOB H OKeaHOB (HX MacwTa6

60JIhWe, lfeM I-ia KapTax MHpa, HO OHl1 TaK)Ke MeJIKOMaCWTa6-

Hble); 3) OT)leJIbHhIX lfaCTeM MaTepHKOB - CTpaH, 06JIaCTeM,

paMoHoB (HX MaCWTa6 3HalfHTeJIbHO 60JIbWe, n03TOMY 3eMHa5l

nOBepXHOCTb 11306p~aeTC5I )leTaJIbHee).

b J I " C _-.j" A I 1.B )lpeBHOCTl1 Ha npl1MHTl1BHhlX KapTaX-pl1cyHKax cBe)leHHH

6hlJIO HeMHoro. A COBpeMeHHble reorpa<pl1lfeCKHe KapThl CTa-

JIH «nepeHaCeJIeHHhIMl1»: Ha HHX Heo6xo)lHMO pa3MeCTHTb

CTOJIbKO, 'I TO )lJI5I Bcero He XBaTaeT MeCTa.

o TeMaTIo14eCKIo1e

- f1BneHIo1H nplo1pOAbl

- o6w,eCTBeHHbIX f1BneHIo1H

o KpynHoMacWTa6Hbie

o CpeAHeMaCWTa6Hbie

o MenKOMaCWTa6Hbie

PJ,1c.2.

KnaCCJ,1<1>J,1KaL4J,1Sl

KapT

3D' np06JleMY pewalOT C nOMOmblO reorpa-

<pwlecKl1X aTJIaCOB - c06paHYI5l pa3Ho06pa3HbLX

KapT, pa3MeweHHbIX B OnpelleJleHHOM nOp5111Ke.

HanpHMep, eCTb aTJlaCbI MHpa. Ha I1X KapTax

yyaCTKH nOBepXHOCTH 3eMJll1 11306pa)KeHbI

nOCJlellOBaTeJIbHO. ECTb aTJlaCbI OTlleJlbHbIX

CTpaH, B yaCTHOCTl1 YKpal1HbI, KOTopble BKJlIOl.Ia- ~

lOT TeMaTWleCKHe KapTbl OnpelleJleHHOM TeppH-

TOpHH. BbIBalOTaTJlaCbl yqe6Hble, HanpHMepllJl5l

7 KJlacca. B HHX nOll06paHbl KapTbl, HJlJlIOCTPI1-

pYIOWHe MaTepHaJT OCHOBHbIX TeM yqe6HHKa.

KapTbl no npaBy CYI1TalOT Ba)KHbIM H306peTeHH-

eM lleJlOBelleCTBa. YMeHl1e pa60TaTb C HI1MH

nOMoraeT H3yqaTb OKp)0KalOw,I1M MHp: npHpolly,

HaCeJleHHe H X0351HCTBOpa3HblX TeppYiTOpHH.

Ho CerO,llH5I. 11 aTJIaCOB HenOCTaTOYHO )])151 ------

oT06pa)KeHH51 nOTOKa HH<popMaUHH, He06xo-11I1MOH COBpeMeHHoMy lleJlOBeKY. 11 311eCb Ha V1TOIOBbIE ,lJ,AHHbIEnOMOWb npHXOllHT KOMnblOTepbl. B naMHTb KapTa~ rpacjJ~K,oTo6pa>KalOll.\~eCOCTO~H~e

3eMHoiinOBepXHOCT~AO~ nocneBo3AeiicTB~~3JleKTpOHHO-BblllHCJlHTeJlbHOH MaWHHbl 8BO- 4enOBeKa

1151T)0Ke 113BeCTHble llaHHble 0 3eMHOM nOBepXHOCTH, a 3aTeM PIf1C. 3.nOCT051HHO I1X llOnOJlHHIOT. TaK c0311aeTC51reoHHclJopMaUHOHHaSi TaK c03AaeTcSI

CHCTeMa - 0606weHHe Bcex llaHHbIX 0 3eMJle. nOJIb30BaTeJlb reOIf1H<popMa-

MO)KeT 6blCTPO BbIBeCTI1 Ha 3KpaH Bce, YTO ero HHTepecyeT, ~1f10HHaSiCIf1CTeMa

coe b OM 11306pa)KeHHH pa3Hble CBelleHI151 (Pl1c. 3).~

§ >Kene3HbleAopor~_._§ ABtoAopor~

.' <::::... / _O.I;I?Ce!le~blenyHKTbl

HepoBHOCT~nOBepXHocm

YroAb~~B~AblpatT~TenbH9CT~Dodo

pellMeT M3yqeHHfl reorpaclJHH MaTepHKOB H OKeaHOB - :no npHpOlla HarneH

nJIaHeTbl B ueJIOM, ee MaTepHKH H OKeaHbl, HapOllbl H CTpaHbl.

• OCHOBHble MeTOllbl reorpaclJHQeCKHX HCCJIellOBaHHH: Ha6JIlOlleHHfl, onHCaTeJIb-

HbIH, 3KcnellHUHOHHbIH, naJIeoreorpaclJHQeCKHH, KapTorpaclJHlJeCKHH, a3po-

KOCMHlJeCKHH H MOlleJIHpOBaHHfl.

• KapTbl pa3JIHQalOT no COllepLKaHHIO (06mereorpaclJHQeCKHe, TeMaTHlJeCKHe),

MacrnTa6y (KpynHo-, cpellHe-, MeJIKOMaCrnTa6Hble), oXBary TeppHTopHM (Kap-

Tbl MHpa H nOJIyrnapHH, MaTepHKOB H OKeaHOB, QaCTeH MaTepHKOB H OKeaHOB).

BonpOCbl H 3AAAHHs:I

1.LJTO51BmleTC51 npeAMeToM 1I13Y4eHII151reorpa¢1I1111 MaTepll1KOB 111oKeaHoB?

2. KaKII1MII1111CT04HII1KaMII1reorpa¢1I14eCKII1X 3HaHII1111Bbl nonb3yeTecb?

3. npll1 nOMow,1I1 KaKII1XMeTOAOB npOBOA51TC51 reorpa¢1I14eCKlI1e II1ccneAOBaHII151?

4. KaK KnacclI1¢II1LJ,II1PYIOTKapTbi?

5. KaKlI1e KapTbl no oXBaTyTeppll1Topll1111 eCTb B BaweM YLje6HOM aTnace?

6. LJTOo6w,ero 111pa3nll14HOrO Me>KAY ¢1I131114eCK0ll1KapTOll1 nonywapll1l11l11 ¢1113I11Lje-

cKoll1KapToll1YKpaIl1H~?

§z.

<7>. BCnOMH1I1Te, KaK1I1e reorpa¢W·JeCK1I1e nOCne,D,CTB1I1511l1MeeT

,D,B1I1)1(eH1I1e3eMn1l1 BOKpyr CBOellt OC1I1.

• 4TO TaKOe Mep1l1,D,1I1aHbl? CKOnbKO Mep1l1,D,1I1aHOB MO)l(HO

npOSeCT1I1 Ha KapTe 1I1n1l1rno6yce?

P...,C. 4. 'iacoBblenOSica

nOQEMY HA 3EMJIE PA3HOE BPEMH. Bbl y:>Ke3HaeTe, YTO

3eM.Jl5I Bpalll,aeTC5I BOKpyrcBoeH OCI1, 11ee nOBepxHocTb OCBelll,aeT-

C5ICOnHlJ,eM HeO,Ll,I1HaKoBo. Ecnl1, Hanpl1Mep, B Kueee ,Ll,eHb, TO Ha

npOTI1BOnOnO:>KHOH CTOpOHe nnaHeTbI - HOYb. 003TOMY KlDK,II,bIH

Mepl1,L(l1aH (ycnoBHa51 n11H115I, npOBe,lleHHa5I Ha KapTe OT nOnIOCa K

nOnIOcy) 6Y,lleT I1MeTh CBoe BpeM51. Cne,Ll,OBaTenhHO, .\3 O,llI1H 11TOT

:>KeMOMeHT B pa3HhJX nyHKTaX BpeM5I 6Y,lleT pa3Hoe. O,Ll.l1HaKOBhIM

OHO 6Y,lleTTOnbKO B MeCTax C O,Ll,I1HaKOBOH,Ll,OnrOTOH, TO eCTh B,llOJIh

onpe,lleneHHoro Mepl1,1lHaHa. OTCl.JeT BpeMeHI1, npl1cylll,ero onpe-

,lleneHHOMY MepH,Ll,HaHY (a MepH,lll1aH, KaK BbI 3HaeTe, MO)J(HO npo-

BeCTl1yepe3nIo6YJOTOl{KY Ha 3eMJIe) B,Ll,aHHbIH MOMeHT, Ha3bIBaJOT

MeCmUblM, I1JII1COJlUeIfUblM, 6peMeUeM. 3TO o6ycnoBneHO pacnOJIO-

:>KeHHeM MeCTHOCTI1 Ha onpe,Ll,eJIeHHOH reorpa¢WfeCKOH ,llOnrOTe.

Cne,llOBaTenbHO, MeCTHoe BpeM5I OTnWfaeTC5I BnIo6hJX,llBYX nyHK-

Tax, ,Ll,OJIroTa KOTOpblX pa3Ha5I.

TIOJlHbIH 060pOT (Ha 360°) BOKpyr CBoeH KTO npeAnO>Kl1n ~aCOBble nOSlcaOC113eMJl5ICOBepwaeT3acYTKl1-24l.faca.Ta- OTC4eT BpeMeHl-1 no 4aCOBbiM

KHM 06pa30M, 3a 1 l.f Hawa f1JlaHeTa nOBopa- no~caM npe,ll,nO>Kl-1n B 1878 r.

4HBaeTC5I Ha ISO (360°: 24 = 15°). TI03TOMY KaHa,ll,CKl-1Vi l-1H>KeHep C. <DneMl-1Hr,

MeCTHoe BpeM5I 6y)J.eT OTJlI1lJaTbC5I Ha 1 ':lac B KOTOpblVi pa60Tan Ha >Kene3HOVi ,ll,0-pore. 4epe3 S-neT nO~CHoe BpeM~

nyHKTax, oT)J.aJleHHbIX O)J.HH OT )J.pyroro HaBnepBble 6blno.BBe,ll,eHO B CWA.

ISO )J.OJlrOTbI, H Ha 4 MYTH- Ha 1° (l ':I = 60 MHH; HeCMOTp~ Ha Me>K,ll,yHapO,ll,Hble

60 MHH : 15° = 4 MHH). Hanpl1Mep, eCJlH B Ku- ,ll,OrOBOpeHHOCTl-1, nepeXO,ll, Ha 3Ty

eee, pacnOJlO)KeHHOM Ha 31 ° B. )J.., 10 lJ, TO B Cl-1CTeMY l-1C4l-1CneHl-1~BpeMeHl-1 3a-

XapbKoee, Jle)KameM Ha 36° B.)J.., MeCTHoe Bpe- T~Hync~ Ha ,ll,onrl-1e ro,ll,bl. Ha TeP•

M5I 6y)J.eT 10 l.f 20 Ml1H (36° B. )J.. - 31 ° = SO; pl-1TOpl-1l-1YKpal-1Hbl, Hanpl-1-

50x4MHH=20MHH). Mep,eeBBenl-1B1919r. ~f£i

TIOJlb30BaTbc5I MeCTHbIM BpeMeHeM Hey)J.06Ho, nOCKOJIbKY, ,

)J.Bl1ra5lCb Ha 3ana)]. l1JlH BOCTOK, C Ka)K)J.bIM rpa)].ycoM )J.OJlfOTbI

CTpeJ1KH lJaCOB He06xo)J.HMO nepeBO)J.HTb Ha3a)]. J11160Bnepe)J. Ha

4 MI1H.

qTO TAKOE lJACOBbIE nO.SlCA.,!J,mI y)J.06cTBa OTC4eTa Bpe-

MeHI1 3eMHYIO nOBepXHOCTb YCJlOBHOpa3)J.eJ1HJ1HHa 24 n05lca no

I SO Ka)K)J.blH- qaCOBble "ORCa (pHC. 4). B Ka)K)J.OMn05lce no ueHTpy

npOXO)J.HT cpe)J.HHHbIH MepH)J.HaH. MecTHoe BpeM5I 3Toro MepH-

)J.HaHa)J.orOBOpHJIHCbCl.JHTaTbO)J.HHaKOBbIMB)J.aHHbIH MOMeHT)J.Jl51

KapTa oT06pa>KaeT ,ll,eneHl-1e 3eMHOVi nOBepx-

HOCTl-1 Ha 4aCOBbie no~ca. CMe>KHble no~ca ,ll.n~

y,ll,06CTBa OKpaweHbl B pa3HbiLii lJ,BeT. rpaHl-1lJ,bl

nO~COB B npe,ll,enax MopeVi l-1OKeaHOB npOBe,ll,eHbl

np~MOnl-1HeViHO no Mepl-1,ll,l-1aHaM. Ha cywe OHl-1

npOXO,ll,~T C Y4eTOM a,ll,Ml-1Hl-1CTpaTl-1BHbIX l-1nl-1

rOCY,ll,apCTBeHHbIX rpaHl-1lJ,.

HOMepa 4aCOBbiX nO~COB YKa3aHbi Ha BepxHeVi

paMKe KapTbl. TaM >Ke nO,ll,nl-1CaHbl ~13Ha4eHl-1~

Mepl-1,ll,l-1aHOBB rp3Aycax. Ha Hl-1>KHeVipaMKe KapTbl

lJ,l-1<ppoViYKa3aHa pa3Hl-1lJ,a BO BpeMeHl-1 Me>KAY,ll,aH-

HblM 4aCOBbiM nO~COM l-1Ha4anbHblM. 3HaK «+» l-1nl-1

«-» B03ne lJ,l-1<PPblYKa3blBaeT Ha TO, KaKoe ,ll,eVi-

CTBl-1e Cne,ll,yeT BblnOnHl-1Tb (BbI4l-1TaHl-1e l-1nl-1cno->KeHl-1e), 4T06bl onpe,ll,enl-1Tb nO~CHoe BpeM~ OTHO-

Cl-1TenbHO Ha4anbHoro no~ca. 3TO Ba>KHO 3HaTb

TeM, KTO nepee3>KaeT l-13O,ll,HOro 4acoBoro no~ca B

,ll,pyroVi. Ha KapTe Bl-1,ll,HO,4TO npl-1 nepeMew,eHl-1l-1

Ha 3an3A cTpenKy 4aCOB Cne,ll,yeT nepeBO,ll,l-1Tb Ha

1 4 Ha3a,ll" Ha BOCTOK- Ha 1 4 Bnepe,ll,.

Ha KapTe TaK>Ke ,ll,pyrl-1M lJ,BeTOM Bbl,ll,eneHbl

Teppl-1TOpl-1l-1, r,ll,e npl-1H~TOe BpeM~ OTnl-14aeTC5'l OT

BpeMeHl-1 Ha4anbHoro no~ca Ha YKa3aHHoe 3Ha-

4eHl-1e

1. KaK Ha KapTe 3eMHa5'l nOBepXHOCTb

pa3,ll,eneHa Ha 4aCOBbie no~ca?

2. KaKoBa pa3Hl-1lJ,a BO BpeMeHl-1 Me>KAY

n05'lCaMl-1?

3. n04eMY rpaHl-1lJ,bl 4aCOBbiX n05'lCOB

Ha cywe l-1B OKeaHax npOBe,ll,eHbl He

CTpOro no Mepl-1,ll,l-1aHaM?

4. OTKY,ll,a Ha4l-1HaeTC5'l OTCyeT

yaCOBblX n05'lCoB? KaKoVi YacoBoVi

n05'lC Ha3blBalOT HyneBblM?

5. B KaKOM yaCOBOM n05'lce pacnono-

>KeHa YKpal-1Ha?

6. Ha CKonbKO n05'lCHOe BpeM5'l B

YKpal-1He OTnl-14aeTC~ OT 3ana,ll,HOeBpO-

neVicKoro l-1Cpe,ll,HeeBponeVicKOro?

7. r,ll,e npOXO,ll,l-1Tnl-1.Hl-15'lnepeMeHbl,ll,aT?

B. Onpe,ll,enl-1Te pa3Hl-1lJ,y BO BpeMeHl-1

Me>KAY Kl-1eBOM l-1rop0,ll,aMl-1 JlOH,ll,O-

HOM, MOCKBOVi, Cl-1,ll,HeeM, HblO-

V1opKoM.

Bcex nyHKToB B npe)leJ1ax O)lHOro yaCoBoro n051ca. MeCTHOe Bpe-

M51Cpe)lI1HHoro Mepl1)ll1aHa Ka)K)loro n051ca Ha3bIBalOT nOJlCHblM.

Cpe)lI1HHbIe Mepl1)ll1aHbI yaCOBbIX n051COB y)laJleHbI Ll,pyr OT

Ll,pyra Ha 150

, 11J111Ha 1 Y BO BpeMeHHoM 113Mepemll1. n03TOMY pa3-

Hl1ua BO BpeMeHI1 Me)K)ly n051CaMl1 3aBl1Cl1T OT paCCT051HI151Me)K)ly

HI1MI1. Me)K)ly COCeLl,HI1MI1 '-IaCOBbIMI1 n051CaMl1

paCCT051Hl1e COCTaBJ15IeT1SO)lOJ1rOTbI, 3HaYI1T, 11

BpeM51 B HI1X 6y)leT OTJ1W-IaTbC51pOBHO Ha 1 Y.

Hanpl1Mep, llapUJICpaCnOJ1o)J(eH B I-M yaCOBOM

n051ce. ECJ111TaM 10 Y, TO B Kueee, KOTOPbIti

HaXO)lI1TC51 BO 2-M n051ce, 6YLl,eT 11 Y. OpJ.1 pac-

CT051Hl1l1 Me)J()ly rr051CaMI1, Hanpl1Mep, 1800

Ll,0J1-

rOTbI BpeM51 113MeHI1TC51Ha 12 Y (1800

: 1SO= 12),

npl1 paCCT051HI1J.13600

- Ha 24 Y (3600

: ISO = 24).

MJ.1HYTHbIe J.1ceKYH)lHbIe CTpeJ1Kl1 BO Bcex n051-

cax I1)lYT O)lJ.1HaKoBo. CJ1eLl,OBaTeJ1bHO,)lBl1ra51Cb

Ha BOCTOK 11J1113anan, He06xoLl,l1MO 113MeH5ITb

OTCyeT BpeMeHI1 B COOTBeTCTBJ.111C '-IaCOBbIMI1

n05ICaMI1.

OTKY.LJ.AHAQHHATb OTCqET BPEMEHl1.Ka)K)lbIH: YaCoBoti n051c J.1MeeT onpeLl,eJ1eHHbIti

HOMep - OT 0 Ll,0 23. n051C C TpUn8U'1CKUM Mepu-auanoM, y KOToporo Ll,OJ1rOTa 00, CYI1TalOT

HaYaJlbHbIM, 11J111HYJ1eBbIM. OCTaJlbHbIM Yaco-

BbIM n051CaM OT HyJ1eBOrO (oH)J(e 24-ti) I1L1,aJlb-

we Ha BOCTOK npI1CBaI1BaIOTC51 HOMepa I-H, 2-H

11T. )l. - )l0 23- roo

n051CHOe BpeM51 HeKOTopbIX yaCOBblX n05ICOB

I1MeeT oc06bIe Ha3BaHJ.15I. Hanpl1Mep, BpeM5I

HYJ1eBoro n05Ica Ha3bIBalOT 3anaolloe6poneuclCUM,

Plr1c.5.rplr1HBIr1•.•cKaH

o6cepBaTOplr1H,•.•epe3 KOTOpylO

npOXOAIr1T

HyneBo.;1

Meplr1Alr1aH

(JloHAOH)

rAe Ha •.•Ir1HaeTCH OTC"'Eh

HOBoro AHH

no Hall1MeHee HaceneHHblM pailio-

HaM 3eMnll1, a 3TO npeIl1MYll.\eCTBeH-

HO BOAHble npOCTopbl TlI1xoro

OKeaHa, npll1MepHO BAonb 180-ro

Mepll1AlI1aHa (12-iIi 4aCOBoili noS'lc),

npOXOAII1T TaK Ha3blBaeMaS'l nll1HII1S'l

nepeMeHbl AaT. 3TO ycnoBHaS'l nll1HII1S'l

Ha nOBepXHOCTII1 3eMHoro wapa, OT

KOTOpoili Ha4I11HaIOTCS'lHOBbie CYTKII1.

OTCIOAa YTPO «waraeT» no nnaHeTe

Ha 3anaA. no 06e CTOpOHbl OT 3TOili

nll1HlI11114aCbl 111MII1HYTbl COBnaAaIOT, a

KaneHAapHble AaTbl OTnIl14aIOTCS'l Ha

0AHII1 CyTKII1. Hanpll1Mep, 3anaAHee

6YAeT 6 OKTS'l6pS'l, a BOCT04Hee -

50KTS'l6pS'l. Ecnll1, CKa)f(eM, Kopa6nb

nepeceKaeT nll1HlI11OnepeMeHbl AaT

C BOCTOKa Ha 3anaA, TO 4epe3

HeCKonbKO MII1HyT 11135 OKTS'l6pS'l OH

nOnaAaeT B 6 OKTS'l6pS'l(TO eCTb npll1-

6aBnS'lIOTCS'l OAHII1 CYTKII1). Ecnll1 )f(e

nepeMell.\aeTCS'l B o6paTHoM HanpaB-

neHII1I11,TO 11136 OKTS'l6pS'lCHOBa OKa

3b1BaeTCS'l B 5 OKTS'l6pS'l,TO eCTb 0A-

Hill 111Te )f(e CYTKII1OTC4111-

••-2bIBaIOTC~ ABa)f(Abl.

l-ro n05Ica - cpej)lleeeponeiicKllM, 2-ro n05Ica B 3apy6e)I(Hblx CTpa-

HaX - eOCmOltll0eeponeiicKUM.

B KAKOM lfACOBOJ\;Jn05lCE PACPOJ10JKEHA YKPAMHA.TeppYlTopJ.15I YKpaJ.1HbI nOt{TJ.1nOJIHOCTbIO HaX01l,J.1TC5IBO 2-M t{aco-

BOM n05ICe. B KpaHHJ.1X 3ana1l,HbIX J.1BOCTOt{HbIX nyHKTaX MeCTHOe

BpeM5I OTJIVlt{aeTC5I OT n05ICHOrO 60JIee '-leM Ha nOJI'-laCa, HO 1l,JUI

y1l,06CTBa B HaWeH CTpaHe nOBCeMeCTHO BBe1l,eHO e1l,J.1HOe

n05ICHOe BpeM5I. Cpelll1HHbIH MepVl1l,VlaH 2-ro 4aCOBOrO n05Ica

(300

B. 11,.) npOXOlll1T n04TI1 '-lepe3 Kuee. 003TOMY BpeMH 2-ro

n05Ica Ha TeppI1TOpJ.1J.1YKpal1HbI Ha3bIBaIOT KUeeCKILM. K KJ.1eBCKO-

My BpeMeHI1 npl1BH3aHO paCnVlCaHl1e nOe311,OB,aBT06ycOB VICaMO-

JIeTOB, a TaIOKe Me)((ll,yrop01l,Ha5I TeJIecPOHHaH VITeJIerpacPHa5I CB5I3b

B HaweM rocy1l,apCTBe.

KOr,llA HACTynAET JIETHEE BPEl\15l. Bo MHOfl1X CTpa-

Hax B JIeTHI1H nepVlOIi. t{aCbI nepeB01l,HT Ha 1 4 Bnepe1l,. 3TO

He06xo1l,I1MO 1I,JI5ITOro, t{T06bI 3cPcPeKTI1BHee VlCnOJIb30BaTb

CBeTJIOe BpeMH CyTOK VI C3KOHOMJ.1Tb 3JIeKTp03HeprVlIO. TaKoe

«nepeBe1l,eHHoe» BpeM5I Ha3bIBaIOT Jlem1lUM.

JIeTHI1M BpeMeHeM nOJIb3YlOTC5I CBblwe 100 CTpaH MJ.1pa. B

YKpaJ.1He CTpeJIKJ.1 y.aCOB nepeB01l,5IT Ha 1 Y. Bnepe1l, B nOCJIe1l,Hee

BocKpeceHbe MapTa. B nOCJIe1l,Hee BocKpeceHbe OKT5I6p5I JIeT-

Hee BpeM5I OTMeHHeTC5I, y.aCbI nepeB01l,5IT Ha 1 t{ Ha3a1l" TO eCTb

BOCCTaHaBJIVlBaeTC5I n05ICHOe BpeM5I.

(! 3AnOMH~TE• MeCTHoe BpeMH - 3TO CHCTeMa OTCqeTa (HCqHCJIeHHH) BpeMeHH Ha OCHOBa-

HHH peaJIbHOrO COJIHeqHOrO BpeMeHH ,IJ,JIHKa)K,lJ,OrOnyHKTa Ha 3eMHOM rnape.

• nOHCHoe BpeMH - 3TO CHCTeMa OTCqeTa BpeMeHH no MecTHoMy BpeMeHH HaMepH,IJ,HaHe, KOTOpblU npOXO,IJ,HT nOCpe,IJ,HHe onpe,IJ,eJIeHHOrO qaCOBOro nOHca.

• qacoBble nOHca - 3TO 24 nOHca, Ha KOTopble yCJIOBHO pa3,IJ,eJIHIOT 3eMHylOnOBepXHOCTb ,IJ,JIHnOHCHoro OTCqeTa BpeMeHH.

• JIeTHee BpeMH - 3TO CHCTeMa OTCqeTa BpeMeHH, KOTopaH npe,IJ,nOJIaraeTnepeBO,IJ, CTpeJIOK qaCOB Ha 1 q Bnepe,IJ, OTHOCHTeJIbHO BpeMeHH, npHHHToro B,IJ,aHHOuCTpaHe.

BonpOCbl ~ 3AAAH~SI1.4TO TaKoe MeCTHoe BpeMH?

2. 4TO TaKOe nOHCHoe BpeMH 1114eM 06ycnoBneHo ero BBe,D,eH1I1e?

3.n04eMyBBO,D,1I1TCHneTHeeBpeMR?

4. 06bRCH1I1Te, n04eMY <P. MarennaH 111ero cnYTH1I1K1I1,060rHyB 3eMnlo BO BpeMR

KpyrocBeTHoro nnaBaH1I1H, "nOTepHn1l1» 0,D,H1I1CYTK1I1.

rEOrPAC2>W·IECKASl3AAAYAOnpe,D,emne, KaK1I1M6Y,D,eT nOHCHoe BpeMH B SiKyTcKe 111nOC-AH,D,>KeneCe, ecn1l1 B

K1I1eBe - 14425 M1I1H.

§ 3. CTPOEHIIE 3EMHOii KOPbIII PEJIbE

~. • BcnOMHVlTe, l.jeM MaTepVlKosaS1 Kopa OTnVll.jaeTCS1OT""V OKeaHVll.jeCKoLil.

• KaKVle SbiAenS1IOT ¢OPMbl penbe¢a?

Pille. 6.CTpoeHllle

aeMHOv. KOpbl

CTPOEHIlE 3EMHOH KOPbI. KaK BbI}')Ke 3HaeTe 113 r<ypca

6 KJIaCca, pa3JIWlalOT ,LI,BaOCHOBHblX Tl1na 3eMHOH KOpb!. Mame-pUK06Ufl Kopa COCTOI1T 113Tpex CJIOeB (OCa,LJ,OYHOro, rpaHI1THOrO,

6a3aJIbToBOro), a OKeaHWleCKa51 - 113,LI,ByxCJIOeB (OCa,LJ,OYHOrO11

6a3aJIbTOBoro) 1104eHb TOHKa5l. TaKoH Tl1n KOPbI C¢OPMI1POBaJI-

C5I TOJIbKO no,Ll, OKeaHl1yeCKI1MI1 Sna,Ll,I1HaMI1. Ha npOT5I)J(eHIUI

MI1JIJIl1ap,Ll,OB JIeT 3eMHa51 Kopa 113MeH5IJIaCb: paCKaJIblBaJIaCb Ha

orpOMHble nJIaCTbl, nporl16aJIaCb Bna,Ll,I1HaMI1, B3,L1,bIMaJIaCb

ropaMI1, nOKa He npl106peJIa cOBpeMeHHblH BM,LI,.

Bbl Y)J(e nO,Ll,p06HO 03HaKOMI1JII1Cb C TeopMeH ,LI,Bl1)J(eHl15IJIl1TO-

c¢epHbIX nJII1T, OCHOBaHHOH Ha mnOTe3e ,LI,peH¢a MaTepI1KOB. Co-

maCHO cHOH TeOp11113eMHa51 Kopa 114aCTb BepXHeH MaHTl111 pac-

4JIeHeHbI my60KMMl1 Pa3JlOMaMM Ha orpoMHbIe 6Jl0Kl1 - JBffOC<t>ePHble

I1JlHTbI (Pl1c. 6). DOJIbilll1HCTBO nJIl1T BKJI104alOT 11MaTepI1KOBYlO, 11

OKeaHI14eCKYlO3eMHYlOKOpy. I1xMoLUHOCTb,Ll,OCTl1raeT60 -100 KM.

JII1TOC¢epHble nJII1Tbi MeMeHHO nepeMeLUalOTC5I no B5I3KOH

nosepXHOCTI1 MaHTl111 (acTeHoc¢epe) nO,Ll,06HO fI1raHTCKl1M JIb,Ll,l1-

HaM Ha nOBepXHOCTM BO,Ll,bI. CKOpOCTb I1X ,LI,BI1)f(eHI151 scero

Plllc.7.nOcneAcTBIIISI

ABIII>KeHIIISI

nlllToc<l>epHblxnnlllT

HeCKOJIbKOCaHTI1MeTpOB B rOll,. Ho TaKl1e nepeMew:eHl15I npOl1C-XOll,5lTCOTHl1 Ml1JIJIl10HOB JIeT, n03TOMY nJIl1TbI 3a 3TO Bpe1vf51CMeIl.l,aIOTC5I Ha TbIC5Illl1 KI1JIOMeTpOB. To eCTb COBpeMeHHoepa3MeIl.l,eHl1e MaTepl1KOB l1 OKeaHOB - 3TO pe3YJIbTaT ,llJII1TeJIbHbIXrOpl130HTaJIbHbIX ll,BI1)KeHI1HJII1TOCcPePHbIXnJI I1T. 3TH ll,BI1)KeHl15InpI1BOll,5IT TaK)Ke K TOMy, '-ITO Ha CTbIKax nJIHT B Oll,HI1XMeCTaxnpOI1CxOll,I1Tnx C6JIl1)KeHl1e, a B ll,pyrnx - paCXO)K,lleHHe.

OPI1 C6JlIDKeHHH ll,ByxmnOCcPepHbIX nJIVlT, l1MelOIl.l,I1XMaTepl1KoBylO KOPY, l1X Kpa51 BMeCTe C OCa,UO'-lHbIMl1nOp0ll,aMI1CMl1HaIOTC5IB CKJIa,UKI1,o6pa3y51 ropHbIe Xpe6Tbi. ECJIl1 )Ke c6JII1-)KaIOTC5InJIl1TbI, oll,Ha C OKeaHl1l.JeCKOH, a ll,pyra51 - C MaTepl1KO-BOH KOpOH, TO nepBa51 npom6aeTC5I l1 KaK 6bl norp~aeTC5I noll,MaTepHKOBy!o. Opl13TOM npl1nOll,H5ITbIH KpaH MaTepHKOBOH KOPbICMI1HaeTC5I B CKJIall,KI1, cPOpMl1py51 rOpbl, a Bll,OJIb no6epe)KI1MB03Hl1KaIOT uenOQKH OCTPOBOBl1fJIY60KOBO)J,HbIeLKeJIo6a.

OPI1 paCXOLK)),eHHH JIl1TOCcPepHbIX nJII1T Ha l1XCTbIKe o6pa-3YIOTC5ITpeIl.l,I1Hbi. nOll,06HOe Ha6JIIOll,aeTC5Inpel1MYUJ,eCTBeHHOHa

Ha TeMan1LJeCKOili KapTe "CTpoeHVle

3eMHoili KOpbl» nOKa3aHO pacnOnO>KeHVle

nVlTocepepHblX nnVlT, a TaK>Ke HanpaBneHVle

VI CKOpOCTb VlX nepeMeLl.\eHVlS1.

Ha mnocepepHblX nnVlTax LJ,BeTOM BblAe~

neHbl nnaTepopMbl VI 06naCTVI CKnaALJaTOC-

TVI. B OCHOBe COBpeMeHHblx MaTepVlKOB

npeVlMYLl\eCTBeHHO ne>KaT ApeBHVle AO-

KeM6pVlilicKIt1e nnaTepopMbl. V1x 06paMnS1IOT

MonoAble nnaTepopMbl It106naCTIt1 CKnaALJa-

TOCTVI, 06pa30BaBWlt1eES1 n03AHee.

Ha AHe Mopeili It1 OKeaHOB 0603HaLJeHbi

OKeaHVlLJeCKlt1e nnaTepopMbl, CpeAIt1HHO-OKe-

aHIt1LJeCKVle xpe6Tbl, rny6oKoBoAHbie >Keno-

6a, 30Hbl pa3nOMOB. WTplt1XaMVI nOKa3aHbi

30Hbl 3eMneTpS1ceHVliIi, 3HaLJKaMIt1 - BynKaHbl.

1. KaKVle nVlTocepepHble nnVlTbl VI rAe ne-

peMeLl\alOTCS1 C Halt160nbWeili CKOpOCTblO?

2. 06bS1CHIt1Te, nOLJeMy B npeAenax

TIt1XOOKeaHcKoro orHeHHoro KOnbLJ,a

cocpeAOTOLJeHO 80 % Bcex BynKaHoB.

3. KaKoili OCTpOB B ATnaHTIt1LJeCKOM

OKeaHe pacnonaraeTcS1 Ha rpaHIt1LJ,e

nVlTocepepHblx nnVlT?

4. Ha30BIt1Te ApeBHlt1e (AoKeM6pVlilicKVle)

nnaTepopMbl.

5. B npeAenax KaKoili nlt1TocepepHoili nnlt1Tbl

Mbl >KIt1BeM? KYAa It1C KaKoili CKOpOCTblO OHa

nepeMeLl\aeTCS1? KaKlt1e nnaTepopMbl It106-

naCTIt1 CKnaALJaTOCTIt1 Ha Heili BbIAenS1IOT?

IAe HaXOAS1TCS130Hbl 3eMneTpS1CeHIt1i1i?

061lacTlil C Kopofi OKeaHl'1yeCKoro Tl'1nao OKeaHl'1yeCKl'1e nnanpopMblo CpeAI'1HHO-OKeaHI'1YeCKl'1e xpe6Tbi

CJ rlly6oKoBoAHbie )I(ello6a

rpaHI'1l.(bIIlI'1Tocct>epHbIX nlll'1T

- C61l1'1)1(eHI'1~ = paCXOJKAeHI'1~

¢ HanpaBlleHl'1e 1'1CKOpOCTb9,3 ABI'1)1(eHI'1~ nlll'1T (CM/roAl

BYIlKaHbl• AeficTBylOlI.(l'1e * nOTYxwl'1e

I//; 30Hbl 3eMlleTp~CeHl'1fi 1'1/ COBpeMeHHoro ropoo6pa30BaHI'1~

--- Pa31l0Mbi

-n-yr-e-w-e-CTB-M-e -B-cn-O-B-O-----;::I( ,ll,He OKeaHOB - B pHlllTOBblX ,ll,OJIOHaX. 3TO npo-

nnanpopMa B nepeBOAe C eppaH-U,Y3CKOro 03HaljaeT nnOCKaR cjJOpMa.

Pille. 8.CTpoeHlIle

nllaTCj>0pMbl

,ll,OJlhHhle ymeJIh5I WHpHHOH B HeCKOJIhKO ,ll,eC5IT-

KOB KHJIOMeTpOB. B,ll,OJThPWf)TOBhlX,ll,OJIHH cPop-

MHPYlOTC5I Cpe,ll,OHHO-OKeaHO'IeCKHe xpe6TbI B

BH,ll,e rHraHTCKHX nO,ll,BO,ll,HhIX ropHhIX coopY'A<.e-

HHH (pHC. 7). ITo TpemHHaM Ha nOBepXHOCTh

nO,ll,HHMaeTC5I paCnJIaBJleHHa5I MarMa. I10cJTe e"

OXJlCDIQJ.eHH.5IMarMaTWfeCKHe nOp0,ll,hI CTaHOB5IT-

C5I.MOJTO,ll,OH3eMHOH KopoH. OHa nOCTeneHHO

pacnpOCTpaH5IeTC5I. no 06e CTOpOHhI rJIy6HH-

HOro pa3JTOMa, HapamHBa5I Kpa5I JIHToccPepHhLx

nJIHT.

YCTO ~L hI rrO,UB K F )LfAC fKII 3F 1 T

KOPhI. Ha 3eMHOH nOBepXHOCTH eCTh OTHOCHTeJIhHO yCTOHLIJI-

Bhle H nOLlBH)KHhle y'·mCTKH. OTHOCHTeJlhHO yCTotft.!HBhIe y'-IaCTKl'

3eMHOM. KOPhI Ha3hIBalOT n JI a TlIJ 0 P M a MO. 3TO BhlpoBHeHHhI •

caMhIe LlpeBHHe yqacTKH JTHTOCcPePHhIX TIJIHT. OHl1 JIe)l(aT B OCHo-

BaHHl1 MaTepHKoB 11OKeaHH4eCKl1X Bna,nI1H. ITJIaTcPopMhI HMelOT

LlBYXCJlOHHOe CTpOeHl1e. HH)I(HHH CJTOH- Kpl1CTaJIJlH4eCIGIlt

cPYHLlaMeHT - CJTaralOT MarMaTH4eCKHe H MeTaMOPcPwleCKHe no-

POLlhI. BepXHl1M. COCTOI1T 113OCa,nOLIHhIX nopo,ll" KOTophle CJTOBHO

4eXJlOM nepeKphIBalOT cPYH,ll,aMeHT. MeCTaMH TBep,ll,ble KpI1CTal-

JIH4eCKHe nopOLlbI cPYHLlaMeHTa BblcTynalOT H3- no,ll, Pblx..lhLX

OCaLlOqHhIX nopOLl 4eXJIa Ha nOBepXHOCTh nJlaTcPopMbI. TaKiI

Y4aCTKH Ha3bIBalOT UJ.OTaMO. YQaCTKl1, nepeKpbITbIe 4ex..10. L

Ha3bIBalOTC5I nJIHTaMH (He nyratiTe CJIl1TOCcPePHhIMH!) (pHC. 8). ITo

reOJIOrH4eCKOMY B03pacTy pa3JIl14alOT LlpeBHHe H MOJIO.JbI

nJTaTcPopMhl. J(pe6Hue (ooKeM6puiiclCue) 1l.flamrjJopMbl Ccl:>OpMHpOBa-

JTHCbB apXeHCKYlO l1 npoTep030HCKYlO 3pbI, TO eCTh B ,ll,OKeM6pml.

B03paCT HX cPYHLlaMeHTa 1,5 - 4 MJIPLl JIeT. MOJlOOble 1l.flamrjJop.lfblCcl:>OPMI1POBaJlI1CbTOJThKO500 MJTHJTeTHa3a,n.

Me)l(,1l,y OTHOCHTeJIhHO YCTOHLIHBbTMl1yYacTKaMl13eMHOH KOpbl

pa3MemaIOTC5IHeycTOHQl1Bble30HhT -nO,ll,BIDKHbIe nOSica. OHlI

COBna,naIOT C MeCTaMH fJTY6HHHbIX pa3JIOMOB Me)l(,1l,y JlHTOCcPe

HblMl1 TIJIHTaMH Ha cywe 11B oKeaHax (B cpeLlHHHO-OKeaHl1LIeCKIIX

xpe6Tax H my60KoBoLlHbTX )I(eJl06ax). B 3THX Y3Kl1X, npOT5I)I(eHHo-

CTblO B ThIC5I4H Kl1JlOMeTpOB, 30Hax cocpeLlOTOQeHbI BYJlKaHhl II

QaCTO 6bIBalOT 3eMJleTp5ICeHH51. TaKHe 30HhT Ha3bIBaIOT ceiiCMll'le-ClCUMUnORCaMU.<l>OPMhl PEJIhE<l>A. PeJlbecl:>TeCHO CB5I3aH co CTpoeHHeM 3e"l-

HOH KOPhI. Ee COBpeMeHHhTe OLIepTaH H5I npeLlCTaBJI5IIOT KpynHel1-

WHe cPOPMhT peJlbecl:>a - BblcTynbl MaTepHKOB H BnallHHhl

OKeaHOB, ropbT H He06b5ITHhie paBHHHbI. B pa3MemeHHl1 cPop, I

peJTbecl:>aHa nOBepXHOCTH 3eMJIH Ha6JlIO,ll,aIOTC5I onpe,ll,eJleHHhle

3aKOHOMepHOCTH.

BblcTynbI MaTepHKOB COOTBeTcTBylOT 3eM-

HOH KOpe MaTepl1KOBOrO Tl1na, a OKeaHH'IeCKHe

Bna,nHHbl- 06JIaCT5IM pacnpOCTpaHeHl1H OKe-

aH114eCKOH KOpb!. P a B H H H bl pa3MewalOTCH

Ha nJIanpOpMax. OT Toro, Ha KaKOM Y4aCTKe

nJIanpOpMbl pacnOJIO)l(eHa paBHHHa, 3aBl1Cl1T

ee BbICOTa: Ha W.I1TaX 4awe JIe)l(aT B03BblweH-

HOCTl1 11 nJIOCKOrOpbH, Ha nmnax - B03Bbl-

weHHOCTl1 11H113MeHHOCTH.

fOPbl cYWl1, cpe,nHHHO-OKeaHH'IeCKHe

xpe6Tbi 11 rJIy6oKOBo,nHble MeJIo6a Ha,UHe

OKeaHOB pacnOJIaralOTCH B nO,UBl1)l(HbIX n05Icax Ha rpaHl1lI,e JIl1TO-

CcPepHbIX nJIHT. Ha cywe BCJIe,UCTBl1eC6JIl1)l(eHHH JIl1TOCcPepHbIX

TIJIl1Tnopo,nbT Ha l1X KpaHX CMl1HalOTCH B CKJIa,UKH,06Pa3YSl 06JIaCTb

CKJI3,L('IaTOCTH(Pl1c. 9). ITPl1 3TOM B03HHKalOT MOJIO,UbTeCKJlaO'-lQ-

mbte lOPbt. ITocTeneHHo, Ha npOT5J)l(eHl1l1 Ml1JIJI110HOB JIeT, OHH

pa3pywalOTC5I. 80 BpeMH CJIe,llYlOWl1X,llBl1)l(eHHH 3eMHoH KOPbT OT

Pa3JIOMOB ropbl pa36HBalOTC5I Ha OT,lleJIbHble fJIb16bI. ITo pa3JIOMaM

npOl1Cxo,nl1T BepTl1KaJIbHOe CMeW.eHHe: eCJIl1OAHH Y4aCTOK no,nHl1-

MaeTC5I OTHOCl1TeJIbHO COCe,llHl1X, TO 06pa3yeTC5I ropCT, eCJIl1 ony-

CKaeTCH - rpa6eH. TaK <'p0PMl1PYlOTC5IcKJlaOrtamo-lJlbt606bte lOPbt.

PeJTbe<.pHaweH nJIaHeTbT <'pOpMHpOBaJICH npo,nOJDKHTeJTbHOe

BpeM5I. ITPl1 3TOM nep110,nbI ropo06pa30BaH115I 4epeAOBaJIl1Cb C

nepl1o,naMl1 MeHee aKTl1BHbTX,nBIDKeHl1H 3eMHoH KOpbI, Kor,na ropbT

pa3pywaJIHCb nOA BJIH5IHHeM BHeWHl1X npou,eccoB 11npeBpaw.a-

JIHCb B paBHHHbI. TaKl1M 06pa30M peJIbe<'p 3eMJTH 113MeH5IeTCHHe-

npepbTBHo.~ rpa6eH(!)3AnOMH~TE ~I---------------------.....

• MaTepHKOBa5I Kopa COCTOHTH3 Tpex CJIOeB (oca,nO'IHOrO, rpaHHTHoro, 6a3aJIb-

TOBoro) MOIIl,HOCTblO 35-70 KM; OKeaHH'IeCKaH Kopa - TOJIbKO H3,nByxCJIOeB

(oca,nO'IHOrO H 6a3aJIbTOBoro), HX TOJIlII,a He npeBblmaeT 10 KM.

• nJIaTcI>opMa - 3TOT OTHOCHTeJIbHOYCTOH'IHBbIH BbIpoBHeHHbIH yqaCTOK 3eMHOH

KOpbl.

• nO,nBHMHblH n05IC - 3TO y'lacToK 3eMHOH KOpbl Ha rpaHHlJ,e JIHToccI>epHblx

nJIHT, r,ne npoxo,nHT rJIy6HHHbie pa3JIOMbl.

• 3aKoHoMepHocTH pacnpocTpaHeHHH cl>OpMpeJIbecl>a: MaTepHKH COOTBeTCTBy-

/;OT3eMHOH Kope MaTepHKOBoro THna, OKeaHH'IeCKHe Bna,nHHbl -.OKeaHJ.f'le-

CKoro THna; paBHHHbI - nJIaTcI>opMaM, ropbl cymH - 06JIaCTHM cIciIa,n'laTOC1'.H:·.r

Plllc.9.CTpoeHllleo6nacTIIICKnaAl4aTOCTIII

BonpOCbl ~ 3AAAH~st1.,LJeM3eMHa51 KOpa MaTepll1KOBoro TlI1na OTnw-taeTC51OT KOpbl OKeaH1I14eCKOro TlI1na?

2. KaKoBbl nOCneACTBlI151C6nll1)KeHlI1511l1paCXO)KAeHlI151nll1TOC¢epHblx nnll1T?

3. KaKoBo CTpOeHlI1e nnaT¢opMbl? KaK nnaT¢opMbl pa3n1l14atOT no B03pacry?

4. KaKlI1e npOCne)KlI1BatOTC513aKOHOMepHOCTlI1 pa3Mew,eHlI151 ¢OPM penbe¢a?

~ • BcnOMHIilTe, '-ITOTaKOe KJlIilMaT.

"V • no KaKIilM nplil3HaKaM pa3nlil'-lalOT KnIilMaTIil'-leCKlile no~ca?

P~c. 10.K1IIi1MaTlilliecKlile

nOSlca

KJUIMAT II KJIHMATWIECKME IlOHCA 113KYpca 6 KJIacca BbI

~e MHorae Y3HMl1 0 KJUIMaTe - MHOrOJleTHeM pe)J(J1Me noro,Ll,bT,

Tl1nWmOM M5I ,LI,aHHOHMeCTHOCTl1. Era cPOPMI1PYlOT K.JllIMaTOO6pa-

3YJOIlI,He lIJaKTOpbl: KOJIJ1l-leCTBOCOJlHeYHoii[ 3HeprHl1, UI1PKYJT5IUI15I

B03,L1,YWHblXMacc 11xapaKTep nO,Ll,CTl1JlaIOTueii[nOBepXHocrn.

KJlHMaTH'leCKHe nOSica - 3TO Wl1pOTHbIe rrOJlOCbI 3eMHOH

nOBepXHOCTI1 C OTHOCI1TeJlbHO O,Ll,HOP0,Ll,HbIMKJII1MaTOM (Pl1c. 10).OHl1 OTJIl1yaIOTC5I TeMrrepaTypoii[ B03,L1,yxa H npe06Jla,LJ,alOll.I,HMI1

B03,L1,yWHbTMI1 MaccaMH. KJIl1MaTl1yeCKl1e n05Ica 113MeH5IIOTC5I

30HMbHO, TO eCTb OT 3KBaTopa K rrOJIIOCaM. B Ka)K)l.OM 113OCIl06-

IlblX 1CJlUMamUlfeCKllX nORC06 B TeyeHl1e ra,Ll,a rOCrrO,Ll,CTByIOT onpe-

,LI,eJIeHHbTe B03.lIYWHbIe MaCChI (3KBaTOpI1MbHbIe, TpOTIl1yeCKl1e,

YMepeHHhIe, apKTHyeCKl1e JIH60 aHTapKTl1yeCKl1e). B nepexoiJllble

1CJlUMamUlfeCKue nORca B03,L1,YWHhIe MaCCbI rrocTynaIOT 113 CMe)K-

HhIX OCHOBHbIX rr05ICOB, 113MeH5I5ICb no ce30HaM: JIeTOM npeo6JIa-

,LI,aIOT B03,L1,YWHbIe MaCCbI OCHOBHOro n05Ica, pacrrOJIO)[(eHHoro

IO)KHee, a 3l1MOH - pacrrOJlO)[(eHHOrO ceBepHee.

o 3KBATOPVlAllbHbilii nOflco CY53KBATOPV1AIlbHbiE nOi1CATPonVl~ECKVlE nOi1CAo 06naCT~ nycTblHHOroKIl~MaTao 06naCT~ BnalKHoro KIl~MaTaCY5TPOnVl~ECKVlE nOi1CAo 06naCT~ KOHT~HeHTanbHoroKIl~MaTa

r---l 06naCT~ cpeA~3eMHOMopCKOroL--! KIl~MaTa •

o 06naCT~ MyCCOHHOroKIl~MaTar---l 06naCT~ C paBHOMepHblML--! YBn8)l{HeH~eM

YMEPEHHblE n051CAr---l 06naCT~ KOHT~HeHTanbHoroL--! KIl~MaTar---l 06naCT~ yMepeHHO KOHT~HeHTanbHoroL--! KIl~MaTao 06naCT~ MopCKoro Kn~MaTa~ 06naCT~ MyccoHHoro KIl~MaTa

o CY5APKTVlYECKV11i1nOflc~ CY5AHTAPKTVlYECKVlIiInOflc

o APKTVlYECKVlIiI nOflco AHTAPKTVlYECKV11i1nOflc

-- rpaH~~bl Kn~MaT~YeCK~XnO~COB------ rpaH~~bl KIl~MaT~YeCK~X06naCTe~

B KJIHMaTI1LIeCKI1X IT051CaX BbI)),eJl5lIOT KJIIfMaTWleCKHe 06JIaCTIf C

PaJHbIMl1 nmaMH KJTI1MaTa. KrrHMaTW-feCKHe 06JIaCTH <P0PMHPy/oT-

C5IITO)),BJIH5IHHeM aJOHaJIbHblX, TO eCTb He30HaJIbHbIX, <paKTOpOB: ITO)),-

CTHJIalOllJ,et1 ITOBepXHOCTH (TOr)),a pa3JIW:laIOT KOHTI1HeHTaJIbHbrn: l1JI11

MOpCKOM KJII1MaT), OKeaHHLIeCKi1X TeqeHHM.

KJHIMATlIqECKIIE IIOHCA. Ha pa3HbIX IlIl1pOTaX ITO)),

BJIH5IHl1eM KJIHMaTOo6pa3ylOllJ,HX <paKTOpOB <P0PMHPYIOTC5I

pa3HbIe KJIHMaTHqeCKHe IT05lca.

KrrI1MaT 3KBaTOpHaJIbHOrO nOSica HaXO)),HTC5I no)), B03)),eM-

CTBl1eM 3KBaTOpl1aJIbHbIX B03)J,yIlIHbIX Macc. OHI1 OnpeLleJI51IOT )I(ap-

KYIO H BJIa)I(HYJO norOLlY Ha npOUDKeHl111 rolla. B 3KBaTOpHaJIbHbIX

1I1l1pOTaxYCTaHaBJIHBaeTC51 HH3KOeLlaBJIeH l1e. B Te4eHHe ro)),aHa6JI10-

LlaeTC5I BbICOKa51TeMneparypa B03LlYXa (+ 24 ... +28 0q. rOLlOBa51 aMn-

JIl1ryLla TeMITeparypbI He3Haql1TeJIbHa51 - Bcero 1 - 2°C. BCJIeLlCTBl1e

CHJIbHOro HarpeBamt5l3eMHot1 ITOBepXHOCTI111I1HTeHCI1BHoro nOLlbe-

Ma TemIOro B03)),yxa o6pa3y/oTc5I MOllJ,Hble KY4eBO-LlO)l(LleBbIe o6Jla-

Ka. E)I(e)),HeBHo OHI1 ITpI1HOC5IT JIHBHI1 C rp03aMI1. D03TOMY OCanKOB

3LleCb BbmanaeT MHoro - CBblIlIe 2000 I\1M B ro)),. XapaKTepHa BbICO-

Ka51OTHOCHTeJIbHa51 BJI~OCTb B03Llyxa. Ce30HbI B TaKOM KJIHMaTe

He BbIpa)l(eHbl, nOCKOJlbKY 11TeMnepaTypa B03Llyxa, H KOJIJ1LIeCTBO

OCanKOB Ha npOTillKeHI1H rOlla npaKTWleCKH He 113MeH51IOTC5I.

no KapTe MO)l(HO Y3HaTb 0 pacnono)l(e-

HI-H1 Ha 3eMHoili nOBepXHOCH1 nOflCOB C

OAHOpOAHblM KnVlMaTOM. Ha VlX npOCTVlpa-

HVie YKa3blBalOT nonOCbl pa3Horo LJ,BeTa. Ha

KapTe XopOWO BViAHO, 4TO rpaHVlLJ,bl KnVlMa-

TVl4eCKVlX nOflCOB npOXOAflT He 48TKO no

napannenflM, a OTKnOHfllOTCfl TO Ha ceBep,

TO Ha lOr. 3TO CBfl3aHO C BnVlflHVleM TaKoro

KnVlMaToo6pa3YIOw,ero epaKTopa, KaK nOA-

cTVlnalOw,afl nOBepXHOCTb (penbeep, OKeaHbl,

MopCKVle Te4eHVlfl, neAHVlKVI VIAP.). B npeAe-

nax KnVlMaTVl4eCKVlX nOflCOB pa3HbiM LJ,BeTOM

0603Ha4eHbi KnVlMaTVl4eCKVle 06naCTVI.

6yKBaMH YKa3aHbi

MeCllYbl rOAao -20

AH<l>MAMHHACOH

1. IAe Ha 3eMne CepOpMVlpOBancfl 3KBaTO-

pVlanbHblili KJlVlMaTVlyeCK\IIiIi nOflC? KaKVle

TaM npeo6naAalOT B03AYWHbie MaCCbl?

2. Me~y KaKVlMVIKJlVlMaTVl4eCKVlMVInOflca-

MVI Jle)l(VlT cy6TponVl4ecKVliIi nOflC? KaK 3TO

BnVlfleT Ha rocnoAcTBO B03AYWHbiX Macc

Ha npOTfl)l(eHVIVI roAa?

3. KaKVle KnVlMaTVl4eCKVle o6nacTVI BblAe-

nfllOT B npeAenax yMepeHHoro nOflca? YTO

06YCJlOBnVlBaeTTaKVle pa3HOBVIAHOCTVIKJlVl-

MaTa B yMepeHHOM nOflce?

4. IAe HaXOAflTCfl apKTVl4ecKVliIi \II aHTapK-

TVl4eCKVliIi KnVlMaTVl4eCKVle nOflca? KaKoili

KnVlMaT TaM epopMVlpyeTCfl?

5. B KaKVlXKJlVlMaTVl4eCKVlXnOflcax pacno-

JlaralOTCfl Aepp\llKa VIAHTapKTVlAa?

6. KaKoili KJlVlMaTVl4eCKVliIi nOflC 3aHVlMaeT

HaVl6oJlbwylO nnow,aAb B IO)I(Hoili AMepVlKe?

7. Ha KaKOM MaTepVlKe WVlpOTHoe npocTVI-

paHVle KnVlMaTVl4eCKVlX nOflCOB HapywaeT-

Cfl? n04eMy?

8. B KaKOM KnVlMaTVl4eCKOM nOflce Vl

l'

KVlXKJlVlMaTVl4eCKVlXo6nacTflx pacnOJli

Ha,y~pa"Ha? , - V

B cy63KBaTOpHaJlbHOM nO$lce K3)i(j],OrOnOflyuJapl15IBO~

)..I,YlllHbIe MaCCbI I1MelOT Ce30HHbIM XapaKTep. JIeToM, Koma Co.: -Hue 60flbwe oCBew.aeT CeBepHoe nonylllapl1e, ClO)..I,anocryn

3KBaTOpl1MbHbIe B0311YWHbIe MaCCbI H3 COCe)..l,HerO(c IOra) 3

TOpHMbHoro n05Ica. n03TOMY fleTOM KflI1MaT 3)..1,eCb)KapKlill

Bfla>KHbIM, nOll06HO 3KBaTopHMbHOMy. 3I1MOH, Korlla CO.1W.•....::

60flbllle oCBew.aeT fO)KHOe nOflYlllapl1e, Ha 3Ty Teppl1TOpl -

nOCTynalOT TponWieCKl1e B03)..1,ywHbIe MaCCbI y)Ke C ceBepa. =COCe)..l,HerO TponWieCKoro n05Ica. OHI1 npI1HOC5IT )KapKylO

CyxyIO noroAY. B lO)KHOM nonylllapHH Bce npOHCXO)..l,l1THa060p<J:".

KrIHMaT TpOnH'IeCKOrO nO$lca Ol.JeHb)KapKI1MI1 CYXOH.E:cP0PMI1PYIOT TpOnl1l.JeCKHe B03)..1,YlllHbIe MaCCbI. YCTaHaBJ1YmaeT .

BbICOKoe aTMOCcPepHoe )..I,aBfleHl1e. TeMnepaTypa B03)..1,yxafleTO.

COCTaBfl5IeT +3SoC, a 3l1MOM CHI1)KaeTC5I )..1,0+20°C. CYTOLJH r

aMnflHTY)..I,a TeMnepaTypbI )..I,OCTl1raeT40°C, 06bIl.JHO 6e306flaLJHO

cyxo. n03TOMY I1MeHHO B TpOmIl.JeCKHX n05Icax paCnOflO)l(eH

Ha1160flbllll1e nYCTbIHH MHpa.

KrIHMaT c y6TpO n H 'I e c KO ro no $Ic a, KaK I1cy63KBaTOpHa1h-

Horo, cPopMl1pyeTC5I no)..l,B03)..1,eHCTBl1eMce30HHbIX 113MeHeHHM B03-

)..I,yuJHbIX Macc: fleTOM nOCTynalOT )KapKl1e, cyXl1e Tponl1LJeCKHe.

3l1MOM - npOXflanHbIe yMepeHHbIe. B KOHmUHeHmQ./lbIIOU cy6mpo-

nUliecKou o6.tlacmu KflI1MaT CYXOM, C )KapKHM fleTOM (+30°C) I~

npOXfla)..l,HOH 3l1MOH (O ... +SOC). YBfla)l(HeHl1e He)..l,OCTaTOLJHOe

(300 MM B rOll), n03TOMY npe06flanalOT nyCTblHH H nOflynycTbIHII.

Ha 3ananHbIX n06epe)l(b5D( MaTepHKOB fle)KI1T 06.tlaCmb cy6mponu-

lIeCK020 Cpe0U3eMHOMOpCK020 K./lUMama C )KapKI1M (+20 0c), CYXH.\i

fleTOM, M5IrKOM (+ 10°C) I1 Ma)l(HOM (SOO -700 MM B ro)..l,) 3I1MOH.

BOCTOl.JHbIe n06epe)Kb5I HaXO)..l,5ITC5InOlI BflH5IHHeM MyCCOHH020

K./lUMama (fleTo )KapKOe I1 Bfl3.)((HOe, 3HMa - npOXflanHa5I 11cyxa5I).

B y Me p e H H 0 M no $Ic e 3eMHa5I nOBepXHOCTb nOflyqaeT COfl-

HeLJHOrO TeMa B 2 pa3a MeHbllle, LJeMB TpOnHLJeCKOM. B Tel.JeHHe

rO)..l,a3TO TerIJ10 paCnpe)..l,efl5IeTC5I HepaBHOMepHO. 003TOMY LJeTKO

BbIpa)KeHbI Bce ce30HbI: XOflO)..l,Ha5ICHe)KHa5I 3I1Ma, Tenfloe fleTO.

np0)..l,Ofl)KI1TeflbHbIe BeCHa 11oceHb. npI1 npe06fla)..l,aHI1H B 3Tl1X

lllHpOTax YMepeHHbIX B03AYlllHbIX Macc ClO)..I,aTaK)l(e npOHI1KaIOT

TpOnI1LJeCKHe 11apKTl1LJeCKHe MaCCbI. 003TOMY YMepeHHbIH KflI1-

MaT xapaKTepH3yeTC5I TenflbIM 11)l(apKHM (+22 ... +30°C) fleTOM,

XOflO)..l,HOM I1 MOp03HOH (-S ...-30 °C) 3I1MOH, 3HaLJI1TeflbHOH

ro)..l,OBOMaMnflI1Ty)..l,OM TeMnepaTYPbI B03)..1,yxa.

Ba)KHbIMI1 MeXaHI13MaMI1 nepeHoca B03)..1,YlllHbIXMacc 5IBfl5IIOT-

C5I aTMoccPepHble Bl1XpI1 - UI1KflOHbI 11aHTI1UI1KflOHbI. B UeHTpe

UHKJlOHa cPopMI1pyeTC5I 06flacTb HI13KOro aTMoccPepHoro )..I,aBfle-

HI15I, n03TOMY TYlla nepeMew.aIOTC5I pa3HbIe no CBOHM CBoHcTBaM

B03)..1,YlllHbIe MaCCbI. UHKflOH npI1HOCHT 06flaLJHylO, C OCanKaMI1

noro)..l,y. B UeHTpe aHTHUHKJlOHa cPopMI1pyeTC5I 06flacTb BbICOKoro

llaBJTeHVl5I, B03llYX onycKaeTc5I K nOBepXHOCTVl 3eMJTH. AHTVl-

UHKJTOH 06yCJTOBJTHBaeT MaJToo6JTaYHylO, 6e3 OCanKOB, co CJTa6bIM

BeTpOM norOllY.

Cy6apKTUqeCKU~ (cy6aHTapKTUqeCKH~) KJTHMaT X~

paKTepH3yeTC5I ce30HHbIMH H3MeHeHl15lMH B03,DylllHbIX Macc: JTeTOM

nOCTYnalOT YMepeHHble, a 3HM0l1 - apKTHYeCKHe. OCanKOB Bbmana-

eT MaJTO-llO 200 MM B roll. PacnpOCTpaHeHa MHoroJTeTH5I5I Mep3JTOTa.

ApKTHqeCKH~ (aHTapKTHqeCKH~) KJIHMaT OyeHb

XOJTOllHbII1. OH ¢opMHpyeTc5I B nOJT5IpHbIX 06JTaCT5IX XOJTOllHorO

TenJTOBoro n05lca. 3llecb uapHT llOJTra5I nOJT5IpHa5I HOYb C Henpo-

llOJT)l(HTeJTbHbIM CBeTJTbIM nepHolloM rOlla. B nOJT5IpHylO HOYb

COJTHue He n05IBJT5IeTC5I Han ropH30HTOM H He HarpeBaeT 3eMHylO

nOBepXHOCTb. HaCTynaeT llOJTra5l, MaJTOCHe)l(Ha51 H MOp03Ha51

(-40°C) 3HMa. B nOJT5IpHbIl1lleHb COJTHUe XOT5I H CBeTHT, HO yrOJT

naneHl15l JTyYel1 B nOJT5IpHbIX WHpOTax He6oJTbW0I1. KpoMe TOro,

CHer H JTell OTpa)l(alOT 60JTbWYlO yaCTb ero JTyYel1 06paTHO B aTMO-

c¢epy. D03TOMY JTeTOKopOTKoe, BJTa)l(HOe (c TYMaHaMI1) I1 XOJTOll-

Hoe (O ... +SOC). OcallKOB BbInallaeT MaJTO - llO 100 MM B rOll.

CYPOBOCTb KJTHMaTa ycyry6JT5IlOT CHJTbHble BeTpbI.

KJTHMaT HrpaeT 60JTbWYIO POJTb B )l(MBOI1 I1 He)l(MBOI1 npHpolle

3eMJTI1. OH 06YCJTOBJTHBaeT pacnpocTpaHeHHe nO~lB, paCHlTeJTbHO-

CTH I1 )l(MBOTHOro Ml1pa, pe)l(l1M peK, 03ep, MOpel1, JTellHI1KOB.

(! 3AnOMHli1TE• KJIHMaT - 3TO MHOrOJIeTHH~peJKJfM noro1lbl, THnHqHbl~ 1lJI» 1laHHO~ MeCTHO-

CTH. OCHoBHble KJIHMaTOo6pa3ylOIIJ,Ue cl>aKTopbl: KOJIHqeCTBOCOJIHeqHO~3Hep-

fHH, IJ,HpKyJI»IJ,H»B031lYlllHbiX Macc H xapaKTep n01lCTHJIalOlIJ,e~nOBepxHocTH.

• KJIHMaTHqeCKHe no»ca - 3TO llIHpOTHbie nOJIOCbl Ha 3eMHo~ nOBepxHocTH,

KOTopble HMelOT OTHOCHTeJIbHO 01lHOP01lHbl~ KJIHMaT.

• Pa3JIUqalOT KJIHMaTHqeCKHe no»ca OCHOBHble (3KBaTOpHaJIbHbl~, TpOnHqe-

CKH~, YMepeHHbl~, apKTHqeCKH~ H aHTapKTHqeCKH~) H nepeX01lHble (Cy63K-BaTOpHaJIbHbl~, cy6TpOnHqeCKH~, cy6apKTUqeCKH~ H cy6aHTapKTHqeCKH~).

BonpOCblli1 3AAAHli1S11.KaKV1e OCHOBHble <j)aKTOpbl BJlV151IOTHa <j)0pMV1poBaHV1e KJlV1MaTa MecTHocTV1?

2. LJeM OCHOBHble KJlV1MaTW·1eCKV1en051ca OTJlWtaIOTC51OT nepexoAHblX?

3. OxapaKTepV13yC1Te 3KBaTOpV1aJlbHblC1KJlV1MaT.nOyeMY Ha 3KBaTope BTeyeHV1e IOAa

B~naAaeT6oJlbWOeKOJlV1YeCTBOOcaAKoB?

4. LJTOo6yCJlOBJlV1BaeT >KapKV1C1V1cyxoC1 KJlV1MaTTpOnV1yeCKOrO n051ca?

5. KaKV1e B03AywHbie MaCCbl npeo6JlaAalOT B cy6apKTV1YeCKOM n051ce 3V1M0C1,a Ka-

KV1e- JleToM?> rEOrPAcJ>W'IECKASl3AAA"IA)KJlV1MaTV1yeCKV1C1n051C, KJlV1MaTKOToporo <j)opMV1pyeTC51 OAHV1MTV1nOM B03AYWHbiX

Macc, Ha3b1BaeTC51OCHOBHbIM. C<j)OpMyJlV1pyC1Te onpeAeJleHV1e nepeXOAHOIO KJlV1Ma-

TV1yeCKOrO n051ca.

§ 5. IIPMPO,I(HbIE 30HbI~ • BCnOMHII1Te, KaKlI1e npll1pO,lJ,Hble 30Hbl Bbl,lJ,emllOT Ha 3eMne.

Pl1C. 11.npl1pOAHble

30Hbl

PACIIPOCTPAHEHllE fEOfPAWlECKllX IIOJlCOB IIIIPllPO.ll.HbIX 30H. 113 Kypca 6 KJ1acca Bbl )')Ke 3HaeTe, l.JTO

npHpo,nHble KOMnJleKCbl, npOCTHpalOmHeC5I B llmpOTHOM

HanpaBJleHHH H CMeH5IlOmHe ,npyr,npyra OT 3KBaTopa K nOJllO-

caM, Ha3bTBalOTC5IreorpalllHlJecKlfMH nOHcaMH (3KBaTOpHaJTbHbIM,

cy63KBaTOpHaJlbHbIM, TpOnHl.JeCKHH, cy6TpOIlW-leCKHH,

YMepeHHbIM, cy6apKTHl.JeCKHM H cy6aHTapKTH4ecKHH, apKTH-

l.JeCKHH H aHTapKTHl.JeCKHH). OHM OTJlHl.JalOTC51KOJlJ1l.JeCTBOM

TenJla, KOTOpOe nOJlY4aeT 3eMHa51 nOBepXHOCTb, npe06Jla,nalO-

WHMH B03nYWHblMH MaCCaMH J1rocnOnCTBYlQmJ1MH BeTpaMJ1.

Pa3JlHl.JH5I B COOTtWWeHHH TenJla H BJlam B npe,neJlax O,nHOro

reOrpaclWIl.JeCKOrO n05lca npenonpe,neJl5l1OT ero ,neJleHJ1e Ha

npHp0,l),Hble 30Hbl (pMC. 11). Ka)J(,[l,a51IlpJ1pOj.!.Ha5l30Ha xapaKTepH-

3yeTc5I onpeneJleHHbIM KJ1HMaTOM, 1l0l.JBaMH, paCTHTeJlbHOCTblO,

)KJ1BOTHbIM MJ1POM. Pa3MemeHJ1e 30H no,n4HH5IeTC5I reorpalllH'le-

CKOH 30HaJlbHOCTH - OHH CMeH51lOT npyr ,npyra OT 3KBaTopa K

nOJllOCaM (WJ1POTHa5I30HaJTbHOCTb), Jl1160 OTOKeaHOB BrJTy6b Ma-

Tepl1Ka (,nOJlrOTHa5130HaJTbHOCTb) BCJle,nCTBHeHepaBHoMepHoro

pacnpeneJleHH5I TenJla H BJlarH. CMeHa npl1po,nHblX 30H B ropax

Ha3bTBaeTC5IBblCOTHOH nOHCHOCTblO (PJ1c. 12).30HA BJIA)KHbIX 3KBATOPllAJIbHbIXJIECOB. BJTa)l<Hble

3KBaTOpl1aJTbHble Jleca paCTYT B 3KBaTOpHaJTbHOM n05lce, 06pa-

3Y5ITpl1 OCHOBHbIX MaCCl1Ba - B 1O:JlcHouAMepuKe, Ar/JpUKe, A3UU.3Ta rrpl1p0,llHa5I 30Ha OTJIHlJaeTC5I HaH60JIbllll1M Ha 3eMHOM

lllape pa3H006pa3HeM pacTeHl1l1 H 60raTbIM )J(HBOTHbIM Ml1pOM.

LlepeBb51 paCTYT B HeCKOJIbKO 5IpYCOB. rOBOp5IT, 'ITO 3KBaTOpl1-

aJIbHbIH JIec He TeprrHT rryCTOTbI. BeTBH H CTBOJIbI ,ll,epeBbeB

nepeBHTbI JIHaHaMH - paCTeHH5IMH C f116Kl1MH, BblOllll1MHC5I,

O'IeHb ,ll,JIl1HHbIMH (l1HOf,ll,a 60JIee 100 M) cTe6JI5IMl1. Ha JIHaHaX,

a TaK)J(e Ha CTBOJIaX 11BeTKax ,ll,epeBbeB pa3Bl1Ba1OTC5I

paCTeHl15I-rrapa311TbI, KOTopble nl1TalOTC5I l1X COKaMH.

BblcoKan BJI~HOCTb B03,ll,yxa,ll,aeT B03MO)J(HOCTb MHO-

fHM paCTeHl15IM (HanpHMep, opXl1,ll,e5lM) nOfJIOlllaTb

BJIary np5lMO 113B03,ll,yxa. LlJl5I 3TOro OHH l1MelOT B03-

,ll,YlllHble KOpHH. BJIa)J(Hble 3KBaTOpHaJIbHbIe JIeca -

BelfH03eJIeHbTe, TO eCTb paCTeHH5I He c6paCbIBaIOT

O,ll,HOBpeMeHHO BCIOJll1CTBy. DO'IBbI npeHMYllleCTBeH-

HO :JICeJlmble ljJeppa.tl.llUmUble l1Jll1 JlamepUmUble. B )J(ap-

KOM H BJla)J(HOM KJll1MaTe OTMepWHe OCTaTKl1 paCTeHl1116bTCTpO

neperHl1BalOT. rYCTble KOpHl1 paCTeHHH, pacnOJlO)J(eHHble y

- - ~ -~ ~ ~~KAK 'U1TATb' KAPTY

npill nOMow,iIl KapTbl MO)KHO 03HaKO-

MiIlTbCs:JC pacnOnO)KeHiIleM Ha 3eMHoili

nOBepXHOCTiIl npillpOAHblX 30H. Ha iIlX

pacnpOCTpaHeHiIle YKa3blBalOT KOHTypbl

pa3Horo lJ,BeTa. B lJ,enOM npillpOAHbJe

30Hbl iIl3MeHs:JIOTCs:JOT 3KBaTopa K nonlO-

caM (no WiIlpOTe), HO BcneAcTBiIle HepaB-

HOMepHoro pacnpeAeneHiIls:J Tenna ill

Bnarill 3TO TaK)Ke npOillCXOAiIlT OT OKea-

HOB B rny6b MaTepillKa (no AonroTe).

I6.l )I(ecTKon~cTHble Be4HoaeneHbie. neca ~ KycTapH~K~

nepeMeHHO-BnaJKHble. MyccoHHble neca

BnalKHble aKBaTop~anbHble necao nonynYCTblH~ ~ nycTblH~o CaBaHHbl ~ peAKonecb~

CJ 30Hbl BbICOTHO~nO~CHOCT~

rpaH~I1b1 reorpa<\J~4ecK~xnO~COB

Plr1c.12.

reorpa<!>lr1'feCKaSi

30Ha11bHOCTb

Ir1BblCOTHaSi

nOSiCHOCTb

Plr1c.13.

3KBaTOplr1a11bHbli.1

11ec

3i1lMOili + 25°C

neTOM + 25°C

OcaAKiIl - 2 000 MM/roA

1.KaKoBbl 3aKOHOMepHOCTiIl pa3Mew,eHiIls:J

npillpoAHblX 30H Ha 3eMne?

2. OnpeAenillTe reorpa¢w-JecKoe nonO)Ke-

Hille 30Hbl Bna)KHbiX 3KBaTopillanbHbiX neCOB,

KaK 3TO OTpa3i1lnOCb Ha oco6eHHOCTs:JX

KnillMaTa ill xapaKTepe pacTiIlTenbHocTiIl?

3. Ha KaKOM MaTepillKe caBaHHbl 3aHiIlMa-

lOT Haill60nbWiIle nnow,aAiIl?

4. PaCCKa)KiIlTe 0 pacnOnO)KeHiIlill cTenHoili

ill necocTenHoili 30H. n04eMY B CTens:JXHeT

ApeBecHoili pacTiIlTenbHocTiIl?

5. CpaBHiIlTe pacnOnO)KeHiIle IO)KHoili

rpaH\I1lJ,bl TyHApbl B EBpa3i1lill ill CeBepHoili

AMepillKe. KaKoBbl pa3nill4i1ls:J?

6. Ha KaKiIlX MaTepillKax Ha6nlOAaeTcs:J

AonrOTHoe npOCTiIlpaHiIle np\l1pOAHblX 30H?

rrOBepXHOCTH, 6blCTpO rrOrJIOIlJ,aIOT nHTaTeJIbHble BeIlJ,eCTBa.

n03TOMY n04Bbi MaJIOnJIOLI,OpOLI,Hble.

B 3KBaTOpHaJIbHbiX JIeCaX MHOrHe :>KHBOTHble 06HTalOT Ha

LI,epeBb51X, nHTa51Cb HX JIHCTBOW H nJIOLI,aMH. 3TO HaCeKOMble,

MHOr04HCJIeHHbie nTHLI,bl, 06e3b51HbI, 3MeH H 5IIlJ,epHLI,bI. Ca-

MhlW KpynHblw XHIlJ,HHK - JIeOrrapLI,.

J( H.'-', I B caBaHHax rOCnOLI,CTBYIOTTpaBh!. Cpep,H HHX

OTLI,eJIhHO HJIH rpynrraMH paCTYT LI,epeBb51. CaBaHHhI pacnpOCT-

paHeHbl B cy63KBaTOpHaJIbHOM n051ce, me pa3JIWIalOTO.Jr't-;

LI,Bace30Ha - BJIa:>KHOeJIeTO H CYXYlO 3HMY.

TpaBbI, npeHMyIlJ,eCTBeHHO 3JIaKH, JIeTOM BblpaCTa-

lOT LI,O5 M. MHoro aKaUHw H KOJII04HX KYCTapHHKOB.

3HMOW TpaBbl BblCblxalOT, a LI,epeBb5I c6pacblBalOT::-§<.~~. = =:> => r_~~_~ JII1CTBy. YT06hl nepe:>KI1Tb CyXOM ce30H, LI,epeBb51

3111MOVI + 25°C (6YTbIJl04HOe, 6a06a6) 3anacalOT Bflary B CBOHX OrpOM-

neToM + 25°C HbIX CTBOflax. B caBaHHe C¢OPMHPOBaJII1Cb KpacHo-6y-OCa,D,KlII- 300 - 1000 MM/roA pble nOlf6bl, HX rrflOLI,OpOLI,HbIHCflOM flerKO BbIMblBaeTC5I

B nepHOLI, LI,O)KLI,eH.>KHBOTHbIW MHp 4pe3Bbl4aHHO pa3Ho06pa3-P~c. 14.CaBaHHa HbIH. Oc06eHHO MHoro TpaB05ILI,HhIX: aHTHflorrbl, :>KHpa¢bl,

3e6phl, 6yMBOflbI, CflOHbI, 6ereMOTbl, HOCOpOrH. CpeLI,H XHIlJ,HH-

KOB - flbBbI, JIeOnapLI,bl, renapLI,bI, nleHbI, WaKaJIbI. MHoro

06e3b5IH. BOLI,5ITC5ICTPaycbl - caMble KpynHble Ha3eMHbie rrTJ1L1,bl.

'""POnI1QECKI1E flYC TbIHH H flOJIYf YCThIHH. ma30Ha

OTflWIaeTC5I pe3KHM HeLI,OCTaTKOM BJiarH H pa3pe:>KeH-

HblM pacTHTeflbHblM nOKpOBOM. KOflH4eCTBO OCaLI,KOB

Ml13epHOe (LI,O200 MM B roLI,). TpOnJ14eCKHe rryCTblHH

pacnpocTpaHeHbl B TponH4ecKoM n05Ice, rLI,eB Te4eHHe

rOLI,anpe06flaLI,aeT CyXOH TPOnl14eCKHH KOHTI1HeHTaJIb-

HbIM B03LI,yX. BCfleLI,CTBl1e 3HaLJl1TeJIbHbIX CYTOLJHbIXKO-

fle6aHHw TeMnepaTYpbl B03Llyxa ropHble nopoLlbl6blCTpO

pa3pywalOTC51. n03TOMY orpoMHble npocTpaHcTBa no-

KpblTbl IlJ,e6HeM I1fll1 CbIITyYl1MH rreCKaMH, KOTopble cB060LlHO ne-

peMeIlJ,aIOTC5I BeTpOM. B nYCTbIH5IX OLJeHb MaJIO opraHW-leCKHX

OCTaTKOBpaCTeHHWI1 BOLI,bl,n03TOMY nOLJBbl OLJeHb6eLI,Hble flH60

Bo06IlJ,e He ¢OPMHPYlOTC51. HeT 3LleCb H nOCT05IHHbIX BOLlOTOKOB.

Ha nepBbIH B3fJ15ILl,nYCTbIH516e3:>Kl13HeHHa. Ho ee :>KI1BOTHbIM

Ml1p 3HaLJl1TeflbHO 60raLJe, LJeMpaCTI1TeflbHbIW. B rrycTblHe MHO-

ro MeJIKI1X HaceKOMbIX, KOTOpbIMH nHTaIOTC5I nayKH, CKOpnI10-

Hbl, 5IIlJ,epHUbl, nTHUbI. Ha HHX, B CBOIO OLJepeLI,b, OXOT5ITC51

XHIlJ,HI1KH - WaKaJI, rrOJIOCaTa5I rHeHa, fll1CHLI,a ¢eHeK. fflaBHoe

YCflOBl1e :>K113HJ1B rrycTbIHe - crroc06HOCTb 1136e:>KaThrreperpeBa-

HH5I 11npOLlOfl:>KI1TeflbHOe BpeM5I 06XOLI,HThC5I6e3 BOLI,bLHaceKO-

Mble H npeCMbIKalOIlJ,HeC5I, cnaCa5ICb OT :>Kapbl, 3apblBalOTC5I B

rreCOK. AHTl1flOnbl J1ra3eflJ1 cnoc06HbI npeOLI,OfleBaTb orpOMHble

paCCT05IHH5I B nOJ1CKaX BOLI,bI.

3111MOVI + 15°CneToM + 35°COcaAKlII - 100 MM/roA

P~C. 15.nYCTblHSI

B I1YCTbIHHXBCTpelIalOTCH Oa3HChi - yqaCTKl1 C 60raTOM pac-Tl1TeJlbHOCTblO, r)le pacTYT <pl1Hl1KOBaHnaJlhMa, aKaIJ,I1l1, <ppyK-TOBhle )lepeBhH. Oa3l1ChI B03Hl1KalOT 6Jlaro)lapH YBJlffiKtIeHl1lO3aClIeT nO)l3eMHbIX BO)ll1Jll1l1CKYCCTBeHHoMyOpOllIeHl1lO.

CTE:1M. 3TO 30Ha yMepeHHoro I10Hca. CTeI1l1 OTJ1l1-lIalOTCH 60raThIM pa3HOTpaBheM, cpe)ll1 KOToporonpe06J1a)lalOT 3JlaKl1 - KOBhIJlh, Tl1nlIaK, TOHKOHOr.

TIO)l nbIllIHOM paCTl1TeJlhHOCThlO, KOTopaH e)l(ero)],-HO OTMl1paeT l1 o6pa3yeT MHOro OpraHl1lIeCKl1X OCTaT- 3i11MO~ - 12°CKOB, C<P0PMl1POBaJll1Ch I1JlO)],Opo)],Hhle ltep1l03eMbi l1 JleToM + 24°CICatuma1l06ble nOlt6bl. Cpe)],11 )I(l1BOTHhIXI1pe06Jla)],alOT OC3AKiI1 - 400 MM/roA

rphl3yHhl: cyCJl11K, TywKaHlIl1K, XOMHK. 113-3a CypOBOM 3l1Mhl Pl<1c. 16. CTenb60JlhllIl1HCTBO rphl3yHoB, )I(l1BYIlJ,l1XB Hopax, BI1a)],alOTB CIUllIKY.

BcrpelIalOTC5I CTenHOM xopeK, 6apCYK 11JH1CI1Ua. MHoro CTen-HhIXnTl1IJ, ()],po<pa, cepa51 KYpOI1aTKa, )I(aBOpOHOK, CTeilHOM OpeJl)11I1peCMhIKalOIIJ,I1XCH(CTeI1Ha5I ra)],lOKa, I10Jl03l1 )],p.).

C\ ~ U. ~C . 3Ta 30Ha paCilpOCTpaHeHa B EBpa3l111l1 CeBep-HOM AMepl1Ke. Wl1POKOJll1CTBeHHhle JIeca Eeponblnpe)lCTaBJIeHbl )ly60M, 6yKOM, rpa60M, JIl1I10M, KJ1e-HOM. B CeeepfLOU AMepUKe l1X)],0I10JIH5IlOTB5I3, TlOJIh-I1aHHOe )lepeBO. WI1POKOJlI1CTBeHHhle J1eca 5IBJIHlOTC5I 3i11MO~

Jll1CTOI1a)],HbIMI1,OHl1 e)l(erO)lHO Ha 3I1MYc6paChIBalOTJIl1CTBy. B CMewaHHhIX Jlecax COlfeTalOTC5IJlI1CTBeHHblel1XBoMHhie (eJlb, COCHa) I10pO)lbI. TIOlIBhl - iJep1l060-noiJ30JlUCmble. Pl<1c. 17.

B Jlecax BO)],51TC5IJIOCh, 6JlarOpO)lHhIM OJIeHb, KOCyJlH, Ka6aH, CMewaHHble necaBOJIK, 6apcYK, J1eCHM KYHl1IJ,a,3aHIJ" 6eJIKa. 113 nTI1IJ,BCTpelIalOTC5I)],5ITeJl,Cl1Hl1IJ,a,)lp03)]" 3516J1l1K,TeTepeB. ~D"

, . 3Ta 30Ha 3aHl1MaeT ceBepHYlO qaCTb yMepeH- ~.'

HOro I10Hca. TaM I1P0)],0J1)1(l1TeJlbHa51cypoBa5I 3I1Ma 11 ~.""q~yMepeHHo TeI1JIOe JIeTO. CHe)l(HhIM nOKpoB Jle)l(I1T ",m-~200 )lHeM B rO)ly. Teppl1TOpl151 3a6oJIoLJeHa. TIOqBhI - ~:';Q"';";noiJ30JlUCmbie l1 mopqJJl1l0-60JlOmllble. PacTYT XBoMHble 3 2 3 °iI1MO~ - 4 ...- 0 CJIeca l13 eJll1, I1l1XTbI, COCHhI, eCTb JIl1CTBeHHhle I10PO- JleToM + 19°C)lhl - 6epe3a 11OCI1Ha.)J(I1BOTHhIMMI1Ppa3HOo6pa3HhIM: OC3AKiI1 - 600 MM/roA

JIOCh, 6YPblM Me)lBe)lb, BOJlK, J1l1CI1IJ,a,J1eCHa51KYHI1IJ,a, PI<1C. 18. Tal.1raxopeK, JIaCKa, 3MIJ,-6eJI5lK, 6eJlKa. MHOro I1TI1IJ,.XapaK-TepHhl HaceKoMhle-KpoBoCOChl: KOMapbI, MOWKa.

,...... • 3Ta 6e3JIeCHaH npl1po)],HaH 30Ha I1pOCTl1pa-eTC5IB cy6apKTl1LJeCKOM n05Ice. KJUtMaT TaM CYPOBhIM,C I1P0)],OJl)l(l1TeJlhHOM XOJIO)],HOM3l1MOM 11 KOPOTKI1MI1POXJla)],HhIMJIeTOM. BCJIe)],CTBl1eI1pOMep3aHl15I I10lfBbIl1 ropHhIX I10pO)], B TYH)],pe paCilpOCTpaHeHa MHOrOJIeT-

HIDI Mep3JIOTa. )J,epeBh51 He pacTYT, KpOMe KapJll1KOBOM6epe3bI l1 KYCTapHl1KOBOMOJIbXI1, KOTopble CTeJl5lTCH

3i11MO~ - 25 ...-40°CJleToM + 12°COC3AKiI1 - 400 MM/roA '

PI<1C. 19. TyHApa

no 3eMJIe l13-3a Cl1JlbHbIX BeTpOB. PacnpOCTpaHeHbI MXl1 Ii _ -

WaMHI1Kl1, OCOKl1, 6pYCHl1Ka. Cpe,ll.11 )I(l1BOTHhIX - ceBe P..;OJleHh, neceIJ;, JleMMI1Hr, 6eJla5I KYpOnaTKa, 6eJla5I COBa.

BO,ll.OnJTaBaIOIIJ:l1X nTI1IJ;: ryCI1, YTKJ1, Jle6e,ll.l1, raraphI. TynaC?Ilee6ble llOlf6bl OlJeHb 6e,ll.Hhle.

APKTI1QECKI1E nYCThIHM. 31'0 30Ha Jle.1HF.

nyCTbIHb, KOTOpa5I pacnpOCTpaHeHa Ha ocmpoBax G -BepnocO JIeaoBumoco OKeQlta. OTJlI1':1aeTC5I CYPOB~ 1

KTl1lJeCKl1M KJlI1MaTOM. CHe)l(HhIM nOKpOB Jle)+Q

300,ll.HeM B roJl.Y. Ha He60JlblIlOM fJTy611He - MO -

nJlaCThI MHOrOJleTHeM Mep3JlOThI. OHa OXJlIDKllae7 ---

':IBY, 3a,ll.ep)l(J1BaeT nOBepXHOCTHhle BO,ll.hI, ':11'0 rrp -:>-

,ll.l1T K 3a60JTa'II1BaHHIO Teppl1TOpl1l1. PaCTl1Te.lhH

l1 )I(l1BOTHbIM Ml1p O':leHh 6e,ll.Hhle. C HacTynJTeHl1eM KOpO-:-

XOJlO,ll.HOfO JTeTa MeCTaMI1 n05IBJl5IIOTC5I Jll1WaMHl1Kl1, :-['(1[. -

Jl5IPHbIM MaK, KYpOnaTO'Ih5I TpaBa. BO,ll.5ITC5I ceBepHbIM O. ""-

6eJlbIM Me,ll.Be,ll.h, neceLI" JTeMMl1Hf. JIeToM fHe3,ll.5ITC5I '-IaHKli.

HOKllIOBble Ka3apKl1 11,ll.pyme nTl1IJ;hI.

3AnOMHlo1TE

3111MOili -30 ...-40°CJleToM + 5°COcaAK1I1 - 300 MM/roA

Pl1c.20.

ApKTl111eCKaSl

nycTblHSl

• npHp0,1J.Hble 30HbI - 31'0 npHp0,1J.Hble KOMnJleKCbl C xapaK1'epHbIMH

KJlHMa1'a, nO'IBaMH, paC1'H1'eJlbHOC1'blO, JKHB01'HblM MHpOM, K01'opble 3aKO

MepHO H3Meml101'CH B COO1'Be1'C1'BHH C reOrpa~HqeCKOH 30HaJlbHOCTbIO.

• reorpa~uqeCKaH 30HaJIbHOC1'b - 31'0 3aKOHOMepHaH CMeHa npHpO)J.HbIX 30

3KBa1'opa K nOJlIOCaM (illHp01'HaH 30HaJIbHOC1'b) JlH60 01' OKeaHOB BfJIy6b Ma

Ka (,1J.OJlrOTHaH30HaJIbHOC1'b), 06yCJlOBJleHHaH HepaBHoMepHblM pacnpe,rre.le

TenJla H BJlarH.

• BbICOTHaH nOHCHOCTb- 3m 3aKoHOMepHaH CMeHa npupO)J.Hb1X30H CBbICOTOll B

BOnpOCbJ H 3AIJ.AHH5I1.KaKl-1e reorpaepl-1'-1eCKl-1e n051ca CepOpMl-1pOSanl-1Cb Ha 3eMHOM wape?

2. LJeM pa3n1tlLJaIOTC51 nOH51H151«Wl-1pOTHa51 30HanbHOCTb» l-1«SbICOTHa51 n051C-

3. nOLJeMy S Hl-1>KHeM 51pyce Sna>KHbIX 3KSaT0pl-1anbHbIX necos paCTYT TeHes' -

Sble AepeSb51l-1 KycTapHl-1Kl-1, HO HeTTpasbl?

4. OxapaKTepl-13ytllTe 30Hy casaHH.

5. Ha30Sl-1Te 6e3necHbie npl-1pOAHble 30Hbl. nOLJeMy TaM He pacTyT AepeSb51.

L~~KH~)KHASI nOnKA1.,l],eTcKa513HLI,l-1KnOneAl-151: 3eMn51l-1 BceneHHa51. - M.: Nota Bene, 1994.2. YOTT CPo 3eMneTp51CeHl-151 l-1 synKaHbl: 3HLI,It1KnOneAIt151 oKpy>KalOw,ero

M.: POCM3H, 1997.3. CnOSHl-1K-AOsiAHl-1K 3 epi3l-1LJHO',reorpaepi'i: 6 - 8 KnaCIt1 j C. B. Mixeni, B. 10.

KO, r. ,l],. npOLl,eHKO, B. r. LJl-1pKaj3a peA. B. r. LJl-1PKl-1.- XapKis: OCHosa, 24. UJ,o? ~K? LJOMy? CSiT Al-1S0Sl-1>KHOro i 3araAKosoro: nonyn51pHa .0.1111'51a e

neAi51. - XapKis: Cl-1TeKC, 2000.

BonpOCbl l-13AAAHl-1S1

( I YPOBeHb)

1. IIhlpHHa Ka:IK)J;OI'OlIaCOBOI'O rrOHCa COCTaBJlHeT:

a) 100; 6) 150; B) 1000.2. HaJl60JlbIIlaH MOIIJ;HOCTb 3eMHOH KOpbI rro)J;:

a) OKeaHaMII; 6) paBHIIHaMII; B) I'OpaMII.

3. TIO)J;BH:lKHbIMH yqacTKaMH 3eMHOH KOpbI HBJlHIOTCH:·

a) IIJIaT<p0pMhI; 6) IIOHca CKJIa,n;lIaTOCTII.

4. ,II;peBHHM IIJlaT«!l0pMaM Ha rrOBepXHOCTH 3eMJlH COOTBeTCTBYIOT:

a) paBHIIHhI; 6) I'OPhI; B) cpe,n;IIHHO-OKeaHIIlIeCKlIe Xpe6ThI.

5. Ha30BJlTe rrepeXO)J;HbIe KJlHMaTHlIeCKJle rrOHca:

a) yMepeHHhIll:; 6) cy6TpoIIWleCKIIll:; B) TpOIIIIlIeCKIIll:;

1') cy6::nmaTOpIIaJIhHhIll:.

6. 30Ha, 3aHHMalOIIJ;aH u;eHTpaJlbHYIO lIaCTb yMepeHHOI'O rrOHca, l')J;e

rrpeo6J1a)J;aeT TpaBHHHCTaH paCTHTeJIbHOCTb Ha lIepHo3eMHbIx H

KalliTaHOBbIX rrOlIBax, - :JTO:

a) CTeIIh; 6) Tall:ra; B) IIyCThIH.H; 1') caBaHHa.

(II YPoBeHb)

7. Ha30BHTe lIaCTII CBeTa.

8. KaKOll: MaTepIIK HaII6oJIhIIIIIll: IIO IIJIOIu;a,n;lI?

9. KaKIIe TIIIIhI 3eMHOll: KOPhI pa3JIII'laIOT?

10. KaK Ha3hIBaeTC.H IIOJIOCa, r,n;e cocpe,n;OTOlIeHhI ByJIKaHhI lI'laCTO

6hIBaIOT 3eMJIeTp.HCeHII.H?

11. Ha30BIITe OCHOBHhIe KJIIIMaTII'leCKIIe IIO.HCa CeBepHoro IIOJIyIIIapII.H.

(III ypoBeHb )

12. ~TO TaKoe MeCTHoe BpeM.H?

13. ~TO TaKoe IIO.HCHOe BpeM.H?

14. KaKoBo CTpoeHIIe IIJIaT<popMhI?

15. KaKIIe <pOPMhI peJlhe<pa COOTBeTcTByIOT IIO,n;BIIJKHhIM IIO.HCaM Ha

CYIIIe II Ha ,n;He oKeaHoB?

16. ITo KaKIIM KJIIIMaTII'leCKIIM IIOKa3aTeJl.HM B IIpe,n;eJIax KJIIIMaTIIlIe-

CKIIX IIO.HCOBpa3JIIIlIaIO'l' IIpIIpo,n;HhIe 30HhI?

(IV YPoBeHb)

17. ITOJIh3Y.HCh KapTOll: 'laCOBhIX IIO.HCOB, OIIpe,n;eJIIITe, KOTOphIll: 'lac B

XaphKoBe, eCJIII B ITeKIIHe 5 'l 20 MIIH.

18. KaK CJle,n;yeT IIepeBeCTII (Ha3a)J; IIJIII BIIepe,n; II Ha CKOJIhKO) CTpeJlKII

lIaCOB IIaCCaJKIIpaM, IIpIIJIeTeBIIIIIM II3 O,n;ecchI B TOKIIO (5IIIOHII.H)?

19. 06'h.HCHIITe, IIO'leMy Hey,n;o6Ho IIOJIh30BaThC.H MeCTHhIM BpeMeHeM.

20. B 'leM 3aKJIIO'laeTC.H OCHOBHa.H 3aKOHOMepHOCTh B pa3Me:w;eHIIII

KpyIIHhIX q)OPM peJIhe<pa Ha 3eMJIe?

~ .- --

TeMa 1. Ta.1xa.111tOKeaH. OKeaHa.1S1TeMa 2. ATnaHTa.1"1eCKa.111tOKeaHTeMa 3. ~HAa.1I1tCKa.111t OKeaHTeMa 4. CeBepHbJIIt lleAOBa.1TbJIIt OKeaH

TbIC5IyaMI1 KMJIOMeTpOB CI1HeBbl npOCTl1paeT-

C5I OKeaH Ha HaweH nJlaHeTe. OH LI,eHCTBI1TeJIb-

HO He06b5ITHhIH, He0603pI1MhIH: ero COJleHble

BOLI,bInOKphIBalOT 3/4 3eMHoH nOBepXHOCTI1. 3TO

BeJll1yeCTBeHHoe, 3araLI,OYHOe BOLI,HOenpocTpaH-

CTBOOn05IChIBaeT Haw Ml1p 11nyJlbCl1pyeT npl1JII1-

BaMI1, KaK orpOMHoe cepLI,l.l,e 3eMJII1. JIacKoBoe 11

O.lIHOBpeMeHHO onaCHoe BOJlHeHl1e BOLI,blCJlOBHO

yKa3blBaeT Ha :>Kl1BylOLI,ywy OKeaHa, npl1Tal1BlllY-

IOC5I B TeMHbIX fJly6I1Hax ... TaK KpaCHOpelll1BO

Onl1CbIBalOT nl1CaTeJII1 Ml1pOBOH OKeaH, KOTO-

PblH 5JBJl5IeTC5I06beKTOM 113yYeHI15I reorpa¢l1l1.

)J,peBHl1e rpeKI1 OKeaHOM Ha3blBaJll1 60ra-

nOBeJlI1TeJI5I BOLI,HOH CTI1XI1I1. BaBI1JlOH5JHe 11

erl1nT5JHe - MI1¢l1yeCKYIO peKY, KOTOpa5I, no I1X

npeLI,CTaBJIeHI151M,OMhlBaJIacyrny, pa3Mell.l,eHHylO

51K06hI Ha nJIOCKOM LI,I1CKe.

113yYa5J OKeaHbI, RbI Y3H aeTe 060c06eHHo-

CTSIXI1X npl1pOLI,hI 11nOJIylll1Te OTBeTbl Ha MHOrl1e

BOnpOCbI.

• KaK «3arJl5lHYTh» Ha OKeaHWIeCKoe .lIHO 11«YBI1-

LI,eTb» era peJlhe¢, era He06bIYHbIX 06I1TaTeJIeH?

KaKoH OKeaH 3eMHoro mapa caMbIH LI,peBHI1H

11caMbIH rJly60Kl1H? KaKoH Hal160Jlee TenJlbIH, a

KaKOH - XOJlOLI,HbIH?

• DOlleMYTelleHI15I B OKeaHax nepeMeilialOTC5J no

onpeLI,eJIeHHbIM MapmpyTaM?

DOlleMY OKeaHbl He06xoLI,l1MO OXpaH5ITb?

Bbi TaK)J(e HayqUTeCb Ha KapTe:

HaXOLI,l1Th MOp5J 11OCTpOBa;

pa3JII1yaTb ropHble xpe6TbI 11fJIy60KOBOLI,Hble

)J(eJl06a Ha OKeaHl1yeCKOM LI,He;

onpeLI,eJl5lTh TenJlbie 11XOJIOLI,Hhle TelleHI1SI.

Bbl nOJlY'{I1Te MHoro LI,pyroH I1HTepecHoH 11

He06xoLI,I1MOM .lIJlSI n03HaHI151 npl1pOLI,bl 3eMJll1

I1H¢OpMaUI1I1.

nJlOw,a,lJ,b OKeaHa - 178,7 MJlH KM2

CpeAHflfl rny61i1Ha - 4 000 M

MaKcliIManbHafl rny61i1Ha - 11 022 M

T~Xllll1 OKEAH. OKEAH~S1

§ 6. THXHM OKEAH~ • BcnOMH~1Te, KTOiii Korp,a BnepBble nepeC8K TlilXIiIC1OKeaH.

"V • KaKlile <j:>OPMblpeJlbe<j:>a pa3JlVl4alOT Ha OKeaHVl4eCKOM ,lJ,He?

fEOfPAl1QECKOE nOJIO)KEHME M PA3MEPhI.feorpa-l!>lflIecKoe nOJIO:lKeHHe - 3TO Ba)l(J-laH COCTaBJlHlOll.I,aH xapmcrepl1c-

Pille. 21. TIIlXIIlH TI1KI1 Jl106oro 06beKTa, B TOM 'II1CJIe 11OKeaHa, cBoeo6pa3HbIH

OKeaH a.n.pec B npOCTpaHCTBe. OT pacnOJIO:>KeHI1H Ha 3eMJIe 3aBl1CHT npl1-

WKAJlA rnY6V1HB METPAX

o200

2000400060008000

pO)lHble YCJlOB115LHaY'mTbC5I Onpe)leJl5ITb reo-

rpaQ.>l1'.JeCKOe rrOJlO)KeHl1e BaM rrOMO)KeT rrJlaH

Ha rrOCJle)lHeM Q.>0p3aIJ,e Y'.Je6Hl1Ka.

113 KYpca reorpaQ.>l1l1, KOTOpblVr 113Y'.JaJlC5IB

6 KJlaCce, Bbl y)Ke 3HaeTe, YTO Tl1XI1Vr OKeaH pac-

rrOJlaraeTC5I Me)K)ly EBpa3l1eVr 11ABcTpaJll1eVr Ha

3arra)le, CeBepHoVr 11lO)KHOVr AMepl1KoVr - Ha

BOCTOKe, AHTapKTl1)loVr - Ha lOre. Eepera 3Tl1X

MaTepl1KOB OrpaHl1Yl1BalOT OKeaH (Pl1c. 21).3KBaTop pa3)leJl5IeT Tl1xl1Vr OKeaH rrOYTl1 rrOnOJlaM, n03TOMY

npl1p0)lHble YCJlOBl151 ceBepHoVr 11 IO)KHOVr l.JaCTl1 OKeaHa He

I1MelOT pe3KHX pa3Jll1Yl1Vr.

Tl1Xl1Vr OKeaH - caMblVr 60JlblllOVr 11rny60Kl1Vr OKeaH HallleVr

nJlaHeTbl. OH TaKoVr orpoMHblVr, YTO MO)KeT BMeCTI1Tb Bce MaTe-

pl1Kl1 11OCTpOBa 3eMJll1 11COCTaBJl5leT

.. • ,I rrOl.JTI1nOJlOBI1HY rrJlOma)ll1 Ml1pOBO-

ro OKeaHa.

B COCTaBe Tl1xoro OKeaHa MHoro

MopeVr. Cpe)l11 HI1X OKpal1HHble

MOp5I - EepUH2080, OxomCKoe, ffnOH-CKoe,10JICHO-KumaUCKoe. OHl1 pacno-

JIaralOTC5I B)lOJlb BOCTOl.JHOVrOKpal1Hbl

EBpa31111, MaJlO B)laIOTC5I B cyrny, OT

OKeaHa I1X OT)leJl5IIOT TOJlbKO rrOJlYoc-

TpOBa 11OCTpOBa (CM. PI1C. 21). Hal1-

60Jlbllll1Vr 3aJll1B - ArmcKa. TIPOJll1Bbl

COe)lI1H5IIOT Tl1Xl1Vr C )lpyrHMl1 OKea-

HaMl1. TI1X11Vr11ATJlaHTl1l.JeCKl1Vr OKe-

aHbI TaIOKe c006ma1OTC5I flaHaMcKUMKaHaJlOM, KOTOpblVr npopbIT l.Jepe3

TIaHaMCKl1Vr nepellleeK Me)K)ly CeBep-

HOVr 11lO)KHoVr AMepl1KoVr. OCTpOBOB

B TI1XOM OKeaHe MHOro, 11OHl1l1MelOT

pa3HOe npOI1CXO)K)leHl1e (06 3TOM - B

CJle)lY!Oml1X naparpaQ.>ax).

1. B KaKV1XnOJlywapV1-

5lXJle)l(V1TT VlXV1ViOKeaH

OTHOCV1TeJlbHO3KBaTO-

pa V1HyJleBoro MepV1-

AV1aHa?

2. 6epera KaKV1X

MaTepV1KoB orpaHV14V1-

BatoT oKeaH?

3. Ha30BV1Te HaVl60Jlb-

WV1e MOp51 VI3aJlV1Bbl

TV1XOro OKeaHa.

4. KaKV1e npOJlV1Bbl

COeAV1H51toTTVlxVlVi

OKeaH C APyrV1MV1

oKeaHaMV1?

5. Ha30BV1Te KpynHeVi-

WV1eoCTpoBa B TV1XOM

OKeaHe.

6. Ha30BVlTe cpeAV1H- .

HO-OKeaH Vl4eCKV1e

xpe6Tbl, npeACTaBJleH-

Hble B peJlbe¢e nOAH51-

TV151MV1.Ha KaKV1e

KOTJlOBV1HblOHV1pa3Ae-

Jl51toTJlO)l(e oKeaHa?

TIJlaBaHl15I Tl1Xl1M OKeaHOM ocyme-

CTBJl5lJll1 eme B )lpeBHl1e BpeMeHa

)KI1TeJlI1 OCTpOBOB. B XII B. 3arra)lHylO

l.JaCTb OKeaHa OCBOl1JlI1 Kl1TaVrIJ,bI.

l1CTOpl15I l1CCJle)lOBaHI151 ero eBpo-

rreVrIJ,aMl1 Hal.Jl1HaeTC5I, Bep05lTHO, C

OTKpbITl15I l1CrraHIJ,a BacKo HYHbecaiJeha.tlb6oa. B 1513 r. OH rrepeceK TIa-

HaMCKl1Vr rrepellleeK lI,eHTpaJIbHoVr

BaCKO HyHbecAe 5al1b6oa(1475 - 1517)

AMepl1Kl1 J1 C BepWI1HbI rOpbI )'B11,II;eJI6ecKpatiHI1e BOAHbi

CTOphI, KOTOpbIe Ha3BaJI lO:>KHbIM MOpeM. B TO BpeMH eBpOn

6bIJII1 y6e)KJl,eHbI, lJTOcyllI,eCTByeT OAI1H OKeaH - ATJIaHTJ1lJ

TIopTyraJIelJ, f/Jepnan Mac€JlJlan J1ero KOMaH,II;a 6hIJIJ1 ne

MJ1eBponetilJ,aMI1, KOTophIe npeOAOJIeJIJ1 npOCTopbI Tl1xoro

aHaBO BpeW! nepBofOKpyrocBeTHoro nJIaBaHI1H B 1519 - 1-_-TIocJIe HJ1X J1CnaHlJ,hI, nopTyraJIblJ,bI, rOJIJIaHAlJ,bI, aHrJIl1lJ -

HeOAHOKpaTHO OCYllI,eCTBJI5IJIJ1 3KCneAJ1lJ,J111 AJIH OCBoeH

MopCKoro nyrJ1 lJepe3 TJ1xJ1ti OKeaH K 6eperaM A3J1J1. Toma OILOTKphlTO MHOro OCTpOBOB. KpoMe TOro, MOpenJIaBaTeJIJ1 3ar

CbIBaJIJ1 B Kopa6eJIhHhIX ))()'pHaJIaX AaHHbIe 0 BeTpax, MOp

TelJeHJ1HX, npJ1JIJ1BaX J1 OTJII1Bax. HanpJ1Mep, <D. Mare.l.l

nOnhITaJIC5I J13MepJ1ThrJIy6J1HyTJ1Xoro oKeaHa, HO, onYCTJ1B ;6_Z KOHOnJI5IHoti BepeBKJ1, AHa TaK J1He AOCTlIT.

B XVIII B. aHrJIMticKJ1H MOpenJIaBaTe.:

J(JlCeiiMc KYK HaHec Ha Kapry MHorolJl1CJIemm:

TJ1XOOKeaHCKJ1eOCTpOBa (PJ1c. 22). BnepBbie lI3-

MepeHJ1H TeMneparypbl BOLIhI Ha nOBepXHOCTH

fJIy611He ocymecTBJ1JII1 B HalJale XIX B. BO Bpe

M5I J13BecTHoro BaM KpyrocBeTHoro nJIaBaHJ

H6ana J(pY3enUlmepHa 11 IOpUfl JIuCRHCKOcO.B 1873 - 1876 n. aHfJIJ1ticKa5l3KCneAJ1UJ151

CYAHe «qeJIJIeH1DKep» c06paJIa pa3Ho06pa3H)1

J1H¢OpMalJ,J11O 06 oc06eHHocTHX BOA TJ1XOf

OKeaHa. TOfAa BnepBbIe 6bIJIa COCTaBJIeHa Kap12

ero rJIy6J1H 11 06Hapy)[(eHbi my60KoBOAHbI=>

)[(eJI06a. n03LIHee npOBOAJ1JIJ1Cb J1CCJIeAOBaHJ,U

Ha CnelJ,l1aJIbHbIX HayqHblX CYAax «BI1T5I3h» (Po -CJ1H), «AJIb6aTpoc» (CIliA) J1AP.

CeroAH5I Y4eHbie pa3HbIX CTpaH npOBOA5l.

J1CCJIe,II;OBaHJ151OKeaHJ1lJeCKOrO ,II;Ha, ceticMI1-

lJeCKI1X 30H, MJ1rpalJ,l1ti npOMbICJIOBhIX PbI6

nOMOllI,hlO nOABOAHbiX annapaTOB - 6aTJ1CKa-

¢OB 11nO,II;BOAHhiX JIOAOK.

KaK Bbl y>Ke 3HaeTe, TVlXVlM OKeaH

Ha3Ban <:P. MarennaH BO BpeMH

nepBora KpyracBeTHoro nnaBaHiIlH.

npaB,lJ,a, 3TO Ha3BaHiIle He COOTBeT-

cTByeT xapaKTepy OKeaHa,

nOCKonbKY TaM 4aCTO 6blBalOT

WTOpMbl ill yparaHbl. npOCTO <:P. Ma-

rennaHy y,lJ,anOCb nepece4b TiIlXill~

OKeaH, Hill pa3y He nonaB B WTOpM.

TaK Ha KapTax nOHBiIlnOCb iIlcnaHC-

Koe Ha3BaHiIle Map naqVlq,VlKo -Mope MlllpHoe, Tlllxoe, CnOKOtAHoe.

\113 AHeBHl1Ka aHrl1l1V1CKOrOKopOl1eBCKoro nl1paTa

He ycnenill Mbl BO~TiIl B 3TO Mope (era

Ha3blBalOT TiIlXillM, a ,lJ,nH Hac OHO

OKa3anOCb 6eweHblM), KaK Ha4a-

naCb TaKaH CTpaWHaH 6ypH, KaKO~

Mbl ell.\e He BiIl,lJ,enill.OHa npO,lJ,on>K+-naCb 52,lJ,HH.

cPP3HCVlC ,llpeHK, _. -~'. 1578 r. ."ID,_-

r

4000

6000

8000

10000

CTPOEHlIE 1I PEJIbE ,Il,HA. KaK BaM )0Ke M3BeCTHO, rro

pa3Ho06pa3MlO peJIbe<l>a )lHO OKeaHa He YCTYJIaeT rrOBepXHOCTM

cyUIM. Ha OKeaHWleCKOM )lHe pa3JIM'Ia1OT rrO)lBO)lHYIO OKpaMHY

MaTepMKOB, rrepeXO)lHYIO 30Hy, JIO)Ke OKeaHa M Cpe)lMHHO-OKea-

HJ1:qeCKMe Xpe6TbI. CTPOeHMe )lHa THxoro OKeaHa orrpe)leJI5IeT

TUXOOKeaHC1Wfl /lumocrjJepHQfl flJluma. BMeCTe C )lpyrHMM IlJIMTa-

MH OHa ocymeCTBJI5IeT ropH30HTaJIbHble )lBI1)KeHH5I, KOTopble

COrrpOBO)K)laIOTC5I rrO)lBO)lHbIMM H Ha3eMHbIMH 3eMJIeTP5ICeHH5I-

MH, UYHaMH H H3Bep)KeHH5IMH ByJIKaHOB.

TIO)lBO)lHa51 OKpaHHa MaTepHKOB B

THXOM OKeaHe MMeeT Y3KMH WeJIb<l> (MaTepM-

KOBYIO OTMeJIb) H KPYTOH MaTepHKOBbIH CKJIOH.

B nepeXO,lJ,HOU 30He, JIe)KameH Me)K)ly

rrO)lBO)lHOH OKpaHHOH MaTepMKOB H JIO)KeM

OKeaHa, 3eMHa51 Kopa MaTepHKOBoro THrra

rrepeXO)lHT B KOpy OKeaHH'IeCKoro THrra. TaM

rrpocTHpalOTC5I KOTJIOBHHbI 0KPaHHHbIX MopeH,

OCTpoBHble )lyrH H rJIy60KOBO)lHble )KeJI06a

(pHC. 23). OCTpOBHbIe ,IIyfH - 3TO uerrM OCTPO-

BOB, 06pa30BaHHbIX OrpOMHbIMM )lyr006pa3HbI-

MM rrO)lBO)lHbIMM xpe6TaMM, OT)leJIbHble

BepwMHbI KOTOpbIX rrO)lHMMaIOTC5I Ha)l BO)lOH

(HarrpMMep, KYPU/lbCKUeOcmpOBa). fJIY60KOBO,lJ,-

HhIe )l{eJIo6a - 3TO Y3KMe H O'IeHb rJIy60KMe ()l0

11 000 M) rrpom6bI )lHa OKeaHa. OHH OKaHMJI5I-

lOT OCTPOBHble )lyrH M OT)leJI5IIOT rrepeXO)lHble

30HbI OT JIO)Ka OKeaHa. B TMXOM OKeaHe 60JIb-

we Bcero fJIy60KOBO)lHbIX )KeJI060B. CaMble

rJIy60KMe - MapuaHCKuu (11 022 M) H </JU/lun-

nUHCKUU (10265 M).JI 0)1{ e 0 K e a Ha pacrrOJIaraeTC5I Ha rJIy6MHax

. 3 000 - 6 000 M M3aHMMaeT 66JIbIllyID qaCTb IlJIO-

ma)lM )lHa TMXOro OKeaHa. OKeaHJ1:qeCKa513eM-

I Ha51 Kopa 3)leCb TOHKa5l. PeJIbe~ JIO)Ka OKeaHa Pille. 24. Ll,yHaMIII B TIIIXOM OKeaHe

KTO npeAynpe>K,lJ,aeT 0 ~YHaMIII

B TltlXOM OKeaHe Ha raBaL;1cKltlX OCT-

I pOBax pa60TaeT Me>KAYHapoAHblL;1

u,eHTp OnOBel!.(eHltl~ 0 u,yHaMltl. Ero

cneu,ltlanltlCTbl nonY4alOT AaHHbie 0

BpeMeHltl, KOOPAltlHaTaX ltl Cltlne nOA-

3eMHbiX Ton4KOB B n1060L;1T04Ke OKe-

aHa B Te4eHltle 3 MltlH nocne ltlX Ha-

4ana. Cneu,ltlanbHble BonHOMepbl,

YCTaHOBneHHble Ha 6yL;1Kax, 3aMep~-

lOT BbICOTY, AnltlHY, CKOpOCTb ltl Ha-

npaBneHltle u,yHaMltl. OnOBel!.(eHltle

no PaAltlO AaeT B03MO>K-

" HOCTb CnaCTltl nIOAeL;1..~.

npe,ll,CTaBJl5leT c060ti COyeTaHHe KOTJlOBHH H

nO,ll,BO,ll,HbIX ropHbIX Xpe6TOB, KOTOpbIe HX pa3-

,ll,eJl5lIOT. HanpHMep, Ce6epo-3anaOHblU xpe6empa3,ll,eJl5leT Ce6epo-3anaoHyLO H Ce6epo-Bocmott-HyLOKOI11Jl06UHbl.KOTJlOBHHbI 51BJl51IOTC5ImraHT-

CKHMH nOHH)f(eHH5IMH ,ll,Ha H HMelOT

npeHMymecTBeHHO XOJlMHCTYIO nOl3epXHOCTb.

npOHCXO)f(,ll,eHHe nO,ll,BO,ll,HbIX Xpe6TOB CB5I3aHO

C BYJlKaHHyeCKoti ,ll,e5lTeJlbHOCTblO.

Cpe)l,HHHO-OKeaHH'IeCKHe XpeOTbI -

3TO mraHTCKHe nO,ll,BO,ll,HbIe rOpHble coopy)(e-

HH5I, 06pa30BaBWHeC5I H3 3acTbIBweti JlaBbI B Me-

CTaX paCXO)f(,ll,eHH5I JlHTOC¢epHbIX nJlHT. )lBa TaKHX xpe6Ta

npOCTHpaIOTC5I Ha lOre H BOCTOKe THXOro OKeaHa - IOJICHo- Tuxo-OKeaHCKoe H BoCmOttHO- TUXOOKeaHCKoe nooHflmufl.I1Hof,ll,a HX Bep-

WHHbl B03BbIWaIOTC5I HaLl,ypoBHeM OKeaHa B BH,ll,eBYJlKaHHyeCKHX

OCTpOBOB. BOKpyr THXOfO OKeaHa pacnOJlO)f(eHbI ceticMHYeCKHe

30HbI TUXOOKeaHCK020 02HeHH020 KOJlbu,a.

LiTO cerOAHSI ~ccneAYIOTB 2006 r. Me>KAyHapOAHa>l KOMaH-

Aa Y'-leHblx V13 CWA, repMaHVlVI,

IO>KHoili KopeVl, ABCTpanVlVl VInanya-

HOBOili rBVlHeVl VlccneAOBana AHO

3anaAHoili '-IaCTVI TVlxoro OKeaHa.

OHVI Vl3y'-lanVl rVlAPoTepMbl - BbIXO-

Abl Ha AHe OKeaHa rop>l'-lViX BOA,

'-ITo6bl Bbl>lCHVlTb, MO>KHO nVl A06b+I-. .BaTb 30noTO, MeAb VIAPyrVle no- !

ne3Hbie VlCKonaeMble CO ..AHa OKeaHa. ,,@>.

...(!')3AnOMHl>1TE

• TUXUH OKeaH - caMbIH OOJIbllIOH U myooKuH OKeaH HallIeH nJIaHeTbl.

• OrKpblTUe U UCCJIe)l,OBaHUeTuxoro OKeaHa CBSl3aHOC UMeHaMU BaCKO HYUbeca

)l,e EaJIbOOa, epHaHa MareJIJIaHa, MBaHa Kpy3eHIIITepHa, IOpuSi JIuCSlHCKOro.

• TuxooKeaHcKaSi JIUToccjlepHaSi nJIUTa U ee nepeMemeHue OOyCJIOBJIUBaIOT

nOBblllIeHHYIO ceHCMu'IecKyIO aKTUBHOCTb OKeaHa. Ha OKeaHU'IeCKOM )l,He

Bbl)l,eJISIIOT nO)l,BO)l,HyIO oKpauHy MaTepUKOB, nepeXO)l,HyIO 30Hy, JIO)Ke OKeaHa,

Cpe)l,UHHO-OKeaHU'IeCKHe xpeOTbl.

BonpOCbll>1 3AAAHl>1S1

1. KTO VIKorAa VlCCJleAOBaJl TVlxVliII oKeaH?

2. PaCCKa)l(VlTe 06 oc06eHHocH1X nepexoAHoili 30Hbl AHa TlI1xoro OKeaHa.

3. OxapaKTepll13yillTe peJlbecj:>JlO)l(a OKeaHa.

4. nOAyMaillTe, n04eMY B TVIXOM OKeaHe MHoro OCTpOBOB BYJlKaHVl4ecKoro

npoVlcXO~eHVls:l .

rEOrPA$l>1~ECKASl3AAA~Ano rpaAycHoili ceTKe KapTbl BbI4V1CJlVlTenpOTs:l)l(eHHOCTb TVlxoro OKeaHa C 3anaAa Ha

BOCTOK no 3KBaTOpy (10 = 111,3 KM).

nPAKTl>1~ECKASlPA60TAnOAnVlwVlTe Ha KOHTypHoili KapTe Ha3BaHVls:l: Mopeill - 6epVlHroBo, OxoTcKoe, ~noH-

CKoe, IO)I(Ho-KVlTailicKOe, <PII1JlVlnnVlHCKoe; npOJlVlBOB - 6epVlHroB, MareJlJlaHOB; Ka-

HaJla - naHaMcKVliII; rny6oKoBoAHblX)I(eJlo6oB - MapVlaHcKVliII, <PVlJlVlnnVlHcKVliII;OCT-

pOBOB - raBaillcKVle, Mapll1aHCKVle, ~noHcKVle, <PVlJlll1nnIl1HCKVle,60JlbWVle 30HAcKVle.

§ 7. THXHM OKEAH (npO~OJDKeHHe)~ • BCnOMHII1Te, KaKlI18 T84eHII1~ C4I11TaIOTC~ TennblMII1, KaKlile - xonOAHblMIil.

KJIHMAT. TIiIXHH OKeaH pacn0J1araeTC51 BO Bcex KJlIi1MaTH-

yeCKHX n051cax, KpoMe apKTHYeCKOrO (pIiIC. 25). Ero 66J1bWa51

yaCTb HaXOnIilTC51 B ){(apKl1X 3KBaTOpHaJ1bHOM iii TpOnHYeCKHX

n05lcax 060HX nOJ1ywapHH. n03TOMY OH - mraHTCKIiIH HaKO-

nlilTeJ1b TenJ1a iii caMbIH TenJ1bIH OKeaH nJ1aHeTbI.

TIiIXIiIH OKeaH, HeCMOTp5I Ha ero Ha3BaHHe, OTJ1li1yaeTC5IHecno-

KOHHbIM xapaKTepOM. B WHpOTax C TpOnHyeCKl1M KJlIi1MaTOM B

TeyeHlile rolla nYIOT naCCaTbI. Ay 6eperoB UeHTpaJ1bHOH AMeplilKl1

B03HIiIKaIOT TponuqeCKHe IQ-fKJIOHbl - BeTpbI 60J1bWOH pa3pywH-

TeJ1bHOHCIiIJ1bI.OHIiI nepeMemaIOTC5I Ha ceBepO-3anan iii 3aryxaIOT

TOJ1bKOB03J1eEepliIHroBa MOp5I. ).LrI5IyMepeHHoro KJlHMaTa o6ol1X

nOJ1ywapVIH xapaKTepHbI nOCT05lHHble VI CHJ1bHble 3anaLlHble

BeTpbI, oco6eHHO B 40 - 60-x WVIpOTax lO){(Horo nOJ1ywapVI5I.

BO,l.J:HbIE MACCbI. Oco6eHHOCTH KJlHMaTa CKa3bIBaIOTC5I Ha

CBOHCTBax BOnHbIX Mace. KaK Bbl y){(e 3HaeTe, BO,ll,Hble MaCCbI-

3TO 60J1bWlile o6beMbl BOLlbI, KOTopble <pOpMHpyKHC5I BPl1C. 25.Tl1Xl1ii1 OKeaH

1. B KaKliIX KnlilMaTliI-

4eCKliIX nO>lcax ne)f(liIT

TliIxliIiII oKeaH?

2. Ha30BliITe Te'-l8-

HliI~, epOPMliIPYIOll\liIe

KpyroBopoT BOAbl B

IO)f(Hoill'-IaCTliIOKeaHa.

3. Ha30BliITe Tennble

Te'-l8HliI>l. KaK OHliI

Bnlil~IOT Ha KnlilMaT

no6epe)f(liIi11?

4. KaKliIe )f(liIBOTHble

,..•. TyHeu

-C"YM6p"~•.•. Gena~ aKyna .••••••TpeCKa

-CapA"Ha••••• KacaT,a :..e- nefil:4"eA AenbqmH _ ~~:al1.J Mopc'OI1 cnOH 'y AAb6aTpoc'" Mopc'OI1 neB ..i GaKnaH.4., KOT"' \ n"HrB"H-1'1 Mopc,a~ ••• OCbM"HOr•.••.~:~~~xa )f. ~'il'~~a~

06111TaTenlllTlllxoro OKeaHa

onpe)],eJIeHHhlX patioHax OKeaHa I1I1MelOT onpe)],eJIeHHhle CBOti-

CTBa. 3HatIl1TeJIhHaJI npOTIDKeHHOCTb Tl1xoro OKeaHa 06YCJIOB-

JII1BaeT 113MeHemrn Cpe)],Hero)],OBhlX TeMneparyp BO)],bl OT + 28°C

Ha 3KBaTope )],0 -1°C Ha ceBepe 11lOre. Atic6eprw OT 6eperoB

AHTapKTl1)l,hI )],OCTl1raIOT 40-x llIl1pOT.

COJIeHOCTh nOBepXHOCTHbIX BO)], TaIOKe 113MeH5IeTC5I OT

3KBaTopa K nOJIIOCaM. 3KBaTOpHaJIhHhIe BO)],HhIe MaCCbl THXOro

OKeaHa HMelOT cpe)],HIOIO )],JI5I MHpoBoro OKeaHa COJIeHOCTb

(35 %0). B ceBepHoti tIaCTI1 OKeaHa OHa CHIDKaeTC5I)],0 32 %0.TEQEHI1.SI. nOBepxHocTHhIe TetIeHl15I B OKeaHax 06YCJIOBJIe-

HhI "nOCT05IHHbIMI1 BeTpaMI1. B TI1XOM OKeaHe OHI1 06pa3YlOT

)],Ba rwraHTCKMX 3aMKHYTbIX KpyroBopoTa (CM. pHC. 25).

B CeBepHoM nOJIywapl1H ceBepo- BOCTOtIHbIti naccaT 06yCJIOB-

JII1BaeTTenJIOe CeeepHoe JIaccamHoe me'leHue. nepeCeKa5I OKeaH,

OHO pa3BeTBJI5IeTC5I.Ha )],Ba nOTOKa. O)],I1H nOBOpatIl1BaeT Ha lOr K

3KBaTopy H 06pa3yeT Me;)fCnaCCamHoe npomueOme'leHue. BTOPOti

nOToK)],aeT HatIaJIO MOlllHOMYTenJIOMY me'leHUIO Kypocuo. nepe-

Mellla5ICb B)],OJIb51noHcKHX OCrpOBOB, OHO 3aMeTHO OTenJI5IeT I1X

KlJI1MaT. CeBepHee KypOCHO 3aMelllaeTC5I TenJIhlM Ceeepo- Tuxo-OKeaHCKUMme'leHueM. no)], BJIH5IHl1eM 3ana.u.HblX BerpOB 11OTKJIO-

H5IlOllleti CHJIhI BpallleHH5I 3eMJIl1 OHO HanpaBJI5IeTC5I BOCTOtIHee.

Y 6eperoB CeBepHoti AMepHKM CHOBa OTKJIOH5IeTC5IHa ceBep H

<popMHpyeT TenJIOe AtmcKuHcKoe me'leHue. npHTOK TenJIbIX BO)],

06yCJIOBJIl1BaeT OTTOK XOJIO)],HblX. OHI1 06pa3YlOT XOJIO)],Hoe Ka-flU¢OPHUUCKoe me'leHUe, KOTopoe Bcrpel.IaeTC5I C TenJIbIM Ceeep-HblM JIaccamHblM. TaK 3aMbIKaeTC5I. ceBepHbIti KpyroBopoT

nOBepXHOCTHhlX BO)],THXOro OKeaHa.

B IO)KHOM nOJIyruapl111 nOCT05IHHbIe BeTpbl TaK)Ke <pOpMH-

PYIOT MOpCKl1e TetIeHH5I, 06pa3ylOlllHe orpoMHblti KpyroBOpOT "

B OKeaHe, HO ~e npOTHB qaCoBoti CTpeJIKM.

OPfAHI1QECKIHl MI1P. B TWXOM OKeaHe OtIeHb pa3Ho06pa3-

HbIti OpraHHtIecKHti MHp. Bl1)l,OB )Kl1BOTHhlX B HeM B HeCKOJIbKO

pa3 60JIbllIe, tIeM B )],pyrHX OKeaHax. B nOBepXHOCTHbIX Bo)],ax

cocpe)],OTOtIeH nJI"aHKTOH - MeJIKl1e pa'-iKH, KpeBeTKH, tIepBI1, Me-

)l,y3bl, KOTophle 51BJI5IIOTC5IOCHOBHOti nl1111eti )l,JI5I60JIbllIl1HCTBa

06HTaTeJIeti OKeaHa. Oc06eHHO MHOro IlJIaHKTOHa B 3KBaTopH-

aJIbHbIX, yMepeHHblX, cy6nOJI5IpHbIX H aHTapKTI1QeCKl1X llIHPO-

Tax. [l03TOMY 3TH patioHhI Hal160JIee 60raThI Pb160ti,

MOJIJIIOCKaMH H MOpCKHMI1 MJIeKOnHTalOlllI1MH. TponwlecKHe H

cy6TpOnHtIeCKl1e llIHPOTbI, pacnOJIO)KeHHbIe Me)K)l,y 3Tl1MH

patioHaMI1, HanpOTI1B, HaCTOJIbKO 6e)],Hble Ha OpraHHtIecKYIO

)KH3Hb, tITO HX Ha3bIBalOT BO)],HbIMI1 nYCTbIH5I.MH.

B THXOM OKeaHe 06l1TalOT MOpCKOti KOTI1K, CI1Byq, KaJIaH,

MOpCKOti JIeB. MHoro 11 )KHBOTHbIX-fl1raHTOB: CI1HI1X

KHTOB - caMblX KpynHhlX )Kl1BOTHbIX 3eMHoro llIapa (HX MI1Ha

1l0CTllraeT 33 M), KJ1TOBblX aKYJI Cuo 15 M), 3JIeKTpMlIeCKJ1X CKa-

TOB (MacCOM,lJ,O 200 IT), KaWIaTCKJ1X Kpa6oB, pa3Max MOmHbIX

KJIeUlHeM KOTOpblX ,lJ,OCTMraeT 1,5 M. ECTb H mraHTCKJ1e KaJIb-

MapbI (,lJ,JIJ1Ha,lJ,o18M, Macca -1000 IT). AyMOJIJIIOCKa TpM,lJ,aK-

Ha paKOBMHa HMeeT Maccy 300 IT.

EOr ATCTBA OKEAHA. Tl1XJ1i.t OKeaH 60raT rrpHp0,lJ,HbIMM pecyp-

caMM. ITpe)l()J,e Bcero, 3TO pbI6a, MOJIJIIOC KH, MJIeKO nHTalO-

IIJ,HeM B 0,lJ,0 p 0 CJI H, Koropble 5IBJl5IIOTC5IueHHbIMM rrpO,UyKTaMM

rrMTamrn. TMXI1M OKeaH ,lJ,aeTrrOJIOBMHY MMpOBorO yJIOBa PbI6bI:

TpeCKJ1,XeKa,MMHTa5I,CeJIb,lJ,H,KaM6aJIM,aHlIOYCOB,TYHua.Cpe-

llM MOJIJIIOCKOB rrpOMbICJIOBOe 3HalIeHI1e I1MelOT YCTpHUbI, MJ1,lJ,MI1,

'vlopCKJ1e rpe6eIllKJ1, KaJIbMapbI, OCbMI1Hom. )J,06bIBalOT TaIOKe

KpeBeTOK, Kpa60B, JIaHrycTOB. l'13-3a lIpe3MepHoro BbIJIOBa KJ1TbI,

.1aCTOHome M lIeperraXI1 Tpe6YIOT OXpaHbI. IT 03TOMY MX rrpOMbICeJI

ceit'Iac 3arrpemeH JIM60 orpaHHlIeH. He MeHee B<DKHbIMI15IBJI5IIOT-

C5IH BO,lJ,OpOCJII1.IToBceMecTHo crrpOCOM rrOJIb3yeTC5I JIaMI1HapM5I,

113BeCTHa5I KaK MOpCKa5I KarrycTa. BO,lJ,0POCJIM yrrOTpe6JI5IIOT B

ITMmY, 113 HMX M3roTOBJI5IIOT Me,lJ,I1UI1HCKMe rrperrapaTbI, HCrrOJIb-

3YIOT KaKKopM M y,lJ,06peHl1e B CeJIbCKOM X0351iicTBe.

TMXMM OKeaH - 3TO npMpO,lJ,Ha5I KJIa,lJ,OBa5I nOJIe3HblX

I1CKOnaeMbIX. Ha ero ,lJ,He eCTb )KeJIe3Hble 11 MapraHueBble

PYllbI, <}JOC<}JOPI1TbI.I1x 3anaCbI npeBbIIllaIOT 3aJIe)K11 Ha cYIlle.

Ha IlleJIb<}Je C 6ypOBbIX nJIaT<}JopM 11rrO,lJ,BO,lJ,HbIXIllaXT ,lJ,06bIBa-

lOT He<}JTb, rrpl1pO,lJ,HbIM ra3, KaMeHHbIM yrOJIb, OJIOBO..

B OKeaHMlIecKMX BO,lJ,axCKpbITbI orpOMHble 3arraCbI :;)H e p r H H.

I1cnoJIb3y5I CI1JIY rrpMJIMBOB 11OTJII1BOB, TelIeHI1M M BOJIH, Bblpa-

oaTbIBalOT 3JIeKTp03HeprHIO. B 5/nolluu, Harrpl1Mep, COTHM Ma5I-

OB pa6oTaIOT Ha 3JIeKTp03HepmM, nOJIy'IeHHOM OT MOpCKJ1X

BOilH. BnpolIeM, 3HepreTM'IeCKJ1e 60raTcTBa OKeaHa qeJIOBeK nOKa

llCnOJIb3yeT MaJIO.

061f1TaTenlf1Tlf1xoro OKeaHa

rli1raHTCKli1VIKaJlbMap

3AnOMHHTE

• Tuxuu OKeaH JIe)KHT BO Bcex KJIHMaTH'leCKHX nOHcax, KpOMe apKTHqeCKoro.

• .BO,ll,Hble MaCCbl HMelOT BblCOKYlO Cpe,ll,HerO,ll,OBYIOTeMneparypy H cpe,ll,H101O)l,JIH

MHpoBoro OKeaHa COJIeHOCTb (35 %0), KOTopbIe YMeHbmalOTcH K nOJIIOCaM.

• TeqeHIDl B TUXOM OKeaHe 06pa3Y1OT ,ll,Ba3aMKHYTbrX KpyroBopoTa.

() BOnpOCbl H 3AAAHHSr)~--------------1. KaK 1I13MeH~IOTC~cBoCicTBa BOAHblX Macc TlI1xoro OKeaHa c YAane H111eM OT3KBaTopa?

2. YeM o6ycnoBneHo ¢OpMlI1pOBaHlI1e Te4eHII1CiB oKeaHe? KaK OHII1nepeMeUJ,aIOTC~ B

TII1XOMoKeaHe?

3. KaKOBbl npll1pOAHble 60raTcTBa TlI1xoro oKeaHa?

4) nPAKTWiECKASI PA60TA ) . .0603Ha4bTe Ha KOHTypHOCi KapTe COOTBeTcTBylOUJ,II1M L1,BeTOMTennble 111xonOAHble

Te4eHII1~, Ha3BaHII1~ KOTOpblX ynoMII1HaIOTC~ B naparpa¢e.

~ • BcnOMHV1Te, KaKV1,e 6blBalOT OCTpOBa no npoV1CXo>K,ll,eHV1 10 ,

fEOfPAWIECKOE IlOJIO)KEHlIE. OKeaHIDI- 3To MHOrO-

YI1CJleHHble OCTpOBa (cBblwe 7 TbIC.) B u,eHTpaJIbHOH H IOro-3a-

na,LIHOH I.IaCT5IXTl1xoro OKeaHa. OHl1, CJlOBHO nyeJlI1HblH pot'!,

____________ ~ paCCe5IJlHCb B OTKpbITOM OKeaHe (pHC. 26). He-

"yreweCTBlte B cnOBO F KOTopble OCTpOBa pacnOJlaralOTC5I rpynnaMl1,

o6pa3y5I apXUneJIarH.XOT5I OKeaHI15I - caMoe

60JlbWOe Ha 3eMJle CKOnJleHl1e OCTpOBOB, HO

C06CTBeHHO cywe cpen:l1 npOCTopOB OKeaHa

npl1pon:a OTBeJla CKpOMHoe MeCTO. 06ll.l,a5I

nJlOll.l,a,LIbOCTpOBOBBcero 1,3 MJlH KM2.

OCTpoBa pa36pocaHbI Me)Kn:y cy6TpOnl1yeCKl1Ml1 Wl1pOTa-

Ml1 CeBepHoro 11yMepeHHbIMH Wl1pOTaMl1 fO)KHOrO nOJlywa-

Pl1t'!. OHI1 Jle)KaT Ha nepeKpecTKe MOpCKI1X nyTeti l13 A311H l1

B nepeBOAe C rpeYeCKOrO cnOBO

MenaHe3IAfi 03HayaeT yepHble

OCTpOBa, MIAKpOHe3IAfI- ManeHb-

KII/e OCTpOBa, nOnlAHe3IAfi - MHOiO

OCTpOBOB.

Plllc.26.'iacTIII OKeaHIIIIII

.•- f!)-i .!,? OB

~o~ O.fO>KHbl~

• ;&0'

2. B KaKoiii yaCH1

OKeaHlI1l11 cocpeAOTO-

YeH~ MaTepll1KOB~e

oCTpoBa?

120'

4. Ha30BlI1Te rocy-

AapcTBa, KOTOpblM

npll1HaAne>t<aT OT-

AenbHble oCTpoBa

OKeaHlI1l11.

3. npll1BeAlI1Te npll1-

Mepbl apXlI1nenarOB,

pacnono>t<eHHblX B

MlI1KpOHe3111111,Mena-

He3111111,nOnll1He3111111.

ABCTpaJU1H BAMepHKY. OKeaHH5I BKJl104aeT MeJlalle3UIO, MUK-

pOlle3UIO, IIOJlUIle3UIO H H06YlO 3eJlalli)ulO (pHC. 26).

OCTPOBA H HX llPOHCXO.lK,ll,EHHE. n pOHCXO)J()l.eH He,

reorpa<pH4eCKoe nOJlO)KeHHe H pa3MepbI OCTpOBOB OKeaHHH

TeCHO CB5I3aHbI co CTpoeHHeM .zlHa THxoro OKeaHa. OCTpOBa

51BJl5lIOTC5IHa,llBO,lJ,HbIM oT06pa)KeHHeM OKeaHH4eCKoro peJlbe-

<pa, nOCKOJlbKY CBOHMH OCHOBaHH5IMH Jle)KaT Ha ,lJ,HeOKeaHa.

MaTe pH KO Bhl e OCTpO Ba B npOWJlOM 6bIJlH 4aCT5IMH MaTe-

pHKa, HO OTKOJlOJlHCb OT Hero B pe3YJlbTaTe onycKaHH5I Y4aCTKOB

CyWH HH)Ke ypOBH5I MOp5l. 3TH OCTpOBa Jle)KaT npeHMyll.l,eCTBeHHO

Ha weJlb<pe. HanpHMep, ell.l,e HeCKOJlbKO ,lJ,eC5ITKOBTbIC5I4 JleT Ha-

3a,ll KpynHeHwHH OCTpOB OKeaHHH HoeylO FeUHelO COe,lJ,HH5IJlaC

ABCTpaJIHeH 150-KHJloMeTpoBa51 nepeMbI4Ka. Ee onycKaHHe Bcero

Ha 30 M npHBeJlO K 06pa30BaHHIO Toppecoea npOJluea. MaTepHKo-

Boe npOHCXO)J()l.eHHe HMelOT TaK)Ke ocmpoea Hoeo51 3eflaHaUfl.ByJlKaHH'IecKHe OCTpOBa - 3TO Ha,lJ,BO,lJ,HbleBepWHHbI

BbICOKHX nO,lJ,BO,lJ,HbIXByJlKaHOB, nO,lJ,HO)KH5I KOTOpbIX Jle)KaT Ha

3Ha4HTeJlbHbIX my6HHax (,lJ,05 000 M). 3TH OCTpOBa He60JlbWHe,

CKaJIHCTble, YBeH4aHbI KOHycaMH noraCWHX JlH60 ,lJ,eHCTBYIOll.l,HX

ByJlKaHOB. npeHMYll.l,eCTBeHHo OHH pacnOJlaralOTC5I rpynnaMH.

HanpHMep, FaeaUCKue ocmpoea - 3TO 24 OCTpOBa, npOCTHpalO-

ll.l,HeC5I Ha 2500 KM. Cpe,lJ,H HHX H BbIC04aHWa51 BepWHHa nOJlH-

He3HH - eyflTwH MayHa- Kea (4205 M).

KOpaJlJlOBhle OCTpOBa 06pa30BaHbI MOpCKHMH opraHH3-

MaMH - KOPaJIJlOBbIMH nOJlHnaMH, KOTopble HMelOT H3BeCTKOBble

CKeJleTbI (pHC. 27). nOJlHnbI KpaHHe Tpe60BaTeJlbHbI K cpene 06H-

TaHH5I: pacnpOCTpaHeHbI TOJlbKO BTenJIbIX BO,lJ,aX(He HH)Ke +20°C)

Ha He60JlbWOH my6HHe (30 - 50 M), r,lJ,enOCTaT04HO KHCJlOpO,lJ,aH

CBeTa. npHKpenJl5l5lCb KO ,lJ,HY,OHH nHTaIOTC5I nJlaHKTOHOM H pac-

TyT BBepx H BWHpb. CKOnJleHH5I KOPaJlJlOBbIX CKeJleTOB 06pa3ylOT

pH4>hl - BbIT5IHYTble B ,lJ,JlHHy nOJlOCbI (pHC. 28) HJlH aTOJlJlhl -

He60JlbWHe OCTpOBa B <POpMe KOJlbIJ,a (pHC. 29). OCHoBaHHeM,lJ,Jl51

KOpaJlJIOB 06bI4HO CJlY)KHT BepWHHa nO,lJ,BO,lJ,HOrO ByJlKaHa.

TLilnbl

OCTpOBOB

~ynallbl.la 1t13BecTKOBblH

CKelleT

PlI1c.27.KopannoBbliii nonll1n

PlI1c.28.KopannoBbliii PIl1<1>

PlI1c.29.KopannoBbliii OCTpOB

ACa3Aen I*' \' Ai+.q,'<I :-.(/;-? ~

1l-"~

% ·f4"'i5.:;;·,l·- HaBeTpeHHble CKflOHbl Bbl-'?<:: ; I- ~ '"' _Jji1YI\'~ COKiIIX BYflKaHOB I aBaillCKiIIX

OCTpOBOB - O,QHO H3 CaM&IX sna)#{-

H&IX MeCT Ha 3eMfle: TaM BblnaAa-

eT AO 12 500 MM OCaAKOB B roA.

KOparrJIOBhle coop~emrn rrOLI.HHMaIOTcH H~

BOLI.OHHa HeCKOJIhKO MeTPOB, TO eCTh KOp3J1.l

Bhle OCTPOBa HeBhICOKHe (06hrtlHO He 60JIee - _

Ha,LI,ypOBHeM oKeaHa) H eLI.Ba3aMeTHhI CpeLI.HBO -

HhIX rrpOCTopOB. Ilo3ToMy JIereHLI.hI maC5IT, lITO

)l(HTeJIH OKeaHHH «BhIYLI.HJIH» CBOH OCTPOBa 0KoponeBa nanbM

KOKOCOBYIO naflbMY cnpaSeAflillBO LI.Ha OKeaHa.

Ha3blBalOT xne60M OKeaHI1I1. CTBOfl nPMPO.IJ:HbIE YCJIOBIUI. feorpaq:mqecKoe

nanbMbl ClJiIITaeTC51 L\eHHbIM CTPO- rrOJIO)l(eHHe OKeaHHH CpeLI.H 6ecKpaHHHx BO.J-

iIITeflbHblM MaTepillanOM. 1113rillraH- HhIX rrpOCrOpOB, He60JIhllIaH IIJIOma,LI,h OCTPOBOBTCKiIIX 7-MeTpOBbIX flillCTbeB Aefla-

H YLI.arreHHOCTh OT MaTepHKOB 06yCJIOBHJIH qpe3-lOT KpblWiII ill BeH illKill , nfleTYT KaHaTblill Wfl51nbl. 1113L\BeTOB nOflYlJalOT BhrtlaHHOe cBoe06pa3He HX rrpHpOLI.hI. fOBOp5IT,

naflbMOBoe BiIIHO. Ho STili naflbMO- OKeaHHH - 3TO BJIa,LI,eHHHOKeaHa. 11 LI.eHCTBH-

Bble 6flara He MOrYT cpaBHiIITbC51 C I TeJIhHO, Ha peJIhe<pe, KJIHMaTe, paCTHTeJIhHOM HnflOAaMiII. 8-KillnorpaMMOBbl~ Mono- )l(HBOTHOM MHpe CKa3arrOCh BJIIDIHHe OKeaHa.AO~ opex COAep>KiIIT nOfl-flillTpa KO- P e JI bell> ByJIKaHHqeCKHX OCTpOBOB rop-

KOCOBoro MOflOKa, KOTopoe XopOWO HhIH, a KOparrJIOBhIX - HH3MeHHhIH. Ha MaTe-YTOfl51eT)Ka>KAY.Y C03peBwero ope-xa BMeCTO MOflOKa BHYTPill 6efla51 PHKOBhIX OCTpOBax rOphI COqeTaIOTCH CM51KOTb - Konpa. 1I13MeflblJeHHO~ paBHHHaMH. KJIHMaT TerrJIhIH H MHrKHH, rro-

Konpoi:1 - KOKOCOBOi:1 CTPY>KKO~ - CKOJIhKY OCTpOBa rrpeHMymecTBeHHO JIe)l(aT B

nOCblnalOT pa3Hoo6pa3Hble cnaAo- 3KBaTOpHaJIhHhIX H TpOrrHqeCKHX llIHpOTax, B

CTiII. 1113Hee ~A3roTOBfl51IOT KOKOCO- yMepeHHOM - TOJIhKO HOBafl 3eflQHOUfl. TeMrre-Boe MaCflO. VI3 MaCfla nOflYlJalOT + 0

Aa>Ke rOplOlJee, y>Ke n051BillflillCb. paTypa B03LI.yxa BhICOKaH ( 25 C). Ho )I(apy• aBTo6ycbl C «KOKOCOSbIMiII ". CM5IrqmOT BJIa)I(Hhle BeTpbl C OKeaHa. OHH )I(e

MOTopaMiII». • 61. 06YCJIOBJIHBaIOT 06HJIhHhle LI.O)j(LJ.H,rr03ToMY

. ~ KOJI~eCTBO OCa,LI,KOBrrpeBbIlliaeT 4 000 MM B roLI..

B OKeaHHH 3ap0)j(LJ.aIOTC5I TporrWleCKHe U:HKJIOHhI, KOTophle

COrrpOBO)j(LJ.aIOTC5I 60JIbllIHMH pa3pYllIeHH5IMH. Ho B u:eJIOM

KJIHMaT OKeaHHH CqHTaIOT HaH60JIee KOM<pOpTHbIM Ha 3eMJIe.

PaCTHTeJIbHOCTb OCTpOBOB pa3Ho06pa3Ha. BCJIeLI.cTBHe

HepaBHoMepHoro YBJIa)l(HeHHH (JIH60 H36hITOK, JIH60 HeLI.OCTaTOK

P\ltc.35.KOKOCOBaSl

nnaHTal.4\1tSlHaOCTpOBax TOHra

ocaLlKOB) paCnpOCTpaHeHbI 11BJla>l<Hble BeYHO-

3e.leHble J1eCa, 11cyxl1e CaBaHHbl. B J1ecax paCTyr

KOKOCOBaH 11caroBaH n3JlbMbl, LlbIHHOe 11XJle6-

Hoe JlepeBbH, Q:>I1KYCbI,OpXJ1Llel1. CpeLlI1 LlI1KO-

pacrywl1xpaCTeHI1i1i MHoro 1l0Jle3HbIX: C ueHHoili

.JpeBeCI1HOili (>KeJle3HOe 11caHLla.nOBoe LlepeBbH);

CCOYHblMH nJlOLlaMH (nanaili5I, MaHro, 6aHaHbl);

paCTeHI1i1i, KOTOpbJe LlalOT npHHOCTI1 (I1M6I1pb,

\lyCKaTHblili opex, lIYWI1CTbIM nepeu).

KOP3JlJlOBble OCTpOBa C 6eLlHblMI1 1l0YBaMH, KOTopble TOHKI1M

CJloeM 33JleralOT Ha KOP3JlJlOBbIX H3ReCTHHKax, I1MelOT CKYLlHYIO

TPaBHHI1CTYIO paCTI1TeJlbHOCTb. Vlx yKpaweHI1eM 5IBJlHIOTCHTOJlb-

KO pOWI1 KOKOCOBbIX rI3JlbM. VlHTepeCHO, YTO BYJlKaHl1yeCKl1e H

KOP3JlJlOBble OCTpOBa 3aCeJlHJH1CbpaCTeHI1HMI1 C nOMOWblO BeT-

pa, TeyeHI1i1i 11Lla>Ke IlTI1U, KOTopble nepeHOCI1JlI1 I1X IlblJlbUY 11

ceMeHa. B OKeaHl111 MHoro 3H)l,eMHKOB - TaKI1X BHLlOB paCTeH1111

II >KI1BOTHbIX, KOTopble 60JlblJle HI1f1l,e He BCTpeya1OTC5I.

)KHBOTHbIH MHp OCTpOBOB6eLlHbll1. CpeLlI1 Ha3eMHbIX>KI1-

BOTHblX 1l0YTI1 HeT MJ1eKOIlI1TaIOWI1X (KpOMe MblWel1 11KpbIC).

3aTO MHoro IlTI1U - pailiCKI1X, r0J1y6eili, nOllyraeB, COpHblX Kyp.

OTCyTcTBl1e XI1WHI1KOB Ilpl1BeJIO K 1l0HBJ1eHI1IO 6eCKpblJ1blX

nTI1U - Kary H KI1BI1. Ewe COBceM HellaBHO B HOBOi1 3eJlaHlJ,1111

BOLlI1JlI1Cbrl1raHTCKHe (BbICOTOili llO 4 M) 6eCKpblJlble 11THUbi Moa,

Hi1ua KOTOpbIX BeCI1J111no 7 Kr! Ha OCTpOBax HeT 115IllOBI1TbIX

3\leili. ECTb npeCMblKalOWl1eC5I - reKKOHbl, I1ryaHbl, HWepl1Ubl,

raTTepl1l1. B paCllpOCTpaHeHl111 )[(I1BOTHbIX 60JlbWYlO POJlb Cblf-

P3Jl LIeJlOReK. 3aBe3eHHble 11M c06aKH, KOWKI1, CBI1Hbl1 nOBce-

\IeCTHO paCIlJlOlll1JlHCb 11co BpeMeHeM OllVl'-I3JlH.Ha3a,o,ii3AnOMHIIITE ) --- - - -- - ----

• OKeaH"H - 3TO cOBoKynHocTb OCTpOBOB pa3Horo npOHCXO)KJleHHSI, pacnOJIO-

JKeHHblX B ~eHTpaJIbHOH H IOrO-3ana)l,HOH qaCTSIX THxoro OKeaHa.

• Oco6eHHOCTb npHpO)l,bl OKeaHHH - npe06JIa)l,aHHe OCTpOBOB ByJIKaHHqeCKO-

ro H KOpaJIJIOBOrO npOHCXO)KJleHHSI, TenJIblH BJIaJKHblH KJIHMaT, a TaKJKe BJIaJK-

Hble BeQH03eJIeHbie JIeca H caBaHHbl C pa3Hoo6pa3HOH paCTHTeJIbHOCTblO H

cpaBHHTeJIbHO 6e)l,Hb1M JKHBOTHblM MHpOM.

• 3H)l,eMHKH - 3TO BH)l,bl paCTeHHH HJIH JKHBOTHbIX, KOTopble 60JIblUe HHr)l,e He I'- BCTpeQaIOTCH. ~)> BOnpOCbl1ll3AAAHIIISI )~----------------

1. Bce m1 oCTpoBa TII1XOfOOKeaHa BXO,lJ,SlTB COCTaB OKeaHII1I11?

2. KaKlI1e TlI1llbl OCTpOBOB no npoIl1CXO>K,lJ,eHII1IOpacnpocTpaHeHbl B OKeaHII1I11?

3. n04eMY B OKeaH 111111eCTb MeCTa, f,lJ,enpe06na,lJ,aeT Bna>KHblLilll1nll1cyxoLil KnIl1MaT?

4. KaKlI1e paCTeHII1511l1>KII1BOTHblepacnpocTpaHeHbl B OKeaHII1I11?

6ynK~ C AepeBaPacTyw,ee Ha OCTPO- " fI(Bax xne6Hoe ,o,epeso '1"'" ~VlMeeT KpynHble nno-

,o,bl, KOTopble co,o,ep-

>KaT KpaXMan VI caxap .

Xne6, Bbllle4eHHbliil Vl3 1tiHVlX, npVlfHHbliil Ha BKyC VI 60raT }i"",

BVlTafv1V1HaMVI. • t'~

nT~LI,a K~B~{Ht' /IlOXO>Ka Ha Kny60K

wepCTVI co cnVlLJ,eiil

raTTep~S1 -3HAeMIIII<

HOBOiii 3enaHAIII~ -e,o,VlHcTBeHHbliil BVI,o,

llepB051LU,epos,

>KVlSWVlX Ha 3eMne

MlllnnlllOHbl neT

KopeHHoiii

>KIIITenb

HOBOiii rBIIIHelll

§9.CTPAHbIOKEAHMM~ • C 1I1MeHeM KaKOro 1I13BeCTHOrO yKpa1l1HcKoro 1I1CCne)lOBaTen~ CB~-

"V 3aHO V13YLleH1I1e HaCeneH1I1~ 111npVlpO)lbl OCTpOBOB TVixoro OKeaHa?

3ACE.JIEHHE OKEAHMJ1 H .lMI3HbJlIO.llEM. OCTpOBa TM-

xoro OKCaHaJIlDllM HallaJ1M OCBaMBaTb ewe TbIC5JlU1JleT Ha331l. Ho

YlIeHble 110CMX nop HC BbIHCHMJlH, KaKMM 06pa30M 3TO npOMCXO-

ll11J10. bOJlbWMHCTBO ClII1Ta]{)T, liTO nepBbIMM OCTpOBa 3aCeJlMJ1M

BbIXOllUbI 1131020- BocmOLfI-IOU A3UU. H 0 eCTb MllPyrMe rI1ll0Te3bI.

Hanpl1MCp, HOpBe)l(CKI1 i1 MCCJ1eLlOBaTeJlb-nyTewecTBeHHMK TypXei'iepiJOJl npeLlnOJlaraJl, 4TO ncpsble JI[{)LlI1 npM6bIJlI1 B OKeaHI1[{)

M3A.MepUKu. Y.T06bl LlOKa3aTb 3TO, 01-1B 1947 r. OCYllleCTBMJl f1J1a-

naHI1C Ha nJlOTY «KOH- THKl1» OT TI1XOOKCaHCKoro n06epe)l(b>I

IO)I(HOH AMepMKi1 K OCTpOBaM nOJl11He31111.CJleLlOBaTeJlbHO, Y)I(e

B npOWJlOM JI[{)LlH, KOTopble 6blJlM HCKyCHblMH MopeXOAaMI1,

MOrJJM nepeceKaTb OKeaH Ha JlOLlKaX, HcnoJlb3y>I OKeaHHlIeCKMe

TClIeHM>I.

Ceti4ac B OKeaHMI1 np0)l(HBcllDT OKOJlO 10 MJlH 4eJlOBCK. Cpc-

AM Hl1X H KOpCHHble )I(I1TeJ1H, H npHIllJlble, H CMewaHHoe I-Iace-

JleHHe. KopeHHoe HaCeJleHl1e - Tex, KTO )I(HBer TaM H3AaBHa,

Ha3blBa[{)T a60pHreHaMH, 11J111Ty3eMuaMH. HanpHMep, B Hoeoureullee 11Ha 6J1H3J1e)l(alllHX OCTpOBax )I(l1ByT nanyacbl, KOTopbIe

OTHOC>ITC>IK aBCTpaJ10I1AHOH pace. Ha APyrl1x OCTp0133Xl-IaceJle-

HHe npHI-I3)lJ1e)[(HT K oc060i1 nOJlHHC3I1i1cKOM rpynne, KOTOpa>I

3aHI1MaCT npoMe)l(yT04Hoe 110JlO)l(eHI1e Me)l(AV OCHOBHbIMH

pacaMH. Haw COOTC4eCTSeHHI1K HUKOJlaii Mll1(Jlyxo-MaKJlaii B

XIX B. HCCJle1l0BaJl )KI13Hb KopeHHblX )I(HTeJleiii OKeaHHH

(Pl1c. 31). B OKeaHl111 )KHByT Ta[()l(e nOTOMKM ncpeCeJlCHl~eB 113

EBpOnbI.

CBOI1 He33BI1CHMbiC roCyLl3pcTBa HapOLlbl OKeaHHH C031laJ1H

Plllc.31.XVl>KIIIHaTY3eM~eB

(pl~CYHOKH. MII1Knyxo-MaKnafl)PIIIC. 32. HaceneHlIIe 3anaAHoro CaMoa

OTMellaeT AeHb He33BlllCIIIMOCTIII

cpaBHHTCJ1bHO HCllaBHO (pHC. 32). npOllOmKHTCJ1bHOC BpCMH

OCTpOBa 6bIJ1H KOJ10HH~MH - BJ1allCHHHMH llpyrHX rOCYllapCTB.

HCKOTOpbIC H ccti4ac HBJ1HIOTC5I3aMopCKHMH TCppMTOpM5IMM

CPpaHl{UU, CLlJA, Hoeoii 3eJWHaUU M IIp. (CM. pMC. 26 Ha c. 38).HaCeJ1eHl1e 3aHHMaeTCH npcHMymecTBeHHO CCJ1bCKMMX0351M-

CTBOM.Oc06eHHo pa3BMTO TponH4eCKoe 3CMJ1ellCJ1l1e: Bblpaml1-

BalOT KOKOCOBble naJ1bMbl, 6aHaHbl, aI-laHaCbl, caxapHblti

TpOCTHHK. C HHM CBH3aHa nMw,eBa51 npOMbIWJ1eHHOCTb, KOTO-

paH Bblpa6aTbIBacT KOKOCOBOC MaCJ10 11caxap, KOHcepBHpycT

(PpyKTbl H COKH. TOJlbKO Ha OT.1leJ1bHbIXOCTp013aXll06bIBaIOT PY.1lbl

U13eTHbIXMeTaJ1J10B,KaMeHHblti yroJ1b, ¢OC¢OPMTbI. )J(M3Hb 116blT

OCTpOBMTHH TpallJ.1UMOI-lHO CBH3aI-lbl C npOMbICJ10M B OKcaHC-

J10BJ1cti pbI6bl, '-Iepenax, TpenaHroB.

CTPAHhI OKEAHIU1. Hoeyro 3eJlalfaUHJ I-la3blBalOT rOCYllap-

CTBOM Ha KpalO CBeTa. OHa pacn0J10)J<CHa Ha llByx 60J1bllIJilX OCT-

pOBax, a TaK)J<ep5l11CHc60J1bllIJilX. npHpOlla CTpaHbI 4PC3Bbl4aMHO

pa3Ho06pa3Ha - nOKpbITbIC J1C.1lI-l11KaiVI11BCpWI1I-1bl rop 11nCC4a-

I-IblC nJ151)J<l1,nhllllHblC TpOnl14CCKI1e J1Cca 113CJ1eHbIC J1yra, ByJ1-

KaHbl 11 rCH3CpbI. 1(0pcHHble )KI1TCJ111- MaOpl1 COCTaBJl5llOT

Hc60J1blllYIO 4aCTb I-IaCCJ1CHI1H. bOJ1bWI1HCTBO - 31'0 nOTOMKI1

CBpOneMCKI1X nepCCeJ1CHUCB, npCI1MyWCCTBCHHO aHrJ1114aH.

DOJ1CCCTOJ1CTI1HTOMy Ha3a.u HOBaH 3CJ1aH.1lI1H6blJ1a KOJIOI-mci;j

BCJ1YIK06p11TaI-I1111. CCH4ac 31'0 HC3aBI1CHMOC rOCYllapCTBO.

HaCCJ1CHI1C pa3BO.1ll1T KpynHblti poraTblti CKOT 11OBeu, Bblpa-

W,11BaCT nlllCI·-\I1 uy, KYKYPY3Y, 514MCHb, 606bl, H6J10KI1I1 BBHOr-pan.

B npl16pe)J<Hbix BO.1laXHOB03CJ1aHD,Ubl 3aHI1MaIOTC5I npoMblcJ10M

Pbl6bl 11MOJIJ1IOCKOB. Pa3BI1BaCTC5I nl1WCBaH npOMbIWJ1eHHOCTb

(ncpcpa60TKa M0J10Ka, M5ICa, 3cpHa, pbI6bl), HaJ13)KeHO npm13-'

BO.1lCTBOTKaHcti, aJ1IOMI1HI1>I 11 nJ1aCTMaCCbI. HOB<lH 3CJ1aHllI1H

>IBJ151eTC51MI1POBblM nOCTanWI1KOM MaCJ1a, M5ICa, lllCpCTI1, a TaK-

)J<e KI1BI1 11 516J10K. 3Ha'-II1TCJ1bHble .1l0XO.1lbl X0351tiCTBy CTpaHbI

HOBAS13EJ1AHA&i1S1

• 269 TbIC. KM2

t 3,5 MflH LIen.

@ BenmilHrTOH

MaoplIITpa,D,lIJl..llilOHHO

yKpawalOT ce6HTaTYliIpoBKOIIt

PECnY6JlIil KA<J>V1A>KVI~JIJ'ii

II":;

t 856 TbIC. 'fen.

@CYBa

KOPOJ1EBCTBOTOHrA

• 0,7 TbIC. KM2

t 101 TbIC. 'fen.

@ HyKyano<t>a

npHHocHTTypH3M. n03TOMY >KHBOnI1CHbie neiba.>KH, npl1Blle .

IOWHe Typl1CTOB co Bcero Ml1pa, Ha3bIBalOT rJIaBHbiM 60raTCTBC

HOBOM 3eJlaHlll1l1 (pHC. 33).Pecny6J1uKa C/JUOJICU pacnOJlO>KeHa Ha MHOrOYHCJleHHbi:

BYJlKaHHyeCKI1X 11KOpaJlJlOBblX OCTpOBax B IOro-3anallHoM ya ,...

Tl1xoro OKeaHa. B npOWJlOM CTpaHa 6blJla KOJIOHl1eM BeJlI1K -

6pI1TaHHH, a He3aBl1CHMOCTb nOJly'II1J1a 131970 r. <!>epMepbl Ta

BblpaWI1BalOT I1M6Hpb, caxapHblH TpOCTHHK, KOKOCOBylO nalb-

MY, aHaHaCbl. <!>Hll)K}1HUbl TaK>Ke pa3B01UIT K03, CI3I1HeH, 1l0Maw-

HIOIO nTI1UY. ))OJlbWOe 3HalJeHHe HMeeT pbI60JlOBCTBO. H~OCTpOBax 1l06blBalOT 30JIOTO, cepe6po, MellHble VI aJlIOMI1HHeBbl'"

PYllbl, H3BeCTHSlKH. Ho OCHOBHa51npl16blJlb nOCTynaeT OT npo-

H3BOllCTBa caxapa, KOTOpblM nOLITI1 nOJlHOCTblO RbIB03IHC5I RlIPY-

me CTpaHbl, a TaK>Ke TYPHCTOB - I1X npHBJleKalOT )I(HBOnl1CHble

KOPaJIJlOBble PHcPbl VI nJIH)I(YI.

Kopo.1eBcmBO TOHza COCTOIIfT113170 OCTpOBOB BYJlKaHl1yeCKO-

ro 11 KOpaJIJlOBOrO npOI1CXO)l(1JeHlHl. nOCT05lHHOe HaCeJleHlle

npmKI1BaeT TOJlbKO Ha 45 H3 HHX, OCTaJlbHbIe - He 3aCeJleHbi. BXVIII B.ll,)I(eHMC KYK Ha3BaJI HX OCTpOBaMI1ll,py>K6bl, nOCKOJlb-

Ky OCTpOBI1THHe npl1HHJII1 ero KOMaHllY OyeHb roCTenpl1I1MHO. BnpOWJlOM OCTpOBa 6blJll1 KOJIOHl1eM BeJlI1K06pI1TaHHI1, a B 1970 r.

nOJlYYHJII1 He3aBI1CHMOCTb. TOHraHubI BblpaWHBalOT Tapo, 51\IC.

6aTaT, OBOUlI1, ap6y3bl. VlMelOTC5I nJlaHTaUHH KOKOCOBblX nallb.\1.

6aHaHOB 11UI1TPYCOBblX (pHC. 35). B llpYrHe CTpaHbl BbIB0351TKon-

py - BblcyweHHble HlIpa KOKOCOBblX opeXOB, KOKOCOBoe Mano.

pbl6y, CTpy4KH BaHI1JlH, KOTopaH I1CnOJlb3yeTc5I B KOHlII1TepcKot'1

OTpaCJlYL

31\0JIOI MlJECKI1E flP06JlEMhl JllOlIl1 CBoeH X0351HCTBeH-

HOH lIe5lTeJlbHOCTblO 113MeH5IIOTnepB0311aHHylO npHpOllY OCTPO-

BOB OKeaHHI1. TaM, me 6bIJll1 Jleca, n05lBI1JJ11Cb nJlaHTaUl111

CeJlbCKOX03HHCTBeHHbIX KyJIbTyp. >KHBoTHble, KOTopble 6bIJlII

npVlBe3eHbI 11311pymx 4aCTeH CBeTa, TaK>Ke HaHOC5IT 3Ha4l1TeJlb-

HbIH ypOH MeCTHOH npVlpOlle. TaK, Ha OCTpOBax pacnJlOlll1Jl11Cb

KpbICbI, KOWKH 01l114aJ11111 Ha4aJ111OXOTI1TbC5I Ha nnm. ))O.lb-

woi;j np06JleMOH CTaJlO HCnOJlb30BaHHe HeKOTopblX OCTpOBOB

(EUKUHU, ryaJl1, Mypypoa) KaK nOJlHroHoB lIJl515I1IepHbiX I1CnbITa-

HHI1. Bce 3TO np\!IBOLlHT K HapyweHHfO npHpom-lOro paBHOBeCHH,

• ,13MeHeHHfO npMpOLlbi OCTpOBOB. 3arp5l3HeHbi H BOLlbl THXOro

OKeaHa. Bo BpeM5l f1JlaBaHlrI51CYLlOB11JI06bl'1H nOJle3HbiX I1CKOna-

e~lbIX B Hero nonanaeT 60JTbWOe KOJ1l1lJeCTBOBpeLlHblx BemeCTB.

3arp5l3HeHHble BOLlbI HaHocm BpeLl i\10PCKHM 06HTaTeJl51M. Oc-

HOBHblMJiI JilCTOLIHHKal'vIJil 3arp513HeHM5l BOLlbl 5TBJT51fOTC51peKI1,

nOCKOJTbKY HecyT YLl06peHJil5l, CMbITbie C nOJTei-i, CTOKH npoMblw-

_leHHbiX npeLlnpH51TMI1 H HaCeJleHHblX nyHKToB. KpOMe Toro, B

OKeaH nonaLlaeT orpoil-1Hoe KOJlJiIlleCTBO Mycopa - flJTaCTHKOBbIX

6YTbIJlOK, nOJTH3THJTeHOBbIX naKeTOB lr1T. Ll.

OLJeHb onaCHO 3arp513HeHHe BOLlb! He¢TbfO, a TaIOKe 3axopo-

HeH\!Ie B oreaHe panMOaKTlr1BHbIX OTXOLlOB H OTpaBJl5IfOmJilX Xlr1-

\1HlJ.eCKHX BemeCTB. B HaLlaJle XXI 13.BpeLlHblX Bew,eCTB nona.n.o B

OKeaH CTOJlbKO, LITO OH y)Ke He Bcern.a MmKeT cnpaBHTbC51 C \!IX

nepepa60TK0I1. HaH60JTee 3arp513Hel-IHbIMI1 paMOHaMH THxoro

OKeaHa 5IBJl>lfOTC51 HnoHc/(oe Mope 11 KOflUqJOpHUUCKUU 3QflUB.

3arPH3HeHHbie BOLlbi TeLleHM51MH pa3HOC51TC5l fIOBCfOL1Y.

OlfeHb onaCHO

3arpSl3HeHVle

OKeaHa BcneA-

CTBVle lIICnblTa-

HVll1 S1AepHoro

Opy>KVlSl

(! 3AnOMH~TE• HaCeJIeHl{e OKeaHI{H OTHOCI{TCSI K aBCTpa.110H,lJ,HOHpace I{ OC060M nO.l1lme-

31{HCKOH rpynne •

• OCTpOBa OKeaHl1H )l,JlI{TeJlbHOe BpeMSl6blJIO KOJIOHHSlMH. CeH'IaC npeo6JIa)l,a-

lOT He60JlblliHe He3aBHCHMbie rocy)l,apCTBa.

t BOnpOCbl ~ 3AAAHII1S11.KaKnpo~cxoA~n03aceneH~eocTpoBoBOKeaH~M?

2. L.JTOTaKoe KOnOHlrl~?

3. KaKOtII X03>ltllCTBeHHOtll Ae>lTenbHOCTbIO 3aH~MaeTC>l HaceneH~e Ol<eaH~M?

4. \!1cnonb3Y>l pa3nltiLJHbie VlCTOlJH~KLrl~Hcj:>opMau,MII1, nOArOTOBbTe paCCKa3 06 OA-

HOtll ~3 CTpaH OKeaHIIlIll.

5. nOLJ8MY TlIlx~ii1 OKeaH He06xoAIIlMO OXpaH>lTb?

6. TYP~3M Ha OCTpOBax OKeaH~1I1 - OAVlH1113Ba>KHetllWVlXII1CTOLJHVIKOBAOXOAOB MeCT-

Horo HaCeneH~>l. nOAyMatllTe, KaKVle 110nO)KVlTenbHble VI oTpVlu,aTenbHble CTOpOHbl

VlMeeT Typlll3M AJl5'lOCTpOBHblX CTpaH.

OAltiH ~3 OCTpOBOBOKeaHIIl~ lrlMeeT HeCKOnbl<OHa3BaHVltII- PanaHyVl, MaTaKIIITepaHrVl

(B nepeBOAe C nOnlllHe311ltllCKOrO -- «rna3, CMOTP5'lLL\~t11B H860») _3TOT OCTpOB 06pa-

30BaH BynKaHIIlLJeCKOtllnaBoii1. \!1HTepecHO, LJTOTaM 6blnlll 06HapY>KeHbl MHoroLJVlCneH-

Hble r~raHTCKlIle KaMeHHbie CTaTYVI. \!1xnpO!t1CXO)KAeHVle IIITeXHIIlKa 1Il3rOTOBneHIIl5'lAO

CIIlX nop He~3BeCTHbl. npeAnonaralOT, LJTOIIlX CoopYAVlnlll nOLJTII11 000 neT TOMy

Ha3aA. HapoA, IIlX c03AaBWlIltll, L'lCLJe33aAonro AO npM6bIT~5'l TYAa eBpOnetllu,eB.

Hail1AVlTe 3TOT OCTpOB Ha KapTe (KooPA~HaTbl 26' 10. 111.,110' 3. A.) VI Y3HaeTe ero

TpeTbe Ha3BaHlIle.

ATJ1AHTi4'"1ECKi4~ OKEAH

§10.ATJIAHTMQECKMM OKEAH

~: BCnOMHlI1Te, KaKlI1e MaTepll1KlI1 OMblsaeT ATnaHTlI1yeCKlI1V1 OKeaH.

KaKlI1e 1I13SeCTHbie MopennaSaTenll1 60p03AlI1nll1 npOCTopbl

ATnaHTlI1yeCKoro OKeaHa?

rEOfPAl1llECKOE rIO.JIOlKEHJ.1E H P\JMEPbl. ATJTaH-

TH4eCKJ.1MOKeaH - BTOPOM no nJIOWMJ.1 OKeaH nJIaHeTbi. KaK H

TJ.1XHM, OH npOCTHpaeTC5I OT cy6apKTH4eCKHX WJ.1pOT110AHTapK-

/ TI111bfHa 16 000 KM. Era oc06eHHOCTblO 51BJI5IeTC5I

BbIT51HyTa5I¢opMa. VI Ha ceBepe, 11Ha IOfeOKeaH

I1MeeT Wl1pOKOe co06111eHHe C XOJIO,LlHbIMI1

nOJI5IpHbIMJ.1 B011aMI1. fpaHI1UbI C HH11J.1MCKJ.1M

11THXI1M OKeaHaMI1 0603Ha4eHbl yCJIOBHO - OT

MbICOB Ha IO)KHbIX OKOHe4HOCT5IX A¢PI1KI1 11

lO)KHOM AMepl1KI1 no Mepl111HaHaM K AHTapK-

TI1,Lle (Pl1c. 37). no fJIy6HHe ATJIaHTl14eCKl1M

OKeaH 5IBJI5IeTC5I BTOPblM nOCJIe Tl1xoro.

MaKCHMaJIbHa51 rJIy6l1Ha - B 2Jly6oKoeoiJ!wMJ/ceno6e flY3pmo-PuKo (8 742 M).

B ATJIaHTl14eCKOM OKeaHe BbI,LleJI5IIOTBHyT-

peHHl1e (EaflmuucKoe, Cpeou3eMHoe, lJepHoe,A30ecKoe) 11OKpal1HHble (CeeepHoe, Kapu6cKoe)MOp5I. OCTpoBa HaXO,Ll5ITC5Inpel1MYllleCTBeHHO

6Jll13 CYWI1 I1 I1MelOT MaTepl1KOBOe npOI1CXO)K-

11eHl1e'(BefluKo6pumaHufl, EOflbluue AHmuflb-cKue). BYJlKaHI14eCKJ.1MI1 51B)15IIOTC5IKaHapcKueocmpoea, !1CJlaHOUfl, KOPaJlJlOBbIMI1- EepMYo-CKue ocmpoea.I1CTOPIUII1CCJIEJl,OBAHJ.UI. ATJlaHTI14e-

CKJ.1MOKeaH - Hal160Jlee 113yt-IeH 11OCBoeH 4e-

JlOBeKOM. I1epBble CBe11eHI15I 0 HeM C06paJll1

<pHHI1KHHUbI ewe 3a TbIC5I4Y JleT ,Ll0 HaweM

3pbI. Ho TOJlbKO B X B. BI1KI1HraM y,LlaJlOCbnepe-

Ce4bOKeaH oT6eperOB EBPOflbI 11110CTWlb fpeH-

JlaH,Ll1111 11 CeBepHOM AMepI1KI1. Ha4aJlo

aKTI1BHOMY OCBOeHl11OOKeaHa 6blJlO fIOJlO)KeHO

BXV B. XpucmOfpopOM KO/lyM6oM. n03,LlHee ocy-

weCTBJI5IJll1 fIJlaBaHl15I fIOPTyfaJIbUbl, I1CnaHUbI.

nYTeWeCTBlle B cnOBO

Ha3BaHiI1e ATnaHTIIf'lecKoMy OKe-aHy Aanil1 ApeBHiI1e rpeKiI1 B 4eCTb

MiI1cPiI14eCKoro TiI1TaHa Amaca (AT-

naHTa), KOTOpblV1 s:lKo6bl CTOs:ln Ha

Kp3l0 3eMnlo1 101Aep>Kan Ha nne4ax

He6ecHblV1 CBOA. B pa3Hoe BpeMs:l

ATnaHTiI1yeCKiI1V1 OKeaH Ha3blBanil1:

Mope 3a fepaKnoBblMIo1 (fepKyne-

COBbIMIo1) cTon6aMIo1, 3anaAHblV1

OKeaH, Mope TbMbl, Mope MpaKa.

6epMYACKL111 TpeyronbHL1KEcnlo1 Bbl ycnblwlo1Te 0 «Abs:lBOnbCKOM

TpeyronbHIo1Ke", <<KnaA6101w,eATnaH-

TIo1Klo1»,«TaIo1HCTBeHHOM Mope>,; ecnlo1

Y3HaeTe, 4TO B ATnaHTIo1Ke 6eccneA-

HO iI1C4e3alOT Kopa6nil1, BHe3anHO B

s:lCHylO 101TiI1XYIO noraAY nponaAalOT

CaMOn€Tbl; ecnil1 rOBOps:lT 0 cBepxb-

eCTeCTBeHHblX ciI1nax, 3cPcPeKTe ril1-

raHTCKoro na3epa, BMewaTenbCTBe

npIo1WenblJ,eB-iI1HOnnaHeTs:lH nil160

>KiI1TeneV1nOABoAHOV1 ATnaHTiI1Abl, TO

repoeM TaKoro «BceneHCKoro AeTeK-

TIo1Ba" s:lBns:leTCs:l 6epMYACKIo1iii Tpe-

yronbHIo1K. 3TO Bcero nlo1Wb 4aCTb

npeAnOnO>KeHiI1V1 Y4€HbIX. A T04HO 1013-

BeCTHO, 4TO B XVI B. Io1CnaHCKiI1V1MO-

pennaBaTenb XyaH 6epMYAec

OTKpbln rpynny KopannOBblX OCTPO-

BOB, KOTopble n03AHee 6blnlo1

Ha3BaHbi B era 4eCTb.

aHrJlWlaHe. C TeX flOp ATJlaHTVl4eCKHiii OKeaH

CTaJJrJlaBHOiii BOllHOiii MarHCTPaJJbIO 3eMJlH.

B Ha4aJle XIX B. PyccKa~ 3KCfleLI,VlUVl~ H6a-lla KpY3elllUmeplla H lOpUfl JIUCflllCK020 VlccJle-

llOBaJJa npo6bl BOllbl Vl3 rJly6HH. BcecTopoHHl1e

I1CCJlellOBaHH~ ATJlaHTI1K11 Ha4aJJHCb TOJlbKO B

KOHue CTOJleTI1~ Ha CneUl1aJJbHO o6opyLI,OBaH-

HblX 3KCnelll1Ul10HHbiX cyLI,ax. AHrJll1iiicKa~

3KCneLI,I1UH~ Ha cyllHe «l.J.eJlJleHLI,)[(ep» npOBO-

LI,VlJlanpOMepbl rny6V1H, 11CCJlellOBaJJacBoiiicTBa

BOllHblX Macc, opraHl1lleCKl1iii Ml1p OKeaHa. B

HawVl LI,HI1OKeaHOJlOfl1 pa3HbiX CTpaH npOllOJl-

)KaIOT 113yYaTb llHO, cBoiiicTBa BOllbI 11TeLJeHH~

ATJlaHTWlecKoro OKeaHa.

CTPOEHI1E 11 PEJlbE)l . no 06pa3uaM

LI,OHHbIX nopOll reOJlorl1 yCTaHOBI1J1I1, l.fTO

Pl1C. 36. CTapl1HHaSl KapTa

ATlIaHTW'feCKoro OKeaHa (1558 r.)

1 . B KaKillX nonywapiII51x

pacnonaraeTC51 ATnaHTiII-

4eCKillVi OKeaH?

2. npillBe,lJ,iIITe npillMepbl

MaTepillKOBblX OCTpOBOB.

3. Ha30BiIITe Haill60nbwille

3anillBbi ATnaHTiII4eCKoro

OKeaHa.

4. Ha30BiIITe Tennble

Te4eHiII51 ceBepHoVi 4aCTiII

ATnaHTiIIKiII. KaK OHiII

!L Bnill51IOTHa epOpMillpOBa-

Hille KnillMaTa B EBpone?

5. Ha30BVlTe KOTnOBiIIHbl,

Ha KOTopble pa3,lJ,en51IOT

nO>Ke OKeaHa Cpe,lJ,iIIHHO-

20' OKeaHiII4eCKille xpe6Tbi B

ATnaHTiII4eCKOM OKeaHe.

KaK OHiII npocTVlpaIOTC51?

6. KTO 06i11TaeT B ATnaH-

TiII4eCKOM OKeaHe?

"'-MOpCKOi< - CapAVlHaneB 'Y AAb6aTpoc~ Mey-pbl6a \ nVlHrBVlH

~ neTYYVle MopCKa~Pbl6bl -iIW; yepenaxa.-- TYHe~ $ OCbMV1Hor•••••• TpeCKa MopCKa~-- CKYM6pV1~)f.

3Be3Aa

47

ATJIaHTHyeCKHK OKe!!!i=.C<:!MblK MOJIOAOtl H•.•.

~M~Ha CCeBepa Ha lOr npocm-

palOTC5I cpeLlHHHO-OKeaHHYeCKHe .3J?C6TbI -

Ceeepo-AI11JlGiiffflFtecKuu H JOJICHO-AmJIaHmULlec-~37). 61lli06pa3yio£ooD,BOllH")riO rop-

Ayt6-[~C n b n pOHI)I(e Ij}::! QQJ:b.!Q_1,LQ.oO ""KM~ -

BCPIllHHbl B03HOC5ITC5IHa,ll lJ,HO!'."LIO 4.0'00 M~5T-

lJ,CJlbHbIC BepWHHbI nOLIHHMaIOTC5I BblUJC ypOB-

H5IOKeaHa, 06pa3Y5I ByJIKaHWleCKHeOCTpOBa. Xpe6Tbi paC4JleHeHbI;

pa3JlOMaMH 3eMHOK KOPbI - PWpTOBblMI1 LIOJlI1HaMH. TaM Ha6mo-

lJ,aIOTC5IH3Bep)KeHH5I ByJlKaHOB H 3eMJleTp5ICeHH5I. no Mepe H3~111-

5IHI15I MarMbI B pHcPTOBOtl 30He HapaWHBaIOTC5I KpaH nmlT.

BCJleLICTBHe :OHora LIHO ATJIaHTWleCKoro OKeaHa paCWHpHCTC5le)KerOD,HO,Ha 2 C?vl. -~_. __ .__.. __._-_._--_._ _ _._-- -- - ..

r--BlJ,OJIb CPC}1Y1H tibflC xQe6ToB pacnOJlaraCTC5I JIO)l(e OKeaHa

rJly611HaMI1 4 - 6 KM. Ha HeM B03BbIIJJ3rDlDJCOTHI1 n01J,l301IHbL\

rop ByJ1KaHWIeCKora npOHCXml<LI,eHH5I. no cpaBHCHl110 C THXl1-1

IJJeJlbcP ATJlaHTI14eCKOro OKeaHa 06IJJHpHee, oc06eHHO y 6cpe-

rOB EBponbl 11CeBepHOK AMepHKJIl.

;,.J1I'\L T KJIHMaTHyeCKHe YCJlOBHH ATJlaHTWleCKoro OKeaHa

OTJIWlaIOTC5I60JlbIJJHM pa3Ho06pa3HeM. 3ro 06YCJIOBJleHO ero paJ-

MeweHHCM BO Bcex KJIJIlMaTI14CCKI1X nOHcax 3CMHOro wapa. Ce-sepHblC 11 IO.>KHbICpaKOHbl OKcaHa (nOJI5IpHbIC H cy6nOJlHpHbI

WI1POTbl) OTJlI14aIOTC5I CypOBbIM KJII1MaTOM C oTpHu,aTeJlbHbl.\I:'

TCMnepaTypaMJIl B03LIyxa 60JlbllIylO LJaCTbroLIa, B IO.>KHbIXpatloHax

XOJIOlJ,Hee,lJCM BceBcpHblX, nOCKOJlbKY AHTapKTI1LIa - 60Jlec ivIOIJJ-

HbItI OXJla,llHTeJlh no cpaBHeHHIO C ApKTI1KOK.KYAa ""c•.•e3na ATnaHTIIlAaB gpeBHlt1X nereHgax, KOTOpblM 60- B yMepcHHblX IJJHpOTaX Ha cPOpMHpOBaHIICnee 3 TbIC. neT, paccKa3blBaeTC>l 06 KJIJ.1MaTa BJlH5IIOT 3analJ,Hble BeTpbl, KOTOphl

ATnaHTlt1ge - OCTpOBe-MaTeplt1Ke, 06YCJlOBJIJ.1BaIOT 60JlbIJJOe KOJlI1LfeCTBO IJJTOP-

KOTOpbl VI 51K06bl cyU\eCTBOBan B MOB (oc06eHHO 3I1MOtl): B rpOIlJllLfeCKJIlX llIHpo-ATnaHTlt14eCKOM OKeaHe. 0 HeM Tax npe06.fJa,ualOT naCCaTbI. TaM Ha6JllOLIalOTynOMlt1HaeTC51 B pa60Tax gpeBHe-rpe4ecKoro eplt1nocoepa nJlaTOHa Hal160JIee BbICOlSl1~JeMO~TYPbI B03LIyxa Ha::(IV - III BB. go H. 3.). OH nlt1WeT 0 OKeaHOM (+30 DC) 11HaI1MeHbu-!~e.KOllHYeCTBO

cywe, pacnOnO>KeHHOVI 3a Cpegt-1· ocaLIKOB. CeBepHee 3KBaTOpa, y 6eperOB AcPpn-3eMHbiM MopeM, KOTOpylO HeO)Kt-1" KI1, B03HHKaH:Yfl:ponJllyec1Of€Tfi1RJTOHbf, KOT0-

gaHHo nOrn01t-1nO Mope. Y>Ke B Hawe pweHl-IOma COnpOBO)l(1laIOTC5I ypaR:iHaMI1. OmBpeM51 MHOrt-1e lt1CCnegoBmeJlt-1 flcpeMemaJOTCH B patlmfKapi16ckoro MO 51.....0nblTanVlCb HaVlTVI 3aToHyBUJylO -ATnaHTlt1gy. OgHVI VlCKanlt1 ee Ha 3a- LI6CTHraIOT- orpoMHotf CHJlhl:'l?i~BaTOpHa1b-

nage Aepplt1Kt-1,gpyrt-1e - B 3reViCKOM HhlX IJJI1pOTaX BbInaLI,aeT. MaKCI1MaJlhHOe KO.l1.-

Mope, VlHgltlV1CKOM OKeaHe. nOlt1C- 'leeTBO OCaLI,KOB- CBhlllIe 2 000 MM B ro.1.

Kt-10l<a3ant-1Cb ~e3pe3ynbTaTHbiMVI. BOll.HbIE I\IACChl H 1 PIEHIUI B p .ll-k'.Ao Ct-1Xnop Y4eHbie cnopSH, 6bln~ ------

nlt1 ATnaHTt-1ga, VI ecnt-1 6blna, -1: ~!:~!?~Typa nOs.cpxHOCTHbIX BOllAT.laHnfll~-

-- __ " TO rge t-1MeHHO. ~0c~or. O_oK~..aHa 3HaLJHTCJlbHO ~I~)KC, lle.\l Tllxorc.

"il .. CaMble "':e.nJlbJe~OlJ,bI (+26 _C) - B 3KBaTOp: -=-

Pille, 38.1113Bep>KeH""enOABOAHoro

BynKaHa

PIIIC. 39. ATl1aHTIII'feCKIIII.1OKeaH PIIIC. 40. ATl1aHTIII'feCKIIII.1OKeaH

y 6eperoB AHTapKTIIIAbl B0311eOCTpOBOBLteHTpal1bHOI.1AMeplIIKIII

anbHbIX MTpOnWlecKHx WHpoTax. Ll,aHbWe Ha ceBep H ]{)rTeMne-P~IYQC!...B9)J,bI-.6iI15KaeTC>I. I'fv.!t~-_'.t,\-- -------- .

HaH60JIbWa>I COJleHOCTb BOll (37,5 %~) Ha6Jl]{)llaeTC>I B Tpoml-

yeCKHX UJMpOTaX, me npe06JlallaeT )f(apK35J, 6e3 ocanKOB Ilorolla.

B npH6pe)KHbIX BOllax AHTapKTMllbI OHa CHM)KaeTC5J 110 33 %0 --j /';, ~ ()tCI /(: :BCJleLl,CTBMeTa5lHH>IJlbLl,aH OilpeCHeHH51 MOpCKOtl BOllbI. H aHMeHb- "

wa51 COJleHOCTb (J 8 %0) xapaKTepHa1lJ1>I Tex patloHoB OKeaHa, KYlla

BnanaIOT IlpeCHbIe BOllbI 60JlbWHX peK. HanpHMep, AMa30HKa npM

BilaneHMH B ATJlaHTM'-lecKMtI OKeaH TaK OnpeCH5IeT ero, LfTO113)Ke

Ha paCCT051HMH HeCKOJlbKO KMJlOMeTpOB OT 6epera BOllY MO)f(HO

nMTb. XapaKTepHa51 oc06eHHOCTbATJlaHTI1yeCKorooKeaHa - MHO-

rOLfMCJleHHble atlc6epm.

TeyeHM51 B ATJlaHTWIeCKOM OKeaHe, KaK M B

TI1XOM, 06Pa3YJOT llBa KpyroBopoTa Ul1pKyJl51UMM

BOllbl (pHC. 37 Hac. 47). Ho BOTJlHYMeOTTl1Xoro

OKeaHa OHH nepeMell.I,a]{)TC5I He B WMpOTHOM, a B

MepHllHOHaJlbHOM HanpaBJleHHM. Temme melfe-Hue rOJZbr/JCmpUM nepeHOCHTTponWleCKHe BOLl,bI

Ha ceBep. Ha 40° c. W. OHO nOBopaLfHBaeT Ha ce-

BepO-BOCTOK M nOJlyyaeT Ha3BaHMe CeBepo-Am-flaHmUlfeCKoe. 06a Te4eHM51 He TOJ1bKO

060rpeBaIOT 31'y '-faCTb ATJlaH1'HKM, HO H B 3Ha-

YM1'eJlbHoti CTeneHM CM5IrLfa]{)T KJlMMaT Ha ceBe-

pe EBponbI. Hall HMMM $OPMMpy]{)TC5I 60Jlee

TenJlble H BJla)KHble B0311YWHble MaCCbl, n03TO-

My 3L1,eCb 06pa3y]{)TC>I 06JlaKa, Bbmana]{)T 06HJ1b-

Hble OC3J1KH,pa3BHBa]{)TC5I IJ,HKJ10Hbl. 3an3J1Hble

BeTpbl nepeHOC51T HX llaHbWe - B EBpony. J.13CeBepHoro JlellOBMToro OKeaHa B ATJlaH1'MyeC-

KMtI npHXOLl,HTX0J1011HOeJla6paoopCKoe me'zeHue,KOTopoe 3HaYH1'eJlbHO CHH)f(aeT 1'eMnepaTypy

B0311yxa B 6JlH3Jle)KaIl.I,MX patloHax.

OprAHMlIECKI1J1 MJ1P. BHLI,OBOti COCTaB

paC1'eHMH M )f(MBOTHbIX B ATJlaHTWleCKOM OKe-

aHe 6ellHee, LfeM B TI1XOM. 3TO 06b5lCH5ieTC51

nyTewecTBllle rOl1bq,CTPIIIMOM

B 1969 r. wBeLilu,apcKlIILilll1ccneAOBa-Tenb rny6111H>KaK nlllKap ocyw,ecTBlIInHe06blYHOe nyTewecTBlIIe. B nOA-BOAHOM annapaTe Ha rny6111He200 MOH nponnbln B nOTOKe ionbepcTplllMaco CKOpOCTblO AO 10 KM/Yac. 3a j

30 CYTOK nnaBaHlIIS1 aKBaHaBT 1J_. _npeoAonen 6 000 KM. ~- ~Me>KAYHapoAHbll.1naTpyl1b

BecHoLil na6paAopcKoe TeyeHlIIenpll1HOCII1T OT n06epe>KbS1 ipeHnaH-AlIIlI1 COTHII1 orpoMHblX aLilc6eproB,KOTopble npeAcTaBnS1IOT peanbHYIOyrp03y 1II)J,nS1COBpeMeHHblX CYAOB.nocne rll16enll1 B pe3ynbTaTe CTonK-HOBeHlIIS1 C aLilc6eproM B 1912 r.caMora 60nbworo B TO BpeMS1 napo-xOAa «TlIITaHlIIK" 6bln c03AaH Me>K-AyHapoAHblLil neAOBblLil naTpynb. 3Tacny>K6a BeAeT nOCTOS1HHble Ha6nlO-AeHlIIS1 3a nepeMew,eHlIIeM aLilc6ep"~r

rOB 1IInpeAynpe>K)J,aeT CYA3 ,f'J;"~ .. 060nacHocTlII. \.1'w

- I

PIilC. 41. npIIlIU1BHaSi :')fleKTpOCTaH~IIlSI PIIlC. 42. npoTecT 3K0l1orOB

(ePpaHLJ.L-151) npOTIIlB Bbll10Ba KIilTOB

reOJlOrl1lJeCKoti MOJlOD.OCTblOOKeaHa. B ATJlaHTI1Ke pacnpOCTpa-

HeHbl pa3Ho06pa3Hble BI1D.bl BOD.OpOCJleti - KpacHble, 3eJleHble,

6YPble (cpeD.11 HI1X 11capraCCOBble) . .>KI1BOTHbIH Ml1p Hal160Jlee

60raT B 3KBaTOpl13JlbHblX 11TpOnl1lJeCKI1X BOD.ax. TOJlbKO TaM

MO.>KHOBCTpeTI1TbJleTy'H1X Pb16, Me4-pbI6y, MOpCKI1X 4epenax. BInKOP3JlJlOBbIX pl1¢ax .>KI1BYT6appar<y,lla, CnI1HOpOr, pbl6a-3HreJl 11

\"llP. TOJlbKO B CapzaCCOeOJlllMOpe HepeCT51TC5Iyrpl1, KOTopble BHa-

v43Jle npeO,llOJleBalOT D.OJlrl1ti nyTb Vl3 peK .EBpa3V111 11CeBepHoti

AMepl1Kl1. 113 MJleKOnVlTalOLllI1X BO,ll51TC51KI1Tbl, TIOJleHI1. Ha no-

6epe.>Kb5lX MaTepl1KOB 11OCTpOBax - MHO.>KeCTBOnTl1U (4atiKI1,

Katipbl), KOTopble nI1TaIOTC51Pb160ti.

BOrATCTBA OKEAHA. npOCTopaMVI ATJlaHTl1'leCKOro OKea-

Ha npOJleralOT caMble O.>Kl1BJleHHble MOpCKl1e nYTl1, KypCl1py-

lOT COTHI1 naCCa.>Kl1pCKI1X 11 rpY30BblX CYllOB. Ha n06epe.>Kb5lX

pacnOJlO.>KeHbI KpynHeHwl1e nopTbl Ml1pa. n06epe.>Kbe OKeaHa

11oCTpoBa - nonyJl51pHble MeCTa OT,llbIXa 11Typl13Ma.

PbI6Hble 60raTCTBa OKeaHa I1CnOJlb3YIOTC51 4eJlOBeKOM

113D.aBHa. npOMblCJlOBOe 3Ha'-leHl1e I1MelOT CeJlbD.b, TyHeu, aH-

40YC, MOHBa, xeK, Caplll1Ha. KpoMe Pbl6bl D.06b1Ba1OT yCTpI1U,

K3JlbMapOB, Kpa60B,JlaHrycToB, KpeBeTOK.

113 nOJI e3 HbIX He Kon ae MbIX B npe,lleJlax WeJlb¢a VI MeIOT-

C5133Jle)KI1 He¢TI1 11npl1pOD.HOro ra3a. I1x pa3pa6aTbIBalOT B Ce-eepHOM Mope, MeKCUKaHCKOM 11feUHeUCKOJlll 3aJlUeaX C nOMOLllblO

6YPOBbIX nJlaT¢OpM, YCTaHOBJleHHblX B Mope. 3aTeM He¢Te- 11

ra30npOBOllaMI1, npOJlO.>KeHHbIMI1 no D.Hy MOp51, Cblpbe nepeKa-

lJl1BalOT B xpaHl1JlI1Llla. nO,llBO,llHble MeCTOp0.>K,lleHI151yrJl51 pa3pa-

6aTblBalOT BeJlUK06pumaHU51 11KaHaaa. Ha WeJlb¢e 6Jll13 fO.>KHOti

A¢PI1KI1 OTKpbITbl MeCTOpO.>K,lleHl15:I3JlMa30B. I1x ,l106bIBaIOT H3

CneUJ13JlbHO oropmKeHHblx 11ocyweHHblx Y'laCTKax. I1cnoJlb3Y-

lOT VI CTpOI1TeJlbHble MaTepl13JlbI - neCOK, rpaBl1ti, paKywe'-lHVlK.

113 MOpCKOH BOllbl nOJlY'-laIOT nOBapeHHylO COJlb. Ha n06epe.>Kbe

et>paH4UU pa60TaeT 3JleKTpOCTaHUI151, KOTOpa51I1CnOJlb3yeT 3Hep-

rI1lO npl1Jl VI BOB (Pl1c. 41).

CapraCCOBbl8

BOAOpOCnL-1

0611lTaTel111l

ATl1aHTlil'ieC-

Koro OKeaHa

npOE.,IEl\lA 3Arp5DIH 111151BO,l. BOD,bl AT11aHTI1KI1 3a-

rp5l3H51IOTC5I pe1IHbll'vll1 11 6bITOBblMl1 CTOKaMI1 npl16pe)KHblX

rOpOD,OB. Hal16011ee 3arp5l3HeHHblMI1 aKBaTOpl151MI1 51B1151IOTC5I

.'lOpCKl1e nYTI1, no KOTOpbIM TpaHcnopTl1pylOT Heq)Tb. CeBep-

Hoe Mope 11npl16pe)KHble BOD,bI CeBepHOH AMepl1KI1 nOKpbITbI

MHOrOKI1110MeTpOBbIMI1 He¢T5IHbIMH n5lTHaMH. 3arpH3HeHHe

BOD,bl npHBOD,I1T K COKpaI.l.leH 1110 Pbl6HblX 3anaCOB. B npI16pe)K-

HblX BOD,aX, oc06eHHO B pai10He KpynHblx nopTOB, pa3BI1BaIOTC5I

BHpyCbl onaCHblX 6011e3HeH. n03TOMY MHorol.ll1C11eHHble n1151-

)K11CTaHOB5ITC51onaCHbIMH1J,J151 OTD,bIXa 11KYnaHH51.

,l],1151npeD,OTBpaI.l.leHH51 3arp5l3HeHH5I BOD,bl Hcn011b3YIOT

pa3Hbie cnoc06bl. Bo MHOfl1X CTpaHax 3anpeI.l.leH c6poc B OKeaH

HeOl-ll1I.l.leHHbIX BOD, npOMbIW11eHHbIX npeD,npl151THH. Hano nOM-

HHTb: OKeaH H cywa - Hepa3pbIBHoe ue110e. EC1111He coxpaHHTb

OKeaH, TO Bp51D,11HMO)KHO C6epel.Jb 11cywy.

(! 3AnOMH~TE

• ATJIaHTHqeCKlIH OKeaH, KaK H THXHH, npOCTHpaeTC» OT cy6apKTHQeCKHXIDHpOT )),0 AuTapKTH)),hl H HMeeT BhIT»HyTylO <l>OpMy.

• C ceBepa Ha lOr ATJIaHTHKY nepeceKalOT cpe)),HHHO-OKeaHHQeCKlIe xpe6ThI.

• ATJIaHTHQeCKHH OKeaH pacnOJIaraeTC» B npe)),eJIax Bcex KJIHMaTHQeCKHX

nO»COB, n03TOMY COpMHpOBaJIHChH pa3Hhie BO)),HhIe MaCChI.

BonpOCbl ~ 3AAAH~s:I

1.CpaBHI.1Te reorpa¢V14ecKoe nOnO)KeHV1e V1pa3Mepbl ATnaHTV14ecKoro V1TV1xoro

OKeaHOB.

2. n04eMY B u,eHTpanbHoLil4acTV1 AmaHTV14ecKOro OKeaHa npocTV1paIOTCs:l cpeAV1HHo-

OKeaHlt14eCKlt1expe6Tbi?

3. n04eMY BOAbl ATnaHTV1Klt1y n06epe)Kbs:l AHTaPKTlt1Abllt1MeIOT MeHbWYIO coneHocTb?

4. KaKlt1e 60raTcTBa CKpblTbl B BOAax ATnaHTlt14ecKoro oKeaHa?

5. YeM 06ycnoBneHo 3arps:l3HeHlt1e BOA oKeaHa?

6. nOAyMaLilTe, n04eMY CeBepHylO ATnaHTlt1KYHa3bIBalOT «KyxHeLil norOAbl» EBponbl.

nonb3Ys:lCb TeMaTlt14eCKOLil KapToLil (c. 14), onpeAenlt1Te: KaKV1enV1Toc¢epHble nnV1Tbl

C¢OpMlt1pOBanV1 AHO AmaHTlt14ecKOro OKeaHa; B KaKOM HanpaBneHlt1lt1lt1 C KaKoLil CKO-

POCTblO OHlt1nepeMew,aIOTCs:l; KaKlt1e ¢OPMbl penbe¢a nOs:lBlt1nlt1CbHa AHe OKeaHa B

pe3ynb TaTe 3Tlt1XABlt1)KeHlt1Lil?.> nPAKTW·IECKAs:I PA60TA )~-_._-----------1. nOAnlt1Wlt1Te Ha KOHTYPHOLilKapTe Ha3BaHlt1s:l:OCTpOBOB - V!cnaHAlt1s:l, 6epMYACKlt1e,

3eneHoro Mblca; nOABOAHblX xpe6ToB - CeBepo-AmaHTlt14eCKlt1Lil, IO)KHo-ATnaH-

Tlt14eCKlt1Lil.

2. 0603Ha4bTe cOOTBeTCTBylOw,V1Mu,BeTOMTennble lt1xonOAHble Te4eHV1s:lV1nOAnV1Wlt1Te

lt1XHa3BaHV1s:l-fonb¢cTpV1M, CeBepo-AmaHTlt14eCKOe, Jla6paAOpCKOe, KaHapcKOe.

111HAII1 VlCKl'1 fA 0 KEAH~ill9.Q.2.QJS.§?H_a_- -Z6,? M~~K~

CpeAH~~ rn 6111Ha- 3 700 MJ2LaKCIl1ManbHa~ rny6I11Ha-:::-f729 M~ ~~._-...::::. u..:..-..~_.",-", _ .. .,.. '" ..•.••_~

§ 11. MH):(MMCKMM OKEAH~ • BCnOMHII1Te, KTO1113MOpenna~BaT8neil1-eBponeil1LJ,eB BnepBble"V npeO,D,Onen npocTOpblll1H,D,II1I11CKOroOKeaHa.

fEOfP<\.Jllll::C KOL nOJIO)h,U E U PA3MEPbl. HHLU1ti--<l CKHti OKeaH B OTJ1J1LlHeOT THXOro 11ATjJa'~

nYTeWeCTBl1e B cnOBO jY ~MH,Q14"CK14M OKeaH Ha3sanll1 S lfeCKOrO ne)KI1T npeHMyw.eCTBeHHO B IO)KHOM4eCTbOrpOMHOVl, CKa304HO 60raTOVl nOJIywap~IH{pi1C. 44TOifW~lp6K(;co06liiaeTc5T-CTpaHbl V1H,D,lI1l11,6epera KOTOpOVl OH ~11 ATJIaHTWleCKI1M oKeii·ial\)l:I.,.-HO,~OMblsaeT. A caMa V1H,D,lI151nony4111na HMeeTCB'5i3HC CeB"epHbIM JreD.6BH~bIM - UOC-Ha3SaHlI1e OT peKlI1 V1H,D"npOTeKalO- -jytI-K'H'eMY 3aKpbIBaeT EBpa31-UI. HH,lll1tiCKl1tl -

<l"'~;~~~4w,eVl s cTpaHe lI1H,D,OS. OKeaH - Tpenlti no nJIOwan.1fO'i<eaH 3eMJIH.I .,; ,"V

~ ",;! •.....)~ Ha146onbW14" 3an14S Ha ceBepe 6epero~a5I JI~7! OI~~aC4JIe-"?~n~Os MlI1pe - 6eHranbcKlI1Vl HeHa ~K...W_I1_I1 __ e_'P_c!!.?0~U~ajlUBq~u,Apa-

(2,2 MnH KM2). Ha ero nnow,a,D,lI1 BUUCKUM11KpaCHblJWMOP5lMU/.KOTopble my6oKoMoryT pa3MeCTlI1TbCS'l KpynHeVlwlI1e Bi~ BCYWY. OCTpOBOBCp~jjbHOMaJIO.cTpaHbl Esponbl - YKpall1Ha, ePpaH- -- al160JIbWMe 113HHX- Miida2aCKap 11fllPU-JIOH-------. ..•. -lJ,1I1S'l,V1CnaHlI151, WselJ,lI1S'l. _'fa -::HMel{)T MaTepI1KOBO~npOI1CXO)K,lleHHe._

l1CTOPlUI HCCJIELlOBAHl151. nOJIaral{)T, 4TO J.1H,lll1tiCKHM.OKeaH Ha4.aJIHOCBal1BaTbeJ,\..liUTblC":'JIn ,ll0H:3':'ErOBouaMI1 erv(':' --'i'IeTCi<i1e;-cPI1HI1KMHCKHe)I1H)ll1ticKl1e KynUbT ,llOCTaBJI5IJII1cneUI1J?,

- CJrOHOByl{)KOCTb,TKaHI1 B COCe,llHl1eCTpaHbl',' B XV ~. Kl1TatiCKl1tiMo'penJIaBaTeJIb )Ken Xo niraBaJI HHLI,I1HCKI1MOKeaHOM K 6eperaMJ.1HLI,I1I111Ll,aJIbWe- B A¢PI1KY. A B 1498 r. nopTyraJIel.l, BacKo iJaraMa CTaJInepBbIM eBponetil.l,eM, KOTOPblH neped~K HHUI1MCKl1M

OKeaH 11UOCTl1r 6eperoB J.1HLI,I1I1(Pl1c. 43). BXVITI B. aHrJIl1ticI<HM MOpenJIaBaTeJIb /(JlCeiiMcKYK CLI,eJIaJInepBble 3aMepbI rJIy611H OKeaHa.

BcecTopoHHee 113yyeHI1e /II H.D.l1tiCKOroOKe-aHa OKeaHOJIOraMI1 Ha4.aJIOCbB XIX B. B HaWI1,llHH yyeHble pa3HblX CTpaH np0Ll,OJI)KaI{)TI1CCJIe-,llOBaTbOKeaH C nOMOWblO nOLl,BO,llHbTXannapa-TOB 11I1CKYCCTBeHHbIXcnYTHI1KOB 3eMJIH.

CTPOEHI1E 11 PEJlbE )l,HA. HH,llHMCKI1HOKeaH JIe)KHT B w.e,Ilenax T ex .[lHToC¢epHblx ,/nJll.1r-=--AO 'PUKa/-lCKOU, I1Hoo-ABcm ajJu!d0.o~'AHmupR1ftUlfeCI<Ou. Ha~cTbTKax 3TVlX nJIVIT B03-

~~aR:H4.ecKHE~)(lYe6Tb -,---- -

Pli1c.43.

BacKo Aa raMaB IiIHAIi1Ii1

(1498 r.)

52Il~-------

rOpSl"lllle paCCOllbl

BcneACTBiIle paCXO>KAeHiIls:l Aeppill-

KaHCKO~ ill ~HAO-ABCTpanill~CKO~

nillTocepepHblX nnillT AHO KpaCHoro

MOps:l nOCTeneHHO paCWiIlps:leTCs:l

(AO 1 CM B rOA). HaAHe MOp51MHoro

rillAPoTepM - BblXOAOB ropW-liIlX (60-

nee +60 "C) BOA, coneHOCTb KOTO-

PblXAOCTiIlraeT 300 %0. TaKiIle BOAbl,

Hacblw,eHHble cepe6poM, >Kene30M,

onOBOM, MeAblO ill APyrillMiIl 3ne- ~tMeHTaMiIl, Ha3blBalOT .(~'"

pacconaMiIl. 't:tIII

Mall. 44.LilHAIII~CKIIIL1OKeaH

1. KaKoBbl rnaBHble

oco6eHHocTiIl reorpaepill-

'-IeCKOrO nOnO>KeHiIls:l

~HAiIl~cKoro oKeaHa?

2. Ha30BiIlTe cpeAiIlHHO-

OKeaHiIl'-leCKiIle xpe6Tbl.

Ha KaKiIle KOTnOBiIlHbl OHiIl

pa3Aens:lIOT OKeaHiIl'-le-

CKylO BnaAiIlHy?

3. KaKOBa oc06eHHocTb

wenbepa ~HAiIl~cKoro

OKeaHa? KaKiIle 3anillBbi ill

ElCTpOBa ne>KaT B npeAe-

nax wenbepa? KaKoe

Mope pacnonaraeTCs:l

npeillMyw,eCTBeHHO Ha

wenbepe?

4. B KaKiIlX pa~oHax

OKeaHa rny6i1lHbi Haill-

60nbwille?

5. KaKiIle Te'-leHiIls:l

CepOpMiIlpoBanillcb B

oKeaHe?

I_5_3_~t-

nO •.•eMy KpaCHoe MOpe He ~!e~,?!!.OMn05l~. n03TOMY B6JJ.blT3M XopOWO\Ilcnap\llnOCb nporpeBaIOTC5I, 3 MOp51 H 33J1MBbl - C3Mbie

lt1HTepecHO, 4TO KpaCHoe Mope - TenJ1ble B MHpOBOM OKC3He. MaKCHM3J1bHbIC

eAIIlHCTBeHHoe B MlIlpe, KYAa He Bna- TCMnepaTypbl Ha6JllOllaIDTC5I1?_K' aCHOM Mope-M~AaeT HIIl OAHa peKa. nplll IIlHTeHCIIlB- nepci1ncKOM3aJIMBC ~ iio'+ 35°C. "

HOM IIlCnapeHlIl1ll AOCTaT04HO "'-CiBC-pHa51 4acTb"0~e;~a-Haxon:HTC5I nOLt3H3-2 TbIC. neT, 4T06bl BC>lBOAa 1113HeroIIlCnaplllnaCb, OCTanaCb 6bl TonbKO 4MTeJ1bHbIM BJ1M51HMeMCYUHf. n03TOMY KJlHMaT

BnaAIIlHa rny611lHO~ 2 KM C TonCTblM ¢OPMMPYIOT MyCCOHbl - ce30HHbie BeTpbI. J1e-

cnoeM conlll Ha AHe. Ho 3Toro He TOM H3Jl nporpeToti cyweti YCT3H3BJ1MBaeTC5InpOIllCXOAIIlT. YpOBeHb BOAbl B Kpac- HH3KOe aTMocq)epHOe llaBJ1CI·me, HaJJ.OTHOCM-

HOM Mope nOAAep>KIIlBaeTC~A6na~o- TCJ1bHOTenJ1blM OKeaHOM - BbICOKOC. B 3TO Bpe-Aap>l ee nocTynneHlIl1O 1113VIHAIIlIll~ U U

CKoro OKeaHa 4epe3 6a6-3nb- J M5I IOrO-3anallHblM BJ13)f<HbII1 MyCCOH JJ.yeT C

MaHAe6cKIIl~ nponlllB. ;'LJ OKeaHa. 3MMOti, HanpOTJ.-IB,H3JlX0J10llHOti cyweH

11 B03HMKaeT 06J13CTb OTHOCMTCJ1bHO BblCOKoro

aTMoc¢epHoro JJ.aBJ1CHH5I no cpaBHeHMIO COKeaHOM. B PC3YJ1bTaTe

¢opMMpyeTc5I CyXOH ceBepO-I30CT04HbIH MyCCOH, llYlDllIMH C Ma-

Tepl1Ka. n03TOMY B ceBepHOH lf3CTJ.-1OKeaHa ,LIBace30H3 - )f<3pKOe,

06JIa4HOe, llO)f<,llJlMBOe, WTopMOBoe J1eTOM TenJ1a5l, TMXa5l, CYX351,

C0J1He4Ha51 311Ma. Ha 33nalle B03HMKC1lDT pa3pYWHTeJ1bHble

TpOnl14eCKMe lI,MKJ10HbI.

B IO)KHOH '-IaCn1 MHllMI1CKOro OKeaHa 1l0BOJlbHO X0J10JJ.HO-...--.---cKa3bIiaeTcH BJlMH'Hl1e AHTapKTI1.Llbl-:-6m13 ce

n06epe)Kb51 T€MrrepaTyp3 nOBCpXHOCTHbIjt13o'iI

COCT3mf51eT':'-1 ,s~?:c:TpaHVlU3 rlnimY4MX J1bn.Oi3"

®CTl1raeT60° ID. w.I5YiVrepeffifb!Xllll:tpotClx BTe-...•..... - ~. -'\

4eHMe rolla ,LIYIOTCMJ1bHble 33n3JlH ble neTpb!, KO-

Topble conpOBOX<.U3IOTC5I l.J3CTbli'vlH WTOpM3MM.

B 3KBaTOpl1aJlbHOM n05lcc) mc I3bIna eT

Hai6~we~eKOJll1;~~P~0_QS1!iKqB 0.103000 1\1.¥.,»

B tQ gnp..ec!i8JD)¥ x 130 b OKe CQJleHOCTb

2;:Le.n~.§w-wClcT 34%"0., B TponM4ccKoMno>rcl~"

ocan,KOB BbIn3JlaeT Ma.nO, 3 I1CnapeHl1e B03p3-

CTaeT, n03TOMY BOllbl TaM 60JICe COJleHble - llO

37%0, M3KcMMa.nbHa51 COJlCHOCTb B KpacHoJl1.Mope-42%0.TEqEHHSI. B ceBepHoH ll3CTI1 OKe3Ha Te4e-

HM>l TeCHO CB5I3aHbl C MyccoHaMH. 3MMOH no,LI

BJlH5IHl1eM ceBepO-BOCTOYHOrO MyccoHa

B03HMKaeT MOU~Hoe TenJloe MvccoHlf!2.e me'1(}jjueKOTopoe ncpCHOCMT nOBepXHOCTHble BOJJ.bl

OKC3Ha C BOCTOK3 Ha 3analJ,. JlCTOM nOll BJlH5I-

HMCM IOro-3an3JlHoro MyccoHa OHO OCJla6eBa-

CT, 3 CWrlaJlUUCKOe me'feHUe pe3KO yCI1Jl11BaeT-

CH, 11nOB'epXHOCTHble Bom;I nepeMellialOTC5I B

06paTHOM H3npaBJlCHMI1 - C 3an3lla Ha BOCTOK.

PIIlC. 46. KOp\ll$eHa

OXOT\IlTCSlHa neTy"'IiIX Pbl6

TaKI1M 06pa30M, MyCCOHbl BJ1H5IJOTHaCI1CTeMY fIOBepXHOCTHblX

1'eyeHHI1 B OKeaHe B 1'eLleHHe rOlla. B IO)KHOi1 LIaCnt l1H.IT.HJ1CKO-

1'0 OKeaHa, KaK B TI1XOM M A1'J1aHTWIeCKOM OKeaHax B 31'HX

UJMpOTax, 06pa3yeTc5I Kpyro06pa3Hoe nepeMeUJ.eHl1e nOBepx-

HOCTHblX BOll npOTl1B LIaCOBOti CTpeJ1KI1.

OprAHI1LJECKI1H l\lHP. BOllbl l1Hlll1ticKorooKeaHa - cpe.IT.a

06HTaHH51 pa3Ho06pa3Hb1X"pac'Te'H"M-i1- 11'~()1B()THbIX. bYPbie~

3e:r(CHbTeFn<paCHble BO.IT.OpOCJlHy 6eperOB MaTepl1KOB 06pa3Ylot-

1le:JtI'5I~nQ,!l·BO.IT.HbJeJ1yra. Cpell11 COTeH BI1110BPbl6 - CKyM6pI151,

CTIlBpH.IT.a, OTC)Tem1H, OKyHb, TyHeu, KOPI1cPeH3. B OTKpblTOM

-OReatre-06TfraIOT pa3Hbie BI1.IT.blaKyJI 11J1eTY411epbi6b1. - ~ *

-:s.2.JJ.M.:pa}~0~6pa3HeM OTJlWlaeTC5I >K~3Hb-B npH6pe)l(HblX

pat'JOH3X H Ha Me.nKOBOllbe;"6JlH3 KOpaJIJlcrBEIX pWpOB. TaM eCTIi ~

Kap3KaTHUbll1 KaJlbMapbl, JlaHrycTI;>! H KpeBeTKI1, MopCKHe 3Be3-

-lIbl 11M-6r)CKl1e-e)l(l1. MopCKHe 3Mel1, KOTopble nJ1TaiOi'c5Jp'bi6oM: 4

OlJeH-b51110BI1Tbl(HX 5Ill B 12 pa3 ooacHee ·4e~cVK06pbl). BCJlI:YITC

Hra!::lTcioreLiep~ct)HHbi':""B y;~peHHbIXH npl1fIOJl5l'p-~. .....-_. "n -.;. _lC __ '4"-'·" • - :.",~

HblX Wl1pOTaX 6JlH3 Af-ITapKTH.IT.bl MHOro KTl'tOTI4>11"IOJrerrei1.

~EUrATCTBA' 01\EAHA. B.....;;Jl;~lJHe ~1' llPYfl1XOKeaHOB

npl1pOllHble 60ra1'CTBa 11H.IT.HMCKOro OKeaHa H3ytIeHbl MaJlO H

HCn0J1b3YIOTC5I HellOCTaT04HO. B 4aC1'HOCTI1,_BblJlOB pbl6bl, no

113HHbIM CneUl1aJlHC1'OB, MO)KHO YBeJlHlJHTb.

no 3anacaM 111l06blye He¢1'11 H npl1pOll-

HOro ra3a l1HllMMCKI1I1 OKeaH 3aH11MaeT nep-

Boe MeCTO B M I1pOBOM OKcaHe. [JepCUOCKUU3ailUe CTaJl «BH3H1'HOi;J Kap1'OLIKOM» MOpCKOti

He¢1'ell06bI4H. Ha ero WeJlb¢e pa3BellaHbi

orpOMHble He¢1'era30Bble !VleC1'Op0)l(lleHI151.

He¢1'b 11 ra3 Bb1803511' 1'aHKepaMH B pa3Hbie

C1'p3Hbi. B npH6pe)l(HblX paJ'1oHax 1l06bIRalO1'

1'aK)l(e OJIOB5IHHble pyllbl J;J c!)OCepOPMTbl.

C1'paHbl, paCnOJ1O)KeHHble Ha ceBepO-3anan-

HOM n06epe)l(be 11Hlll1tkKOro OKeaHa B )l(apKOM

TpOnJ1lJeCKOM n05lce, I1cnblTblBalOT HellOCT3TOK

npecHoJ'1 BOllbl. 003TOMY TaM HaYLII1JlI1Cb

onpeCHHTb COJleHYIO MOpCKYIO BOllY.

I1H.IT.HMCKI1MOKeaH nepeceKalOT MHOrOlJHC-

JleHHbie MOpCKl1e nYTI1 MHpOBOro 3HaLJeHH5I.

PyKOTBOpHblM CY3UJwii IWHafl COeIlI1H5ICTKpac-

Hoe Mope CO CpellH3eMHb1M. OH COKpa1'l1Jl nYTb

113EBponbl BA3HIO Ha9000 KM. CCBcpHoe n06e-

pC)l(be OKeaHa - npCKpaCHoe MeCTO OTllblxa.

3TOMy cnoc06c1'BylOT TenJ1blJ1 KJII1Ma1', neC'Ia-

Hble nJ15DKI1,)l(I1BOIlHCHa5I npHpOlla OCTpOBOI3,

YHHKaJlbHblJ1 nOllBollHblM MHp.

P\.1C. 48. Kopal111 aKT\.1If\.1S1

nOXO>K Ha ~BeTOK

OTKpbIT'-1e XX BeKa BJHHIlII1 E ,LJ, E5ITEJI blI OCTI1 LJ E 1OAHIt1M 1113ApeBHeiil- KA IIA OKEAH.I1HLlI1HCKI1H OKeaH - 3T

WII1X cyw,eCTB Haweiil nnaHeTbl, BaTOpIHI, B npeLleJIaX KOTOpOH Ll06b1Ba_061t1TaBWll1X Mlt1nnl~OHbl neT TOMy

TpaHcnopTl1pylOT orpOMHble 06beMbl He-Ha3aA, HBmleTCH KIt1CTenepaH pbl6anaTII1Meplt1H. C4I11TanOCb, 4TO 3TOT TaK, 113nepCI1LlCKOrO 3aJI11Ba, 6YKBaJIbHC

BIt1A Pbl6 AaBHO II1Cye3. HacToHw,ew 51HHOrO HecPT5IHbIMI1 BblWKaMH 11 nJlaT_

CeHCaL\lt1eW B 1938 r. CTan cny4aiil, MaMI1, Ka)l(LlbIH '-lac BblXOLl5IT 6 TaHKepKorAa pbl6aKlI1 BblnOBlI1nll1 naTII1Me- HecPTblO. E)I(erOLlHO ee BbIB03I1TC5I LlO 1plt1lO B V1HAlI1iilCKOM OKeaHe. 3TlI1 TOHH. 3TO Hel136e)l(HO npl1BOLlI1T K 3arp5i:04eHb peAKlI1e Pbl6bl >KII1BYTHa 60nb- HI1IO HecPTblO 11 HeqnenpollyKTaMH (6 _WII1Xrny6l11Hax. HaxOAKa naTIt1Me- l~I ) P

pll1l11- Ba>KHOe 61110nOr1l14eC-J:, HOM, Ma3yToM OKeaHI1'-1eCKHX BOll. a:r

Koe OTKpblTlI1e XX B. (;:tj CJIYlIalOTC5I B pe3YJIbTaTe aBapHH npI1 r;:f nopnlpOSKe. 6YLlYl.l11 JIerLIe MOpCKOtl

HecPTb pa3JII1BaeTC5I no nOBepXHOCTH TOHKOH nJleHKoH. r.Ka He nponycKaeT B03LlYX, LITO npl1BOLlI1T K rl16eJll1 1\10 _

06\1I'TaTeJleH, nOnaBWI1X B 30Hy ee pacnpOCTpaHeHI1}l.

OLIHCTKy ocyweCTBJI5IIOT CneUl1aJIbHble CYLla-Mycop

BI1TeJIH, 111111IvlyCOpoc60pWI1KI1, c0611palOWI1e MyCOp 11H -

HylO nJleHKY C nOBepXHOCTVI SOLlbl. Ho TaKVle Meporrpl=

LlOJl)l(HbI 6bITb 60.nee I1HTeHC\lIBHbIMI1 11CBoespeMeHHbl

3AnOMHlATE

• I1HllHUCKHU OKeaH - 3TO TpeTHU no pa3MepaM OKeaH 3eMJIH, 60JlbmaSi

KOTOpOro JIeJKHT B IOJKHOM nOJIymapHH.

• Cpe,lJ,HHHO-OKeaHH<JeCKHe xpe6Tbl C PH<!>TOBbIMH ,lJ,OJIHHaMH pa3,lJ,eJISIIOT0-

HHQeCKHe KOTJIOBHHbl.

• I1H,lJ,HUCKHU OKeaH JIeJKHT npeHMymeCTBeHHO B 3KBaTOpHaJIbHOM H TpO

CKHX KJIHMaTH<JeCKHX nOSlcax.

BonpOCbl H 3AAAHIASI

1.CpaBHVlTe reorpacj:>Vl4eCI<Oe nOnO>l<eHVle V1H,D,lI1~CKOrOOl<eaHa C pacnono)t(=--

TlI1xora 1I1ArnaHT1I14eCI<Ora Ol<eaHOB. Kal< Ha npll1po,D,y V1H,D,lI1~CI<OraOl<eaHa =..-era reorpacj:>ltl4eCKOe nOnmKeHltle?

2. 06b$lCHltlTe, n04eMY OT KnltlMaTa 3aBlI1CmTeMneparypa ltl coneHOCTb no Be

HblX BO,D,V1H,D,lI1~CKOraOKeaHa.

3. PaCCKa>l<ltlTe 0 >I<lI1BOTHOMMVlpe V1H,D,ltl~CKOraOKeaHa.

4. KaKltle MV1HepanbHble pecypcbl ,D,06blBatOT Ha wenbcj:>e V1H,D,ltl~CI<OrooKeaHa-

3TlI1M CB$l3aHO 3arp$l3HeHltle OKeaHV14eCKlI1XBO,D,?

1.nO,D,nVlWVlTeHa KOHTYPHO~ KapTe Ha3BaHltl$l: OCTpOBOB - Ma,D,araCKap, WpVl-,-

3anVlBOB - 6eHranbcKlI1~, nepCVl,D,CKVl~;Mope~ - ApaBV1~cKOe, KpacHoe; no.DE-

xpe6ToB-ApaBV1~CKO-V1H,D,1I1~CKltl~,3ana,D,HO-V1H,D,1I1~CKlI1~,WeHTpanbHo-V1H,D,~:

2. 0603Ha4bTe COOTBeTCTBYtOUJ,V1ML1,BeTOMTennble V1XOnO,D,Hble Te4eHltl$l VI-=_WV1TeltlX Ha3BaHlI1$l - MyccoHHoe, fO>I<HOenaccaTHoe, COManV1~CKoe.

§ 12. CEBEPHbIM JIE,IJ;OBMTbIMOKEAH~ • BcnOMHVlTe, KTO nepSblM ,lJ,OCTVlrCesepHoro nomoca.

"'V • KaKOSbl csoVlcTsa apKTVlLJeCKVlX S03,1J,YWHbIX Macc?

rEOrPA<1>WIECKOE nOJIOJKEHIIE II PA3MEPbI. CeBep-

HbIMJIe;:J:OBM:TbIM OKeaH - HaM:MeHbUmM M:3OKeaHOB. OH 3aHM:MaeT

TOJIbKO 4 % IIJIOIIIMM: MM:pOBOro OKeaHa. ITOt.ITM:

co Bcex CTOpOH CeBepHbIMJIe;:J:oBM:TbIH OKeaH OK-

pJ')KeH CyrueM EBpa3M:M: M: CeBepHOM AMepM:KM

(PM:c. 54). Oco6eHHocTbIO ero reorpa¢M:t.IeCKOrO

rrOJIO)KeHIDI 5IBJI5IeTC5I pacrrOJIO)KeHM:e B ueHTPe

ApKTM:KM. ApKmuKa - rrOJI5IpHa5I 06JIaCTb 3eM-

JIM:'BOKpyr CeBepHoro rrOJIIOCa, KOTOpa5I BKJIIO-

t.Iael'BO;:J:bI OKeaHa, OCTPOBa M: rr06epe)lCb5I MaTe-

pM:KOB. YCJIOBHa5I rpaHM:ua ApKTM:KM rrpOXO;:J:M:T

rro CeeepHoMy nOflflpHoMy KPYcy.Mop5I J1e;:J:oBM:Toro OKeaHanpeM:MyrueCTBeH-

HO OKpaM:HHble (FpeHJlaHOCKOe, HOpeeJICCKOe,EapeHZI,eeO, KapcKoe) M:TOJIbKO O;:J:HO- BHYTPeH-

Hee (EeJloe). CaMbIM 60JIbIlIOM 3aJIM:B - FY030-Hoe, KOTOpbIM my6oKo B;:J:aeTC5I B MaTepM:K. ITo

KOJIM:t.IeCTBy OCTpOBOB CeBepHbIM JIe;:J:oBM:TbIH

OKeaH 3aHM:MaeT BTopoe MeCTO rrOCJIe TM:xoro.

CaMbIM 60JIbIlIOM OCTPOB - FpeltflaHOUfl - M:Me-

eT MaTepM:KOBOe rrpoM:CXO)K):J:eHM:e. CeBepHbIM

JIe;:J:oBM:TbIM OKeaH IlIM:pOKO coo6IIIaeTC5I C

. ATJIaHTM:t.IeCKMM oKeaHoM, a C TM:XM:M - Y3KMM

EepUHcOebtM npOJlUeoM.

CeBepHblH ne,qoBVlTblH OKeaH .

II1Men MHOro Ha3BaHII1V1. B CTapll1HY IpYCCKlI1e Ha3blBanll1 ero CTY,IJ,eHbIM, .

!aHrnll14aHe - CeBepHblM, nopTY-

ranb~bl - Jle,lJ,s:lHbIM MopeM. CnOBO

Jle,lJ,oBII1T~V1 03Ha4aeT 6oraT~V1

nb,lJ,aMII1.. +o\'AbIAt~,

• -_'I.'" ," '_');~J ~~:'"

CaMblH 60nbWOH B MVlpe\ (~:~~~:7JOCTpOB - rpeHnaH,IJ,II1s:l ~Jfkn\,\}\q(2,2 MnH KM2). n04TlI1 84% ero Tep-

pll1TOpll1111nOKpblTO nb,lJ,OMTonw,II1HoVi

60nee 3 000 M.

P~c.51.LUoTnaHACK~~MopennaBaTenb A>KOHPoccHa o. rpeHnaHA~S1 (1818 r.)

Plrtc. 54.CeBepHbl11

J1eAOBIrtTbll1OKeaH

MCTOPIUI IiCCJIE,IJ:OBAHIUI APKTMKII.OepBOOTKpbIBaTeJUlMH n06epe)J(b51 CeBepHoro

JIe)],OBHTOrO OKeaHa CYHTalOT pyccKHx-HOBrO-

pO)],lJ,eB, no6bIBaBllIHx 3)],ecb y)J(e B KOHlJ,e XI B.

I1x nOTOMKH - nOMopbI BeJIH npOMbICeJI PbI6bI

H OXOTHJIHCb Ha MOpCKOro 3Bep5l, XOpOIliO 3Ha-

JIH yCJIOBH5I nJIaBaHH5I B nOJI5IpHbIX Bo)],ax.

B KOHlJ,e XVI B. nOCJIe nJIaBaHHM roJIJIaH)],lJ,a

BUJlJleMa Eapenu,a 6bIJIa COCTaBJIeHa Kapm Yac-

TH OKeaHa. 003)],Hee )],Jl51OCBOeHH5I ceBepHbIx

MOpCKHX nYTeM POCCI15I, llIBelJ,H5I, HopBerH5I CHap5l)J(alOT MHoro-

YHCJIeHHbIe 3Kcne)],HlJ,HH. B 1733 - 1743 fr. yYaCTHHKI1 pOCCHM-

CKOM Cenepnoii 3KcneiJuu,uu HCCJIe)],OBaJIH JIe)],oBHTbIM OKeaH H

HaHeCJIH Ha KapTY ero eBpa3HMCKOe no6epe)J(be. A B 1878 - 1880 rr.

IlIBe)],CKa513Kcne)],HlJ,H5I no)], pyKOBO)],CTBOM HUIlbca HopiJenUle.!lbiJaBnepBble oCyIlJ,eCTBHJIa nJIaBaHltle no Cenepno.My .MOpCKO.Myttymu.,IJ:peM<pY51Ha cy)],He «<DpaM», HopBe)J(cKHM HCCJIe)],OBaTeJIb f/Jpu-mbofjJ Hancen co6paJI lJ,eHHbIe CBe)],eHH5I 0 TeyeHH5IX H npHpo)],e

npHnOJI5IpHbIX paMoHoB OKeaHa (pHC. 53). A ero 3eMJI5IK PyaJlbAMyniJcen BnepBbIe cOBepllIHJI nJIaBaHHe CeBepHbIM JIe)],oBHTbIM

OKeaHOM B)],OJIb6eperoB CeBepHoM AMepHKH.

HOBbIM 3TanOM B H3yYeHHH OKeaHa CTaJIH HCCJIe)],OBaHH5I B

XX B. BbI)],alOIlJ,HMC5I HCCJIe)],OBaTeJIeM ApKTHKH 6bIJI Ommo

Plrtc. 53. CYAHO «cJ)paM»,CKOBaHHoe nbAaMIrt (1895 r.)

cJ)plrtTbOcPHaHceH

(1861 -1930)

1. OnpeAem1Te, S KaKoVl4aCTLIICesepHoro JleAoslII-TOro OKeaHa HaXOAIIITC51CesepHblVl nonlOc.

2. KaKIIIM lJ,SeTOM Ha KapTe1II306pa>Ka1OTwenbep?Ha30SlllTe MOp51, pacnono->KeHHble Ha wenbepe.KaKOsa IIIX CpeAH5151rny6l11Ha?

3. KaKlIIe nOASOAHbleropHble xpe6Tbi npOCTlIIpa-IOTC51Ha AHe OKeaHa?

4. nepe4l11CnlllTe KOTnOSIII-Hbl Ha AHe OKeaHa. B 4eCTbKOro OHIII Ha3BaHbl?

5. fAe pacnOnO>KeHblcaMble rny60KlIIe MeCTa BOKeaHe?

IIIMuom, aKan,eMJilK AKaLl.eMJiIJiI HayK YKpaJilHbI, nOJIy<1Ji1BWJilH

06pa30BaHJile B KJileBCKOM YHJilBepCJilTeTe. B 1932 r. OH B03rJIaBJilJI

3KCneLl.JiII..I,JilIOHa JIeLl.OKOJIe «CJil6Ji1P5lKOB», y<1aCTHJilKJiI KOTOpOH

Jil3MepJilJIJiI rJIy6Ji1HbI JiITOJIIllJilHY JIbLl.a B OKeaHe, npOBeJIJiI Ha6JIIO-

Ll.eHJil5I3a nOrOLl.OH. B 1937 r. Ha JIbLl.JilHepa60TaJIa Hay'UiaJl cmaH-lI,Ufl «Ceeepliblu nOfllOC». OOJI5IPHJilKJiI noLI. PYKOBOLl.CTBOM H6anaIIananuna, Ll.peH<j)y51OT CeBepHoro nOJIlOca Ll.0 rpeHJIaHLl.CKOrO

MOP5l, npOBeJIJiI PM Ha6JIIO,UeHJilH. CeHqaC Ha JIbLl.JilHaX C03L1.aHa

ceTb MeTeOpOJIOfJilqecKJilx CTaHl..I,JilH.B 1977 r. aTOMHblH JIe,UOKOJI

«ApKTJilKa» BbIllleJI H3 ropo,Ua MypMaHcKa JiI, npeOLl.OJIeBa51

nOJI5IpHble JIb,UbI, ,UOCTJilr CeBepHoro nOJIlOca. OJIaBaHJile ry,Ua JiI

06paTHo (7 100 KM) ,UJIJilJIOCb13 CyTOK.

COBpeMeHHoe Jil3yqeHHe npJilpo,UbI OKeaHa np0Ll.OJI)KaeTC5I

C nOMOlllblO CaMOJIeTOB, KOTopble MoryT npJil3eMJI5ITbC5I Ha

JIb,UI1HbI, JiI JilCKYCCTBeHHbIX cnyTHJilKoB 3eMJII1.

CTPOEHIIE II PEJIhE<1>,Il,HA. B CeBepHoM JIeLl.OBJilTOM OKe-

aHe WeJIb<j) 3aHJilMaeT nOqTJiI nOJIOBHHy nJIOllla,UJiI ,UHa, MeCTa-

MJiI OH npOCTHpaeTC5I OT 6epera Ha 1300 KM. 00 cpaBHeHJilIO C

Ll.PYfJilMJiI OKeaHaMJiI wJilpe JiI MaTepHKoBbIH CKJIOH.

B ueHTPaJIbHOH qaCTJiI OKeaHa Ha TbIC5IqJil KJilJIOMeTPOB napaJI-

JIeJIbHO npOCTJilpalOTC5I ropHble Xpe6Tbi. CpeouHlio-oKealiu<teCl<:Uuxpe6em FaKKeJl5l nepeceKalOT MHOrOqJilCJIeHHble nOnepeQHble pa3-

J10Mbi. A xpe6mbl Melioefleeea H }]OMoliocoea 60J1bWe nOXmKJiI Ha

MaTepHKOBble ropbI. Xpe6TbI pa3,UeJI5IIOT J1O)l(e OKeaHa Ha my60-

KOBOLl.Hble KOTJ10BJilHbI (,Uo 4000 M). 3TO npeJilMYllleCTBeHHO XOJ1-

MJilCTble H nJ10CKHe paBHJilHbi. CeBepHbIH JIe,UoBI1TbIH OKeaH -

caMbIH MeJ1KHH; MaKCHMaJIbHa5I my6HHa B Fpeli-flaliocKoMMope- 5 527 M.

KJIllMAT. CeBepHbIH JIeLl.OBHTbIH JiIcaMbIH xo-

J10,UHbIH cpe,UJiI OKeaHOB, qTO 06YCJ10BJ1eHO ero

reorpa<j)JiI"lleCKJilM nOJ1O)l(eH JileM. Ha CeBepHoM

n OJ1lOce n 0J1ro,Ua npo,UOJ1)1(aeTC5I n0J151pHa51

HOqb, n03TOMY nOBepXHOCTb nOJIyqaeT MaJIO

COJ1HeqHOrO TenJ1a. CBbIllle 80 % COJIHeqHOH

3HeprJilJil, nocrynalOllleH TOJ1bKOJ1eTOM, CHer JiI

JIeLl.0TPa)I(alOT 06paTHO B aTMoc<j)epy. 003TOMY

apKTH'leCKHH KJ1Ji1MaTOqeHb CypOBbIH. TpecKY-

qJile MOP03bI, npOHH3bIBalOillHe BeTpbI, CHJIbHble

BblOfJiI - TaKYIO noro,Uy <j)OPMHPYJOT X0J10,UHble

JiI cyxJile apKTUqeCKHe B03,UylllHble MaCCbI. OHJiI

rocnO,UCTBYJOT Han, OKeaHOM JiI npOHJilKalOT Ha

6J1Ji13J1e)l(aIllJile MaTepJilKH, qTO COnpOBO)I(,UaeT-

C5I pe3KI1M CHlDKeHJileM TeMnepaTypbI B03L1.yxa.

Cpe,UH5I5I TeMneparypa B03L1.yxa 3Ji1MOHLl.OCTJiI-

raeT -40°C, a J1eTOM COCTaBJ151eTOKOJIO O°c.

Bl1nneM 5apeH,-,(1550 - 1597)

Hl1nbCHOPAeHwenbA

( 1832 - 1901 )

OTTO WMl1AT(1891 -1956)

CnOBO JtpeHcP nepeBOAVlTCs:l C ron-naHACKoro KaK nn8B8Tb, rHaTb.,l],peViepoBaTb 03Ha4aeT nepeMe-w,aTbCs:l no Te4eHVlIO VlnVl HanpaBne-HLtlIOBeTpa 6e3 nOMow,VI ABLtlraTens:l.

CHe>KHOe 6e3MOnSl1e APKTl1Kl1Heo603pVlMas:l, 6YATO 3aKonAOBaH-Ha51,apKTVl4eCKas:l nYCTbIHs:l. KYAa He6POCVlWb B3rn51A - nOBCIOAY neAs:lHble6ypenOMbl. Vlx OCTpble Ltl3nOMbi BOH-3aIOTC51B He60, cnOBHO VITaM nblTa-IOTC51nperpaALtlTb 4enOBeKY nYTb. HoBonpeKVlcYPoBoVlnpVlpOAe,npeOAO-neBas:l nOns:lpHYIO H04b VInlOTble we-CTVlAeC51TVlrpaAYCHble MOp03bl, Kor-Aa Ka3anOCb, 4TO 3aMep3aeT Aa>Ke

conHu,e, aMepVlKaHeu, Po6epT~ nVlpVl B.1909 r. AOCTLtlr

o'.'o·CeBepHoro nonlOca.

OCa,LJ:KOBBbIna,LJ:aeTOy:eHb MaJIO - ,LI;O200 MM B ro,LI;.neToM y:aCTO

6bIBalOT TYMaHbI.

ApKTHy:ecKHe B03,LI;YIlIHble MaCCbl XOT5I H XOJlO,LI;Hble, HO 3Ha-

Y:HTeJlbHO TerrJIee, y:eM aHTapKTHy:eCKHe. 3TO 06YCJlOBJleHO

OTerrmIlOI..UHM BJlH5IHHeM Tey:eHHH ATJlaHTHKH. IIo3ToMY 3H-

MOH CeBepHbIH ne,LI;OBHTbIH OKeaH He OXJla)l()laeT, a 060rpeBa-

eT rr06epe)l(b51 OXJla)l()leHHblX MaTepHKOB.

BO.n:HhIE MACChI II TEqEHIIH. BCJle,LI;CTBHe cypoBoro

KJlHMaTa BO,LI;HbIe MaCCbI CeBepHoro ne,LI;OBHTOro OKeaHa Ha

rrpOT5I)I(eHHH rO,LI;a HMelOT oy:eHb HH3KYlO TeMrrepaTypy

(-1,5°C). He6oJlbwa51 COJleHOCTb (,LI;O32%0) CB5I3aHa co 3Ha-

Y:HTeJlbHbIM CTOKOM rrpeCHblX MaTepHKOBbIX BO,LI;.

B ueHTpe OKeaHa MOI..UHbIH Jle,LI;51HOHrrOKpOB He ycrreBaeT

paCTa5lTb 3a KopOTKoe XOJlO,LI;HOeJleTO. IIo,LI; BJlIDJHHeM BeTPOB H

Tey:eHHH Jle,LI;rrOCT05lHHO rrepeMemaeTC5I (,LI;peH<pyeT) C BOCTOKa

Ha 3arra,LJ:(CM. pHC. 54). neTOM B,LI;OJlbrr06epe)l(HH o6pa3yeTc5I

rrOJloca CBo6o,LI;HOH OTO Jlb,LI;aBO,LI;bI.Ho B OKeaHe y:aCTO BCTPey:a-

IOTC5I aHc6epm, OHH o6pa3YIOTc5I H3 rrOKpOBHblX Jle,LI;HHKOB,

CrrOJl3alOI..UMX C MHOrOllHCJleHHblX apKTMy:eCKHX OCTpOBOB.

OCHOBHYIO Maccy BO,LI;bIH Tel1Jla B CeBepHbIH ne,LI;OBMTbIH OKe-

aH rrpHHOCMT H3 ATJlaHTMKH H3BeCTHoe BaM Tel1JlOe Ceeepo-Am-JlanmUzteCKoe meztenue, rrepeXO,LI;51I..UeeB HopBe)l(cKoe Tey:eHHe.

TerrJlble Tey:eHIDJ OT,LI;aIOTB aTMoc<pepy ,LI;O70 % TerrJla M cyme-

CTBeHHO o6orpeBalOT rrpHaTJlaHTMy:ecKylO y:aCTb CeBepHoro

ne,LI;OBMTOro OKeaHa. Mop5I B 30He HX BJlIDJHIDJ He 3aMep3alOT.

XOJlO,LI;HOeTpancapKmUzteCKoe meztenue HeceT CBOMBO,LI;bIOT 6epe-

~~~~~~~:~: .__ ro_B_AJl_.5I_C_KH__ K..••CeBePHOMY rrOJlIOCY H ,LI;aJIbIlIe ~ K fpeHJlaH,LI;MH.

~ " ;' ot:t Donbwe scero atic6eprosY~Jf - ~~

IfO\' (cBblwe 5 TbIC. B rOA) «cnOJl-

aaeT» C nOKpOBHoro JleAHlt1Ka OCT-

pOBa rpeHJlaHAlt1Sl. Te~eHlt1Sl lt1 BeT-

pbl BblHOCSlT lt1X B ATJlaHTlt1~eCKlt1.V1

OKeaH.

KaK nepennblTb

neAoB~Tbl~ OKeaH

neA B CeBepHoM neAOBlt1TOM OKeaHe

nOCTOSlHHO ApeVl<pyeT OT 6eperoB

AnSlCKlt1 lt1YyKOTKlt1 ~epe3 CeBepHblVl

nOJlIOC B CTOpOHy rpeHJlaHAlt1lt1 co

CKOpOCTblO 2 - 4 KM B CYTKlt1. ECJllt1

nyTewecTBoBaTb Ha JlbAlt1He, TO

nOJlHblVl 060pOT MO>KHOCAe-

JlaTb nplt1MepHO 3a 5 JleT. P~C. 55. TOpOCbl - CKonneH~e neASlHblX rnbl6 B

MeCTax CTonKHOBeH~S1nbA~H BO BpeMSI Ape~a

a Pf AH 11Y EC KJ.1l1 M 11P. CYPOBbIe KJIl1MaTJ1lfeCKMeyCJIOBl151CeBepHoro JIe,nOBl1Toro OKeaHa 06yCJIOBJIl1BalOT OTHOCI1TeJIb-HylO 6e,nHOCTb paCTI1TeJIbHOrO 11)Kl1BOTHOro Ml1pa. Ha1160JIeepacrrpOCTpaHeHbI BO,n0POCJIl1, KOTopbIe pa3BI1BaIOTC5I He TOJIb-KOB XOJIO,nHOHBo,ne, HO 11Ha JIb,ny. B 60JIee TenJIOH rrpl1aTJIaH-TJ1lfeCKOH 4aCTl1 OKeaHa MHoro rrJIaHKTOHa. I103TOMy TaMMHoro rrpOMbICJIOBbIX Bl1,nOBPbI6bI (MOpCKOH 0KYHb, CeJIb,nb,TpeCKa, rraJITyc, caHpa, JIOCOCb).

. I104Tl1 rrOBceMeCTHOB OKeaHe BCTpe4aIOTC5IMOp)KJ1,TlOJIeHl1,KI1TbI, a TaK)Ke 6eJIbIH Me,nBe,nb, KOTOpbIH 3Ha4l1TeJIbHYIO 4aCTb)KJ13Hl1rrpoBo,nI1T Ha JIb.ny. MHOro MOpCKl1XnTI1[( - 4aHKl1, KaH-pbI, 6aKJIaHbI. Ha CKaJIl1CTbIX6eperax rrOJI51pHbIXOCTpOBOBOHl1YCTpal1BaIOTMaCCOBbIefHe3,nOBaHl15I- ITTl1%116a3apbI (Pl1c. 56).6afATCTBA aKEAHA 11 Efa aXPAHA. XOJIo,nHbIe BO,nbICeBepHoro JIe,noBI1TOrO OKeaHa MaJIOrrpl1ro,nHbI ,nJI5I )K113Hl1OpraHI13MOB, rr03TOMY 6110JIOr114eCKl1e pecypCbI OTHOCI1TeJIb-HO He6oJIbilme. B rrpl1aTJIaHT114eCKl1X paHoHax ,no6bIBaIOTBO,nOpOCJII111JIOB5ITpbI6y. Ha rr06epe)Kb5lX FpeHJlQHOUU 11Ka-HaObl MeCTHoe HaCeJIeHl1e OXOTI1TC5IHa MOp)KeH 11TlOJIeHeH.

I10I1CKI1 rrOJIe3HbIX I1CKOnaeMbIX B oKeaHe" YCJIO)KH5IIOTC5ICypOBbIMI1 npl1po,nHbIMl1 YCJIOBI151MI1.Ha WeJIb¢e y 6eperoBEBpOnbII1 KaHMbI pa3Be,naHbI MeCTOpO)KLJ:eHI151He¢TI1I1 npl1-po,nHoro ra3a, Ha apxuneAace f]Jnu/16epceH ,no6bIBaIOT KaMeH-HbIH yrOJIb.

I1JIaBaHl1e BOKeaHe 3aTpy,nH5IlOT JIb,nbI. CeBepHbIH MOpCKOMnYTb - 3TO rJIaBHa51 cy,noxo,nHa51 MarI1CTpaJIbApKTI1KI1. HaBI1-

ra[(l151 B03MO)KHa TOJIbKO B TenJIbIH nepl1o,n ro,na. ~~O\'~~1;1'+.ooCt. ¥ ~~/I.,.Y' jJ'

___________ 1 ~:e~CaMaR KpynHaR Me,qY3a \i.~lLJ,li1aHeH 06li1TaeT B xonOAHbl IfHn\''l-~

BOAax CeBepHoro lleAOBli1TOro OKea-

Ha. Benli14li1Ha ee 30HTli1Ka AOCTli1raeT

2 M, a AJlli1Ha w,ynanbLJ,eB - 20 M.

06L1TaTenL1CesepHoro

J1eAOBL1TOrOOKeaHa

>KM3Hb Ha nbAYllacToHorli1e (MOp)f(li1, TlOneHli1, Hep-

nbl) li1MeIOT npli1cnOC06neHli1H AnH

AJlli1TenbHoro npe6blBaHli1H B xonOA-

HOLi1BOAe. lI1x KO)f(a 04eHb TOnCTaH li1

nOKpblTa KOPOTKli1M )f(eCTKli1M MeXOM,

ApyroLi1 sepepeKTli1BHoLi1 3aw,li1ToLi1 OT '

xonOAa HBnHeTCH ToncTblLi1 nOAKO)f(-

I HblLi1 cnoLi1 )f(li1pa. Oco6eHHo MHoro

I ero y Tex )f(li1BOTHbIX, KOTopble Hace-l ,nHIOT npli1nOnHpHble Wli1POTbl li1

~ pa3MHO)f(aIOTCH Ha nbAY.~'" ~

D.JHI BO.u CeBepHOrO JIe.uOBJ1TOrO OKeaHa 3arp5l3Hemfe He¢-

TblO M Heq:>TenpO.uyKTaMM OC06eHHO OnaCHO. ECJIM B TenJIbIX

BO.uaX .uPYfl1X OKeaHOB He¢T5IHble n5lTHa OTHOCMTeJIbHO 6bICT-

po MCye3alOT 6JIaro.uap51 eCTeCTBeHHoMy pa3JIO)l(eHHIO, TO B

XOJIO.uHbIX nOJI5IpHbIX BO.uaX 3TOT npouecc npo.uOJI)I(aeTC5I

.ueC5ITHJIeTH5I M H.

(! 3AnOMHlIITE• CeBepHblH JIe~oBHTbIH OKeaH - HaHMeHblUHH OKeaH 3eMJlH, OH paCnOJIaraeT-

CH B apKTHqeCKHX IUHpOTaX.• B pa3HOe BpeMH OKeaH HCCJle~OBaJiHBHJlJleM napeHLJ;, HHJlbC HOp~eHlUeJlb~,

<DPHTb04l HaHceH, PyaJlb AMYH~CeH, OTTO mMH~T, IIBaH IIanaHHH.• CeBepHblH JIe~oBHTbIH OKeaH HMeeT CaMblH 60JlblUOH Cpe~H OKeaHOB lUeJlb4l.

IIo~Bo~Hble rOpHble Xpe6Tbi pa3~eJlHIOT JlOJKeOKeaHa Ha KOTJlOBHHbl.

BonpOCbl 1II3A,D,AHlIISI

1. B yeM oc06eHHocTb pa3MeUJ,eHlt1fl CeBepHoro negoBlt1TOrO oKeaHa? KaK 3TO

OTpa)l(aeTCfl Ha ero nplt1pogHblx ycnOBlt1flx?

2. PaCCKa)l(lt1Te 06lt1CTOplt1lt1lt1CCnegoBaHlt1fl CeBepHoro negoBlt1TOrO OKeaHa.

3. KaKlt1e KpynHble <j:>OPMblpenbe<j:>a pa3nlt1yalOT Ha OKeaHlt1yeCKOM gHe?

4. KaK CeBepHblVi negoBlt1TblVi OKeaH Bnlt1fleT Ha Knlt1MaT nplt1neralOUJ,lt1X MaTeplt1KoB?

5. KaK )I(lt1Tenlt1OKeaHa nplt1cnoc06lt1nitlCb K CypOBblM nplt1pogHblM ycnOBlt1flM?

6. Bo BpeMfl nYTewecTBlt1V1 K CeBepHoMy nonlOcy MHOrlt1e lt1CCnegoBaTenlt1 nblTa-

nlt1Cb «B3flTb neg B COI03Hlt1Klt1».KaK Bbl 3TO nOHlt1MaeTe?

nPAKTlII'iECKASI PA60TA

1.nognlt1Wlt1Te Ha KOHTYPHOVIKapTe Ha3BaHlt1fl: MopeVl- fpeHnaHgcKoe, Hopse~cKoe,

6apeHlJ,eBO, 6enoe, KapcKOe; nogBogHblX xpe6ToB - nOMOHocoBa, MeHgeneeBa.

2. 0603HaYbTe cooTBeTcTBylOUJ,lt1M lJ,BeTOM Tennble lt1xonogHble TeyeHlt1fl, nognlt1-

Wlt1Te lt1XHa3BaHlt1fl- TpaHCapKTlt1YeCKOe, HOpSe)l(CKoe.

3. COCTaBbTe KOMnneKcHylO CpaBHlt1TenbHYIO xapaKTeplt1CTlt1f<ygByx OKeaHOB (Ha Bbl-

60p), nonb3Yflcb nnaHOM (nplt1nO)l(eHlt1e 2).

G.) KHlII>KHASI nOJ1KA

1. ATnac OKeaHOB. - nOHgoH: ,lJ,opnlt1Hr Klt1HgepCnlt1, 1997.2.5pyKC cPo MOPfl lt1 OKeaHbl: 8HlJ,lt1Knoneglt1fl oKpy)l(alOw,ero Mlt1pa. -

M.: POCM3H, 1997.3. BonowHHI.I., '1HpKa B. r. feorpa<j:>ifl CBiTOBorooKeaHy. - K.: nepyH, 1996.4. OcoKiH C. R. CBiTOBlt1V1OKeaH. - K.: Pag. WK., 1975.

-as"'lIIUJ,lIITE B lIIHTEPHETE

CY www.polynesia.com.ruwww.refine.org.ua

www.skandinavia.com.uawww.fram.museum.ne

http://www.polynesia.com.ru

http://www.refine.org.ua

http://www.skandinavia.com.ua

http://www.fram.museum.ne

( I YPoBeHb)

1. CaMhIM 60JIhIIIOM M rJIy60KMM OKeaH Ha 3eMJIe - 3TO:

a) CeBepHhIM JIe,ll;OBMThIM; 6) ATJIaHTWlecKMM;

B) TMXMM; r) HH,ll;MMCKUM.

2. HaMMeHhIIIMM, caMhIM XOJIO,ll;HhIMM MeJIKMM OKeaH - 3TO:

a) CeBepHhIM JIe,ll;OBMThIM; 6) ATJIaHTMqeCKMM;

B) TMXMM; r) HH,ll;MMCKMM.

3. KpyIIHeMIIIee Ha IIJIaHeTe CKOIIJIeHMeOCTpOBOBCOCpe,ll;OTOqeHOB OKeaHe:

a) CeBepHoM JIe,ll;OBMTOM; 6) ATJIaHTMqeCKOM;

B) TMXOM; r) HH,ll;MMCKOM.

4. MaKCMMaJIhHYIO COJIeHOCThBO,ll;hIMMeeT Mope:

a) "llepHoe; 6) BeJIoe; B) KpacHoe.

5. KpyIIHeMIIIMe IIO IIJIoru;a,ll;MOCTpOBaMMeIOT IIpOMCXOm,ll;eHMe:

a) MaTepMKOBoe; 6) ByJIKaHMqeCKOe; B) KOpaJIJIOBoe.

6. IIpo,ll;oJImeHMeM MaTepMKa IIO,ll;BO,ll;OMHBJIHeTCH:

a) IIIeJIh<p; 6) JIome OKeaHa; B) Cpe,ll;MHHO-OKeaHMqeCKMMxpe6eT.

7. KOpaJIJIOBhle OCTpOBaB03HMKaIOT B BO,ll;ax:

a) apKTMqeCKMX; 6) yMepeHHhlx; B) TpOIIMqeCKMx.

8. Ha COJIeHOCThOKeaHMqeCKMX BO,ll;BJIMHIOTCJIe,ll;YIOru;Me<paKTophI:

a) KOJIMqeCTBOOCa,ll;KOB; 6) KOJIMqeCTBOPhI6hI; B) TaHHMe JIh,ll;a;

r) 06pa30BaHMe KOpaJIJIOB; ,ll;)MCIIapeHMe; e) peqHOM CTOK.

(II YPoBeHb)

9. KaKoM MaTepMK OMhIBaeTCH BO,ll;aMMBcex qeThlpex oKeaHoB?

10. KaKoM MaTepMK He OMhIBaeTCH BO,ll;aMMTMxoro oKeaHa?

11. KaK Ha3hIBaeTCH HaM60JIhIIIee Ha 3eMHOMIIIape CKOIIJIeHMeOCTpOBOB?

12. KaK Ha3hIBaIOTCH rMraHTCKMe IIO,ll;B0,ll;HhleropHhle coopymeHMH,

o6pa30BaBIIIMecH M3 3aCThIBIIIeM JIaBhI B MeCTax paCXOm,ll;eHMHJIMTO-

c<pepHhlx IIJIMT?

13. B KaKMX KJIMMaTMqeCKMXIIOHcax HaXO,ll;MTCHATJIaHTMqeCKMMoKeaH?

14. KaKMe BM,ll;hIIIpMpO,ll;HhIX 60raTcTB eCTh B oKeaHax?

(III YPoBeHb)

15. IIoqeMY B OKeaHMM paCIIpOCTpaHeHhI KOpaJIJIOBhle oCTpoBa?

16. IIoqeMY HH,ll;MMCKMMOKeaH Ha3hIBaIOT «OKeaHOM HarpeThIX BO,ll;»?

CBH3aHa JIM 3Ta IIpMpO,ll;HaHoco6eHHOCTh C ero reorpa<pMqeCKMM

IIOJIOmeHMeM?

17. IIoqeMY JIe,ll;B CeBepHoM JIe,ll;OBMTOMOKeaHe IIOCTOHHHO,ll;peM<pyeT?

(IV ypoBeHb )

18. H3BeCTHhIM yqeHhIM-KJIMMaTOJIOr AJIeKCaH,ll;p BoeMKOB Ha3BaJI Teqe-

HMH B OKeaHax «OTOIIMTeJIhHOMCMCTeMOMIIJIaHeThI». KaK BhI 3TO

IIoHMMaeTe?

19. 06'hHCHMTe BhlCKa3hIBaHMe HopBemCKoro yqeHOro-IIyTeIIIecTBeHHMKa

Typa XeMep,ll;aJIa: «MepTBhIM OKeaH - MepTBaH IIJIaHeTa».

TeMa 1 . APVlKa

TeMa 2. ABCTpaJ1l11S1

TeMa 3. to>KHaSi AMeplilKa

TeMa 4. AHTapKTVlAa

TeMa 5. CeBepHaSi AMepVlKa

TeMa 6. EBpa311lSl

nnow,aAb - 30,3 MnH KM2

HaceneHV1e - 800 MJlH 4enoseKCpeAH~5'l SblCOTa - 750 MHaV1bICWa5'l T04Ka HaJJ,y. M. -r. KV1nV1MaHA>KapO (5 895 M)

§ 13.fEOfPAMqECKOE IIOJIO)KEHMEM MCCJIE,I(OBAHME

~. BcnoMHV1Te, KTO V13MopennaSaTeJlelil S 3noxy BeJlV1KV1Xreorpa¢w-lecKVlx OTKPblTVlll1nnasan BAOJlb 6eperos A¢pV1KV1.

fEOfPA<1>JlQECKOE IIOJIOJKEHJlE. OT pacn0J10)\(eHH5!

MaTepHKa 3aBI1C5IT ero npHp0ll.HblC YCJ10BH5I. HaYlJHTbC5I on-

pe,UeJ15-lTbreorpacPHt-leCKOe n0J10)\(CHJ.1e MaTepH Ka BaM nOMO-

>KeT nJ1aH (npHJ10)\(eHHe 3).A<j)pl1Ka - e,UHHcTBeHHblt! MaTepVlK, KOTOpb1l1 nO~ITI1 nocpe-

,UHHe nepeceKaeTCH 3 K BaT 0 ~1 (Pl1c. 57). CJ1e,UoBaTeJ1bHO,Aq;=-

pHKa J1C.>KVlTB 060filx nOJ1ywapH5IX 3eMJ1H. D03ToMY, Koma B

Ce6eplioM n0/1YUlapuu J1eTO, TO B 10.)ICIiOM - 3J.1Mal DO'-lTI1 ueJ1J.1-

/ KOM AcPPHKa pacnOJ1araeTC5I Me)\(LlY llByM2I

TpOnJ.1KaMI1 B )\(apKOM n05lce - 3KBaTOpHaJ1b-

HOM, cy63KBaTOpl1aJ1bHblX 11 TpOfll1lJeCKJ.1X

KJ1I1MaTWleCKHX n05lcax. n03TOMY 3TO caMbIt!

)\(apKHt! MaTepJ.1K Ha 3eM:fIe:-

OTHOCHTeJlbHO HyJleBoro MCpH,Ll,HaHa

AcPPI1Ka J1e.>KI1TB OCHOBHOM B BoCmO'1IiOMMecTo 6e3 KOOPAl1HaT n0/1YUlapuu, '-IaCHllJHO -- B 3anaOIiOM.

Tpll1 T04KlI1 (aHrn. Three Points) - KpaHHHe T01JKH MaTepHKay\ca3bIBa1OTHaMblC Ha ceBepHoM n06epe)/(b8 rBII1-HeLlicKoro 3anll1Ba. EAII1HCTBeHHoe ero pa3MepbI 11 npOTHyI<e HOCTb. Kpat!H5I5I

MeCTO Ha 3eMHOM wape C HyneBoLli _£eBepHa51 TO'-lKa A I1K'H MblC PaC-31i2eJlG,BblCOTOLliHa)J,ypoBHeM MOp51, 3Aec~ Kpat!H5HI IO)\(Ha51 - MblC A2 ~51C f/20JlbHb/U).

nepeceKalOTC51 HyneBoi1 Me- ll~ PaCCT05lH/ile Me.>K.1lYHHMH OK0J108 000 KM. Kpat!-

pll1AlI1aH 1113KBaTOp. ,<1:9 H515I3ana,UHa51 TOlJKa - MblC ArtbMaou: KpaHH5151

·1 BOCTOlJHa51- MblC Pac-Xa(jjYH. npOTIDKeHHOCTb

AcPPI1KM C 3ana,Ua Ha BOCTOK - 7500 KM. Do nJ10llia,UJ.1OHa yCTy-

naeT TOJ1bKO EBpa31111.

OT ,UpyrHx MaTcpHKOB AcPPHIZY OT,UeJI5IIOTBO,UHble npo-

CTOpbl ATJ1aHTl1lJeCKoro J.1VIH,UI1HCKOrO OKeaHOB, OMblBalOllil1X

ee 6epera. HCKJ1lOlJeHl1e - EBpa31151, K KOTOPOH OHa npl1J1eraeT

nOlJTI1 BflJ10THylO. OT EBponbI AcPpJ.1K)' OT,UeJ15IeTCpeOU3e.MHOeMope ]II Tu6paJlmapCKUU npOJlU6 (WJ.1PJ.1HOH,UO4 KM). C A3HCt!

AcPPHKa COCIU1H5IeTC5IY3KOH (120 KM) n0J10COH cyWJ.1 - Cy3/,(KUM

,l],peBHlI1e rpeKII1 Ha3blBaJlll1 A<PPIllKY

JlIl1BvleLli. B03MO)l<HO, 1113cnOBa AcjJ-pll1K8 3all1MCTBOBaHO Ha3BaHlI1e 6ep-

6epCKoro nneMeHVI a¢pll1rll1l1l 03Ha-

4aeT He3H81Ol1.lIl1Vt X0J10,lJ,8.

nepeUlelllCO.M. B XIX B. TaM 6blJl npopblT Cy3l<- nyrewecTBlfe B cnOBO ;f":IlU IWHaJl. 01' A31111AcPPI1KY OTlleJl5lIOT Kpac- KpaCHoe Mope, KaK L-1Bce MOpH,

Hoe Mope 11Ea6-3/1b·-MaHoe6cKUU npOJlU6. Mop51 L-1MeeT np03pa4Hbie SOAbl. Ho Ha

II OKeaHbI, OMblBaIOw,I1e MaTepHK, OKa3bIBaIOT rny6L-1He Ha6nKlAaeTCH He06bl4Hoe

c weCTBeHHoe BJ1I151Hl1eHa ero npI1pOllY. OJlI13 HsneHVle - sO,D,a CTaHOSViTCH Kpac-

acPPI1KaHCKI1X 6eperOB npOXO,LI.51TToprOBbIe HOVI, KaK KpOSb. 3TO 06bHCHHeTCHpacnpOCTpaHeHL-1eM ML-1KpOCKOnL-1-

OYTI1 Me)[()1yHapO,LI.HOrO 3HayeHI151. 4eCKL-1XBo,o.opocneill. Mope ,D,onlOe

EeperonaSl JIHHIUI AcPPI1Kl1 paCYJleHeHa SpeMs:l Ha3blsanL-13pL-1TpeillcKL-1M (OTcJla60. HaI160JlbllIl1e 3aJlI1BbI - AoeHCKUU H rpe4ecKoIO 3pL-1TpOC - KpacHbiill),

16uHeuCKuu - WHpOKO OTKpblTbI K oKeaHy. Ha 3aTeM 3TO Ha3SaHL-1e nepeSenL-16yK-

BOCTOKe MaTepHKa BbICTynaeT e,LI.I1HCTBeHHbIH SaJ1bHO - KpacHoe.

KPYllHblH 1l0JlyOCrpOB - CO.MaJlu.CaMblH 60JlbWOH ocmp06 Maoa-2aCKap OT MaTepHKa OTlleJlHeT M03a.M6uKCKUU npOJlU6. oepera

AcPPI1KI1 06PblBl1CTble, C KPYTblMH yCTynaMH, Yllo6HbIX 6YXT MaJIO.

IICCJIEJJ,OBAHIIE II OCBOEHME.Acj)pHKa 6bIJla OTKpblTa ca-

MI1MI1 acPPHKaHlJ,aMI1. Tax, B ,Dpe6He.M Ecunme 3a,LI.OJIr0)10Hawei1

3pbI J-laKallJlHBaJHl.Cb nepBbJe CBeneHIlf9. 0 MaTepl1Ke. vf3BecTHo,

YTO 3,5 TbIC. JleT TOMy Ha3aLl em OT5IHe ocyweCTBJl>lJlI1 naJIbHl1e

llJlaBaHI151 BLlOJlb 6eperoB KpaCH020.MOpfl Ha lor. et>apaOHbI nOCbI-

JlaJIl1 CBOHX 1l0MaHHbIX B cmpaHy nywn (HbIHe - dcPI10nl151 11

COManl1) 3a CJlOHOBOH KOCTbIO, 30JlOTOM, lJ,eHHblMI1 1l0pOLlaMl1

Mall. 57.4>1iI3W-IeCKaSi

KapTa APIiIK\I1

1l N':-. I- M

()

0

I

1. Ha30SL-1Te KpaillHL-1e T04KL-1Acj:>PL-1KL-1.

2. Onpe,o.enL-1Te KOOp,D,L-1HaTblKpaillHlIlx cesepHoill L-11O)i<HoillTO'18K Acj:>PL-1KV1L-1HaL-160nbwylO I'npOTs:l>K8HHOCTb MaTeplt1Ka C 'c8sepa Ha lOr (1' = 111,3 KM).

3. KaKoili 3anlt1S Acj:>PL-1KIt1MO>KHO Ha3saTb MopeM?n04eMY?

4. Ha30Slt1Te npOnL-1Sbl,KOTopble OT,D,enHIQTAcj:>PL-1KYoTEspon~,A3L-1L-1,OCTpOsaMa,o.aracKap.

5. KaKL-1e oc06eHHOCTL-1npL-1pOAbl Acj:>pIt1KIt106ycnosne-Hbl ee reorpacj:>1t14eCKIt1MnOJlO)KeIWI8M?

6. OnpeAenL-1Te reorpacj:>1t14e-

CKoe nOnO>KeH"le MaAaraCKa-jpo.. I~ -2 __ '.......!£.. am

llpeBeCVlHbl. B Te BpeMeHa ew,e He 3HaJH1, LITO

Acj:lpYlKa CO Bcex CTOpOH OM bIBaeTC5L.BOp,OH.it. t;{.Ba)KHble reorpacj:lVlLIeCKYle OTKpbITVl51 B VI B. 110

H. 3. npVlHan.Jle/KaT cj:lI1HVlKI1HuaM - OTBa)KHbIM

MOpenJ1aBaTeJ151M. 3a TpVl rolla OHYI 060fHyml

Acj:lPUKy, 1l0Ka3aB, liTO OHa CO Bcex CTOpOH

OKpY/KeHa BOllOH (CM. PYlC. 57).A 1lJ151eBponeHueB I1 a3Y1aTOB- 6JII-DKaHWYlx

cocelleH Acj:lPI1KVl - Ha npOT5l/KeHVlM CTOJIeTI1H

MaTepl1 K OCTaBaJIC51HeI13BeCTHOH3eMJIeH. LI.peB-

Hue rpeKI1, pVlMJ151He, apa6bI ClIVlTaJlVl Acj:lPVlKY

OCTpOBOM JIVl60 nO.JIyoCTpOBOM A3Vll1, KOTOpblH

npOCHlpaJIC51 110 caMoro 3KBaTopa. DblTOBcUlO

MHeHVle, LITO )I(VlTb B /KapKOM 3KBaTOpl1aJ1bHOM

K.JIVlMaTe HeB03MQ)KHO, LITO CO.JIHue TaM 06)KVl-

raeT JIlOllei1 110 LlepHOTbl, a Mope KMnl1T Vl

I1'Cnap51eTC51. ~ 7'1HallVlHa5I C VB B. apa6CKl1e KynUbl nepece-

KaJIl1 nYCTblHIO Caxapy Vl 3Kl3ClTOp. n0311Hee

apa6cKVle nyTewecTBeHHMKH 1l0CTI1r.JIVl Malla-

raCKapa. Y)Ke Vl3BeCn-lblj;!/aM nyTewecTBeH-

HI1K H61l Eammyma B XI B. BO BpeM51 CBOI-IX

MHOrOllVlC.JIeHHbIX nYT(~llleCTBVlH nepeceK Ca-

xapy VI VlCCJIellOBaJI BOCTOLIHylO Acj:lpI1KY.

B XV B. HeMaJIO YCVlJIHHllJl51 HCCJIellOBaHl151

6eperoBoM mlHVlVl Acj:lPVlKM npMJIO/KVlJII1 nop-

Tyr3JlbCKl1e MOpenJ1aBaTeJII1, KOTopble VlCKc1JIVl

MOPCKOH nyTb B I1HllVlIO. B 1488 r. EapmOJlOMey,auam npoweJI BllOJ1b 3ananHoro n06epe)l(b5I Acj:lPVlKVlllo ee IO/K-

H blX OKpaVlH. OH OTKpbIJI J11bICblJl,06pou Haoe:Jfcobl 11A2YJlbflC. Cny-

CT5I11eCHTI1JIeTVleVlCCJ1ellOBaHl1e IOra Acj:lPVlKVl npOllOJI/KVlJI BaCKO

oa F(fJI-ta. TaK B nOVlCKax I1HllVlVl 6bIJ1Vl yCTaHOBJIeHhl OllepTaHI151

Acj:lpVlKaHcKoro KOHTVlHeHTa. nopTyraJIbUbl npHBe3J1M B EBpony

nepBblX LlepHOKQ)KHX acj:lpHKaHueB-pa60B. Co BpeMeHeM pa60-

ToproBJ1eil HaLlaJI113aHHMaTbC51 rOJIJIaHllUbI, aHrJ1l1l1aHe l111p. 3TO

6bUl n030pHbIH YI )KeCTOKI1H nepVlOll B HCTOpVlH lIeJIOBelleCTBa.

B TO )Ke BpeM51 BHyTpeHHl1e paHOHbI MaTepl1Ka OCTaBaJIVlCb He-

YlCCJIellOBaHHbIMYI. B XIX B. aHrJ1Y1MCKVlMBpall YI nyrewecTBeH-

HYlK ,aa6Uo J]U6UH2CmOIl nepeceK !O)I(HYIO Acj:lPVlKY C 3anana Ha

BOCTOK. YBJIeKWYlCb H3yyeHI1eM npHpOllbl, OH oCYIlJ,eCTBHJI nJIa-

BaHVle no peKe 3aJw6e3u, OTKpbIJI Ha HeHeooonao BUKmOpUJI, I1CCJIe-

1l0BaJI o3epa HbHca 11TaHzaHbuKa, OnHCaJI MeCTHble BYlllbI paCTeHI1H

11)1(11BOTHbIX. B 1849 r. VlCCJIellOBaTeJ1b n06bIBaJI B KaJlaxapu 11

yCTaHOBHJI, LITO 3TO He nYCTbIH51, a nOJIynycTbIH51. nOpa)l(aeT

TOYHOCTb, C KaKOH BpaY, He I1Me51cneUl1aJIbHOH reorpacj:lI1YeCKOH

o nJlaBaHIIU1 <f>IilHIilKIilJliL\eB

BepmnHO, B 595 f. AO H. 3. 6m13

IO)I(HOi1OKOHeLJHOCH1Acj:JPIl1KII1nOHBII1-

nll1Cb CTpaHHbie Kopa6nll1. V1x

06WII1BKa nOTpeCKanaCb, napyca

BblfOpenll1, KpacKy C AepeBHHHblX

nOWaAII1HblX fonOB Ha HOCy 111Pbl6b-

II1X XBOCTOB Ha KopMe CMblJlIl1

MOpCKllle BonHbl. CMepTeJlbHbli1

y)l(ac OXBaTblBan MopennaBaTeJlei1,

KOfAa y n06epe)l(bH COManlll Hane-

Tall HeIllCTOBbli1 BeTep, KOfAa B

npll16pe)l(HbiX BOAax OHII1HaTaJlKII1Ba-

llll1Cb Ha KOpanJlOBbie pll1cj:Jbl,KOfAa B

M03aM6111KCKOM npOlllllBe Kopa6nb

nOAXBaTII1ll0 MOUJ,Hoe TeLJeHlI1e... Ao

C~lX nop HeIl13BeCTHo, KOfAa II1MeHHO

COCTOHnOCb 3TO pll1CKOBaHHoe nna-

BaHlI1e, CKonbKO 6blJlO Kopa6nei1, Ha

KOTOpblX nnblnll1 cj:JII1HII1KII1i1LJ,bl,He1l13-

BeCTHbl 111II1XII1MeHa.

naynb BepHep flaHre,HeMeLJ,KII1i1

nyTewecTBeHHII1K

Pl1c.58.

ErlilneTCKl1e

Kopa6J11i1

Ha 6epery nyHTa

(OK. 1480 f. AO H. 3.)

AaBIilA JlIilBIilHrcTOH

( 1813 - 1873)

68

nO.1roToBKI1, H3HeC 06bCKTbl Ha Kap1)'. Ie JlI1BI1HrCTOH nblTaJlC}J

-allTlI I1CTOKI1 HI1J1a, HO T5I>KCJ103a60J1cJ1 11yMCp.

\!ICCJlCLIOBaJILIaJleKYlO AcPPI1KY H Haw 3CMJ151KEzo]J K06{lJle6-

Jill. nOJ1YllHBWI1M 06paJOBaHHC B XapbKOBC. B 1847 - 1848 rr.

:-ro. ropHoro HI-DKCHcpa, OTKOMaHLIl1pOBaJIYI B ErHneT Ha nOlolCKM

• TOPO.>KllCHl1M 30J10Ta. BbInOJ1HHB 3aLIaHHC, OH MHoro nyTc-

weCTBOBaJI. E. K013aJ1eI3CKHH Om1C3Jl PCJ1bCcPMa.JlOH3BCCTHoro

Toua 3rjJuoncKoco T-W20pb51. OH nepBbll'vl npeLIn0J10){(I1JI, liTO I1CTO-

"ml Hww ~BJ1~CTC~HC fOfly6ou, KaK Toma nOJ1ara.JlH rcorpacPbl, a

DeZblii HUfl, I1CTOKH KOTOpOro CJ1CLIyeTHCKaTb B 3KBaTOpHaJ1bHbIX

1l0HaX AcPPHKI1. TanaHTJll1BO HanHcaHHblMI1 nyrcBbJM113aMCT-

Ka~ll1 nyTCWCCTBCHHI1Ka 3alll1TblRaJlC~ H Tapac WCBLJCHKO.

fcorpacPWlccKylO KapTy AcPPI1KH yTO'HHIJ111 TOJ1bKO B cepe-

.111He XX B. Ho LIO CHX nop MaTepHK xpaHHT HCMaJlO TaMH.

EropKOBaneBCK!'I1I1(1809-1868)

3AnOMHIIITE

• feofpacl>li'leCKOe nOJIOJKeHJle MaTepliKa - 31'0 OC06eHHOCTH efO pa3MemeHHH

B npOC1'paHCTse O1'HOCU1'eJlbHO 3KsaTopa, HYJleSOfO MepU)l,J1aHa, )l,PYfHX Ma-

TepUKOB, OKeaHOB U MopeH C YKa3aHHeM ero KpaHHUX TOqeK U pa3MepOB.

• AcI>PUKy 00'11'11 nOCpe)l,I1He nepeceKaeT 3KBa1'op; OHa Jle)KHT Me:xw Tp0fllotKa-

:\111,n03TOMY 31'0 caMhlH JKapKI1H Ma1'epl1K Ha 3eMJIe.

• B pa3Hoe BpeMH AcIlPHKy MCCJIe)l,OBaJIMJA.OH])aTTY1'3 (XI B.), EapTOJlOMey,llHam

(1488 r.), BacKo)l,a [aM3 (1497 -1499 ff.), )l,aBH)l,JII1BI1HfCTOH, EfOP KOBa-

JleBCKHH (XIX B.)._> BOnpOCbl VI 3AAAHVls:t )~---------------

1. n04eMY V13Y4eHV1eMaTepV1l<a HaYV1HaeTC~ C onV1caHV1~ero reOrpa¢V1yeCKOrO nOJlO-

>KeHvm?

2. nOyeMY A¢pV1KY Ha3blBalOT «MaTepV1KOM MaKcV1ManbHblxTeMnepaTYP»?

3. Ha30BV1Te nepBblX V1ccne,lJ,oaaTeneVl AepPV1KlI1.KaKoBbl V1XaTKpbITV1~?

4. KaKylO POJlb B V1CCne,lJ,OBaHV1V1AepPV1KV1cblfpanV1 nnaBaHV1~ nOPTYranbu,eB?

5. KaKLt1eOTKPbITLt1~npOCnaBLt1nV1)J.aBV1,lJ,anViBl~HrcToHa?

6. PaCCK3>KV1Te06 V1CCne,lJ,OBaHLt1~XHawero 3eMn~Ka Eropa KOBaneBcKOro .

• ;) rEO rPA<%>111'·1ECKASI 3AAAl.IA )~---------------

BbIYV1CnV1Te npOT~>KeHHOCTb A¢PV1KV1 B,D,Onb CeBepHoro v1 fO>KHOro TponV1KoB

10= 102,5 KM). C,lJ,enaVlTe BbIBOA, B KaKOM nonylilapV1V1 OTHOCLt1TenbHO3KBaTopa pac-

OnO>KeHa 6onbwa~ 4aCTb MaTepLt1Ka.

II)nPAKTl1'"1ECKASI PA60TA )>--------------------

1.OnpeAenLt1Te KOOp,lJ,V1HaTblKpaVlHV1xTOyeKAeppLt1KV1.

2. Ha KOHTypHoVl KapTe: a) 0603HaYbTe Kpai/1HV1eTOYKV1AepPl1KVI V1nO,lJ,nV1WLt1TeLt1X

a3BaHV1~; 6) nO,lJ,nV1WII1TeHa3BaHV1~: MopeVl- Cpe,lJ,V13eMHOe, KpacHoe; 3anV1-

30B - fBVlHeilicKV1V1, l\lJ,8HCKV1ii1;nponV1BOB - fIll6panTapCKLt1V1, M03aM6VlKcKV1V1,

5a6-3nb-MaH,lJ,e6cKV1ii1; OCTpOBa Ma,lJ,araCKap; nonyocTpoBa COManV1.

§ 14. rEOJIOrlIQECKOE CTPOEHIIEII PEJIbE

~ • BCnOMH\I1Te, KaKoe CTpoeH\I18 \I1MeeT nnaTC:popMa.

W • KaK pa3nW·lalOT no BblCOTe paBH\I1Hbl \11roPbl?

fEOJIOfWqECKOE CTPOEHWE. ELUe 180 MJ1H J1eT Ha3aD.

A<ppHKa 6blJ1a lIaCTblO D.peBHero MamepUKa FOHaeaHa. Kor)la

fOH)lBaHa paCKOJ1dJlaCb, 01' Hee OTlleJTHJlaCb ArjJpuKaHcKaflJlumocrjJepHafl nfluma. B O.CHOBe cOBpeMeHHoM A<PPI1KH JTe)/(HT

lJaCTb cHOM nmiTbI -llpeBH5I5I (,llOKeM6pHMCKa5l) ArjJpuKaHo-Apa-eUUCKafl nJlalJlrjJopl"ta (pHC. 60).

H H)f(H 1010 llaCTb n Jl a T 0 P M hI, TO eCTb ee

~Ylf)laMeHT, CJlaralOT KpHCTaJlJlW-IeckHe ropHble

1l0PO,llbi MarMaTHlIecKoro H MeTaMOP<PWleCKO-

ro npOI1CXO)f(lleHH5I. OHH OlJeHb ,llpeBHHe. Ha

<PYH,llaMeHTe B pe3YJlbTare BbIBe'rpI1BaHH51, pa60-

Tbl BeTpa 11nOBepXHOCTHbIX BOll HaKanJ1HBaJ1I1Cb

KOHTI1HeHTaJ1bHble ocanOllHble OTJ10)/(eHI151,a B

nOHl1)f(eHI151X - MOpCKl1e OCanOllHble OTJlO)/(e-

HI151. 3a MI1JlJ1110Hbl JTeT OHI1 C<pOPMI1POBaJ111

MOLUHbIM 2£1l.!,!QlJ~I"....Je~.JL nJ1aT<popMbl.

OCa,llOllHbIH lJeXOJ1 nOKpblBaeT <PYH,llarvteHT

HepaBHOMepHO, nOCKOJ1bKY Ha npOT5I)/(eHI1I1

re0J10mlJeCKOrO BpeMeHI1 nJ1aT<popMa I1Cl1bITbI-

BarIa Me)lJleHHble nO,llH51TI15111onycKaHH5I. Ha

y'-IaCTKaX, KOTopble np0,ll0J1)/(HTeJ1bHOe BpeM51

nOllHI1MaJ1I1Cb, ,llpeBHl1e KpHCTaJ1J1J1lleCKl1e

nOp0D.bl <pyHD.aMeHTa OKa3aJ1I1CbHa nOBepXHOC-

TH, 06pa3Y51 IlI,UThl. )],pyme YlIaCTK!!I rlJlaT<pop-

Mbl onycKaJlHCb, 3aJlHBaJ1HCb BOD.aMH llaBHVl.X

Mopei1. <PyHD.aMeHTTaM nepeKpbIBaJ1C5I MOLUHOH

TOJlLUeMMOpCKVl.XOCa,llOlJHbIXOTJlO)/(eHHM, B3THX

MeCTax C<P0PMI1POBaJ1I1CbnJlU1'hi.

Yepe3 MI1J1JTI10HbI J1eT nJTaT<popMa Ha

ceBepO-3analle 11 lOre 6blJla «llOCTpoeHa»

lJaCT5IMI1 OKeaHI1l1eCKOrO llHa, TOJlLUI1 Oca)lOY-

HbIX nopo,ll KOToporo CM5IJ1I1Cb B CKJ1a)lKI1,

06pa3y51 06JlaC1'U CKJlaAlJa1'OCTH.

OK0J10 60 MJlH J1eT Ha3a,ll ACPPHKa'Ho-Apa,..

BI1HCKa51 nJlaT<popMa CTaJ1a I1HTeHCI1BHO

nO,llHI1MaTbC5I. 31'0 COnpOBO)/(,llaJ10Cb fI1raHT-

CKI1MH pa3JTOMaMI1 3eMHOH KOpb!. Torlla Ha

PIIlC. 59. C!>OpMlIlpoBaHlIle 30Hbl cyme 06pa30BaJ1aCb MOLUHa5I CHCTeMa Bocmo'1-BOCTO•.•HO-A<!>pIIlKaHcKliIx pa3110MOB Ho-ArjJpUKaHCKUX pa3/IO.MOe (pHcl>TOB) (Pl1c. 59).

Ha nOBepXHOCTIIl pa3110Mbl

npeACTaBlleHbl B BIIlAe AOl1l'1H

ApaBIo1i1cKa~

\ nlllo1Ta

A¢pIo1KaHCKa~

nlllo1Ta

OHa npOCTVlpaeTCH Ha 4 000 KM OT CY3IJ,KOrO nepewetixa no nHy

KpacHoro MOp51 VI,llaJIbWe no cywe no peKI1 3aM6e3V1. WHpHHa .

pVl¢TOBn.ocTHraeT 120 KM. 3TH pa3JlOMbl, CJIOBHOJIe3BVleM HO)l(a,

paCceKJlI1 A¢pHKaHo-ApaBHtiCKYIO nJlaT¢opMY. BnOJIb pa3JlOMOB

6blBalOT 3eMJleTp5lCeHVl51, «O)KHBaIOT» ByJIKaHbI.

PEJlhE. B peJIbe¢e A¢PHKH npe06Jlan.alOT aSHH . 3TO

06yCJlOBJleHO flJIaT¢OpMOH, KOTOpa51JIe)KVlT B OCHOBaHHH nO'-ITH

Bcero MaTepHKa. Oco6eHJjocTb a<PPI1K:aI-f.cKMxpaBHVlH COqOHLJ3

TOM -:!I..o c~ HJ:I.!:!2L!lVeo6JI alOT BbICOKHe aB. HHbJ - B0:?Bbl-

WeHHOCTH nJIaTO IJ-l!Q£.K0r.opb5l, (Pl1c. 60). 3TO CB5I3aHO C 06WHM

nO)lH51TMeMTeppHTopHH A¢PHKH B KaHH030e. H H3MeHHOCTH npo-

CTHpalO.TC5IY3Kl1MH nOJIOCaMH TOJIbKO Bn.OJIbMOpCKHX n06epe)l(HM.

P~c. 60.CTpoeH~e3eMHo~ KOpbl

~ $~3~<tecKaSi

KapTa Act>P~K~

....-m ~CTPOEH~E 3EMHOlil KOPbl

:""

1. Ha KaKoVl nL-noc¢epHoVl nmne pacno-

naraeTC51 A¢pIIIKa?

2. KaKa51 nnaT¢opMa ne>KIIIT B OCHOBaHIII~1

MaTepIIIKa?

3. B KaKlllX MeCTax A¢PIIIKaHo-ApaBIIIVlcKa51

nnaT¢opMa «AOCTpoeHa» o6nacT51MIII

CKJlaAyaTOcTV1?

4. fAe npoxoAIIIT 30Ha pa3noMoB (pIII¢TOB)?

5. KaKllle no npolllcxQ)KAeHllllO none3Hbie

IIICKonaeMble 3aneralOT Ha UJ,IIITax?

BOC1iO~ 0- I3,BUK"!U ID'. 'eHwR-t8$5. K MaH,ljJKap'i

cf> MKaHCKoe :::::;I~KOroPb ","if

.' !JbJlC ():.~~"16e3/;

nOllE3HblX ~CKonAEMbiX - _• KaMeHHoro yrn. _ MeAHb'x PYA !20', He<ln" Il> non"MeTaJ\Jl""eC'"X 0 I11 np"poAHoro ra3a 0 ~~~B.HH~X PYA : ~ 1;0, I.•• ",ene3Hb,xPYA «)30"OTa ~-' 0 __ L ~ 1" Mapra'j~eBb'X PYA 0 nnaT"Hbf ~ o?CK"e f -\,; -. 30'1ZlXPOMOB~ PYA [Q] ypaHoB~x PYA ,'),;8 K06ilJlbTOBb'X PYA + ac6ecTa I ~C illllO~"H"eB~!."':!~~~ Q; illlMa30B 20:-_..Jz0~ f]40' ~.

1. OnpeAenVlT~; KaKVlM CTpyKTypaM -

nnaT¢opMaM IIInlll 06naCT51M CKJlaAyaTOCTVI -

COOTBeTcTByeT paBHIIIHHa51 yaCTb A¢PIIIKVI,

2. Ha30BVlTe KpynHble nnocKoropb51 III nnaTO.

3. HaVlAIIITe Ha KapTe HVl3MeHHOCTb C OTpVl-

l\aTenbHOVl oTMeTKoVl BbICOTbJ. Ha CI<OnbKO

MeTpOB HVI>Ke ypOBH51 MOp51 OHa ne>KIIIT?

4. KaKlI1e none3Hbie VlCKonaeMble 3aneralOT

Ha BOCTOYHO-A¢PVlKaHcKoM nnocKoropbe?

,BOCTO'IHO-AeppJfKaHCKOe _\' nnOCKOrOp ,

I ",Z.KeHlI' \a 5199 ,~ =l::E ~L:S" u:>::ci5 '~a

"-{oi ~::tj

P\.1c.61.npOq,\.1J1bpeJ1be$aA$P\.1K\.1

(no 3KBaropy)

50003000

20001000

500o

06UJlllpHbie paBHIII Hbl npe06JlaLlalOT B cenepHblX 113anaJ1HblX

pal10HaX MaTepJ1Ka. VIx nonepXHOCTb HeOLl.HOpoLU-W: B03BbIUJeH-

HOCn1 4epeD,yIOTC5I C HIII3MeHHOCTHMIII III nJ1aTO. TaM, me Ha no-

BepxHocTb BbIXOLl.>IT KPI1CTaJ1J1H4eCKl1e nopoLlbl <PYH.D.aMeHTa

(LUHTbl), cpe.D.1IIneCKOB Caxapbl 1303BblUialOTC5I Ha20pbJl Axa22ap 11

Tu6ecmu (60nee 3 000 M). CpeLl.H BblCOKI1X nJ1aTO (.D.O I 000 M) J1e-

)l(HT 3a60Jl0lleHHa51 enaoufw KOH20. BnarJwiQ KaJlQxapu TalOKe

OKpY)l(eH3 nJlaTO 11nJlOCKoroPb5lMH.

foph! B A¢pl1Ke 33HHMalOT OTHOCHTeJ1bHO He60JlblllylO nJ1C-_____________ ....../l LUaJ1b. MaKCI1M3J1bHble OTMeTKI1 I1MceT BocmoLf-

nyrewecTBMe B cnOBO F - Ho-Ac/JpwWf/CIWe nJlOCK020pbe C nOTYXUJI1MI1

Ha3BaHV1e >KV1BonV1CHoro BynKaHa eYJlKaHaAlU KeHuH (5 199 M) 11 KWlUMaHOJfCapOKI/IJ1V1MaH.o.JKapO B nepeBOlJ,e C~3blKa cyaxV1nV1 03HayaeT 06111Tenb (5895 1\1) (Pl1c. 61). 3TI1 BYJlKaHWleCKl1e fOPb!

60)/(ecTBa xonOlJ,a_ npaBlJ,3. 3TO npl1yp04eHbl K 30He BOCT04HO-A¢PI1KaHCKl1x

BonbHblVl nepeBOIJ,. C TaKV1M >Ke yc- Pa3J10MOB. 3rjJuoncKoe Ha20pbe C MH0r04I1CJ1CH-

neXOM H33B3HV1e K~1nV1MaHIJ,>KapO HblMI1 nOTyxWHMH BYJ1KaHaMI1 npHfTOLl.HHTO Ha

MO>KHOnepeBOIJ,V1Tb KaK BnaCTenlllH 2000 -- 3000 IVI.OHO KPYTO 06pbll3aeTCH Ha BOCTO- )

nOIJ,He6ecHbli1, TBopeu, xonOlJ,a, Ke VI yCTynaMI1 CH]If)KaeTCH H3 3ana.rre. Ha ceBC-U,apb ropbl, nOp0){/.jJ,81OllJ,ei1xonolJ,-Hb/e nOTOK!l1 B03lJ,yxa, nlll60 {opa pO-3ana,.ae M3TepI1KaB03BbIWaIOTC5I20pbfAtn!lac.60ra XOnOlJ,a. OrIl1 06pa30B3J1I1Cb Ha CTblKe .D.ByXmITOC¢epH blX

nJ1HT, me 3CMHaH Kopa CMHHaJ1aCb B CKJ1aLJ,KH

(eM. Pl1c. 60). Ha lOre M3Tepl1Ka B03BbIWaIOTC51

HCl3bICOKHe, C nJ10CKI1MI1 BepWlilHaMH KanCKue20Pbf (Pl1c. 63).,lJ,paKoHoebf 20Pbf BbIWC, OT n06e-

pe>KhH fHraHTCKI1MH ycrynaMI1 01-111cnycKalOT-

CH BO BHyTpcHHI1e patloHbl MaTcpHKa.

nOJIE3HbIE I1CKOnAEMbIE. Henpa A¢-

pHKI1 60raTbl pa3Ho06pa3HblMI1 n0J1e3HblMil

I1CKonaCMbIMH. l1x pa3MCmeHHC TeCHO CB5J-

33HO C re0J10rl14eCKi1M CTpoeHHeM MaTepl1Ka.

3aJIC)KH PY Ll,HbI X nOJl e3 H hI X Me KO n a e-

M hIX --- )KeJle3HbIX, Me.D.HblX, UJ1HKOBbIX, 0J10-

B51HHblX 11 XpOMOBblX PY.D., 30nOTa

npi1yp04CHbl K .D.peBHeMy <pyH.D.aMeHTy nJ1aT-

¢OPMbI, KOTOpbli.1 CJ1armOT MarM3TW1eCKHe I

MeT3MOP<PJ1lleCKHC nOp0.D.bI. KpynHetlwlI::'

\leCTOp0>KlleHVI5I COCpellOTOyeHbI Ha lOre VI BOCTOKeAeppHKVI, me

epYHllaMeHT 3aJ]eraeT HerJIy60KO. TaM, B lJaCTHOCnl, VlMelOTC5I

3HalJVlTeJlbHble 3a.ne>KVI30)10Ta VI Melll1, no VlX 3anacaM AeppHKa

3aHHMaeT COOTBeTCTBeHHO nepBoe 11BTopoe MeCTO B Ml1pe.

Acl)pHKa Vl3BeCTHa 3aJle>KaMH a.nMa30B -llparoueHHblx KaM-

Hei1, KOTopble VlCnOJlb3YlOT He TOJlbKO KaK Vl3blCKaHHble yKpa-

WeHVl5I, HO VI KaK CBepXTBepllblj1 MaTepVlaJl. B AeppHKell06bIBalOT

nOJlOBVlHY Bcex a.nMa30B Ml1pa. \I1x MeCTOp0>KlleHVl5I OTKpblTbl

Ha IOro-3anallHOM n06epe>Kbe VI B ueHTpe MaTepHKa.

3a.ne>KVI Hepy)J,HblX n0J1e3Hb1X HCKonaeMblX -KaMeH-

Horo ym5I, HeepTVI, npHpOllHoro ra3a, epOCepOpHTOB 11lIpyrl1x -

3a.neralOT B OCallOYHblX nopOllax, KOTopble MOWHbIM lJeXJlOM no-

KpbIBalOT nOHVI>KeHHble yr'-IaCTKVI nJlaTepopMbl. OrpOMHble Mec-

TOp0)!(fleHVl5I HeepTI1 OTKpblTbl Ha ceBepe Caxapb/ VI Ha n06epe>Kbe

[euHelicK020 3aJ1Uea. DoraTble 3a.ne>K11epOCepOpI1TOB,113KOTOpbIX

nOJlYlJalOT Yll06peHVl5I, cocpellOTOlJeHbI Ha ceBepe MaTepl1Ka. BOCallOl..fHbIX TOJlwaX HMeIOTC5I VI PYllHble I1CKonaeMble, 06pa30-

BaBWVleC5I B pe3YJlbTaTe Bbll3eTpl1BaHI15I MarMaTl1lJeCKVlX H MeTa-

MopepVll..feCKVlX nopO)l. Hanpl1Mep, MeCTOp0)!(fleHH5I >KeJle3HbIX,

MellHbIX, MapraHueBbIX PY)l VI 30JlOTa OCanOlJHOrO npOHCXO)!(fle-

HH5I pacnpocTpaHeHbl Ha 3anane VI lOre AepPI1KJ;1...(!)3AnOMH~TE~r-----------------------------------------,

• fe0J10rWleCKoe CTpoeHHe MaTepHKa Hero peJ1be<!>B3aHMOCBSl3aHbl: )lpeBHeH A<!>-

pHKaHo-ApaBHHCKOH nJ1aT<!>opMe B peJ1be<!>eCOOTBeTCTBYJOT BbICOKHe paBHHHbl -

B03BbIllIeHHOCTH, nJ1aTO, nJ10CKOrOpbH, a OOJ1aCTSlMCKJ1a)lttaTOCTH - ropbI.

• B A<!>pHKe C<!>OpMHpOBaJIaCb rHraHTCKaH CHCTeMa BOCTOqHO-A<!>pHKaHCKHX pa3-

J10MOB (pH<!>TOB), K KOTOpOH npHypOqeHbI MHoroqHCJ1eHHble ropbl-ByJ1KaHbI.

• Pa3Mern.eHHe n0J1e3Hb1X HCKonaeMblX CBH3aHO C re0J10rHqeCKHM CTpoeHHeM

MaTepHKa: pY)lHble n0J1e3Hble HCKonaeMbIe - C MarMaTH'IeCKHMH H MeTaMOp-

<!>HQeCKHMH nopO)J,aMH <!>YH)J,aMeHTa nJ1aT<!>opMbI, HepY1J;Hble HJ1H pY)J,Hble oca-

)lOQHOrO npOHCXOJK,1J.emISl - C oca)J,OQHbIMH nOp01J;aMli B npe1J;eJ1ax QeXJ1a.

BonpOCbl ~ 3AAAH~SI

1.YeM 06ycnoBneHo npe06naAaHV1e paBHV1H Ha A<j:>pV1KaHcKoM KOHTV1HeHTe?

2. IAe pacnOnO>KeHbl roPbl? K KaKV1M ropaM no BblCOTe OHV1OTHocsncs:J?

3. KaKV1e BV1Abl paBHV1H no BblCOTe COOTBeTcTBylOT w,vnaM nnaT<j:>opMbl?

4. KaKoBa CBs:J3b Me>KAY penbe<j:>oM, reonorW-IeCKV1M cTpoeHV18M V1pa3Mew,eHV1eMnone3HbiX V1CKonaeMblX Ha MaTepV1Ke?

rEorPAC1WI'iECKASI 3AAA"iA

B A¢pV1Ke HeTTaKV1X BblCOKV1XV1npoTs:J>KeHHbIX ropHblx CV1CTeM, KaK, HanpV1Mep, IV1Ma-nail1 B EBpa3i11i11, AHAbl - B fO>KHOill AMepV1Ke, KOPAV1nbepbl - B CeBepHoV\ AMepil1Ke.nOAYMav1Te, nOyeMy.

§ 15. KJIIIMAT

<?> • BCIlOMHlIiTe OCHOBHbie KJlvlMaTOo6pa3YIOu.\V1e epaKTOpbl.

l<aKV1e oco6eHKOCTV1 reorpaepV148CKoro 1l0nO>KeHillH AepPV1KV1BnlIlHIOT Ha ee Km1MaT?

OEIIJ,lIE OCOliEHHOCTI1 KJlMlVJATA. Bbl Y)KC 3HaCTC, '-11'0

OCHOBHbIM KJlHMClT006pa3YJOWJIM cPaK1'opOM HBJl5lCTC5IKOJlll'1C-

vAblAt. CTBO COJ1HC'IIlOH 3Hepnm, nocTynmOIl.l,CM Ha3CMHYIO nOBCpx-

Q.",~(~.~.;"\~ HOCT],. AepPI1KCl paCllOJJaraCTC5I no 06c CTOPOHb! 3KBaTOpa, j'vtC)]<.JlY

,. •. ;;a Ca a coa e ne TponHKaMH(TOCCTbB)KapKOMTCllJlOBOMnOHCC),tl .5t M jJ Bbl K fl T .1'.1 - .'?~iikn~~~opaTypa B03p,yxa Ha 3eM- 1'1031'OMYOHa 11OJlyq aCT 60JlbUJC, '-ICM)],PYfl1C Ma-

HOM wape +58 T 6blna 3aepl'1KCiI1- TCpI1KH, COJ1HC'-IHOro TellJ1a. Ha cc TCppHTOpl111pOBaHa B03I1e ropOiJ,a TpVInOIlil1, nOlTTl1 1l013CCMCCTI-IOCPC)],H$l5JrO,lJ,OI3a5ITelvlIlcpa-·

Typa npCBblUJaC1' +20oe (Pl1c. 64). f1PI1 31'OM B ropax, paCllOJlO-

)KCHHbIX 3a llpCllCJlaMH)KapKoro 1l0Hca, 3HMOfi CJlY'-laIOTC5IMOP03bI

110-1ooe, BbInallaCT CHer. Ho XOJlOIU-lbIX, 06bllJHbIX Ll)1HHac, 3l1M

B A¢PI1KC He 6bIBaCT. 3WvIa 11J1CTOOTJlWlaJ01'C>I npCHMywCCTBCH-

HO YC.J10BvH1MI1YBJla)J(HCHH5J. JICTOM rrO'lTl1 RCIO)],y - CC30H )10)1{-

llci,j, 3l1Ma - CYXOJ1,6C3)10)KJlCB0I1 CC30H. HCKJ1JOLJCHI1CMHI3J151CTC}'I

paMoH 3KBaTopa, f)1C OCanKJ1 BbmanaJOT Ha npOT51)J(CHHH rolla, !1

nyclblHl1, l")1C'uO)f()1CMHC 6btBaCT HH JlCTOM, HI1 311M011.

Ba)l{HblM IUH1lVlaT006pa3yJOWHM ¢aKTOpOM51RJl5ICTC51 U.I1PKY-

JHI U.Mfl B03li.Y 111H blX Mace. Hall MaTcpVlKOM )1YJOTrrOCT05lHHbIC

Pl-1c.64.KJU1MaTI-1LfeCKaSl

KapTa Aq,PIIIKI-1

1. rto ~130TepMaM \'1I0fl51 iI1 5lHBapH

onpe.o,emn8 cpe.o,HiI1e MeC51'-1HbI8TeM-

nepaTypbl B03.o,yxa B pav.oHe 3K8aTO-

pa, TpOilil1l<oB, Ha KpaViHG"1I ceBepe III

fOre MaTeplllKa.

2. KaKiI1e MaKCl~MaJ1bHble VI MiI1HIIlM8J1b-

Hble H}MllepaTypbl 1303~wxa 6blJ1i11:3ape-

n1CTpil1pOB3Hbi Ha M3Tepil1K87

3. B K3KIIlX paiiiC)H3X oca.o"l(OR Bbtn8.o,a-

8T 60flbwe Bcero, a B KaKiI1X-- IvleHbU.le

scero?

IIII

'II'II 4. r10A BJliM1Hlt,efv1K8KiI1XBerpos Haxo-

I ,lJ,I~TC51ceBepH851 LJaCrb MaTepil1l;a?

I5. l<aKI~e seTpbl f1eTOM V13V.MOil! npe-

'I 06I13.o,aloT B 3KBaTOpl~8J1bHOiii craCl ~1

IAepPIl1K1J1?

l6. nOJlb3Y51Cb KflVlM3H14eCKiI11vWI no-

Ka3aTeJl51MiIi, paCCK3>KV11e 0 KflVlMaTe,~~~~~--

rz=-?~-=~~~Rb~'="tr=--- _fj---e-,==_.. ---,-~,-:~~~-~--~'. --;-~1::;- '\ ~ ~~ ~ ~~" ~ I 3 •

I1.KaKlI1e KJlV!M2TW-IeC- IKl~e nO$lca oxsaTblBalOT I',B Acj.lpV!Ke Hal160nbWII18 IIllJlOUia.o.lI1? '1'

2. KaK npOCTlI1palOTCR

cy6sKBaTopll1anbHbie il

~~:C::KO~ yaCTII1 I·/1,cj.lPIl1KI~npe06na,lJ,aeT I'

lpOnll1yeCn1lIJ KiMMaT? II

4. l<aKi1e pa~oHbl IAepPIl1KlI1paCflOnO>KeHbl II:l cy5TpOfll1yeCKII1X

n051cax?

CY63r(RATOPI-1AJibHbIEnO~CA

1 POnVlYE'CKv,E nO~CA

ObnaCTIi1 TponwlecKoroKllll1MaTa

[..!J nyCTblHHOro

[~.JBfla:A<lloro

3ana,rlHble nCTpbl 11naccaTbl, KOTOpblC npHHOCHT CYXOi1 KOHTI1-

,HCHTaJ1bHbli,II1.i[M BjJa)KHbJl1 MOPCKOi,j B03AYX. B 3KBaTopMaJlhHOI1

4aCTI1 AcPPI1KM, mc llpc06JlaJJ,alOT BJ1a)J(HbIC3KBaTOpl1aJlbHble B03-

.1YUJHblC MaCCbl, RbIllaAaeT MHOro OCMKOB - Ll,O3 000 MM B ro;J,. B

, TponwreCKI1X UJMpOTax, C CYXI1MI1 TponWICCKI1MJ.1 B03J1YWHI>IMI1

)laCCaM 11,e)KeroLl,HOe KOJ1I1lJCCTBOOCMKOB I-renpeBbl UJaeT 300 MM.

Cyw,eCTBCHHO BJHl5leT Ha q)OpMl1pOBaHI1e KJIHMaTa no,Il.-

t T 11Jl 3 10 iU,a 51 fI 0 B e p x HOC T h (pCJ11>cq), OKeaH 114eCKI1CTCye-

HIUI). TaK, BeplJll1Hbl BbiCOKl1X 6)IJ/KGl/06 Kel-lUfll1 KUJlU_M{1I1aJfcapo,

HCCMOTpH 11a 6.J11130CTb3KBaTopa, nOKpbITbl Be'lHhIMI1 CHcra-

IH. X0J10Ll,I-lbIC OKcaHWleCKHe Te'-jCHM$I, OIVlbIBCllOlI~Vle 6cpcra

-\¢PHKI1, HC cnoc06cTBylOT 06pa3013aHVllO OCclLl,KOB.

-lHMATWIECKHE nOHCAI THnbI KJH1MATA.Acf)pVlKa

.1e)J(HT B 3KSaTOpl1aJlbHOM, LlBYX cy63K[wropl1aJ1bHbIX, )lByX TPO-

:lI1'ieCKI1X 11Ll,13YXcy6TpollwleCKVlX KJfl1MaTI1'iCCKI1X IlO5ICaX

PI1C. 65). J(mKLl,OMY 113J-111Xnpl1cYUt C130MTI1I1 KJJI1I\WTa.

B 3KBaTO!H13J1hHOM K.1l111\13TM'leCKOM nOHce rocllO,U-

.:TByIOT )KapKHe 11 BJ1a>KHbIC3KHaTOpl1aJlbH1>le

303llYUJHble tvlaCCbl. n03TOMY TeMnepcuypbl

:. 3Ll,yxa Ha llpOHI)J(eH Hli ro)lCl BhICOKi1C (+26,- 28°C). BCJ1CACTI3I1CHI13KOrO anlOccPcpl-wro

~BJ1CH 11$1,KOTopoe YCT3H3BJ1J1B3eTCHIi 3KBaTO-

""!13JlbHbiX llH1pOTaX, HarpCTbJi1 OT 3CMI-[oi;J

OBCPXl-lOCTVlB03.UYXnOllHMMaCTC5I (!jwpx. TaMH ox.na>l()1,aeTC51!1 o6ra3yeT MOUJ,HLICKytICBblC

~_laKa, n03ToMY C>KC)1,lICBHO6bll3310T JIHBHi1 C

3aMH. fOLl,OBOC KOJUFleCTBOOCa)lKOBJlOCTI1-

T 2000 -- 3000 MM. He TOo'11>KOJIIOLl,5IM,

PL1C. 65.Knll1MaTlillfeCKlI1e

nOSlca A$PIl1KII1

KI1CaHraHl1

9[1804 M.)j 2~,~~-MM I I·C::~::3001- _ -. __ r 110

:::~rf~:Oo J '_LLllJllJ120

J:t51<tlMAMvlV1ACOH

Kn~1MaTII1<leCKaSl

IJ,I,tarpaMMa

Bb!COKaSl Blla>KHOCTb B03Ayxa

Tenna>i 1113J13>KH351H3 npOHDI<eHI-1v1

rop,a noro.o.a 3KBaTOpl-1ClJlbHOrO no-

51Ca 6naronpl~5ncTByel pa3BVlTII11O

paCTCHlI1l\ nOCTO~HHO ViCnapmOLJJJ1X

BJ1Cl:Y· Bna>KHOCTiJ B03.o.yxa OLI8Hb

BblCOKml -. /J.O 100 %. 0'1 Yf183Mep-

Horn yB na)KH0HiI151 C18Hhi ,llOMOB,

o.o.e>K,lJ,a,pa3J1WiHble npe,IJ,M8Tbl 110~i

KpbIBaIOTC51 nneCeHblO, 3 );<0n83- *Hble 1~3.o.eJll~516blCTPO A':J~"

p)KaBeIOT. ~r75

lIenpllBbl'lHbl~1 K TaKH\1 KrIl'IMClTWICCKIIi\1 YCJIOBIH1M.HO VI i\-ICCT-

KJIVlManI4eCIU1e HOMY H<lCCJlCHIHOTH>KCJIOIlCPCHOCIHb )Kapy 1,1BbICOKYI{) [l!imKHOCTb

B03Ilvxa. 06JlCr'ICIJHC IIIJVlHOCHT TOJlbKO HO'IH~Hl npO\Jl(1I18.AlllarpaMMbl J

JlO.::lTOMY:J1C6{ffllOPllllJlbllbUI 1l0ClIlOHllUO .J/mp1Cuii Il 6Jla:JICllblii 1CJllI-

J1Hlm He O'lCHb 6JlarOllpllH'nlblti I1J151)KI1JHII JllOllCii.

C y 0 3 J(BaT 0 P 11a JI b II bl e K Jl If M a Tlf lJe CJ(Hen 0 SIcaB

Ka>KJ10M1l0JlyUWplill IUVlpOKOi1 JlOJIOcoi~ oKa~i~IJ1HIOT ~JKmITOpVl-

CUIbH blH nOHC. 311CCb'leTKO BblllCJlH IOTC51llB<l CC30Ha - JlCTHVlH

BJla>KHbIH VI 'HIMHl1n cyxoti. JleTOi\-,I, Koma COJ1Hue R 3eHIHe,

10 ycraHaBJl Vll3aeTCH,K3K 1'1Ha ~3Kl3:::nOpe,HI13KOCclTMOCcPepHoe Ilal3-

JleHl1e. n03TOMY ClOlla 1l0cTynalOT BJla>KHble 3KB,lTOpHaJlbHble

B0311YWHbIC rvtaCCbl,.KOTopble npVlHOC51T0611IIbHbiC ocaIlKVI, 3H-

-10 f\lOH n05lca aTf\IOCCpCPHOrollCll3JleHI151CMewmOTCH, 1113cy63KBaTO-

pllarIbHble WJIlPOTbl C naCCaTaMVI nocTynalOT cyxJIlc TponWleCKJIlC

-20 1303LIYWHbie MaCCbl. D,O>KLIVInpeKpaU.laIOTCH, YCTaHaI3JlJllBaeTC5IA$lClJMAW1~ACOH

. )I(apKa51 VI cyxaH norOLIa. CJlellOBaTeJlbHO, cy631C6amOplIaJlbllblli

1CJlll.JlWm 1l0CmOHlIHO JICap1CUU 1I1lepeMeHHO 6J1aJICHbtii.

B TpOIlHlJeCKHX KJlHMaTHlJeCKHX nOSlcax Ha npOT51-

>KeHVlI1rolla npe06JlanalOT >KapKl1e11cyxHe KOHTI1HeHTcUlbHble TPO-

nWleCKVle B03LIYWHbie MaCCbl. TaKoti KJlI'IM3T cnoc06cTByeT

20 06pa30BaHVlIO nYCTblHb. Hm160Jlee >KapKHe 11cyxHe 06JlaCTH pac-

nOJlO>KeHbl B CeBepHoi:l AcPPHKe, KOTOpa51H3XOLII1TC5InOlI BJII151-

HVieM ceBepO-BOCTOLIHbIX naccaTOB. 3TH BeTpbl IlYIOT CorpoMHoro

rvtaCCHB<lCyWH - EBpa31IH, n03TOMY KOHTHHel-ITaJlbl-lblti 130311YX,

.-10 KOTOpblM OHI1 npIIHOC5IT, OLleHb cyxoti. 3TO 06YCJlOBVlJlO06pa30-

Bal-me Ha ceBepe AcPPVlKH HaH60JlbllleH nycTblHH MHpa - Caxapbl.o - -20 Tervmepcrrypa B03Ilyxa B TeHI1 TaM 1l0CTVlraeT +50 0c. KOJIH4eCTBoA$lClJMAM~~ACOH

OC3LIKOBHe npeBblLUaeT 50 MM BroIl. CJlYLlaeTC51,tHO B TelleHHe

10 JleT He BbmaIlaeT HVlKanJ1HLIO>Kll5l,B IO)l(J-10HAcPPHKC, me npo-

T5DKeHHOCTbM<1TepJllK<lC 3anc\Lla Ha BOCTOKMeHbLUe, 13TpOfll14ec-

KI-IX WVlpOTax OCallK013 Bbln,\LIaeT 60Jlbwe. IDro-BOCTolfHble

naccaTbl npHHOC5lT C VI HIlI IrtCKOro OKeaH3 XOT5I1-1TP0rJWICCKI1M,

HO YIUJ,l>KHer-IHbli1 Hall OKcaHOM B03J1yX, n03TOMY K(/J{(Jxapuf10JIYLlaeT BJlarl1 JHa41lTCJIbilO 60JI blllC, 'lef\1 Caxapa, II ~lIlJ1HeTC51

He lIyCTI>IHCM, a lloJlynYCTblHell. CJlellOBaTCJlbHO, WI 3HWIHTCJlb-

ro'-:-' - - - --=-= -~-;- :'3K-;a,o-;;J HO(' Teppl!lOpl1l1 AC/JpI-1Kll C(!lOP:'dI1pOnaJlC51

I· ~O\,~Q f L,l, , 1/ I mpolll/f/eCh"llllllycml>lll1lblli K.II1J1Wf11,

1)~",aPbl / ~ ..~,,:aPbl I' B TPOIII1'ICCKll\ 1I1HpOTax H<1101'O-3all.C]J1HOMI +20 C ; '\ +2; C _ I ". _. ., , . ,OeaA'"II" _' Or.'AK", . n06tpct!(l,e A(I)pI1KI1. KOrOpOe OMhlllaerCH

I '" 10 MM ( 1000 . I "j I A ..1 U ~"i .~ ,,"1(i ."TJ1C1HTI14CCKIIMOKeallOM, IlO>KLICH nOlJTlI HCI '" \ - ~ ·,r.;ll' --4..Ai' t120 ~'" \ ""."\le (ll; - i I 6blKleT. XOJlOJJ,llbIC TeLICHI151(HClllPI1MCp. SeN'-____ o __ ~-~--- -. tfto' __f~./____ 2e.lbCh"Oe). OX)l()I(Jl<lIOT B.'W)KHbIC ~IOPCKIIC BOT-I ~ \ . -1.0~ ) lO~fibJ" 'pon"K ,l:i - ~.{ I LIyUJllbiC MaCCl>J.1303LIYxCT,IHOm1TC51TH>KC.rII>I\1

~ \ I -/ #~ !I He MO>KeT II0l1H>rrbC~1 Ha BbICOT\.', JlOCT,lTOLl-I ~ ..J - / I

i '<j 20 -- 40· I Ily!,j ,'V151(j)OP,\HlpOllaHIIH lLO>KJleBbiX 06.'1<lKon.

6060 A>1ynaco

911113MMI 27,3 CMM I 'C500 - - - - - - - - f 30

IiIH-Canaxq~ 25,3'CMM °C500 30

PVlC. 66.BJ1I11SlHllle

Te'leHIII.:1 Ha

q,OPMl1pOBaHlile

KJ1V1MaTa

no6epe>KliI.:1

Heflp.lI3bI'IHbli\1 K TGlKH!\1KflHMaTlltleCKllM YCJ10BIHI!\1.HO VI I\leCT-

HOMy H<1CCJICHIHO'[5i>KC)IOIJepeHOCHTb)l<apy 1,1llblCOKYIO 8.11<.1)I(HOCTbKIIV1Man1'~eCI<Vle

B03llYX<!, 06J1CI'leHHC IlpHHOO1T TO)I bKO HO'IHaH npOXJI(lJ1(l.AVlarpaMMbl[lOJTOMy J1C61111lOp'llfJlbllblli flOCl1lOHlIllO .J/WPKllll It 6J1{jJ/ClIbtii KJllI-

JlW11l He OtteHb OJ1(lrollp.IHTHbli'lllilH )I(H3HH M011Cii.

C y 6 :)K BaT 0 p 11a .II b H bl e K JI If MaT If If e C K 11e n 0 Sfc a II

K(l>KJlOM1l0)IYluaplHl lllHpOKOn 110)IOCoi1OK<liil\lJ1HIOT ::)I(n~ITOpH-

;:UJbHblti nmlc. 31leCb '1eTKO BbIlleJHIIDTC5I lll3<l ce30H3 - JleTHHi;j

BJla>KHblH 1111'IMHHn cyxoti. JIeTOI$, KOnIa COJllllle n 3eHvlTe,

10 YC1'GlHaBJlHBaeTC5I, KaK H H<I3KBaTope, HI-I3KOe3TI\WC¢epHOCllal3-

JleH11e. n031'OMY ClDlla nocTyll(lIDT IFIa)KHble ':lKBclTOpHaJlbHble

B03llYLUHble MaCCbl,. K01'opble IlpHHOCHT 06HJlbHble ocallKH. 3V1-

-10 MOW1l0HCa <lTMOC¢epHoro llaBJICHlHl CMeLLlalOTCH,1-113cy63KBaTO-

PH3JlbHble LUI1POTblC naCCaT<lMH nOCTYllalDT cyxVle TponWICCKHC

-20 B03llYWHble MaCCbl. 1l,O>KllH npeKpalltalOTCH, YCTaHaBJlHBaeTCHA$l<llMAMIo1l-1ACOH )I(apKa51 VI cyxa51 110rOlla. OlellOB<lTeJI bHO, cy63K6llmopltllJlbHbUI

K/lU.Mam flOcmOHflHO J/caPKUU Ii uepeMeHHO 6JWJfCllblll.

8 T\lonl\'H~.CKU.X K.I\"M"'\1:"'\~CK"X \\()',\C'i.\X W(\~})$lS\-

)\ZeHvH\ rOlla npe06nana\{)T>KapKVle H cyxVle KOHTHHeHT3JlbH ble TPO-

nWleCKHe B03llywHble MaCCbl. TaKow KJlHMaT cnoc06cTByeT '

06pa30BaHVl10 nYCTbIHb. HaVl60Jlee )KapKHe H cyxHe 06J1aCTHpac-

300 ,, . _ 10 1l0.flO>KeHbl B CeBepHoi:l AcppHKe, KOTOpa51Haxom1TC51no)], 13JIH5I-

HHeM ceBepO-BOCTOLfHbIX llaCCaTOB. 3TH BeTpblllylOT CorpOMHoro

MaCCH13aCyLLIVI- EBpa3YlH, 1l03TOMY KOHTI1HeHTaJlbHblM B03llYX,

100 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ -10 KOTOpblW OHVI npHHOC>IT, OLfeHb cyxoti, 31'0 06YCJlOBI1.fl0 06pa30- ,

BaHHe Ha ceBepe A¢PHKH HaVl60JlbLueti IlYCTblHI-I MVlpa - Caxapb/.o -20AW!>MAMV1V1ACOH TervmepaTypa B03llYxa 13TeHH TaM 1l0CTHraeT +50 0c. KOJlVlLfeCTBo

ocallKoB He npeBblwaeT SO MM B rOll. CJlYLIaeTCH, LITO 13Te'leHl1e

10 JleT He Bblll3ItaeT HH KallJl H1l0>Kll5l. B fO)l(HOH A¢PH Ke, me npo-

UDKeHHOCTb MaTepHKa C 3al1alla Ha 130CTOKMeHbwe, B TpOIlWlec-,

KYlX Wl1pOTax OC<1llKOI3 I3blll,uweT 60Jlblue. IOrO-BOCTOlJHble

naCCaTbl IlPI1HOCHT C V1HJJ,l1i.icKoro OKeaHtl X01'51H TpOIlWleCKHH.

HO YI3JICl>KHer-IHbl j:l Hall OKeaHO!\'1 B03llYX, n031'Ol\IY KC//laxapurIOJlY'IaeT BJlanl 3H,J'iI1TeJlbIIO 60Jlbl1le, 'ICr.l Caxapa, II ~II:Lll-leTCH

He IIYCTbIHefi, a IlOJlynycTblHcii. CJlellOBaTeJlbHO, Ha 31i(\'II1Te_-lb-\-0 ~'r - - ---.7-= ~,;;;-I,,::,-'3K-;aT07 HoH TeppmOpl111 AclJPI1KI1 CCllOP\:11p0l3a.'JC5I

i· \ ,\-O\\~Q lr--r~, I I mpOlllllICC/{fIlIIlYClflbllll!bllIIGUIJIf{fIll.

)

RH,aPbJ I , I RII6aPbJ I' B 1'POllH'ICCKIL\ WlfpOT<!X Ha IOf.{)-3amIJrnOM1 +20 C . +25 C IOCilJ\'" ,> \OcaAKH ,. n06epC)KJ,C A<!1p.1KYl, KO ropoc 01\1bllJae1'CH

II ~ ;0";, - ~,'I r-o~ooo"I'I •.f' A t AT.llaIITl14eCIO!~1 OKeaIIOM, Jl(»KllC~i nO'ITll He

" f--J I ~ "',e1\'fi'" 'r-{ 1 I c:120 ~ \, ,,,,,,I ",'" \ i,/ I 0,bIB'lCT. XO)JOLJ.[lbICTe'lCIIH5J (HClllpHMCp. Ee:/-

41 .. ~ 1"\ /f _. -~- -t-T----,----.\o,f- -16>{H~Tpor."K-, c'i!.IIJC/we), OXJI(1)I(JIaIOT BJJI(Hble 1\10pCKHe BlB--

I i ~' ,~o",f I .:JYIUllhle \1<1CCL.J.B03llYX CTaHOflilTCH TH)KeJIl,I\1

I';' ,I '/ ~ I II He \IO>KCT nOllH>lTbCH HIZllellblX 06.'1<1KOB.

5060 Alllynaco

911113MMI 27,3 CMM i"C500 _ _ _ _ _ _ ,30

400 20

PVle. 66.BnVl5lHVle

TelJeHVI~ Ha

<pOpMlilpoBaHVle

KnVlMaTa

no6epe>KVlt1

[]03TOMY KOJ1WICCTBOOCaJ1KOBTaM MI1JCpHOC -

100 MM B rolL. J;)CTOLIIH1KOM yBJl(DKHCHvl>1}!BJl51-

fOTC5JTO]]bKO TY\1aHbl, 06paJ013aHVIIO KOTOpblX

cnoco6cTByCT 13hICOKa}1 B.J1~l)KHOC1'hB03J1YX'1.

TaM BOJHliKJIa nyclIliJIIlJ! Hwwn, nOilc1'ynafO-

LJl{H1K 6cpery OKCaJJa, []pvl 31'OM Ha 130C1'O'IHOM

nOOepe)KbC ACtJpllK11, mc 1'<lIOi<erOCn01.lcmyeT MOPCKO~i 1'PO-

Il Vl'JeCKll j;'1BOlLi.y X, Kj1IHlClT COBCt'M 11Hoii _. mpo/lu'tecKuii 6.,1{[.JIC-lIbtii. 06p,130ml H1110(0)lbll[OrO KOJIWleCTBLl OCClilKOB (;10 1000 MM

B roJJ) TaM cnocuDcTBylOT TenJlble f\IOpCKHe TClJeHIHI I1Jl0)lb BOC- 500

TO'lHbIX 6eperoB \!,nepHK,l (pIK. (6).CyoTpOHU'lCCKHe KJIHMaTH'leCK.HC nOHca OX13<1TbIrJa-

lOT TOJlbKO KpaHI-Hle pai10Hbl Ha ceBcpe H lore MaTcpllKa. Km1\laT

11a6mlX nO.ilyUIapI1HX xapaKTCpl13yeTcSI CC301IHOi:l crvleHoii 1303-

llYIUHbIX Mace. Jle-rOi\1 B cy6TporH1LIccKlle IUHpOTbl nocTynaloT

TPOIIII'ICCKI1C B03llYLllHble MaCChi C Marepl1Ka, n031'OMY JleTO )Kap-

KOC II cyxoe. 3HMoii BMeCTC C 3anallllbl\HI 13crlxlMH npHXOlUlT

BJI,l)KHbIC Yi\lepCHHble B03LiYI1IHbIC MaCChi C OKeaH<1, 1l0~)rOMY

BbIllClnCllOT JIO)KJUI, a 11\'opax - 11(1)KCCHer. (~v6mpOIlU1JeCl(uii!(JlIlMam c c.VXlfJl1 J/ClljJKWH ;WFnOM li 8JUt,HCftOIl JIW2KOlI 311J110116J1aro-

npHHTcH ll-nH )l\vl3HI1 11X035-liicn~eHHol';i 1le5-I1'eJibHOCfH LleJiOBCK<1.•..(!")3AnOMHVlTE

• A<jJllHK3 - caMbl~1)K3IlKH~i M3TepHK 3el\1HOrO malla, '-ITOCIUl3aao c p3CnOJIO)I(\':··

ImeM IlpeHMymecTBem-lO 110 06e CTOpOllbl 3KsaTopa, Me)f().l.YTpOnUK3i\H! •

• B A<jJpHKC CVOpMl1pOBamlCh pa3Hbie nHlbI K,JUfMaTa: 3KB3TopHa.HhHbIM nOCTO-

5IIUIO MapKHH Ii B.JlaJKHbl~I; cyO:::)I(B3TopMa.flbHbIH IIOCTOmUiO lKapKI1U II nepe-

MelillO B.iJaMHbIM; TpOnJ1'JeCKUM IlyCTblHtlblli 11 T!WnJ1'leCKHW B.113MlIhiM; cy6-TpOnH'leCKHM C CyXHM MapKHM JleTOM H BJla)KHOM I\UH'KOIeI 311MOl1.

H~3Ka~Bna*HOCTbBo3AyxaB Caxape KOHH1HeHTaJibHbli;i TpO·

rl\l1'-1ecK\I1i;iB03AYX HaCTOJibKO cyxoi;i,

'-ITO y '-I8nOB8Ka MoryT rlOTpeC- JKaTbC>l ry6bl, KO>Ka \11 III

·.f~l"'~Aa>I<e HOrTVi. (",'f)H

\;~,/I

AnllUlP

9L641 MM118,2'CMM '(.

30

BonpOCbl 1/13AAAHV1f1

1. ,l],oKa>KV1T8,LJTOA¢pV1l<a - CaMblll) >KapKV1~MaT8pvlK 38MHOro wapa.

2. B KaKOM Km1MaTV14eCKOM r1Os:lceBcer,o,a neTo?

3. nOI~eMY 8 TponVl48CKV1X n051cax rlpe06n3,o,aeT cyxoi/i nYCTbIHHbli~ Kf1V1MaT'1

4. B KaKV1Xn051cax Bp8M8Ha f"O,o,a33BV1cm OT HanV14V1s:1J1V160OTCyTCTBV1>1oca,o,Kos?

5. no,o,yMalllTe, n04eMY 8 OCHOBHblX KJlV1MaTW~eCKV1Xn051cax noro,o,a B Te~ieH!;1e ro,n,a

3aMeTHO He M8H51'8TC51.nOLJeMy OHa Vl3MeHqeTC~1 B nepexo,o,HblX 1l051Ca.X?

rEorPA<P~Y!ECKA51 3AAA'-iA

B TpOrlV14eCKOM KJlV1MaTVlLJeCKOMn051ce ID>KHOrO n011ywapV1>1 Ha O,lJ,HO~V1TO~ >Ke

UJV1pOTeH3 3arla,o,HOM n06epe>Kbe A¢P~1KVl Bblrla,o,aeT 100 MM oca,o,KOB B ro,o" aHa

BOCT04HOM - 1 000 MIV1(CM. pV1C.66). 06b>lCHVlTe, nOLJeMyTaK rlPOV1CXO,o,V1T.)],11>1

3Toro Bbls:lCHI,1Te:1) 'HO Ha BOCTOKe MaTepV1Ka CIloco6CTByer Bblrla,o,eHV1fO60JlbllJO-

ro KonWleCTBa oca,o,KOB; 2) LITOHa 3anar..l,e «6nOKV1pyeT» 06pa30BaHV1e 06naKOB V1

oca,o,KOB V13Sna>KHbiX B03,lJ,YUJHbIXMacc, nocTynalOUJ,V1X CATnaHTV14ecKoro OKeaHa.

§ 16. BO,lJ;bI CYIIIM~ • BcrWMHVlTe, 'iTO 8Knl04alOT BO,lJ,blcylJJVI (BHyTp8HHv18 BO,o,bl).

• KaKosa 3aBVlCVlMOCTb 1'v18>K,o,yp8KaMVI VI penbe¢OM?

PEKI1. B Ac!)pHKe Mlloro peK. Hx pacnpeLJ.eJlemle ITO MaTepl1Ky,

flHTClHHe H pe)KVlM 3aBHCHT 01' KJTHMaTa. B 06J1aCT51XC 3KBaTOpl1-

aJlbHbJlv[ KJIHM,:lTOM 3a C'leT ,Ll.O>I<Ll,eI:1peKI1 flOJIHoBo.nHbl Ha fIPO-

T5DKeHVlH rO,Ll.a,a R cy63KBaropHaJlbHbIX nO>Icax - TOJ[bKO JIeTOM.

B 3aCYWJIHBhlX pat\OHax CTpOnW-leCKJ.1M KJIVlMaTOM peK MClJIO.TaM

CC!)OpMHpOmuraCb OOJIaCTh 8HYrpeHHero CTOKa, TO eCTb BOLJ.OTOKH

He !H"leIOTCBH3H C MHPOBbIM OKeaHOM. Hel'v1HorClIJilCJIeHHble peKH

3TOI:I 06JJCICTHl3f1allaiOT B 6eCCTOliHble 03epa HJB1TepmOTCH B nee-

Kax - nepeCblXaJOT BCJIenCT13He 60JlbWOrO HCnapCHH51 Bonbl VI

npocallHBaHHH ee G OCa.1lOlIHble nOp0.1lbl. OCTafOTCH TOJlbKO cy-

XHe pyCJra -- B~H (PJ1c. 67), KOTopble HanOJIHHfOTCH BOD.OMO.1lHH

pa3 B HeCKOJlbKO neT BO BpeMH pe,lJ.KHX ,lJ.O)l(llei1. 50JlbUlHHCTBO

peK AepPHKH OTHOCHTCSI K 6aCCeHH<1M ATJIaHTWICCKoro H

/ V'tHjJ)1ticKoro OKeaHOB.

Hll/I - caMaH .llJlHHHaH peKa He TOJlbKO A(p-

pHKH, HO VI MJ1pa (6 671 KM). Koma-To OH 6bIJI

3afa,D.Ko(t LJ.JI51,lJ.peBHl1X erHnT51H. OHI1 He MOrJIJ1

nOH51Tb, KaK 113 6e3BO,lJ.Hoti nYCTbIHI1, r,lJ.e He

6bIBaeT 1l0>KLJ.ei1, MO>KeT BblTeKaTb nOJlHOBO)]-

HaSl peKa. HHJT, K y,lJ.JilBJleHl1fO acPPHKaHl~eB,

pa3J1HBaJICSI JleTOM, B caMblM )KapKHi1 nepHO)].

OHM 06b5lCJ:-{5IJIH31'0 BMeWaTeJlbCTBOM CBepXb-

eCTeCTBeHHblX CI1Jl H 060>KeCTBJUlJIH peKy. 3a-

rNJ.Ky Y.1laJlOCb pa3fa,D.aTb nocJle HCCJIe,lJ.OB3HH51

BepXOBHH Hl1J1a.OKa3aJIOCb, l-lTO HCTOKOM HUlIO

51BJl51eTC51pelw Kazepa, KOTOpa51 6epeT Hal-lafJO

B 3KBaTOpH'l.JlbHOM nOHce Ha BOCTOlfHO-A(PPH-

KaHCKOM nJlOCKoropbe 111l0nOJlH51eTC513a ClleT

)]O)l(lleH. OHa HeCeT CBOH BO,lJ.blB 03epo BVIKTO-

pH5I, a BbITeKaeT 113Hero no,lJ. Ha3BaHl1eM - Ee-·flblU HUfl. B BepXHeM TelfeHJilI1 OH 11MeeT 1l0porH

11HJil3BepraeTCH BO,lJ.Ona,D.aMHC KPYTblX yCTynOB.

npeO)]OJleB llJlOCKOrOpb5l, peKa U1HpOKO pa3J1Ji1-

BaeTC5I Ha llJIOCKOi1 paBHI1He H 06pa3yeT

06WHpHbre 60JIOTa. HallOJlHeHHa51 JleTHI1MH

,lJ.O)K)]5IMI1 cy63KBaTopJilaJlbHoro n05lca, peKa

HeCeT CBOH BO,lJ.bl,lJ.aJIbllle Ha ceBep. Ha rpaHH-

LJ,eTpOnWleCKOfO n05lca B OeJlblH HHJI Bna,D.aeT

fJlaBHblM npHTOK - FOfly6ou HUfl, KOTOpbIH

Pl-1c. 67. BaAI-1 - cyxoe pycno peKI-1 nOl-lTH y)]BaHBaeT KOJII1l-leCTBO BO,lJ.bJ.[locJle I1X

Ha38aHIII\1 KpynHblx aeppvlKaHcKlilx

peK B nepeBo.o,e C ~3bIKOB MeCTHblX

nneMeH 03HayalOT: Hvtfl - BO,ll8;

3awp - peK8 (eBpOneWl\bl Ha3Banlll

ee KOHro no H33B3HIIII0 Hapo.o,3,

)KIIIBWero Ha 6eperax); 3aM6e3w -60JlbW8R peK8. K Ha3BaH!IIIO peKIII

OpaHJKenoiif l\BeT He IIlMe8T H11K3-

KOro OTHOWCHlIlrl. Ee cneAOB3no 6bl

H33BaTb OpaHCKaR: B 1760 r. ee OT-

Kpblnlll ronnaH.o,l\bl III T3K!llM 06P3-

30M Y88K088Yl1JJVl/.jVltlaCHlIO repl.(O-

r08 OpaHCKV1X, Tor.n,3UIHIIlX npasVl-

Tenei-i 8 HVl.o,epnaH.o,ax.

CJIJ!I}[Hml peKa nOJlyqaCT Ha3BaHHC HWI (Pl1c. 68,

69). HanpaSJHUICb Ha ceRep QCPC3 BJIa)leml5I Ca-

xapbl, nOLITYI J~O caMoro yCTb5I (Ha rrp0T5DKCHIH1

3000 KM) OH He I1pl1HHMaCT HI'! O)lHOro Kpymloro

npHTOKa. BnanaeT HJ!lJI B Cpe/J,H3eMHoe MOPC,

06pa3YH 06WHpHylO )leJlbTY, no rIJIOIJJ,a}:!.HpaB-

HylO KPbIMCK01'vlY nOJIyocipOBy.

HI1Jl - eLlHHCTBCHHa51 pCKa A<ppHKI1, KOTO-

paR ncpCCCKaeT Caxapy H 5IBJI5IeTCHI1CTOllHI1KOM

)I(H3HH B 6C3BOLlHot! nycTbIHC. Ero LlOJIHHa - 3TO

orpOMHb!t"I oa3HC. fil3LlaBHa BO)lbl HHJla HCnOJlb-

30BaJIHCb )lJf51 0POWCHH51 nOJIetL )],JI5I ::H01'O Ha

OTACJIbHblX Y'-IaCTKax COOPY)l(aJII1Cb IlJIOTHHbI 11

KaHaJI bl, KOTOpbIC CYll.~CCTB013aJ[J1TbIC5I4CnCTJ!l51.

nocJle COOPY)l(CIH151 B 1960-x rr. ACyOHCKOii

nflOmUHbl YBCJlYl4HJ1HCb rlJlO~aLlI1 opOlllaeMblX

3CMCJIb 1-1YJIY4lUI1mICb yCJIOBVl5I CyLloxoucTBa,

n OCTpOCHa f'l1)l P03JI CKTpOCTa HU1151.

K01l20, VIJlI1 3aup, - CaMa51 nOJIHOBOUHa5I 11

BTOpa5I nO,UTII1HC(4 320KM) pCKaAcj:JpI1KI1. ECTc4e-

HI1C, H3f'l16aHCb orpoMHoti LlyroM, LlBillKJJ,bl ncpc-

CCKaCT 3KBaTOp, r)lC BhIlla)laCT 60JIblllOC

KOJ1W'1CCTBOOCa,llKOB. n03TOMY peKa nOJ1HOBOll-

Ha B TeLICHI1C ro,l~a: MHOroLf1-1CJ1CHHbIC npl1TOKVI

c0611palOT BOllY CorpOMHOH TCppl1TOp1111(pHC. 70).

Ha CBoeM llJII1HHOM flYTI1 K ATJ1aHTI1LfCCKOMYOKe-

aHY pCKa npl106pCTacT TaKyIO CI1J1Y,'no B OKcaH

lloCTynaCT)lO 42 TbIC. TOHH BO)lbI B CCKYHUY. Mop-

CKa5I BO)la OnpCCH5ICTCR Ha ACC5ITKI1KJ!lJIOMCTpOB

OT YCTb5I, a MO~HOC TCqCHI1C 3aMCTHO 11B OKcaHC.

no BOAHOCTVIpCKa Komo yCTynacT TOJ1bKOAMa-

30HKe. B npeACJ1aX nJ10CKoropVIti OHa o6pa3ycT

MHorolfVICJ1eHHbIC nOpOfl1 11BO)lOna,llbI.

HU2ep AyroH 113rvr6acTcH Ha CCBCp, nOAcTy-

na5I K Caxapc. B BCpXHCM 11 HI1)l(HCM TCLJCHVII1

pCKa nOpO)l(HCTa5I, B YCTbC 113 HaHOCOB ccj:Jop-

MI1pOBaJIaCb 06111l1pHa51 )lCJ1bTa. Hl1rcp npOTC-

KaeT 3aCYlllJ1HBbIMH TCppI1TOpVI51MI1, n03TOMY

I1MCCT 60JIbllJOC 3HaQCHI1C AJ151OPOlllCHI151.

Pe«a OpallJICe6aR 6cpeT Hal.JaJIO B )lpaKoHo-

BbIX ropax 11BnanaCT B ATJ1aHTI1LfCCKI1H OKcaH. B

BCpXHCM H CpCAHCM TCl.fCHI1I1 06pa3ycT BO)lOna-

LI:bII1 HMCCT roPHblH xapaKTcp, a B HI1)l(HCM - paB-

HI1HHbIH. nCpCCCKa5I 06J1aCTb TPOllHlfCCKoro

nycTblHHoro KTIHMaTa, pCKa CHJlbHO MCJrCeT.

P~'c. 68. BOAbl r0l1y6oro ttlo1l1anaAalOT C KpyTblX yCTynoB

3qH10nCKOro HaropbSl

rpeM~~l-1P1iAbiM

B 1855 r. AaB~A J1It1BIt1HrCTOHOTKpbln

C8MblC1 BenW-IeCTB8HHblC1 BOAOna,lJ,

Acj:>PVlKIt1It1Ha3Ban ero B '-IeCTb KOPO-

neBbl AHrnlt1~ BIt1KTOp~lt1. Acj:>pVlKaH-

LJ,bl)I<e V13,lJ,aBHaHa3blBanlt1 ero Moclt1-

oa- TyHb>1 - ipeM>1LLJ,1t1111,lJ,bIM. np~-

6nlt1>K3>1Cb K yCTyny, BenVl4eCTBeH-

H3>13aM6e3~ Bblrn>1,lJ,~T cnoKoC1HoC1.

Ho BOT ee nOTOK WVlPVlHOC1 1600 M

BHe3anHO na,lJ,aeT C rpOXOTOM BHIt13

C KaMeHHoro yCTyna BbICOT0C1120 M.Ty'-llli Menb'-laC1uJlt1x 6pbl3r, nO,lJ,HIt1Ma- 3aM6e311 - HaH60J1bWa~ 113 peK A$i:l1!i:JL>1Cb Ha 500 M, 0603Ha'-iatOT MeCTO BnaualOw,I1X B VI HllYll1CKHM OKeaH. J1eTO.•••na,o,eH.It1>1H80CTOP0>KH0C1 peK~. BO,lJ,a~ 30H 1l0)KlleM, OHa Tep51eTC5lB 60JIOTaX WII

peBeT B rHeBe Vl yCTpeMJ1>1eTC>1 iIJ 1l0J1HHbl. B BepxHeM TeLleHYlH npe0.10.1t'

K y3KOMy CKamlCTOMY (,1':"\ MHOrOLfI1CJ1eHHble noporYi. Ha 3aM6e31t I-i.~ yLLJ,enbtO. ~r;

~ ~\ llYlTC5I eodonaiJ. BUKmopufi - OllH H 113ca•.n:n>KI1BOnYlCHbIX H rpaHll1103HblX B IVJI1pe(PYlc. 73).03EPA. D0J1bWa51LfacTb03ep, Boco6eHHOCH1 KpynHblx, COCPt'..:

T04eHa Ha BOCTOKe AcPPI1KI1. Vlx KOTJ10BHHbl pacn0J10>KeH -

~ \f3KHX BbIT51HYTbIX Bnau~lHax B 30He BOCTOlfHnYTeWeCTBlle B cnOBO F J

Ha3BaHVI>1 03ep B nepeBO,lJ,e C >13bl- A~pYlKaHCKYlx pa3JlOMOB 3e~mOH KOpbl.KOB MeCTHblX nneMeH 03HaLlatOT: 03epa HMelOT KpYTble 6epera H 3Ha'-l 11Te.l bH" -

TaHraHbMKa - 06beAb1HeHl1e BO,a; rJ1y6HHbI. CaMblM rJ1y60KHM B AcPPHKe _Hbflca - 50flbwaR BOAa; l.Ia,Q - BTOPblM B fV1Hpe (nocJ1e I:>aHKaJ1a) 5lBJl51eT

50flbwoe BOAHoe npOCTpaHCTBO. 03epo Taf-lZaHbUKa(1470 M). DpYl WYlpHHe 60 10

03epo BMKTOPVffl, Ka':. ~ B08onaA, era Jl)1vlHa 1l0CTHraeT 650 KM! 03epo CT04HCX'. J

Ha3B3HO B '-IeCTb aHrnlt1iJ1CKOIt1KOPO- .. _neBbl BI1KTOpl1l1. n03TOivlY BOlla B HeM npeCHa5J. OHO liMen yHIl-

KaJ1bHbl~1 opraHWleCKHI";f M11p. B yaCTHOCTIL

HaCYHTblBaeTC5l110 250 BWIGB Pb16, npe~'IMYW -

CTBeHHO 31-111eMYlKOB.03epo Hbflca TaK>Ke H~lee~

Y1lJ1Y1HeHHYloCPOPMYH TeKTOHl1'leCKOe npOl1 -

XO>K1leHHe, HO YCTYfTaeTTaHraHbYlKe no IlJlOwa-

llH YI rJ1y6Y1He. 03epo npCCHoe, 60raTO pbl60H

03epo Bw(mopufl nOXO>KeHa Mope. 3TO Kpyn-

Hei1wee 03epo AcPPYlKH YI OllHO Y1.1 C3MbIX 60.1b-

IllHX no I1J10w,alUi B MYipe. OHO 06pa30133J10Cb He

B pa3J10Me, a B nporYl6e nJlaTcPopMbl, n03TO\IY

Cp3BHHTeJ1bHO Hemy60Koe (llO 80 M). I:>cpera

HH.3MCHHble, paC4J1eHeHHble 3aJII1BaMYI H nOJ1Y-

OCTPOB3MH; B03epeMI-fOrOOCTpOBOB. YparaHHbl

BeTpbl, '-IRCTO B03HHKafOflJ,Y1e BO BpeM5I rp03.

COnpOBO>K1laIOTC5ICl1JlbHblMI1 UlTOpMaMH.

CaMoe llpeBHec 03epo Acj)PHKH - lfao .1 -

>KHT10>KHee Caxapbl B orpOMHOH nJ10CKOM Bn2-

llHHC. OHO MCJ1KOBOllHoe (no 7 M). B cyxo'-

rony6oe cepA~e A<t>PIl1Kl-1,,03epo l.laA HanOMiliHaeT rony6oe

cepp,lJ,e Acj:>PVIKIt1.Ha pa3HbiX KapTax

OHO Bblrn>1p,~1T no-pa3HOMY: TO Kpyr-

noe, KaK TapenKa, TO Kp~Boe, 6YATO

pbl60nOBHblC1 KptO'-IOK, TO Vl3pe3aH-

Hoe, CnOBI-IO Ay60Bbl(;i niliCTOK_

KapTOrpacj:>bl 0603Ha'-la10T ero nyHK-

TIt1POM, BeAb HIt1KTOHe 3HaeT TOLJHblX

O'-lepTaHVlC1::noro 1t13MeH411Boro BHyT-

peHHero MOP~L TbICI'l'jVl nnasaIOW,v.x

OCTpOBOB B 6eCnOp>1AKe p,peC1cj:>ytOT

no era nOBepXHOCTIt1, CTanKIt1BafOTC>1,

cpaCT310TCS1, Ilpl1CTatOT K 6epery,

06pa3YlOT nOJlyocrpoBa, CHOBa pac-

nap,atOTC>1 iJ1 nJl~BYT B pa3H~e

CTOPOHbl.._"_ Typ XeiIJep,qaJ1, I~IHopBe~CKI1M ~

_,_ nyTeWeCTBeHHI1K \;p

CeJOH era nJIOllJallb YMeHbwaeTC5I I311Boe, a B ---_.1l0>KllJUIBbIH - CH0133 yBeJI WI 1-1BaeTC5I. oepera

HVIJMeHHble, 'laCTO 3360J104eHHble, nopOCWHe

KaMblWOM VI namlpycOM.

LI,Jl51 A¢PVIKYI OLleHb 133>KHoi;j 51I3JHleTC5I

Tp3HcnopTH3H POJlb OJCp, nOCKOJ1bKY peKYI <<33-

6J10KMpOBCtHbI» MHOrOLIYlCJlCHHblMVl nopor3t\1l1.

OOJlbWOe 3Ha'leHVIe VIMeeT PbI60JlOBCTBO.

nO)l3EMHhIE BO)lhI. 3Ha'IMTeJ1bHble 3ana-

Cbl n01l3ef\lHblX 13011cocpellOTO'leHbl, KaK :JTO He

YllYlBI1TeJlbHO, nOlI CaxapoH VI P<lBHIIH<lt\IYl

CY1l3H3. BOllOHocHble n':13CTbl 3clj{Cra!OT Ha rJlY-

6MHaXOT 20110 2 000 M. I1x3Ha'leI-Hle ilJl5106ecne-

4eHI,Hl HaCeJleHMH npecHot1 HOllOM B 3Tl1X

3acymJU1BbIX pat1mwx, me n04TVI HeT peK ~Imep,

04eHb 60J1bmoe. LI,J1511l06bI4H n01l3eMHbiX BOll

6YPHT apTe3Y1<lHCKYle CKBa>KVIHbl. B MeCTax, me OHVI BbIX01l5IT Ha

nOBepXHOCTb B EMile VICT04HVIKa I1J1I1pacnOJlO>KeHbl 6JlM3KO K no-

, BepXHOCTI1, B03HVIKaKlT oa3l1Cbl- YLIaCTKH nYCTblHb C np~lpOllHOi::j

H KyJlbTypHOH p3CTMTeJ1bHOCTbl-O(pl1C. 74) .

PlIIc.74.B03HlIIKHOBeHlIIeoa3111COBB nycTblHe

.., . (!)3AnOMHliITE

• KpynHeullJlie peKI1 A(jJPI1KI1 - HIIJI, 3al1p (KOHfO), Hl1rep, 3aMoe311 - IllUPO-

Ime U nOJIHOBO.llHble, C MHorO'IHCJIeHHbIMH noporaMu H BO.llOna.llaMH.

• Ba)J,H - :no cyxwe pyCJI3 peK B 3aCYlllJIUBbIX paUOHax, Tepmoum:eCH B neCKax.

• Y3KHe If OLJeHbmy60KHe 03epa TaHraHbHKa Ii HbHca JIeJKaT B 30He BOCTOLJHO-

A$pHKaIlCKHX pa3JIOMOB; Hali60JlbUlHe no nJIOma,llH 03epa AcPPHKI1 - BHKTOl)ltjf 11qa,ll.

• Caxapa 11CYllaH 60raTbl n01l3eMHbl.M11 BO,IJ,UMJI.

BonpOCbl VI3AAAHliISi1.KaKlI1e npll1po,o.Hble epaKTopbl BJl'I1~IOTH3 pa3Mew,eHlI1e VIpe>KlI1MpeK AepPlllKlI1?

2. nepe411lCJlll1Te xapaKTepHble oco6eHHocTlI1 peKAeppV1KV1.

3. Onpe,o.em1Te reorpaepV1LJeCKOe nOJlO>KeHV1epeKI113all1p (KoHro). Ha~,o.V1TeHa Kap-

Te, r,o.e OHa 06pa3yeT Bo,o.ona,o.bl. Y3Ha~Te, 134eCTb Kora OHlI1Ha3BaHbi.

4. KaKlI1e o3epa AepPYlKV1o6pa30BaJlV1Cb 1330He BOCTOLJHO-AeppV1KaHcKV1xpa3JlOMoB?

l(aKoBbl oco6eHHocTV1 ~1XKOTJlOBlI1H?

5. r104eMy 1I13MeH~IOTC~ nnow,3,o.b 1I1OLJepTaHlI1~ o3epa '-la,o.?

6. nonb3y~cb pV1C.60 Ha c. 71, ,o.oK3>KVlTe,'-ITa 03epa TaHraHbV1Ka, BlIlKTOPV1S'lll1Hb~-

ca nll1TalOT KpynHe~lwil1e peK~1 MaTepV1Ka.

i) rEorPA<i.bW-fECKASi 3A,lJ,AI.iA )~--------------

.,. CpaBHvlTe peJlbeep 3an8.,lJ,H0ll1V1lOra-BOCTOLJHO~4aCTe~ AepPll1KlI1.06b~CHIHe, nOLJ8MY

peKiI1, KOTopble Bna,o,alOT BATJlaHTV14eCKlI1~OKeaH, fJ,Jlll1HHble,a sna,o.alOw,lI1e 13V1H,o.\I1~-

CKV1~- KopOTKV1e.

• IIPlIPO,II;HbIE 30HbIfeorpaeplt1LJeCKOe nOnO>KeHlt1eAepplt1KIt1,npe-

06nap,aHlt1e paBHV1HHoro penbeepa It1HepaBHO-

MepHOe paCflpep,eneHlt18 OCap,KOB06yCflOBflV1-

BalOT Ha MaTeplt1Ke Wlt1pOTHylO 30HanbHOCTb.

KaK Itl Km1MaTlrlLJeCKIt1e nO>lCa, nplt1pO,lJ,Hble

30Hbl paCflOnaralOTC~ flO'iTVl Clt1MMeTpll1'mO

OTHOCIt1TenbHO3KBaTopa 8 C8BepHOiillt1lO>KHOiil

LJaCT51XMaTepltlKa (Plt1c. 75).Ha 3KBaTOpe CepOpMlt1pOBanacb 30Ha BJla>K-

HblX 8KBaTOp1l1anbHbix neCOB, nepexop,mJJ,a~ B

30Hy cy63KBaTOplt1aJlbHbiX nepeMeHHO-Bna)!<-

Hb!X neCOB, KOTOpa>l nOCTeneHHO CMeH>leTC>l

caBaHHaMII1, TpOnll1LJeCKIt1MIt1nonynYCTbIH>lM~1111

nYCTbIH>lMIt1. Ha KpaiilHeM ceBepe 111lOre MaTe-pV!Ka npeo6.naAalOT cy6TponwieCKllle )l(eCTKO-nlt1CTHble neca lt1KYCTapHIt1Klt1.

§ 17. 3KBATOPMAJIbHbIEJIECA~ • BCnOIVlHIt1Te,KaKOBbloco6eHHOCTIt13KBaTOpll1anbHoro KJlV1lVlaTa.

PA3MEmEHHE H KJIIIMATWlECKHE YCJIOBIUL 30HaBJl3)[(HbIX Bel.fH03efICHbL'I. 3KB3TOPI13JlbHbIX fIeCOB pacnOJl0)[(l.1J[aC b

no 06c CTOpOHbl 3KB3Topa BO Bna1l,HHe KOHW H H3 rro6epe)l(be

rBI1HciiicKoro 33JlHBa. Ee ¢OPMHpOB3HHe 06YCJlOBJleHO 3KBaTO-

PI13JlbHbIM nOCTOHHHO )[(apKI1M H BJla)[(HbIM KJTHM3TOM .

....../2. Ll,eHb B 3KB3TOPH3JlbHOM JIecv 06blYHO Hal.JJI-

nyreweCTBite B cnOBO L HaeTCH normKHM yrpOM. K o6e;y COJIHUe ycne-

Ha3saH~e noys rj)eppann/t1THble BaCT CHJlbHO nporpeTb 3eMHyIO rrOBepXHO

npo~exoA~T OT enos epeppyr.tt - HarpeTblt't OT Hee B031l,YX, Hacbru~eHHbltl 8.1aro.-)/(ene30, anIOM/lIHlI/Vt ~ n/t1TOC - ~a-

BnOfl1l,eHb nO,UHHMaeTC5I BBepx, $OPMHPYH J0'q"-MeHb

Bble 06JIaKa. nOCJle rrOJIY1l,H5IM3 crycTHBwll\. __

gO qepHOTbI Tyt.1 06pyUIl'lBaeTC5I J1I1BeHb, KOTOpblH conpOBO':"' -

eTC5I rp03oti. MOflHI1I1 npOH3aIOT r-re60. Ll,epeBb5l, paCKaYHBa --

C5I, CJlOBr-rO f1bITaIOTC5I COpBaTbCH C MeCTa. Ho KpenKHe KO i-y,Uep)[(HBaIOT J.1XMOIl.l,Hble CTBOJIbf. BCKope 6yp5I npeKpaWaeT 51.

KOr,Ua 3aKaHl.JHBaeTC5I flHBer-rb, JIeC CHOBa CTOJ1TcnoKotlHo j[ Be..~ -

yeCTBeHHO. K Bel.Jepy yCTaHaBJIMBaeTC5I TJ.1Xa5II1 5ICHa5I noro.Ia

nOQBbI. flOA 3KBaTOpJ13JlbHblMJ1JIeCaMH C¢OPMI1POB3JlJ1Cb K

UO-JlCe.nmble fjJeppaJl.JlUmUble n01l6bl. B rycToM flecy 3eMJ15l fl..10lli

nOKpbITa onaBweH JlMCTBOH. B YCflOBJ15IX )[(apKoro H BJlaJKJ-l

KJlI1MaTa OHa 6blCTpO neperHHBaeT. Ka33JlOCb 6bl, C0311aIOTC5I

YCflOBH5I,UJl5I¢OpMl1pOBaHI15I f1JIO,UOpO,UHbIXnOl.JB. Ho OpraHIfl.Je--

KHe BeIl.l,eCTBa, KOTopble 06pa3YIOTC5I B 60JlbWOM KO.llfl.J

KpaCHO- >KenTble<l>eppanm1THble

nO<iBbl

n04Be nOllTVI HC HaK'1nJ1I113a10TCH.06'bHCHHeTCH 3TO TeM, \,(1'0 ry-

CTble KOpHI1 MHOroLfI1CJleHHbIX paCTCI'lHK HaXOLJ.HTCHy nOBCpXHO-

cnI H 6blCTpO nOrJlOllI,aKH mfTaTeJ1 bH ble l3eU~CCTBa. OCTaTKH

oprmu-p-IeCKHX BellI,eCTB BblMbIBalOTCH 06V1JlhHbIMH e)Kej],He13Hbl-

~[V1LJ.O)K.ll.HMH B HI1)KHVlC ropVl30HTbI. B BepXHVlX ropH30HTax

OCTalOTCH aJlIOMI1HI1i1 VI HepaCTBOpl1MOC )KeJ1e30, I1MCHHO OHM

OKpalill1BalOT nOllEY B HPKvIK KpaCHOBaTO-)KeJ1TbIH UBCT.

PACTMTEJlbHOCTh. bJlaroLJ.apH Ll.OCTaTOlIHOMY KOJ1J1lICCTBY

TerIJla H BJIarl1 mppHKaHCKHC rma)l(HbIC 3KBl:.lTOPHaJlbHble .r.CCl:.l

OTJIJ1lIaIOTCH POCKOLUHOi1 paCnlTCJ1bHOCTblO, OmI nOpa)KalO1' 60-

ra1'CTBOM BI1LJ.OB VI ryc1'oToH. TOJlbKO nepcBbcB HClClIl11'bIBaCTCH

no 3 1'biC. BHnOB. B 60Ph6c 3a CBCT 01[11 paCTyT B 4 - 5 HpyCOB

(Pl1c. 76). CaMbIH BbICOKMJ;'I 5lpyc 06pa3YKH <PHKYCbl 11 naJ1bMbl

(llO 70 M). M HOmCJIepC13b5I-BeJII1KaHbI HMelOT nOnOJIHI1TCJlbHbIC,

nOXml<He Hl:.lnOCKVI, KOpHI1-nOnnOpKH - KpcnIOIC BblPOCTbl, 06cc-

nClIMBarOllI,VlC 11MYCTOHLfVIBOCTb. Y 3TMX nCpeBbeB JiVlCTbH )KeCT-

.KHC VI nJIOTHbIC, LfaCTO C 6JICCTHllI,ci1 nOBepXHOCTbIO, TaK OHM

3aUIl1u-\aI01'CH 01' naJIHu.II1X JiYlJeI'1 COJIHHa 1'1 C1'PYH ,UO)KJIH.

B HH)KHI1X Hpycax paCTy-r TCHeBbIHOCJIVlBblC KycTapHVlKH,

llPCBOBM.llHble rrarrOpOTHI1KM, KO¢CHHOC ,ll,CPCBO, 6aHaHbI.

[l1raHTCKVlC J1MaHbI TOJIllI,VlHOH B pyKy 06BHBaK>T CTBOJ1bl nepc-

BbCB, ncpc6paCblBaIOTCH C KPOHbI Ha KpOHy, na,ll,alOT Ha3CMJ11O 11

CHOBa nOJl3yT BBepx y>Ke no ,UpyroMy C1'BOJ1y.3TH xvrrpOCnJIeTe-

HI·HI ,ll,eJIaIOT JICCHYIO 4allI,y HcnpoxonHMoH. BbICOKO Ha CTBO-

Jlax, BC1'B51X VI ,Ua.>KeJ1I1C1'bHX ,ll,epeBbCB pa3MCC1'VlJ1HCb ueJ1bIC

nOJ1'IVlUIl:.l pacTcHMi1-napa3I11'OB, nI1TaIOllI,I1XCH 3a C'le1' ,ll,PYfHX

paCTCJ-II1H. OpeHMYllI,eC1'BCHHO 31'0 OpXl1neH, K01'opble CTapa-

10TCH MHOroLJHCJ1CHHbIMH B03,ll,YlllHbIMH KOPH}lMI1 ,ll,OTHHyTbCH

, no 3CMJ1M. C I1X nOMOLlIbIO paCTeHI1H cnoc06HbI nOrJ10llI,aTb BJIa-

ry Hcnocpe,UCTBCHHO 113B03,Uyxa.

JlI1CTbH, 60J1blllHe 11MaJ1CHLKHC, Y3KMe I1lUHpOKHe, CBeTJ1bICVI

TeMHO-3eJ1eHble, 3aCJIOHHIOT Bce LLIeJ1MMnpOCBCTbI B KYflOJ1CJleca.

OnanaeT J1I1CTBa nOCTcneHHO, JIVICTOK 3a J1I1CTKOM. [l03TOMY J1ec

ApeBOBIIIAHbli1

nanopOTH~1K

v"'---""~·"""\....7~'

20 M ('"

2-it S1pyc10 M

1-it S1pyc_,,><

PIilC. 76. SlpyCbl 3KBaToplllanbHoro neca

Pa3Ae11 IIO~AbIAt

!<t~ <"".0<I. ,.- ","

~: ',. )-------------'6' '# B 3KSaTOplllanbHbiX neeax'?iJfkn;~q0611ITaeT caMoe H/>KenOe

Ha nnaHeTe HaceKoMoe - >KyK-ro-

nlllacp. Era Bee - 100 r, HO nplll 3TOM

OH MO>KeT r neTaTb.[,

:4'J>

_KlilcTeyxaSlCBIiIHbSl

BCC Bpewl 3eJlCHbl~i. PaCTeHHH paCTyT, LLBeTY'T.

nJlOll0HOCHT 011H013peMeHHO M B Tel.feHHe rolla.

CKB03b ryCTylo KpOHy llepeBbe13 ellBa np06j,JJ~a-

IOTCH COJ1HeLIHbie Jlyl.fH, n03TOI'vIY H Jlecy [W>KC

llHCM uapMT cyMpaK. J1eCH<lHlJaUla OKYTaHa ry-

CTblM TYl\laHOM. Bo BJJa>KHOMB03.Llyxe T51>KeJ10

llblillaTb. B 3KBaTopVlaJlbH0l\1 Jlecy lJCJlOBeK'lyBCTI3yCT ce6H, KaK Ha

llHe 3CJleHoro MOpH.

)l(MBOTHhIH MMP. )KvlBoTHble B 3KBaTopVl,ulbHOM Jlccy 06H-

TalOT npcHMyweCT13eHHO Ha llepe13bHX. KpoMe nTVlU, rpbl3yHoB J;f

HaceKOMblX TaM HaXOllHT y6e>KVlUle H npOIlJ;fTaHJ;fe pa:lHo06pa3-

Hble 06e3bHHbl: MapTblulKH, na13HaHbl, UJMMllaH3e. B TPYll11011OC-

TynHblx paJ~OI-laX>KHBYTlJeJIOBeKOo6pa3HbiC IOpHJ1Jlbl. 06C:3bHHbl

nHTalOTCH nJlOllaMH llepeBbe13, MO.nolloi..j JJl1cTBoi'l v! YCTpaH13<110T

Ha llepeBbHx «rHc311a» H3 C.il0MaHHbIX BCTOK. nepellBJ1ralOTC5I OHM

C nOMOWbIOJlHaH, HeKOTopble VlX BMLlblTaK 1,1Ha3bIBaIDTCH - «o6e-

3b5lHbH JleCTHMUbl'>. CaMbli:j KpynHblH XHlljl'H1K JleCCl- neonap11,

nOllCTeperaH 1106blLIY, TaK)I(e npH'IeTC5I Ha BCTKax llepeBbeB.

H,neMHble >KJ1TeJH13KBaTOpJ1aJlbl-loro Jleca MCHbUle TCX, KO-

Topble npellnO'-lMTalOT OTKpblTbre llpOCTpal-ICTBa, 1l0CKOJlbKY

KpynHblM >KHBOTHbIM TPYllHO ncpeW311raTbC51 13rycTblx 3apoc-

Jl5lX. B 1l011JleCKe nO'-lTH IleT Tpa13bl, 1l03TOMY HeT M )KMI30THbIX,

KOTopble nHTalOTCH elO. 3aTO l\'1Horo TClKHX, KOTOpblC noellalOT

JlHCTbHllepeBbeB H KycTapHI1KOB: ClcjJpHKaHCKllH OJleHCK, KI1C-

TeyxaH CBHHb5l, OKanM - pOllCT13eHHHK >KHpa<pa. B peKax 13011511'-

C5I KpOKOllHJlbl, a Ha I1X 6eperax - KapJH1KOBble 6ereMOTbl,

KOTopble OTHOCHTCH K pelll.faHWHM >KHBOTHbIM Ha 3CMJle.

Bce HpyCbl Jleca HaCeJleHbl pa3Ho06pa3HblMI1 nTl1uaMH,

cpeLlH HHX MHoro nonyraeB. nTHlW-I-lOcopor V1MeeT60JlbWOI~

iii TOJlCTbl Iii KJlIOB llJlH c60pa fIJ101l0B.

3MeH, npel1MylJJ,eCTBeHHO 51110BHTbIC,TaK)Ke )KI1BYT Ha llepc-

BbHX. 3eJleHaH OKpaCKa TCJla LleJ1aeT HX nOXO)l(11MI1 Ha JIHaHbl vIn03BOJIHeT MaCKHpOBaTbC5I cpellH M1CTBbi. Bo Bcex Hpycax

Jleca - MHO)KeCTBO pa3Ho06pa3HblX HaceKOMbIX, orpOillHblX

51pKHX 6a60'-leK. HeKOTopble 13[111bl MypaBbeB nepellBl1ralOTCH

llJlHHHblMH KOJlOHHaMH, noellaH BCC >KI1BOe Ha CBOCM nyTVI.

O'-leHb OfIaCl-la Myxa uelle - nepcHocLIHK B036Y11l1Te.f1>1TH)I(CJIO-

ro 3a60JleBaHH5I. Ee yKyC MO>KeTnpHBeCTI1 K nl6eJll1 LlOMalllHHX

>KI1BOTHbIX VI BbI3BaTb COHHylO 60Jle3Hb y '-IeJlOBeKCl.

BJla)l(Hbre3KBaTOpl1aJlbH ble Jleca CivIeH5IIOTCHcy63KBaTOpHaJl b-

HblMH nepeMeHHO-BJICl)l(HbIMH, me HapHllY C Be'-lH03eJIeHbl\H1 pa-

CTYTJlMCTOnaLlHblellepeBb5l, c6paCblBalOw,HeJlI1CTb51 BCyXOMce30H.

3HA qEHME 3KBATOPIIAJIhHhIX JIECOB. 3K13aTOpHaJl bHble

Jleca HMelOT 60JlbWOe X03HilcTBeHHoe 3Ha'leHHe. 311eCb paCTyT

llepeBb5l, y KOTOpblX ueHHaH (npOLIHa5! H KpaCHBa51) llpeBeCHHCl,-

';:1\ - <4OAHOtli 1113CaMblX OnaCHbIX%i"". _/~O~3MeH B Mlllpe CLJIIITalOTApe- If 11nv'l'BecHylO K06py MaM6y. OHa arpec-

CIIIBHa IIIOLJeHbHAOBIIITa. ClllnbHbltll HA

MaM6bl nOpa>KaeT HepBHylO CIII-

cTeMy LJenOBeKa, LJepe3

HeCKonbKO MIIIHyT

OH TepHeT C03Ha-

Hille III yMlllpaeT.

Llepl-Ioe (:::l6eHOBoe), KpaCHoe, CaHnaJlOBoe. Vl3

Hee InrOTOBJl>IlOT noporylO ~le6eJlb. Ko¢eMHoe

.JepeHO CTCL'lOponOHaLlaJlbHJ.1KOM KyJlbTypHoro

Ko¢e. MaCJIJ.1LIHaH naJlbMa llaeT IlvlweBoe J.1Tex-

HWleCKoe flaJlbMOBOe MC1CJ10.BHHH::lH flaJlbMa

HCflOJlb3yeTCHlLJUI npJ.1rOTOBJleHI1H BHHa. Vl3J1H-

CTBbl, KOPbI J.1rU1onOB MHOn1X paCTeHHi:i 113ro-

TOBJl5HOTJleKapCTRa .

.3KBaTop~1aJl bHblC J1eca J.1MClOT BCeflJlaHeTHOe

3HaLleHl1e. PaCTeHJ.1HBJTa)l(HbIX JleCOI:l flOrJlOIua-

lOT OrpOMI-IOe KOJlWleCTBO yrJleKl1cJloro ra3a J.1

BbweJlHIOT B aTMoc¢epy 3eMJlJ.1 KJ.1CJlOpon. no-

:::lTOMy J.1XHa3bll3alOT OCHOBHbIM J.1CTO'lHJ.1KOM

KHCJlOpOna, «JlerKJ.1MJ.1 nJlaHeTbI,). K CO)l(alle-

Hv11O, Jleca neCHTHJleTJ.15IMJ.1Bblpy6allJ.1Cb nOLI nOJl5I

J.1flJlaHTallHH, a TaK)I(e 113-3a ueHHoM LIpeBeCJ.1Hbl. A BMeCTe C

Bblpy6JleHHblMJ.1 LIepeBbHMvl J.1C4e3a1OTH )I(J.1BOTHble.

MaCl1L1'fHaSl nal1bMa

II1HTepecHo, LJTOB03paCT AIIIKopac-

Tyw,etll MaCnlllLJHOtli nanbMbl AOCTIII-

raeT 120 neT. OpaH>KeBaH MHKOTb ee

nnOAOB COAep>KIIIT ,0,070 % l\eHHoro

TeXHIII'-IeCKOrO Macna, KOTopoe 3a-

CTblBaeT nplll KOMHaTHOtli TeMflepa-

Type. 1113Hero 1113roToBnHIOT Mblno,

CBeLJIII, CMa30'-lHOe Macno. A npe-

KpacHoe nlllw,eBoe Macno nony'-lalOT

1113ceMHH nanbMbl. 1113COl\BeTllltli

e>KeAHeBHO A06blBalOT 4 n cnaAKoro

nanbMOBoro COKa. 3a ce30H AepeBl

AaeT ,0,0 250 n COKa, 1113KOTOporo lfl1113roToBnHIOT npoxnaAIIITenb-n""

- Hble Hanv1TKIII. ~..p

(! 3AnOMHIIITE• B A$pHKe SlpKO BbIpaJKeH 3aKOH reOrpa$H'IeCKOH 30HaJIbHOCTH: BJIaJKHbIe

3KBaTOpHaJIbHbie JIeCa K ceBepy 11 lOry CMeHSIIOTCSI caBaHHaMI1, KOTopble

nepeXOJI,SlT B TpOnl1'1eCKHe nOJIynycTblHH 11nYCTbIHI1, a Ha OKpaHHax - B cy6-

TpOml'leCKne )KeCTKOJ1JfCTHbleJleca H KycTapHHKH .

• B YCJIOBHSlXJKapKOrO 1-1 BJIaJKHOrO3KBaTOpnaJIbHOrO KJII1MaTa Ha KpaCHO-JKeJI-

TblX (peppaJ1.JIHTHbIX flO'lBaX pacTyT MHoroHpycHble 3KBaTOpnaJ1bHble Jleca C

O'IeHb 60nnOH paCTHTeJIbHOCTblO 11cBoeo6pa3BbiM JKnBOTHblM MlfpOM.

BonpOCbl III 3AAAHIIIS1

1. ilonb3Y51Cb pV1C.75 Ha c. 82, Bbl51CHV1Te,KaKa51npV1po,o,Ha5130Ha 3aHIIIMaeT HaV16onb-

wylo nnowa,o,b BAeppV1Ke,a KaKa51- He V1MeeTcnnowHoro WV1pOTHoro npocTV1paHV15J.

2. r,o,epacnOJIaraeTC51 30Ha Bna>KHbiX3KBaT0pV1anbHblx necoB?

3. Kal<ll1e npV1pO,D,Hble epaKTOpbl BnV1mOTHa epOpMV1poBaHV1e nOLIB 3KBaTopV1anbHblX

necoB?

4. nOLlelV1YBJla>KHb:e3KBaToplilanbHbie Jleca Be4Ho3eneHble?

5. KaK >KIIIBOTHblenpV1cnoco6V1m1cb K>KV13HV1B rycToM V1BJla>KHOM3KBaTopV1anbHoM

}lacy?

§ 18. CABAHHbI<?> • BcnOMHlIfT8, '-!TOTaKoe 30l-la caBaHH.

• Ha30BlHe npV13HaKV1cy63KBaTopV1anbHoro KnWv1aTa.

PA3MEll~EHllElI KJIMMAT.AcPPI1KaHCKl1e Ca133HHbl-- Heooo--

3Pl1MbIC paI3HHHbI, r,D.e rocnOJ1CTBYIOT TpaBbl, CPC,llH KOTOp

paCTYT OTll.eJlbHO IUIH rpynnaMI1 J1epC13bH11 KyCTapHI1KI1. 3._npHpO}1}'la51 30HCl 3aHHMaCT 40 % J1jIOLUaJ.lHMaTCpl1Ka 11llJHpOKO'

nOJlOCOi1 OKat'IMJUICT BJla)KHble 3KBaTopHaJlbHble Jleca. CaBaHH

J1e)l(aT B Cy63KJ33TOPl13JlbHOM Il05lce CeBCptloro nOJlYW3pl151, c<

3K!:laTOpHaJlbHOMI1 TpOIll14eCKOM n05lcax -IO)j<Horo 1f0JlyUJapi "

1l03Tol\1Y I1X KJlHM3T nOCT051HHO )KapKI1M, HO J1epeMeHHO-BJl~-

HbIM: lleTKo pa3JJWI3IO'1'C5IBJl(l)KHbJi1 H CYXOMCC30HbJ.

B OTJll1411C01' B.lla)l(Horo 3KBaTOpHaJlbHoroJleCa C3BaHHa n

pa)l(3e'1'O'1'Kpbi1'hlrvl npOCTpaHC1'Borvl H CnC)l(I1M np03palfHbIM 1303-

,llyXOM. B cyxOi1 CC30H CO.lIHue BbliKl1raC1' 1'paBbl, a ,ll,CPCBb

c6paCblB3101' JIIIfCTBy. B 31'01' ncpl10,ll, caBC1HHa CT3HOflI1TC51>Ke.l-

To-6ypoi1 (Pl1c. 79). Bo BpeM5I B.llmKHoro ce30Ha ,ll,Q)K,ll113aJlHBa-

101' >Ka)K,llYLUYIO 3eMJlJO. 60)10'1'<:1 nepenOJlH5IIOTC>I Bonoi!.

Hl13I1Hbl npcBpaUlaIOTC5I B 03epC1. 3CrvlJl51nOKpbIBaCTC5J pOCKOW-

Hoi1 3eJICHblO, l1 caB3HHa HanOMI1HaeT Mope BblCOKHX C04HbI.\.

TpaB. B 3aBHCHMOCTH 01' np0,llOJl)KI1TeJlbHOCTH CC30HC1nO)l(flell

H KOJIWleCTBa OCaLJ,KOBpa3J1114aIOT BJl(\)KHblC 11cyxHe Cal:laHHbl.

nO'-lBbJ. HaH60Jlcc pacnpocTpaHcHbl 13Cam\l·IHax IcpacHo-6y-p1Jle llOlf6bl. Hx KpacHoBaTbli1 LlBCT 06yCJlORJlCH COJ1ep)l(aHlle. I

)I(eJIC33. 1l0lIBbi fjJOpMl1pyIOTCH no,ll, rycTblM pacHne.llbHbl\l no-

KpOBOM. BnpoLJeM, nJlO,ll,0p0,ll,Hbli1 CJlOM CHJlbHO BbIMbIBaeTC5I B

CC30H JJ,O>KLl.ei1.3TH n04Bbl .uOCTaTOlfHO nJlOLl.0p0LJ,Hble. Ha HII

BblpaUlYlBalO'1' pa3JlYl4Hbie CeJlbCKOX03HikTBCHHbiC Ky.lbTypbl.

PACTJITEJlbHOCTh. Bo BJl(1)l(HbIXCaBaHHax, rJJ.enepIIO.1':::'O· -

LleMnp0,ll,OJDKaeTC>I n04TI1 9 MeCHI.J,CB,a KOJ1WleCTflO OCalh:OB

CTaBJl>lCT 1200 MM 13rO}'l, npeo6J131J.aCT BbiCOKOC pa3HOrp

B OC06eHHOCTH 13bl,LtCJl5IeTCHCJlOHOBb51TpaBa

i3bICOTOI1 ,Lt0 3 M. B CyXHX C3BaHHax BJla)l(Hbli;j

nepl10,Lt COKpaUJ,aCTC51AO 5 MeC5IlJ,eB,a rOAOBoe

KOJIWleCTBO OCajJ,KOB- 1J,0500 MM. TpaBbl CTa-

HOB5ITCH pa3pe)l(eHHblMl1 11 HI13KOPOCJ1bIMI1.

LI,epeBbH 11 KycTapHHKI1 npVlcnoc06JlHlOTCH K

3acyxe. Y 01.l,HHX JlVICTb5! ivIeJIKHe 11)l(eCTKl1e,

LJTo6bl YMCHbIUI1Tb HCnapCHl1e, y APYrl1X - TOJl-

CTble 11MHCI1CTble, LIT06bI 3anacaTb BOAY.

Me)KAY TpaB pac-ry-r HeBblCOKI1C Ll,CpeBb51.

TI1IUI4HbIM AepCBOM C3BaHH, V1X «BVl3V1THO~

KapTOYKOM», HBJUICTC51630636 (Pl1c. 80). 3TOT

3HLl,eMI1K AqJPI1KI1 npeKp3CHO npVlcnoc06l1Jl-

C5IK MeCTHbfM YCJlOI3l151M:erolJ,JlI1HHbIM KopeHb

npOHViKaeT fJly60KO B nOllBY, a OLJCHbMHfKa51

APCBCCHH3 MOIl.l,HOrO CTBO.na npOil HTbIB3CTC5I

BJ1arOM, H3KanJll1B351 ee BnpOK. Kopa 6a06a-

6a - yn.HBVlTCJlbHOe OrHeynopl-lOe npJ1cnoc06-

JleHVlC, Ben.b B CyXOM ce30H B C3BaHHe LJaCTO

6bl8alOT IlO/Kapbl. KaKHX TOJlbKO THTyJlOB He

I1MceT 6a0636! Ero Ha3bll3alOT Ci1MBOJ10M A¢-pl1KI1, cPaHTaCTI1LJeCKHM AepeBoM, BOCbMblM

llYAOM CBeTa. 13a06a6 - AepcBo-«TOJlCT5IK».

npl1 BblCOTe 25 !vi era CTBOJl MO/KeT AOCTl1raTb

20 M 13AHaMeTpe! Korn.a AcpeBO c6pacbmaCT

JlI1CTBy, TO OrOJleHI-lble BeTKI1 I-IaIlOMI1H3IOT

TOp4alll,ee BBepx KOpHCl3l1we. n03TOMY ero Ha-

3blBalOT «AepeBOM I3Bepx KOPH51MJ1».13a06a6 -

JIOJlro)l(I1TeJlb. BCTpeLJaIOTC5IAcpeBb5l, B03paCT

KOTOpblX npeBblwaeT 5 Tble. JleT. B can3HHe

T3K)ICC pacTyl' MI1M03bl H pa3H006pa31-lbiC

lIaJlbMbl - l3eepHa5l, C!JHHVlK013a5l,naJ1bMR )lYM

(pHc.81).I

cDi~HiIIKOBa51

Pille. 81. r1aJlbi"/i:>1

X03SllllH act>PIiIKaHcKlilx caBaHH

enOBO «6a06a6» C 513blKa MeCTHoro

nneMeH~l nepeBO,iJ,II1TC51KaK ,,06e3b-

51Hbe,iJ,epeBo». Ero nnO,iJ,bl, nOXO>K~le

Ha 60JlbWII1e B3,iJ,YTbleorYPLl,bl, OXOT-

HO n08,iJ,a1OT 06e3b51Hbl. A MeCTHoe

HaCeneHlI1e II1cnonb3yeT 6YKBanbHo

BCe: nll1CTb>l 6a06a6a 3aBap~1BalOT

BMeCTO '1a>l, 1113TOn'1eHOi1 KOpb! iJ,e-

n810T npllinpaBbl, nnO,iJ,bl >Kapsn Kpy-

>KO'1KaMII1,KaK HaLUII1K86a'1KII1, a 1113

iIIX M51KOTiII10TOBS'lTnilIMOHa,iJ, (mc:o-

,iJ,aeu~e OI~HO Ha388HiII8 -- m1MOHar~-

Hoe fl,ep8BO). Vl:3 ToncToi1 npO'-lHOVl

060JlO'-lKII1 nJlOAOB fl,enalOT nocy,o,y 111

My3blKanbHbl8 IIiHCTpyr'Jl8HTbl. V13ny5a nneTyT npO'1Hble BepeBKVo, TKyT

fIOJlOTHO. 5a06a6 II1cnonb3y!OT VIKaK

neKapCT8eHHoe paCT8HVoe: u,ene6-Hble CBOVlCTBa iIIMelOT nillCTb'rl, nno--

Abl, Kopa, ceMeHCl ill A3>Ke KopeHb .. ~

HeY,iJ,~1BVJTeJ1bHO,LITO i113,iJ,aBH8)113TO ,iJ,epeBO C'-Il1TaIOT pl"

CB51LlieHHbIM. t:f~.•••,...~ 1

- ._------------\ i~>Klt1paep - CaMOe BblCOKOe

~Jf~n;"''l >KVlBOTHOe Ha 3eMne. He-

B3lt1pa51 Ha CBolli 5-MeTpOBbliii POCT,

OH MO>KeT 6eraTb co CKOpOCTblO

55 KM/'-I. 3TO eABa nlt1 He eAIt1H-

CTBeHH~iii cnoco6 CnaCTIt1Cb OT

npecneAoBaTeneiii. nplt1poAa Ha-

rpaAlllna >KIt1BOTHOe ew,e It1 O'-leHb

TOHKIIIM HIOXOM 111cnyxoM, OCTpblM

3peHlt1eM, '-ITo6bl Bbl>KIt1TbB onaCHOM

Mlt1pe caBaHHbl.

KaK nT\II~a CTana ceKpeTapeM

3Ty AnIllHHOHOrylO nTlt1l.\yHa3Banlll TaK

3a BHeWHlO1OconlllAHOCTb 111AnIt1HHbliii

'-IepHbliii xoxonOK Ha ronoBe, '-ITOAe-

naeT ee noxo>Keiii Ha nlllcap51 C 3ano-

>KeHHbIM 3a yxo nepOM. lI1HTepecHo,

'-ITO nTIIILJ,a-CeKpeTapb noeAaeT He

TonbKO HaceKOMblX, HO 111rPbI3YHOBJ.

51w,eplt1l.\It151AOBIIITbIX3Meiii. ,!}JOHa nerKO nplllpy'-laeTC51. e..i~

'(·1/'\

)l(IlBOTHhIM MIlP. C3B3HHa, nOKpblTa51

TpaBoH, -- 3TO npeKpaCHa51 KOpMOBa51 633a DJl51

TpaB05lD.HbIX KonblTHblX )I(J.1BOTHbIX. 60JlbUle

Bcera aHTfilJlOn - OT KapJlJ.1KOBbIX D.O KpynHblx

K3HHa 11rBy. PHD.OMnacyTc5I ra3eJll1l1 a¢pJ.1KaH-

CKl1e D.I1Kl1e KOHJ.1- nOJlOCaTble 3e6pbI (pJ.1c. 82).

TeMHbie J.1CBeTJlble nOJlOCKI1 Ha J.1XTeJle nOMO-

falOT MaCKJ.1pOBaTbC5I,pa3MbIBa51 OLlepTaHJ.15I:>KM-

BOTHbIX cpeD.11 BbICOKJ.1X TpaB. LI,Jlf.1HHOWeHe

)I(Hpa¢bl 06beD.alOT JlHCTb51aKauvll1.

CaMble KpynHble TpaBOHD.Hble - CJlOHbI,

6yHBOJlbl, HOCOpOrl1, 6ereMOTbi. A¢pf.1KaHCKHH

CJlOH - caMoe 60JlbWOe )I(HBOTHOe CyWH: era

POCTD.ocTHraeT4 M, a Macca - 5 T (pHC. 84). 6yH-

BOJla C rp03HbIMJ.1, n04TJ.1 MeTpOBbIMJ.1 poraMH

CLJJ.1TaIOTCaMbIMCBHpen bIM H onaCHblM )KJ.1BOT-

HbIM, era OCTeperalOTCH D.a)Ke JlbBbi. Hocopo-

fOB B A¢pHKe D.Ba BHD.a - 6eJlblH H 4epHbIH.

6eJlbIH Hocopor BeCHT D.O 2 T, a 4epHbIH - B D.Ba

pa3a MeHbwe. HocoporH HaXOD.51TC5IHa rpaHH

BblMJ.1paHH51 H3-3a 6paKoHbepoB. B03Jle peK H

03ep BOD.5lTC5I6ereMoTbi - 3HD.eMHKH A¢pHKH.

Ha cywe OHH Ka)l(yTCH HeyKJlIO)I(I1MH, HO B BOD.eCB060D.HO nJlaBalOT H nepeMewalOTcH no D.Hy

BOD.OeMoB. Y TaKoro KpynHora )I(HBOTHOra, KaK

6ereMoT, B npHpOD.e HeT BparOB: HH OD./·IH H3

Aepplt1KaHCKlt1iii cnOH Hocoporlll

P\IIc. 84. CaMbie i<pynHble >K\IIBOTHblecyum - )l(\IITeJl\ll caa3HHbi

Pa3Ae~J?~~~~~===<v*' y<:.,,,~..,

q,(" ',-/ \"• ::;11 '~"~~'.\~

CaMOe 6blCTpOe JKIIIBOT- '6\ !ifl:Hoe Ha 3eMne - renapA. O;r~Jfurlfv.'l°6b1CTPbliii, KaK MonHIIIS1. npecneAYS1

CBOIO >KepTBy, renapA MO>KeT pa3-

BIIIBaTb CKOpOCTb Aol1 0 KM/Y.

V1HTepeCHO, YTO renapAbl He TaKllle

arpeCCIIIBHble, KaK nbBbl IIInlll neo-napAbl, 111nerKO npVlpY'jaIOTCS1.

XHUl.HHKOB He cpaBHVlTC5I C HMM B CvIJTe. )I(VlBYT B caBaHHC VI

,lJ.VlKMeCBHHbVl-6op0lJ.aBOLfHVlKVI, Vl3HlJ.eMVflJHble 06e3b5lHbl- na-

BM3Hbl VI MaH,lJ.pMJlbi.

Ha TP3B05llJ.HbIX )KJ.1BOTHbIX OXOn-ITCH MHOrOlfJ.1CJleHHble

XI1UU1I1Kl1, nOCT05lHHO KOlfYIOIlJ.l1e 3a I1X CTa,lJ.3MH, - fleB, JJeo-

nap,lJ., renaplJ., rVleHa, WaKaJl. J1bBa Ha3bIBalOT Ll,apeM 3Bepeti 3a

ero CHJlY, yMeHHc OXOTI1TbC5I11 pOCKOUlHylO fPHBY.

CaBaHHbI HaCCJl5l1OT pa3Hoo6pa3HblC BHlJ.bl nnm. CPC,lJ.H

HHX H caM351 60JlbUlaH nTHua Ha 3CMJle - acjJpHKaHcKHi::t C'rpa-

yc, H HaHMCHbUla51 - KpoXOTHa5J 51pKa5JHCKTapI-lHua, lJ.OCTalO-

liI,a51 ,lJ.JlHHHbIM 11 TOHKl1M KJTIOBOM H3UBCTOB HeKTap. ECTb

rpHcjJbl, 6CJlbiC Wll1J1H. Mapa6y (acPPHKaHcKMi::t al1CT) H flTl1ua-

cCKpCTapb BCTPCLIaIOTC5JTOJlbKO B AcjJPl1KC.

B peKax VI 03epax BOll,5JTC5IKPOKO,lJ.VlJlbi.ECTb 51w,ep!1Ubl, 3MeH,

. 4epCnaXI1, XaMeJTeOHbl. MHO)l(CCTBO pa3Hoo6pa3Hblx HaCCKOMbIX.

B OC06CHHOCTl1 HHTepccHbI TepMI1TbI - «4V1CTI1Jlblil,HKI1» caBaHH:

OHl1 nOC,lJ.aIOTOTMCPIlII1C paCTCHl151. B Bl1l1,e CTOJl6oB VI 6aweH

TepMI1Tbl coopY)KalOT npo4Hble TepMI1THl1KI1 BbICOTOti lI,O 5 M.

Capawla, C06Hpa5lCb MHJlJ1l1apll,HbIMH CT35lMI1,MO)J(eT nOJTHO-

CTblO I1cTpe611Tb noceBbI CeJlbCKOX0351i1cTBCHHbTXKYJlbl)'p.

(! 3AnOMHMTE

• CaBaHHhI APHKMC$OpMUpOBa.JIHCb B yCJTOBHIDI:cyo3KBaTopHaJlbHoro KJlHMaTa.

• B caBaHHax npeoOJTa)),aJOT KpacHo-6yphIe nO'I13M.

• rIo KOJIH'IeCTBy BIf)l.OB pacTemlli " )KHBOTHblX (cpe))," KOTOpblX MHoro 3H)J,CMMKOB)

Ha e)),HHHoy nJlOJIla)J,HcaBaHHbl A$pHKH He HMelOT paBHblX cpe)),H npupO)),HhlX 30H.

rep6bl

a<!>pIl1KaHCKIIIX

CTpaH yKpawalOT

Tlllnlll'iHble

>KIIIBOTHble

BonpOCbl LII 3AAAHIIlSl

1.OxapaKTepV13yD1Te KnV1MaTcaBaHH.

2. KaKKnV1MaTBnV1ReTHaxapaKTepnOYBV1paCTV1TenbHocTbcaBaHH?

3. nOyeMY B caBaHHax ,D,epeBbR n1l1CTOna,D,Hble?

4. KaKV1MV1epaKTOpaMV1o6ycnoBneHo 6onbwoe KOn1l1LfeCTBOTpaBOR,D,HbIX>KV1BOTHbIX?

5. LiTOTaKOe 3H,D,eMV1KV1?nepeLIV1cnV1Te 3H,D,eMV1KOBAepPV1KV1.

rEOrPACl>iIIYECKAS1 3AAAl.IA

Y ceHeranbLJ,eB eCTb 1l0CnOBV1LJ,a:«60nbWOVI 6a06a6,,D,a KOCTpaV13Hero He pa3Be,D,8Wb».

06b$1CHV1Te,nOLjeMy. KaK 3TO,nepeBO npV1cnoc061l1nOCb K3acywm1BoMy ce30Hy?

§ 19. ITYCTbIHlf1f ITOJIYITYCTbIHIf.BEQlI03EJIEHbIE XECTKOJIlfCTHbIEJIECA If KYCTAPHlfKIf• BcnOMHVlTe, KaKOBbl oco6eHHOCTlI1 TpOn1l14eCKOro nycTblHHoro

KJIlI1MaTa.

• KaKOBbl oco6eHHOCTlI1 peK B 30He nYCTbIHb?

PA3MElll,EHIIEIIKJIIIMATIflIECKHEYCJIOBIDI. nYCTb-____. A HHH nOJTynYCTbIH113aHl1MalOT BAcPPHKe orpOM-

nyrewecTBlle B cnOBO F Hble nJlOmMl1. OHH Jle)l(aT B TpOnl1'-leCKOM 11

B nepeBOAe C apa6cKOro Caxapa cy6TponwleCKOM nmlcax. B CeBepHOM nOJlywa-03Ha4aeT AVlKaR MeCTHOCTb, nyc-TbIHr.. KanaxaplA nepeBOAV1TC51 C pHl1 HaXOLlHTC5I HaH60JlbWa5I nYCTbIH5I MHpa-

5l3blKa MeCTHoro nneMeHV1 KaK Me- Caxapa, npOT5I)I(eHHOCTb KOTOpOH C 3anMa HaCTO >Ka>K,D,bl,MecTO CTpa,D,aHVlVI, a BOCTOK5 TbIC. KM, C ceBepa Ha lOr - 2 TbIC. KM. BHaM",6- To, 4TOo6xo,D,RTCTOpoHoVl. IO)I(HOM nOJlymapHH npOCTHpaIOTC5I nycmblHJl

HaMu6 H nO/zynycmblHfl KaJlaxapu.KaMeHb, rnlllHa, neCOK

3Ha4V1TenbHble CYTo4Hbie Kone6a- KOJH1l.1eCTBOOCaLlKOB B nOJlynycTblH5IX He-

HV15lTeMnepaTypbl B03Ayxa o6yc- 60JlbWOe - LlO 400 MM, a B nYCTbTH5IX BceronOBnVlBalOT CV1nbHoe cPV13V14eCKoe 100 MM B roll. JleTo B Caxape OyeHb )I(apKoe. 06-

BbIBeTpV1BaHV1e. '-JacTO B nycTblHe JTaYHOCTH nOYTH He 6bIBaeT, n03TOMY COJlHIJ,e

cnblWHbl BblCTpenonOAo6Hbie 3BY- HarpeBaeT 3eMHylO nOBepXHOCTb LlO +80 DC, aKVI. >KiliTenVl Caxapbl rOBOp51T, 4TO

TeM nepaTypa B03,Ll,yxanOCTHraeT + 50°C. 6e306-«KaMeHb H04aMVI KPV14V1T", - TaKrpOMKO paCTpeCKVlBaIOTC5l ropHble JIaYHOe He60 5IBJl5IeTC5I npHYHHOH. HO'-IHoro

nopOAbl. OHVI pa3pywaIOTC51, npe- XOJlOna, nOCKOJIbKY 06JIaKa, KaK Bbl 3HaeTe,Bpall.\a51Cb B rpYAbl ll.\e6H51. nO::lTO- HOl.JblOBbInOJlH5IIOT pOJlb «one5IJIa», 3amHmalO-

My B Caxape KaMeHVlCTble nYCTbIH) mero 3eMHylO nOBepXHOCTb OT OXJTa)KneHH5I.pacnpOCTpaHeHbl Hap5lAY C rnVl- n03TOMY HOl.JblO TeMnepaTypa B03nyxa pe3KO

HVlCTblMVI VI neC4aHbIMVI.,a'., °~(!) CHH)KaeTC}1, HHorna no 0 C. J-leBbIHOCHMa5I

I LlHeBHa5I )Kapa CMeH5IeTC5IHOYHbIM XOJIOnOM, TO

eCTb npOHCX0LL51Tpe3KHe KOJle6al'H15ICYT0l.JHbIXTeM nepaTYp. 3HOH

oc06eHHO T5I)I(eJIO nepeHOCHTC5I B COl.leTaHHH C rOp5Il.IHMH H

CyXHMH BeTpaMI1. OHH nOnHHMalOTTYl.II1 neCKa. 6apxaHbi Ha rJla-

3ax O)KI1BaIOT, nbTJlb 3aCTHJlaeT COJIHue. PaCKaJleHHblM CyXHM

PlIlc.86.

Pa3Hbie TlIlnbl

nYCTblHbIII COnOHl.JaKIil

B03ll,yxOM TIDKeJlO ll,bIWaTb. B pOT, HOC 11rJla3a JlOBYWKIIl nYCTblHIIl

Ha6I1BaeTC5I neCOK. Bce )I(l1BOe np5IyeTC51, 11 B nycTblHe Bac MoryT O)K~i.o,aTbMHO-

nYCTbIH5I Ka>KeTC5I6e3)1(113HeHHOH. rOYV1CneHHble TPYAHOCTV1: OTCyT-CTBV1eBOAbl, 5lAOBV1TbleHaceKoMble,nOQBbl. B YCJlOBI15IX OLleHb cyxoro KJlI1JVla-CV1nbHble BeTpbl, nepena.o,bl

Ta OpraHHyeCKI1X OCTaTKOB paCTeHl1l1 nOYTI1 TeMnepaTyp. Ho He MeHee onaCHbl

HeT. 3HaYHTeJl bHble nJlow,all,VI KaMeHI1CTblX, CblnY4V1e neCKV1- cBoeo6pa3Hbie no-neCyaHbIX 11 rJIVlHI1CTblX nYCTblHb He I1Me!OT ByWKV1 nYCTbIHb, B KOTOpblX MO)KHO

nOYBeHHOro nOKpOBa (Pl1c. 86). yB513HyTb, KaK B Tp51CV1He.3TO Y4ac-

TKV1,KOTopble nepeHacblw,eHbl no+PACTMTEJIhHOCTb. B YCJlOBVl5IX KpatlHe 3eMHbIMV1 BOAaMV1 V1cnoco6Hbi

cyxoro rrycTblHHOro KJ1V1MaTapaCHUeJlbHOCTb 3acaCblBaTb )KV1_BOTHbIX[.4@'

OLJeHb cKyll,Ha5I. JlI1Wb Koe-r)J,e pacTyT nyLJKI1 V1nlOAel1. '

TpaB VIKOJlIOLIl1eKycTapHI1KI1 (pVlC. 87). MecTRMH paCTI1TeJlbHOCTI1 IBo06w,e HeT. l.IT06bl BbDK1Ub B CypOBblX YCJlOBI15IX,paCTeHl15I npl1- =~--==::..",._"'~cnOC06V1Jll1Cb Jll160 «ll,06blBaTb» VICOXpaH5ITb BJlary, JlVl60 yMeHb- .~ -.~-..:..-

IlII1Tb ee J.olcnapeHHe. l.{T06bl YMeHbIlIVlTb HcnapeHHe, JlHCTb5I ~\ . ~\

KycTapHl1KOB npeBpaTl1JlVlCb BKOJlIOLIKVIM]111CT3JlH MeJlKHMl1. Ky- I~~r\\ (1/)\'CTapHI1KH B nepHOll, )J,JlHTeJlbHblX 3acyx cnoc06Hbi c6paCbIBaTb He I i~t If' H

Y u 6 1(/' ."\(\" I ,1,1,i.1TOJlbKOJlHCTb5I, HOH BeTKH. HeKOTopbIxpaCTeHHHBbipa OT3JlC5I II,~\ \ I,· \\

KOPOTKI1H )I(I13HeHHbltI UI1KJ1: C nepBbIMI1 KanJl5IMI1 ll,O)l()J,5JOHI1

OlleHb 6blCTpO npopaCTalOT, UBeTYT 11)J,alOTceMeHa.

B Llpe3BbILJatlHo CyxOH Caxape npe06Jla)J,alOT KOJlIOLlI1e KyC-

, TapHI1KH, TaMapl1CK H HeBbICOKl1e aKaUHH. MeCTaMI1 pacTYT 3Jla-

KI1. B Oa3I1CaX, Ui,e nO)J,3eMHble BOLIbI 33JleralOT Herny60Ko 01'

nOBepXHOCTI1 ()J,o 10M), Bblpaw,I1BalOT nwcHI1UY, 5l'IMeHb, OBOW,H.

Ho OCHOBHOHKYJIbTYPOH5JBJl5JeTC51c))Ji[HI1KOBa5In3JlbMa (Pl1c. 88).Ew,e 6eLIHee paCTi1TeJlbHOCTb B nycmblfie HaMu6, 0 KOTOPOH

roBOp5lT, LJTOborc03)J,3Jl ee BO[HeBe. OPi1 w,e)J,pOMTpOnHYeCKOM

COJlHue TaM MeC5IuaMI1 He BbIna)J,aeT HH KanJlI1ll,O>Kll,51. B03LIYW-

Hble MaCCbI, OXJIa)K)J,eHHbie EeHzeflbCKUM me<teHUeM, He MoryT

nO)J,H5ITbC5r BBepx I1 Cc)JOpMl1pOBaTb 06JlaKa. Oo:.noMy BMeCTO

LIO>K)J,5106pa3ylOTc51 TyMaHbl, KOTopble LIO 300 LIHeH B TCLJeHHe

rOLIa 6blBalOT B nYCTbIHe. OHl1 npI1HOC5IT He 60Jlee 50 MM BJlarH,

KOTOpylO I1CnOJlb3YIOT npeI1Myw,eCTBeHHO KOJlIOLIl1e HH3KOPOC-

Jlble KYCTapHHKI1. TyMaHbl 113ATJlaHTl1KI1 ll,alOT B03MO)l(HOCTb

PaCTeHIIlSI

nYCTblHb IIlMelOT

AnlllHHble KOpHIIl,

'lTo6bl Ao6paTbCSI

AO YBna>KHeHHbIX

cnoeB nopOA

YHI1KaJIbHOMY paCTeHYiIO BeJIbBVlLJVlH,y KOTOpOt!

JIVlWb LlBa rVlraHTCKI1X YWlVlHCHHbIX KO)f(I1CTbIX

JIHCTKa, yCBaHBaTb HMVI BOLty «npOCTO C He6ec».

BeJIbBJ1LlVIH - LleHCTBvITeJIbHO YLlVlBl1TeJ%HOe

paCTeHHe: LlBa JIl1CTKa, KOTopble nOLl BeTpaMI1

paCllienmIlOTCH Ha LlJIVlHHble Y3Kl1e nOJIOCKVI.

paCT)'T 113LUl1pOKOro CTBOJIa, nOXO>Kero Ha neHb

(Pl1c. 89). Ee KopeHb HanOMI1HaeT rl1raHTCKyIO

MOpKOBKy, KOTopaH CJIy)f(I1T He TOJIbKO XpaHI1-

JIl1llieiVI nl1TaTeJIbHbIX Bew,eCTB, HO 11Hane)f(HblM

I «51KOpeM» BO BpeMH neCLJaHblX 6ypb.

B nOJlynYCfnbllie KaJlaxapu, me BJIarH 60JIbWe, aJI03 11MOJIO-

LJal1 HaKanJII1BalOT ee <<npO 3anac» B M51CHCTbIX JIHCTK3X 11Jll.1

cTe6JIHx. TaM pacTyT LlI1Kl1e ap6Y3bl, KOTopble 3aLJacTylO MeCT-

HOMy HaCeJIeHl110 11)KI1BOTHbIM 3aMeH51IOT BOlly .

.IKl1BOTHbIM MlIP. KaKVlMI1 3aCYWJI11BblM11 He 6bIJI11 6bl nyc-

TbIHI1 11 nOJIynycTbIHI1, HO VI OHI1 HaCeJIeHbl )KI1BOTHbIMI1. Bce

OHI1, nOLl06HO paCTeHVl51M, np11CnOC06HJII1Cb K )f(3pe VIIleqH1L\I1-

Ty BJI3m. Hanpl1Mep, 60JIbW11HCTBO )KI1BOTHbIX BeLlYT HOLJHOH

06pa3 )f(M3HI1, a LlHeM npHLJyTC5I OT )f(rYLJl1xJTyLJelil COJIHUa B Hopax

11w,eJl5IX. HeKOTopble MOryT LlmneJIbHOe BpeM5I 06XOLll1TbC5I 6e3

BOLlbl, KaK Bep6JIIOLt (pVlC. 91). AHTVlJIOnbl cnoc06Hbi npeOLlOJIe-

BaTb orpOMHble paCCTOBHI15I B nOI1CKaX BOLlbl H nl1llil1. f"a3eJIb an-

LlaKC - 3HLleMI1K Acj:lPVlKl1 - VlMeeT WVlpOKl1e KOnbITa, KOTopble

nOMoralOT elil nepeLlBl1raTbC5I no CbInYLJI1M 6apxaHaM. MHoro

rpbI3yHoB - neCLJaHKI1, TywKaHLJHKI1. V13XHUJ:HVlKOBBCTpeLJaIOT-

CHWaKaJI, rHeHa, 6apXaI-IHblliI KOT. KapaKaJI - nycTbTHHaH PbICb -'0

B JIOBKOCTI1 VI CKOpOCTVI cnoc06eH cpaBHHTbCB c renapLloM. OHOXOTI1TC5IHa ra3eJIeM 11KpynHblx rpbI3yHoB, MO)f(eT Lla)f(e, BbICO-

KO rrOLlnpblrHBa5I, JIOBI1Tb nTI1L\ Ha JIeTy. J1I1CVlUa cPeHeK OXOTHT-

3araAO'fHaSi a4>pl1KaHKaBeJlbBIIl411l51-paCTeHllle 3araAO'jHoe:

Hill AepeBO, Hill KyCT, Hill Tpasa, a He-

4TO cBoe06pa3Hoe. HeKOTopblM OHa

HanOMIllHaeT 60JlbWoili K04aH Kany-

CTbl, APyrlllM - «>KIIlBoili" neHb, nay-

Ka-rlllIaHTa 111Aa>Ke Ky4y Mycopa. 60-

TaHIIlKIll C411lTalOTee AepeBoM. Ho y

3Toro AepeBa HeT BeTBeili, a TOJlbKO

ABa JlIllCTKa. Ho 4TO 3TO 3a JlIllCTb511

OHIll Be4Hbie - CJly>KaT BeJlbBIIl411l1ll

BCIO >KV13Hb. A >KV1BeT OHa AO

2000 JleT! PacTeHV1e Ha3BaJlV1 B

4eCTb 60TaHV1Ka CPpV1APV1xaBeJlbBIIl-

4a, KOTOpblili ee Bnepsble OnV1CaJl.AMeCTHOeHaCeJleHV1eIll3AaBHaHa3~-

BaeT ero OTA>KV1TyM60 - 60JlbWoili

rocnoAIIlH.AeilicTBV1TeJlbHO, 60Jlb-~r

woili rocnoAV1H n04TV1 rOJloili -:

nycTbIHV1!

>. (1 l__ 9~ '5'9--1 \.

C5I HOLJblO Ha 5IULepVllJ" rpbl3yHOB VI nTVlU C rrOMOWblO 60J1bWVlX

LJYBCTBVlTeJ1bHbIXyweti. PacnpOCTpaHeHbJ 51wepVllJ,bl Vl3MeVl, cpe-

llVl KOTOpblX MHoro HllOBI1TblX (por3T351 ralllOK3, neCLJaHaH 3¢a,

enmeTCKa51 Ko6pa), Vl3 H3ceKOMbiX -)KYK CK3pa6eti, CapaHLJa. no-

BceMeCTHO BCTpeLJ3lOTC5ICKOpnl10Hbi.

BEQH03EJIEHblE )l(ECTKOJUI CTHhIEnECA II KYCTAP-HIIKII. 3Ta npl1pOllHaH 30H3 npOCTVlp3eTC51 y3KOti npI16pe)K-

HOti n0J10COi1 BllOJ1b rap A"fJ13C VI KanCKVlx H3 ceBepe VI lOre

A¢PI1KVI. BellH03eJ1eHble )KeCTKOJIVlCTHble J1eca VI KycTapHVlKI1

C¢OPMVlPOBaJIVICb B YCJ10BI1HXcy6TpoflVl4eCKoro KJ1V1M3TaC npo-

xmUlI-loti VI BJJ3)KHOti 3I1MOti, )KapKVlM VI CYXVlM JJeTOM. OC311KOB

TaM Bbrn311aeT llOCTaTOllHO - 110 600 MM B rOll. ,UJ151::HOti 30Hbl

X3p3KTepHbI KOpU'Ille6bLe nO'16bl. OHVI VlMelOT 1l0CTaTOlJHO MOllJ,-

Hbll1 rYMycoBbII1 CJJOMH fIJJOllOPOllHbI B YCJJOBVl51XopOWeHVl5I.

,UJJHamJIaccKuxcy6mponww6 xapaKTepHbl rycTble 3apOCJJVIHVl3-

KOpOCJlblX BellH03eJJeHbIX lly60B, coceH VI KapJIVIKOBbIX f1aJJbM.

MeCTaMI1 COXP3HV!JIVICbJJeC3 Vl3 np06KoBoro lly6a. TaM BOllHTC5J

6ep6epCKI1M OJJeHb, Ka6aH, aJJ)Kl1pCKa51JJVlCVlua, J1aCKa, waKaJJ,

rVleHa. B KanClCUX cy6mponuKax npe06JJanalOT KYCT3PHI1KOBbJe

3apocm1113 npOTeVl, MaCJJVlHbI,HOCOpO>KberoKYCTapHVlKa, cYM3xa,

BepecKa. PacTyT 11I1KI1Mm311VlOJJyc, rep6epa, CTpeJJVllJ,VlH,KaJJa.

BOll51TC5J)KI1BOTHble caBaHH (aHTVlJJOnbI, 3e6pbJ, J1eOflapllbI).

npl1pOllHa5J paCTVlTeJJbHOCTb 3TOti 30HbI 3HaLJVlTeJJbHOnpe-

06pa30BaHa LJeJJOBeKOM: MHoro BlmOrpallHI1KOB, nJ13HTaUHM

UJ1TPYCOBbIX, BbJpalUHBalOT 3epHOBbJe, XJ10IlltaTHI1K ....

(!)3AnOMH~TE~--------------------------------~• IlYCTbIHI1 11nOJlynycTblHl1 AlIJPI1KI1 clIJopMl1pOmlJll1Cb B YCJlOBI1HX TpOnHqeCKoro

11cy6TpOnHQeCKOrO cyxoro KJII1MaTa; nOQB TaM nOQTH HeT; paCTllTeJlbHOCTb pa3-

pe:IKeHHaSl, He o6pa3yeT CnJlOIDHOrO nOKpOBa; :lKl1BOTHblWMl1p 6e)l,HbIW •

• BeQH03eJleHbie :lKeCTKOJlHCTHble Jleca 11KycTapHI1KH ClIJOpMHpOBaJIl1Cb B yCJlOBH-

}IX cy6TpOnl1QeCKOrO KJIHMaTa; nOQBbl - KOp"llHeBble; npe06Jla)l,aeT KYJlbTYpHaSl

paCTHTeJlbHOCTb.

KycTapHVlKOBble3apOCnL1KanCKL1X

cy6TpOnL1KOB

BonpOCbl Vi3AAAH~SI1.nOlJeMY caBaHHbl CMeHS'HOTC$1nycTbIH$1MvJ?

2. YeM nYCTbIHV1OTnW-IaIOTC$101' APyrV1x npVlpO,lJ,HbiX30H?

3:KaKpaCTeHVI$1npVlcnoc06V1nVlcbK*V13HV1BnycT~H$1XVlnonynycT~H$1x?

4. 5naroAap$1 '-IeMy *V1BOTHble cnoc06Hbi Bbl*V1BaTb B nycTbIH$1X?

5.KaKVl3MeHVlnacbpacTVlTenbHocTb30H~Be'-lH03en~H~x*ecTKonVlcTH~xneCOBVI

KycTapHVlKoB nOA Bm1$1HVleMX03$1VlCTBeHHoVlAe$1TenbHOCH1'-IenOBeKa?

nPAKTVi'-lECKASI PA60TA

CocTaBbTe cpaBHv1TenbHylO xapaKTepllicTVlKy AByX npVlpoAHblX 30H (Ha BbI60p),

nonb3Y$1Cb nnaHOM (npVlno*eHVle 4).

§ 20. CTMXflMHbIE HBJIEHMH IIPHPO/J:bI.3KOJIOfMQECKME IIPOEJIEl\1bI

~ • BcnOMHV1Te, KaKV1e$'lBneHV1$'lnpV1pOAbl Ha3blBalOT CTV1XV1iiiHbltv1V1.

W · nO'-l8tv1ynpV1pOAYAcPPV1KV1Heo6xo,o,V1MOOXpaH$'lTb?

CTlIXllM.HhIE.SIBJIEHIDI IIPMPOLI.bl. CTI1XHHHble npl1pOll-

Hble 5IBJ1eH115I(3eMJ1eTp5lCeHI15I, 3aCYXI1, HaBOllHem15I, yparaHbl

11T. 11.) HaHOC5IT orpoMHblt1 YUJ,ep6 HaCeJ1eHI1IO. B YCJ10ByI5IX

TpOnl1LJeCKoro nycTbIHI-IOrO KJ1I1MaTa Ha orpoMHoi1 TeppWfOpl111

113BeLJHOH6elIOH A¢PI1.KI1 5IBJ151eTc5i3acyxa -HenpeMeHHble CnYTH~K~ Caxapbl .LJ)H1TeJ1bHbIH 6e3110)l(lIeBoi;J nepl101I, '-ITOHa He0603pL-1Mb1XnpOCTOpax nyc-

npl1BOlIl1T K BbICblXaHl110 nOY_B11fl1.6eJ111paCTI1.-TbIHL-1noCTo>lHHOAyeT seTep, KoTo-Pblii1 HeceT orpOMHoe KonL-14eCTBo Te}1bHOCTI1. 3acyxI1 I3cerlIa COnpOBO)J(llaIOTC5J

nblnL-1.8 pa3Hbix paVtOHax A¢PL-1KIJI Heypo)l(aeM. 113-3a HelIOCTaTKa KOpMOB 11

era Ha3blsalOT no-pa3HoMY: CI~POK- nVtTbeBOM BOllbl fl16HYT eKOT 111II1KHe )l(I1BOT-

Ko, caMyM, XaMCL-1H, xapMaTaH, Hble, OT )l(a)!(llbl 11r0J10,l..l,aYMI1paIOT J1101I11.waxanV1. Apa6cKa>l nOCnoBL-1u,arna- K He6naronpI15ITHbIM npl1pOlIHbIM 51BJle-CIIIT:«8 Caxape BeTep SCTaeT L-1no->KL-1TC>lSMeCTe CConHiJ,eM». To eCTb.1 HI15IM OTHOCJ1TC$l~~PjlqH~ H_:~~~paraHHb.!.!!

nblnbHble 6ypL-1- HenpeMeH- ~ BeTep, KOTOPbII1 ,l..l,yeT B nycTbIHe neTOM.

Hble cnYTHL-1KL-1nYCTb'HL-1'Ef~ Apaobi Ha3bIBalOT ero «lIbIXaHI1eM CMepTI1».r Tel\mepaTypa B03,l..l,yxa TOrno. nOBblwaeTCH 110

+50°C, a oTHoCJ;ITeJlbHaH Bna)l(I-!OCTb CHl1)J(aeTC5I I1HOr,l..l,a110

0%. Dpl1 3TOM pe3KO YBeJ1WIHBaeTC5I I1CnapeHl1e 113OpraHl13-

MO.. Y yenOBeKa Ha4I1HaeTC5I Cl1J1bHal1 roJ10BHa51 60nb 11MO)l(eT

HaCTynl1Tb CMepTb. Hepe,l..l,KO yparaHHbJi1 BeTep conpOBo>KlIa-

eTC5I neCqaHbIMlt CMepqaMH 11nbIJIbHbIMlt 6YPjlMH (Pl1c. 93). OHI1

06bl4HO rrpO,l..l,OJ1)1(aIOTCHHelIOJ1rO (110 0 l\H1H},HO I1MelOT 60J1b-

wylO cl1ny 113a KopOTKoe BpeM5I nepeHOC5IT orpOMHble MaCCbl

neCKa, 3aCbIna51 nOJI5I, 1l0Ma, a I1Horna 11CeJ1eHI1>J.

HeKOTopble cTpaHbl cTp3llalOT OT HaBO,ll,HeHHH. K cBoe06pa3-

HblM CTI1XI1HHbIM 6elICTBH5IM A¢PI1KI1 OTI-IOCmCH HarneCTBHe-....cap~ KOTOpo.5130. HeCKOJ1bKO yaCOB Mo>KeT YHJ1YTO>KI1TbBeCb

YP°)l(aH.

P~C. 93.Ha'i~HaeTCSl

nblJlbHaSi GypS!

3KOJIOfJtNECKME npOEJIEMbI. Eme CTO

JleT Ha3all AcPPI1KY CYJ1T3.J111MaTepl1KOM ,ueB-

CTBeHHOM npl1pOllbi. npaBlla, Y)Ke B TO BpeM51

CKa3bIBaJIOCb BJl1151Hl1e X0351MCTBeHHOI11le5lTeJlb-

HOCTI1 '-IeJlOBeKa Ha npl1pOllY. B Ha'-laJIe XXI B.

3KOJlOrl1yeCKI1e n p06JleMbI, 3apmKllaBWHeC51

eme BO BpeMeHa rpa6vlTeJlbCKl1X noxOllOB eBpo-

neMcICHX KOJlOHI13aTOpOB, 060CTPl1Jl MCb.

3KBaTOpl1aJIbHble Bel..J.H03eJleHble J1,e caB e-KaMlf Bblpy6aJ1lf M3-3a ueHHOl1llpeBeCI1-

HbI (Pl1c. 94). OHM T310Ke BblKOpYCBblBaJIMCb VI BbDKl1raJIMCb nOll

nO.lUI 11nacT6I1ma. BbDKl1raHI1e paCTeHl111 npl1 nOllCe'-lHO-OrHe-

BOM 3eMJlelleJll111 HapyW3.JlO eCTecTBeHHbIM paCTI1TeJlbHbl11 no-

KpOB. A 6b!CTpOe I1CTOmeHl1e nOYB BbIHy)!(,lJ,aJIO y)Ke yepe3 2 -3 rOlla OCTaBJl51Tb 06pa6aTbIBaeMble 3eMJ1Y! 11 paCKOPyeBblBaTb

HOBbIe yyaCTKI1. Y)Ke YHI1YTO)KeHO nOYTI1 70% JleCOB AcPPI1KI1.

Ha MX MeCTe Tenepb nJlaHTaUMH KaKao, MaCJlI1YHOI1 naJIbMbI, 6a-

HaHOB, apaxl1Ca.l1cTpe6JleHHeJleCOB npMBOJlHT

K HeraTI1BHhIM nOCJlellCTBI151r"I: YLlamalOTC51

HaBOllHeHI151, 3aCYXI1, OnOJ13HM, I1CTOlll,aIOTC5l

nJlOllopOllHble nOy.Bbi. A Jleca B0306HOBJ15lIOTC51

OyeHb MellJleHHO.

113MeH MJlaCb TalOKe npl1pOlla CaBaHi-l. 01'-pOMHbJe nJlOmallM pacnaxaHbI, 3aH5lTbl nOll na-

cT6Hw,a. BCJlellCTBl1e Lfpe3MepHoro Bbmaca

KpynHoro poraToro CKOTa, OBeu 11Bep6JllOllOB,

Bblpy6KH llepeBbeB H KycTapHHKOB caBaHHbi nOCTeneHHO

npeBpamalOTC51 B rrYCTbIHH (Pl1c. 95). PaCWl1peHMe rrYCTbIHHblX

HJlOmaIl,el1 Ha3bIBaeTC5l onycTbIHMBaHMeM. A3POKOCM!1ye-

CKMe CHHMKH, CiJ.eJlaHHble C ViCKYCCTBe cnyTHMKoB 3eMJll1,

nOllTRep)KiJ.aIOT, 'fTO TOJlbKO 3a nOCJleiJ.Hl1e 50 JleT Caxapa npo-

llBMHYJlaCb Ha lOr Ha 200 KM 11YBeJll1YJ1JlaCBOlOnJ10mallb HaTbIC51YM

KBa1lpaTHbIX KI1J10MeTpoB. KaK npellOTBpanHb HacTynJleHl1e

nycTblHI1? Ha rpaHI1u,e C nYCTblH5IMI1 BbICa)Kl1-

B3lOT JleC03aw,I1THble nOJlOCbi, OrpaHI1YI1BalOT

BbInaC CKOTa Ha Teppl1TOpl151X C pa3pe)KCHHblM

paCTI1TeJlbHbIM nOKpOBOM, ocymeCTBJl51IOT 06-

BOiJ.HeHl1e 3aCYWJll1BbIX pal10HoB.

C 113MeHeHHeM npMpollHOM Cpe,llbI CB5l3aHa

ellJ,e O)1Ha np06JleMa - If Cq e 3 HOB e H iLLM..,H 0_-

rHX BM1l0Bpa~TeIHiH 11 !.l§:.I1BOTHblx ...TaK,H'ilocmpoee MaoazaClwp, me nOYTI1 nOJlHOCTblO YHI1LfTO)KeHbl Jleca,

nOJlOBI1Ha BHD,OB)KHBOTHbiX 11pacTeHl111 j)Ke I1CLle3JH1J1H60 Haxo-

ll5ITC5I nOlI yrp030H I1CLfe3HOBeHI151.A 31'0 KacaeTCH3HlleMHKOB, TO

eCTb Tex BI1ll0B, KOTOpbIX Ha 3eMJle 60JIbWe HHme HeT. C HaYaJIOM

Plllc.94.BcneAcTBVle

Bblpy6Klil

nnOlL\aA~1 neCOB

COKpalL\aIOTCSl

TalOT CHera KliInlilMaHA>KapO

BcneAcTBVle Bblpy6KVl neCOB Ha CKIlO-Hax KvlnVlMaHA>KapO Vl rno6anbHoronOTenneHV1~ KnVlMaTa CHe>KHa~

. wanKa Ha ropHoii1 BepwVlHe Ha4anaTa~Tb. Y48Hbie nOAC4V1Ta.nVl: ecnlll

TeMnepaTYpa B03Ayxa He V13Me-.HVlTC~, TO MHoroneTHVle CHela

paCTa lOT 4epe3 15 neT,

Plilc.95.HacTyn.neHl-tenYCTbIH~1

KOJ10HVl3aUVIltl MaTepVlKa )J(VlBOTHble 1'\'laCCOBOYHvI4TO)KcU1H

paLm CJIOHOBOM KOCTVI, porOB Hocopora, KO)J(VIKpOKOLlVlJIa H.

cTpaycoBblX nepbeB. Y)J(e I1CLle3JU16eJIOXBOCTbiM rHy, 3e6pa K

ra, y KOTOPOM nOJIOCKI1 TOJIbKO Ha wee I1 rOJIOBe. KOJII14eC

Llpymx )KHBOTHbIX (CJ10HOB, HocoporOB, ropl1JlJl) 3Ha411TeJlb

COKpaTI1JlOCb.

nOJl [1-111nepI10Ll KOJlOHI13aU/1I1 I1 HepauHoHaflbHoe I1enOJl

30BaHI1e npI1pOLlHblX pecypcoB npl1BeJlI1 K cepbe3Hol\1Y Hapyw

HI110 paBHoBecvlH Me)KLlY KOMnOHeHTaMI1 npl1pOLlH

KOMnJleKCOB. fl03TOMy BO 1\1HorHX c-rpaHax AcPPI1IG1 04eHb OCTP'

CTOI1T np06JleMa oxpaHbl npHpOLlbl.

npI1PO,ll,OOXPAHHhIE TEPPI1TOPI1I1. C ueJlblO coxpaH

HI1H npVlpoLlbl C03LlalOTC5I 3anOBeLlHI1KH VI HaUVIOHaJlbHble nap

B HI1X OXpaH5IIOTCH KOMnOHeHTbl npI1pOLlHbIX KOMnJleKCOB (pa

TeHH51, )J(HBoTHble, ropHble nopoAbl VI T. n.) 11 npoBoLlVIT

11CCJleAOBaTeJlbCKaHpa60Ta. 3anOBe)l,HHKJ1 VI Me 101' CypOBblM np

POLlooxpaHHbIM pe)J(I1M, a Hal.lJIOHaJlbHble napKH MOryT nocewa-

TypVlCTbl, HO OHI1 06513aHhl COOJlIO]taT yemM0BJleHHble HOpM

npaBI1JIa. B AcPPHKe npHpOAooxpaHHble TeppHTopVlH 3aHHMa

06wVlpHble nJIOWaLIl1. OHH eCTb B pa3HblX npHpOLlHbIX KOMnJl

cax - B rapax, Ha paBHI1HaX, BO BJla)KHbrx BeLJH03eJIeHbiX JIee

caBaHHax, nYCTblH5IX (pHC. 96)._Hau,uoHallbHblu npupOaHblU nap/( CepeH2emu - OLlHH

-w~·_~~KpynHeVlwHX 11113BeCTHbiXB Ml1pe. epeBOLle C5l3blKa MaCal1

Ha3BaHl1e 03HaLJaeT «He0603pl1 Ma51paBHI1Ha». napK, pacnOJIo)J(

HblM B BOCTOLJHOMACPPI1Ke, Ha3bIBalOT «acPPI1KaHCKI1M paeM»

)KI1BOTHblX. Ha ero npOCTopax COXpaHI1JII1Cb B CBoeM nepB03Ll

HOCTI1Ta6yHbi KpynHblx KOnbITHblX (pa3Hble BVilIbl aHTVlJlOn, 3e

11Xl1WHHKI1 (JlbBbJ, renaplIbl, meHbI). Hal(HallbHblU nap/( KpJ02el2!!-- OlIl1H 113CTapeM

1ia Mtrrt$I1Ke. OH C031IaH Ha lOre AcPPI1KVI e

B 1898 r. B eCTeCTBeHHblX YCJIOBI1HXcaBaH

TaM 06l1TalOT 6yMBOJIbl, CJIOHbl, HOCOpO

JIbBbl, JICOnapAbI, renapAbl, )J(HpacPbI, 3e6

pa3Hbie Bl1lIbl aHTI1JIOn, H3 nTVIU - Mapa-

nTHua-ceKpeTapb 11Ap. Ka)J(llbIM Bl1lI )J(11

HblX HaCLJI1TblSaeT TbIC5JL111oc06eM. 3a

pa31-fQ06pa3He napK LJaCTO CpaBHI1BalO-

HoeBblM KOB4erOM. !!JJU,U_Q blU nH20POH20PO pacnO.flO)J(eH Ha nOTyxLlleM B.

KaHe. TaM OXpaH51IOT 6yI1BOJIOB, HOCOpO

aHTI1JIOn, )J<HpacPoB, 6ereMoToB, pa3Ho06

HblX nTl1u. B na Ke PyeeH30pu [lOll

3aKOHa HaXOlIHTCH LleJlOBeKoo6Pa3

06e3bHHbi Wl1MnaH3e 11rOpl1.f1JIbl.

Pt-tc.96.npt-tpoAooxpaHHble

Teppt-tTopt-tt-tA<f>pt-tKt-t

~r-;;anOBeAH"K"• Hau,v.OHanbHble napK~1

i=~~~

OIlHbIe SIBJIeHHSI (3eMJIeTpSICeHHSI, 3acyxH, yparaHbI, nbIJIb-

HbIe 6yp :.JHeHHSI, HameCTBHSI CapaHqH) HaHOCSIT 3HaqHTeJIbHbIH YlUep6

H npHBO.:lil!T ~ OBeqeCKHM )KepTBaM •

• YHHqTO&i B, onycTbIHHBaHHe caBaHH, YMeHbmeHHe BH,lJ,OBpaCTeHHH H

)KHBOTHbLX - cymHbIe 3KOJIOrHqeCKHe np06JIeMbI COBpeMeHHOH A«!lPHKH •

• .IJ:JISICOXPaHc creHIIH, yuHKaJIbHOro )KHBOTHOro MJlpa H npHpO,LUIbIX KOMU-

JIeKCOB C03.la;V;"CO:33.IlOBe,lJ,HHKH H HalJ,HOHaJIbHbIe npHp0,lJ,HbIe napKH •

- Be.1HJ.1KI1 11 HaUJ.10HaJIbHble napKJ.1

::TB.lOT OXpaHeHJ.11O peLI,KJ.1XpaCTeHJ.1H,

bHOro :.KJIBOTHOro Ml1pa 11 OTLI,eJ1bHbIX

ry1IpO.J.HhLX 'O.lIueKCOB A¢PJ.1KJ.1. DJIarOLI,a-

- HHOCTb MHOfJ.1X BJ.1,lJ,OB)I(J.1BOT-

SIHa rpaHJ.1 J.1Cl.fe3HOBeHJ.151,

•.." BOnpOCbl ~",.

1. KaKl'1e CTl'1X -- -2. KaKas:t ,lJ,es:tTe

x 3. n04eMY pacnC 4. C KaKoVl u,enbJ( «) EOrPA<!>&o1"1EC

3, Caxape Bbls:tBne

1- OlOW,l'1X B caBaHHax.. -

i1 - 6blna caBaHHO -. -

ie CTbIHIO. B A¢pYl e

oTeu, nycTbIHYl». -·7>11.

npaB&.1na Ansi TYP&.1CTOBB HaLJ,1I10HanbHOM napKe C ero nep-

B03,lJ,aHHoill npll1po,lJ,oill nO~Bn~eTC~

YHII1KanbHa~ B03MO>KHOCTb Oll.\yTlI1Tb

ce6~ nepBoOTKpblBaTeneM II1nll1Tap-

3aHOM. Ho npll1po,lJ,Hblill napK - 3TO

He napK OT,lJ,bIXa, a 3anOBe,lJ,Ha5'l

Teppll1TOpll1~, 111'-IenOBeK TaM TonbKO

roCTb. 06bl'-lHO 03HaKOMneHlI1e TYPIl1-

CTOB C napKOM npOIl1CXO,lJ,II1T Ha

aBTOM06l11ne no onpe,lJ,eneHHblM

MapwpyTaM. CKOPOCTb ,lJ,BII1>KeHII1~

OrpaHII1'-1eHa ,lJ,O50 KM/'-I, Be,lJ,b co-

BceM HeO>KII1,lJ,aHHO1113KyCTOB MOryT

nO~BII1TbC5'l 06l11TaTenll1 napKa,

Hanpll1Mep aHTlI1nOnbl II1nll1 3e6pbl.

Henb35'l HII1'-1erO Bbl6paCblBaTb 1113

OKHa MaWII1Hbl, a BbIXO,lJ,II1Tb1113Hee

pa3peWaeTC5'l TonbKO Ha cneLJ,lI1anb-

HO 060pY,lJ,OBaHHbIX CTO~HKax.

3anpell.\eHO KOPMII1Tb >KII1BOTHbIX.Bcny'-lae HapyweHII1~ npaBlI1n rope-TY-

pll1CTaM rp03l11T He TonbKO cypoBoe

HaKa3a.H.lI1e - OHII1PIl1CKYIOTpa3HO~- .. '06pa3l11Tb MeHIO KaKoro-HII16Y,lJ,b

_ KpynHoro X111ll.\H111Ka. . \!)

~~ Of,.'.

eHl'1s:t6blBalOT Ha Teppl'1TOpl'1l'1 A¢Pl'1Kl'1?

enOBeKa HaHOCl'1Tyw,ep6 npl'1po,lJ,e?

Tb l'1)I(l'1BOTHbIVlMl'1P A¢Pl'1Kl'1 He06xo,lJ,l'1MO oxpaHs:tTb?

TCR3anOBe,lJ,Hl'1Kl'1l'1Hau,l'10HanbH~enpl'1pO,lJ,H~enapKl'1?

_______ 3_AJJ.A_"I_A_)t--------------bHble pl'1CyHKl'1C l'1306pa>K:eHl'1eM KpynHbIX)I(l'1BOTHbIX, 06l'1-

BYl,lJ,eTenbCTByeT 0 TOM, 4TO n04Tl'1 7TbIC. neT Ha3a,lJ,nycTbl-

'allne, C 4eM CBs:t3aHOnpeBpaw,eHl'1e Caxapbl B 6e3BO,lJ,HylO

05IT: "CKOTOBO,lJ,-K04eBHl'1K He CTonbKO CblH nYCTbIHl'1, CKonb-

reorpa¢l'14ecKl'1V1 CMblcn Bbl yCMaTpl'1BaeTe B 3Tl'1XcnoBax?

A<1>PIIK\ - TIPAPO,JIIHA qL10BEK>\.. B BOCTO'-lHO~ A¢pYl-

Ke apxeO.l0rYl HaW11H 3aXOpOHeHYle llpeBHero '-IeJl0BeKa YI OpyllYl51

era TpYlla, B03paCT KOTOpblX ~0110 2,7 MJ1H11e-L HaxollKYI TaKoro

nepYlOlla - Cai\lble llpeBHYle Ha Hawe~ WlaHeTe. IT03TOMY MO:>KHO

npelln0110)l(Y1Tb, '-ITO nepBble .11011Yl Ha 3e'.1_1e 6bL1Y1 a¢pMKaHua-

MYI, '-ITO YlMeHHO B A¢pYlKe 3ap0:>KllaJlOCb '-Ie,10Be'-leCTBO. OTClOlla

llpeBHYle 111011Yl Ha'-laJlH paCCeJ15ITbC5Ino BCeYlY MYIPY.

H blHe A¢pYlKa - OllHH Y13 HaYl60Jlee HaCeJleHHblX MaTepHKOB.

ITo KOJlH'-IeCTBY HaCeJleHYl5I, KaK H no n110WallH, OHa 3aHYlMaeT

BTopoe MeCTO nOCile EBpa3Y1Y1. HaCeJleHYle A¢PHKYI npeBblwaeT

800 MJ1H'-IeJlOBeK. B nOCJlellHee BpeM5I ero KOJlYl'-leCTBO HeyKJ10H-

HO B03paCTaeT.

PACbI II HAPOLIbI. A¢pYlKa xapaKTepYl3yeTC5I 6011bWYlM pa3-

Ho06pa3Y1eM pac, HapOllOB, n11eMeH. CpellYl ee HaCeJleHYl5I eCTb

npellCTaBYlTeJlYl YI HerpOYlllHO~, YI eBpOneOYlllHO~, YI MOHrOJlO-

YlllHO~ pac. 3Ha'-lYlTeJlbHa5I '-IaCTb HaCeJleHYl5I C¢OPMYlpOBaJlaCb B

pe3YJlbTaTe CMeWeHYl5l pa3HblX pac.

MaTepYlK B OCHOBHOM HaCe115IIOTnpellCTaBYlTeJlYl HerpOH)],-

HO H (3KB a TOp H aJIb H0 H) pac bl. B YCJlOBH5IX namIwero C011-

Hua Y1X KO:>KanpH06peJla TeMHbl~ uBeT. KOTOPbl~ 3aWHwaeT ee

-C OT O.>l<OrOB, a BOJlOCbl CTaJlYl Kyp'-laBbIMYI.-n-YT-e-W-e-cT-B-H-e-B-c-nO-B-o-----e HapOllbl YI nJleMeHa 3TO~ paCbI OT11Y1'-1aIOTC5I

CnOBO mlrMen B nepeBOAe C rpe- OTTeH KOM KO:>KYI, pOCTOM, '-IepTaMM 11H ua. ByeCKOrO 03HayaeT Ben/l7'1MHoi11 C Ky- 3KBaTOpYlaJlbHblX Jlecax .>I<Y1ByTnU2Meu. 3TOnaK. ,D,peBHL-1erpeKL-1cYL-1TanL-1,YTO caMble MaJleHbKYIe JllOllYl Hawe~ nJlaHeTbl, YlX

nL-1rMeL-1- 3TO KapnL-1KL-1,)KL-1BY~L-1eB CpellHYI~ pOCT- 145 CM (PYlC. 98). A BOTMacau YIKaKOV1-TOAaneKOV1IO)KHOV1CTpaHe.

mymcu - caMble BbICOKHe (llO 2 M) Yl3 HapOllOB

TpaAI1~110HHOe>K1111I1~e

113 K03bl1X WKyp

TyaperoB-

KO"leBHI1KOB

AOM>KI1TelleVi

3anaAHoVi

API1KI1

• BcnOMH~Te, KaK~e eCTb OCHOBHblepaCbl.

• YToTaKoennOTHocTbHaceneH~R?

• KaK~eCTpaH~Ha3~BaIOTKonOH~RM~?

A¢pMKM. OHM Ha y.aMBJIeHMe CTPOJ1Hbl M rpaUM03Hbi (Pl1c. 99).HUJlOmbl, MJlM «JlIO.a11HI1Jla», )KI1BYll.l,l1e B BepXOBb5lX 3T0J1 peKM,

TaK)Ke BblCOKoro pOCTa. KpOMe TOro, OH 11OTJlWIaIOTC5I OlfeHb TeM-

HbIM, nOLJTI1 LJepHbIM UBeTOM KO)KI1. CyoXUJlU - «JlIO.a11n06epe-

)Kb5l» - HaCeJl5llOT npM6pe)KHble paJ10HbI VlH)J,MJ1CKOrOOKeaHa.

Ha lore MaTepl1Ka )KMBYT 6YUlMellbi M 2ommellmombl. OHM HH3-

KOpOCJlble, C )KeJlTOBaTOJ1 MOPWI1HMCTOJ1 KO)KeJ1, CKYJlaCTblM

/IHUOM, LJTo.aeJlaeT HX nOXO)KHMH Ha MOH rOJ10H.aO B. Y 3rjJuonoeKO)Ka CBeTJlee, qeM Y HerpOH.aOB, HO C KpaCHOBaTblM OTTeHKOM;

OHH npOMcxo.am OT HerpOH.aHoti 11MOHrOJlOH.aHoti pac.

npe.aCTaBHTeJlH ~.I!.OJI~OHl.l.J!.9" ~~~.~ .?CHOBHOM ••

Ha ceBepe A¢PHKI:!.; 3TO apa6bl (::m)KHp~e(HJ:lT5I1j!> MflpQFKaH.:

-m>r , pa3roBapHBalOWHe Haapa6cKOM 5I3bIKe, H 6ep6epbl. OHH HMe-

KIT CBeTJlblti, HO .aOCTaTOLJHOcMyrJlblti UBeT KQ)KH. 80 MHOrHX

patioHax A¢PHKH )KHBYT eeponeuu,bl. npe)K.lle Bcero, Ha lOre, r.ae--nOCeJlHJlI1Cb nOTOMKH rOJlJlaH.aCKHX, aHrllHticKMx, HeMeUKHX,

¢paHuY3cKHX nepeCeJleHueB. 3.aecb MHoro H MyJlamOe - nOTOM-

KOB OT CMewaHHblX 6paKoB eBponetiueB C MeCTHblM HaCeJleHilleM.

PA3MEIIJ:EHME HACEJIEHMH. 8 A¢pHKe OTHOCHTeJlbHO HH3-

Ka51 cpe.aH5I5I nJlOTHOCTb HaCeJleHH5I - OKOJlO 20 LJeJl./KM2• Ha

TeppHTOpHI1 MaTepl1Ka HaCeJleHHe pa3MeweHO HepaBHoMepHo.

fYCTO 3aCeJleHbi no6epe)l(b51 Cpe.aH3eMHoro MOp5l, rBHHeticKoro

3allHBa, VlH.aHtiCKOro OKeaHa. TaM B03HHKJlH KpynHble Me)K.llyHa-

po.aHble nOpTbl. OLJeHb BbICOKa51 nJlOTHOCTb HaCeJleHH5I B .aeJlbTe

HHJla (CBblllle 1000 LJeJl.jKM2). HeBblcoKa51 nJlOTHOCTb HaCeJleHH5I,

pa3YMeeTC5I, B nycTblH5IX VI Ha nOJlyoCTpoBe COMalll1.

DOJlbwa51 LlaCTb HaCeJleHVl5I A¢PI1KVI (70 %) npO)KHBaeT B CeJlb-

CKI1X HaCeJleHHbIX nyHKTax. npl1 3TOM P5l.aOM C CeJlbCKoti rllY-

6HHKOti, r.ae )K113Hb 6y.aTO 3aMepJla: TaK )KHJlH TaM 11CTO, I1)J,BeCTH

JleT Ha3a.a, B03HHKJll1 60JlbWl1e cOBpeMeHHble ropo.aa.

IIOJIMTWIECKMI KAPTAA<1>PMKM.Eme 50 neT Ha3aI1, nOlfTH

Bee CTpaHbI A¢PI1KI1 6blJll1 KOJlOHVl5IMI1. MoryweCTBeHHble

AOMa cenbCKIilX

>KIilTene~ rBIilHelil

XIII>KIilHbl

cenbCKIIIX

>KIIITene~

KaMepyHa

HeYTOMIilMble 6eryHbi caBaHH

6ywMeHbi - «KycTapHIIIKoBble ntO-

Alii», nocKonbKY 06bl4HO OHIII yCTpa-

IIIBanlII H04ner B KycTapHIIIKe, BblpblB

He6onbwylO 51MY. STili K04eBHlIIKlII -

OXOTHIIIKIIIIIIC06l11paTenlll CbeAo6HbiX

paCTeHIIIC1 III ceC14ac >KIIIByT TaK >Ke,

KaK 10 TbIC. neT Ha3aA. 1I13-3a cypo-

BblX ycnoBIIIC1 np0>KIIIBaHIII51 IIIX Konlll-

4eCTBO YMeHbwaeTC51. npeAKIIIE)6YWMeHOB OCTaBlIInlll Ha lOre

A¢PIllKIII MHoro4l11CneHHbie '

HaCKanbHble PIllCYHKIII. Ii>.

I

roCYllapCTBa EBpOnbl co BpeMeHl1 OTKpbITl151MaTepl1Ka BOCnpl1Hl1MaJJl1 ero KaK KJJalle3b,OTKYlla MO)l(HO6blJJO LlepnaTb CHaLlaJJa 30JJOTO,CJJOHOBYIOKOCTb,u,eHHYlOllpeBeCl1HY, a nOTOM -pa60B l1 nOJJe3Hbie l1CKOnaeMble. HaLIl1Ha51 CXVI B. OHl1 pa311eJJl1JJl1A¢pl1KY Me)l(Jly C060H l1

nnOLl1a,llb :' o6oraWaJJl1Cb 3a C'-IeT 3aXBa'-leHHbIX 3eMeJJb.cPpaHl\HH \.

K0J10HHAJ1bHbIE ~ DOJJbllle Bcero Teppl1TOpl1H 6blJJO y Be/lUK06pu-BJ1AAEHH5! \ ~~ r ~ maHUU l1 C/JpaHu,uu(Pl1c. 10 I).,llo Cepelll1Hbl XX B.

o cPpaHl\HH / J:" r-:,./ -./~ Ha nOJJl1Tl1'-1eCKOHKapTe A¢pl1l<M 6bIJJO TOJJbKOCJ BenHKo6pHTaHH~' /,' '-IeTblpe He3aBl1Cl1MbIX rOCYllapCTBa - Ezunem,r- ~f:~~:HCKHX \""~~OLl1a,ll: 3rjJuonufl, JIu6epufl l1 }OJ/cHafl ArjJpuKa, ,llJJ5I

roCYAapCTa L-36'enHKo6PHTaHHH pa60TbI Ha nJJaHTaU115IXKOJJOHl13aTOpbll1CnOJJb-

Pl1c. 101. KOnOHl1anbHble 30BaJJl111ellleBYIOpa60LfYlO Cl1JJYa¢Pl1KaHueB. 80BnaAeHI1S1 eBpOnel.1CKI1X Bce BpeMeHa «l.J.epHbIH KOHTl1HeHT) CTaJJKl1BaJJ-

roCYAapCTB B A<l>PI1Ke C5IC '-IepHeHllll1Ml1 '-IepTaMl1 CBOl1X«OTKpbIBaTe-(KoHeu, XIX - Ha4ano XX B.) JJeH). HapOllbI A¢PI1KI1110JJrOe BpeM5I60pOJJl1Cb

npOTl1B K0J10Hl1aJJl13Ma. C 1960 r. Ha MaTepl1Ke n05lBl1JJl1CblleC5!T-Kl1 He3aBl1Cl1MbIX roCYllapCTB, a B 1990 r. He3aBl1Cl1MOH CTaJJanOCJ1ellH5I5IK0J10H115I- HaMl16115I.

Ha cOBpeMeHHoH nOJJl1Tl1'-1eCKOHKapTe A¢Pl1Kl1 - CBblwe50 60JJbllll1X \II MaJIbIX rOCYllapCTB (Pl1c. 102). J;t XOT5IY)I(e HeTKOJJOHl1H,HeKOTopble 113Hl1X110Cl1Xnop npe6bIBalOT B3KOHOMl1-

PI1C. 102.nOnI1TI1L1eCKaSiKapTa A<l>PI1KI1

1. nepe4l-1Cm1Te caMble60nbWl-1e no nnow,aAl-1CTpaHbl Acj:JPl-1Kl-1.

2. KaKl-1e cTpaHbl pacno-naralOTCfl Ha n06epe>KbeII1HAl-1I11CKoroOKeaHa, aKaKli1e - Ha n06epe>KbeATnaHTl-14eCKoro?

3. Ha30Bl-1Te KOHTl-1HeH-TanbHble CTpaHbl (Hel-1MelOw,l-1e BblXOAa K MOplOl-1nl-1oKeaHy).

4. nonb3Yflcb Pl-1c. 101,CpaBHl-1Te nnow,aAl-1KonoHli1111li1cTpaH, KOTO-pble li1Ml-1BnaAenl-1.

UHQlpaMH0603HayeHbl:1 faM6H.2 faHHe.-6Hcay3 Cbeppa-lleoHe4 t\JKH6yrH5 3KaaTOp"anbHa. fa"He.6 PyaHAa7 6ypyHAH8 ManaaH9 CBa3"neHA

10 llecoTo

yeCKOH 3aBMCMMOCTl1 OT 6blBWl1X BJla.1l,eJlbueB. no ypOBHIO

pa3BMTI151 rocyaapCTBa AcPPMKI1 OTHOC5ITC5I K pa3BMBalOllJ,I1MC5I

CTpaHaM. BbiCOKOpa3Bl1TbiM 51BJI5IeTC5I TOJlbKO rocyaapcTBO

1O:JlcHaHArjJpUKa.KOJlOHl13aTOpbl OCTaBI1JlI1 B HaCJleaCTBO X0351HCTBeHHYIO M

KyJlbTypHylO OTCTaJlOCTb, roJlOa, 60Jle3HI1, 6eaHOCTb. B nOCJle.1l,-

Hee BpeM51 :>K113HbB CTpaHax AcPPI1KI1 HaJla:>KI1BaeTC5I. BBOa51TC5I

6eCnJIaTHOe 06pa30BaHl1e, Meal1lJ,MHCKOe 06CJlY:>KMBaHMe, CTPO-

5lTC5I KOJlJIea:>KM, yHMBepCvITeTbI.

X03.HI1CTBO. 3aaoJlro ao npJ1Xoaa eBponeHueB HapOabl AcP-

PMKJ1 C03aaJlM cBoe06pa3HylO KyJlbTypy (E2unem, 3rjJuonufl,FaHa, EeHUH, CyoaH). LI,0 HaWMX aHeH COXpaHJ1JlJ1Cb yHMKaJlb-

Hble naM5ITHMKM KyJlbTypbl: erJ1neTCKMe nMpaMMabl - '-lyao

llpeBHeH CTpOJ1TeJlbHOH TeXHJ1KM, xpaMbl, pe3b6a no CJIOHOBOH

KOCTJ1J1aepeBy, cKyJlbnTypbl M3 6POH3bl M T. a.

BnpOYeM, COBpeMeHHa51 AcPPMKa - HaMMeHee 3KOHOMJ1yeC-

KJ1pa3BJ1Ta5IyaCTb CBeTa. OCHOBOH X035IHCTBa nO'-lTM BO Bcex CTpa-

Hax 51BJl5leTC5I CeJIbCKOe X03HHCTBO. npH 3TOM

MCnOJlb3yeTc5I npeMMyllJ,eCTBeHHO pyYHOt!

TPY.1l"a He COBpeMeHHa51 TeXHMKa (pMC. 103). Bbl- POAOM 1113A¢lpIIIKIII

pallJ,HBalOT KyKypy3y, XJlOn~IaTHJ1K, apaXMC, 6a- A¢pV1Ka - pOAV1Ha lJ,eHHbIX KynbTyp

HaHbl, aHaHaCbl, BMHorpaa, KOcPe, KaKao, (CBeKnbl, nyKa, KanycTbl, ap6y3a),

MaCJlJ1l-IHYIO M cPMHMKOBylO naJlbMbl, IJ,HTPYCO- KOTopble pacnpOCTpaHV1nV1Cb noBceMy MV1PY. A¢pV1KaHCKV1e KaKao,

Bble. PaCTeHMeBoaCTBO 'lallJ,e Cne~MaJlM3MpyeT- Ko¢e, lJ,V1TPYCOBble,6aHaHbl, aHa~C5I Ha BblpallJ,MBaHMM oaHOM KyJIbTypbl, HaCbl nonb3YIOTC~ cnpOCOM. '.KOTOpa51 BbIB03J1TC5I B apyrl1e CTpaHbl MMpa. Bo MHorV1X CTpaHax.','ID;

)KMBoTHoBoaCTBO MeHee pa3BMTO, yeM paCTe- •.

HMeBOaCTBO. Pa3BoaHT OBeu, K03, Bep6JIIOaOB M KpynHblH pora-

TblH CKOT. TpaaMIJ,HOHHO pa3BMBaeTCH pbI60JIOBCTBO.

BeaYllJ,Me OTpaCJlM npOMbIUIJIeHHOCTH - JIerKaH J1nJ1llJ,e-

BaH, KOTOpble yaOBJIeTBOp5llOT nOTpe6HOCTM HaCeJIeHJ151.nOYTJ1

He nOJly'-lJ1JIMpa3BHTH5I TaKMe Ba:>KHbleCOBpeMeHHble OTpaCJIH, KaK

AepeSSlHHaSl

cKynbnTypa

MaCTepOB KOHro

( Pa3Aen II

Pl1c.104.B cTpaHax

AQ>Pl1Kl1pa3Bl1BaeTCSI

Typ113M(peKnaMHa51

OTKpblTKa)

MaWI1HOCTpOeHl1e 11 XI1MI14eCKa51. bblCTPblMI1 TeMnaMI1

pa3BI1BaeTC51ropHOll06blBalOllia51 npOMbIWJleHHOCTb. 1-1a Ml1pOBOM

PblHOK a¢pI1KaHCKl1e CTpaHbl nOCTaBJUlIOT aJlMa3bl, 30JlOTO, PYllbl

UBeTHblX MeTaJlJlOB, He¢Tb, ¢OC¢OPI1TbI. B OCHOBHOM 1l06bll.fa

COCpe1l0TOl.feHa B IOJICHouArjJpuKe, HU2epuu, J]U8UU. nOJlYl.fI1Jla pa3-

BI1Tl1e UBeTHa51 MeTaJlJ1ypfl151, npe)K1le Bcero np0l13BOllCTBO Melll1

(3GM6Ufl, KOH(0). B HeKOTopblX CTpaHax TypH3M npl1HOCI1T B ro-

CYllapCTBeHHylO Ka3HY 60Jlbllie, l.feM npOMblWJleHHOCTb (PI1C. 104).TpaHcnopT B A¢pl1Ke pa3BI1T He1l0CTaTOl.fHO, 110 CI1X nop

60JlbWYlO POJlb HrpaeT ry)KeBoH. )lJl51 BHyTpeHHI1X nepeB030K

I1CnOJlb3yeTC51 )KeJle3H01l0p0)KHbIM TpaHcnopT, 1lJ151BHeWHI1X-

MOpCKOM.

(! 3AnOMHl1TE• A<IlPHKa - OAHH H3 caMblX HaCeJIeHHblX MaTepHKOB: KOJIH'IeCTBO HaCeJIeHHSI

npeBbllllaeT 800 MJIH '1eJIOBeK.

• HaCeJIeHHe A<IlPHKH pa3MemaeTCSI HepaBHOMepHO H OTHOCHTCSI K pa3HbiM pacaM.

• COBpeMeHHaSi nOJIHTHlJeCKaSi KapTaA<IlPHKH, a 3TO 60JIee 50 rocYllapcTB, c<Ilop-

MHpOBaJIaCb BO BTOpOH nOJIOBHHe XX B. nOCJIe pacna,LJ,a KOJIOHHaJIbHOH CHCTeMbl.

• IIo ypOBHIO pa3BHTHSI X03S1HCTBa CTpaHbl AcjlPHKIf OTHOCSlTCSI K cJIa60pa3BH-

TbIM, BbicoKopa3BHToH S1BJISleTCSITOJIbKO IO.lKHaSi A<IlPHKa.

BonpOCbl l1 3AAAHl1S11.K KaKII1MOCH08HbiM pacaM OTHOCII1TC~HaCeneHlI1e AepPIl1KII1?

2. KaKlI1e HapoAbl npmKlI18alOT 8 Aeppll1Ke?

3. KaK HaCeneHlI1e pa3Mew,aeTC~ 8 npeAenax MaTepll1Ka? KaKlI1e epaKTOpbl 8nll1~IOT Ha

ero Hepa8HoMepHoe pa3Mew,eHlI1e?

4. KaKlI1e C06b1TII1~06ycn08l11nll1 epOpMlI1p08aHlI1e nOnll1TlI14eCK0ll1KapTbl Aeppll1Kill?

5. nOAYMaIl1Te, n04eMY 80 MHOrll1X CTpaHax AepPIl1KII1oepll1LJ,lI1anbHblMII1~8n~IOTC~

eppaHLJ,Y3CKlI1l11l11nll1aHfnll1l11CKlI1111~3bIKII1.

~ 102

§ 22. CTPAHhI

1>- BcnOMHV1Te V13Kypca V1CTOpV1V1,rAe B AeppV1Ke B03HV1KJlaApeBH~~~V1BV1nV13a~V1~.

- KaKa~ CTpaHa AepPV1KV1~Bn~eTCs:l BbICOKopa3BV1T0C1?

Y13YlIa51CTpaHbI, BbI 03HaKOMl1TeCb He TOJIbKO C oco6eHHOCT5I-

MI1 npJ.1po.ubI, KOTopble 3aBI1C5IT OT reorpa¢l1'-IeCKOra nOJIO)l(eHI151,

HO J.1C HaCeJIeHl1eM, era X0351VtCTBeHHOVt.ue5lTeJIbHOCTbJO. ,LI..n51xa-

paJCTepJ.1CTJ.1KJ.1CTpaHbI I1CnOJIb3YVtTe nJIaH (npJ.1JIO)l(eHl1e 5).EI'IUIET. 3TO rocyllapcTBO Ha ceBepO-BOCTOKe A¢pl1KaHcKoro

KOHTI1HeHTa, Ha CTbIKe A¢pl1KJ.1 11A31111. n04Tl1 BC5Iera TeppMTO-

pl151 (96 %) JIe)l(l1T B 30He )I(apKI1X nYCTbIHb. K..rII1MaT - TponM4e-

CKMVt nycTbIHHbIVt, BCJ1ellCTBl1e CyXOCTM He6JIaronpl15ITHblVt llJI5I

)I(l13Hl1 lleJIOBeKa. C JOra Ha ceBep CTpaHy nepeceKaeT e.uMHCTBeH-

Ha51 peKa - HUll. D,peBHerpe4eCKI1Vt I1CTOPI1K repO.uOT Ha3blBaJI

EmneT «.uapoM H"lJIa». D,eVtCTBI1TeJIbHO, peKa - 3TO ell 11HCTBeH-

HbIVt J.1CT04HMK )I(l13HH B nycTbIHe. D,OJII1Ha HI1J]a npellCTaBJI5IeT

c060Vt p5l11Oa3I1COB. Ee nJlOllOpOllHble 3eMJ1116J1arOnpl151THbI llJI5I

pa3BI1TI151 CeJ1bCKoro X035IVtCTBa. J;1MeHHo 311eCb6 TbIC. JIeT Ha3M

B03Hl1KJIa o.uHa 113caMblX llpeBHI1X UI1BI1J1113aUI1Vt.CeVt4aC no KO-

JIl14eCTBY HaCeJIeHH5I EmneT 3aHHMaeT BTopoe MeCTO B A¢PM-

Ke, HO cocpe.uOT04eHO OHO npel1MywecTBeHHO Ha Y3KOM nOJIOce

3eMJ1I1, opowaeMOM HHJIOM. Bce ropo.uaCTpaHbI - 60JIbWl1e 11Ma-

JIble, CTapMHHble 11COBpeMeHHble - Haxo.u5ITC5I B llOJII1He HI1JIa

(PI1C. 105). DOJ1bWMHCTBo HaCeJIeHI151 - apa6bI,

McnOBellYJOWl1e I1CJIaM.

OCHoBa X035IMCTBa CTpaHbl - CeJIbCKOe

X0351HCTBO. rycTa51 ceTb 0pOCI1TeJIbHbIX Ka-

HaJIOB, MHOro COJlHe4HOro TenJ1a, nJIOllOpo.u-

Hble n04BbI - Bce 3TO n03BOJI5IeT nOJIYlIaTb 2 -3 yp0)l(a51 B rOll. DOJlbume nJIOWMI1 3aH5ITbI nOll

@ Kal1p {JAbl*,0 At""

~~~"4q, (.~~': ~1-';> \ y, :.~r. 1

CaMaSl BblCOKaSl H3 nH- \. ····/)1o~paMHt:( - nVlpaMVlAa Xeonca ~IfHTlt'~<l

(137 M). "OHVI 6YAYT cYl..l\eCTSOSaTbSeYHO)', - yTsep>KAanVi ApesHVIeerVlnTS1He, a HblHe nVlpaMVlAbl OTHO-cln K ceMVI Yy,o.ecaM cseTa.

Pl1C. 105. Kal1p - CTOm'll-4a Erl1nTa11OAl1H 113 KpynHe.:1Wl1X ropoAoB AepPl1Kl1

Pl1c.106. 3HaMeHl1Tble nl1paMl1AblB03BblwalOTCSI Ha KpalO Caxapbl

npeAweCTBeHHIIIK 6yMarlll1113KaMblwa - nanli1pyca, rycTble

3apOCnli1 KOTOpOrO pacTyT Ha Hli1nb-

CKIi1X 60nOTaX, ApeBHli1e erli1nTs:lHe

HaY41i1nli1Cb 1i13rOTOSns:lTb 6yMary.

CTe6enb paCTeHIi1s:l pa3pe3anli1 Ha

nOnOCKIi1. nOTOM Ii1XCKJleli1Banli1, Ha-

nO)l(li1B Kpas:lMIi1 OAHy Ha APyrylO. C

TeX nop nanli1pycoM Ha3blBalOT CTa-

pli1HHble pyKOnll1CII1, HanIl1CaHHble+ .....Ha 3TOM paCTII1TenbHOM .

MaTepll1ane.:.'fJ,

l

PIIIC. 107. 3eMneAenb~ecKllle pa"'oHblB AonlllHe Ha.1na

XJIOn'-IaTHI1KOM. no c60py 3TOH KYJ1bTYpbl Erl1neT 3aHHMaeTOAHO

113 nepBblX MeCT B MHpe. Bblpalll,l1BalOT TaK)[(e KYKYPY3Y, PHC,

nwemtuy, caXapHbl11 TpOCTHI1K, ¢I1HHKOBYJO llaJ1bMY, MaCJ1I1HO-

Bble AepeBb5l, llHTPYCOBble - aneJ1bCHHbl, MaHllapHHbl, J1I1MOHbI.

Pa3BOA5IT KPYllHbl11 pOraTbl11 CKOT, K03, OCJ10B,Bep6J1lOAOB, OBeu.

Hap5lAY C TPaAHllHOHHblMH OTpaCJ151MH npOMblillJleHHO-CT H - J1erKOH H nHllI,eBOH, nepepa6aTblBalOllI,HMI1 npOAYKllHlO

CeJ1bCKOrOX0351I1CTBa, pa3BI1BaeTC5I A06bIBalOllI,a51 (He¢Tb,npH-

POAHbII1 ra3). )KeJ1e3Hble H MapraHlleBble PYAbl HCn0J1b3YlOTC5I

npeAnpl151TI151MH l.JepHOH MeTaJ1J1ypfHH M5I BbInJ1aBKl1 l.JyryHa

11CTaJ1I1. v13 PYA llBeTHblX MeTaJ1J10B BbInJ1aBJ151lOTMellb, CBI1-

Hell, llHHK, 0J10BO. Pa3BHBaeTC5I MaWHHOCTpoeHHe. MI1HepaJlb-

Hble YA06peHI151, J1eKapCTBa 11 llpyrylO npOllYKllHlO llaeT

XI1MI1l.JeCKa51npOMbIWJ1eHHOCTb, HCn0J1b3Y51 MeCTOpO)[()l,eHI151

¢OC¢OPI1TOB, cepbl, fHnca, KaMeHHOI1 COJ1I1.AcyaHcKafl F3C-OCHOBHOI1 HCTOl.JHHK 3J1eKTp03HepfHH.

Oa311CbI B nYCTbIH5IX COelll1HeHbI )[(eJ1e3HblMH AoporaMI1 H

aBTOMarHCTpaJ151MI1. Ho C006ll1,eHHe 3aTpYA-

H5IlOT 6apxaHbl, nepeMelll,a5lCb, OH H nOCT05lH-

HO 3aCbmalOT 1l0pOfH. nOpTb! AlleKcaHapUfl,flopm-Caua H Cy3l{ npl1HHMalOT CYAa co Bce-

ro Ml1pa.

EOJ1bWOe 3Hal.JeHl1e HMeeT Me)[()l,yHapoll-

HbII1 Typ H 3 M. E)[(erOAHO MHJ1J1110HbITypHC-

TOB npHe3)[(alOT nocMOTpeTb nl1paMHAbl -

YCbmaJ1bHl1llbl ¢apaOHOB, a TaK)[(e C¢HHK-

COB - K0J10CCaJ1bHble cKyJ1bnTypbl J1bBOBC l.Je-

J10Bel.JeCKHMI1 r0J10BaMI1, coopy)[(eHHble

nOl.JTH 5 TbIC. J1eT Ha3all. OTAblX Ha nJ151)[(ax

KpacHoro MOp51 npeMaraeT Xypzaaa - Kpyn-

HetlWI1H KYpOpT CTpaHbI.

EfHneT nOCTaBJ151eTB YKpal1HY aneJ1bCI1HbI.

«Bce AeHbra.1 Ma.1pa 6YAYT 3AeCb»3TII1 cnOBa Bblce4eHbi Ha naMs:lTHII1-

Ke ePepAII1HaHAY neccency - eppaH-

LW3CKOMY II1H)I(eHepy, KOTOPblLII

PYKosOAlI1n CTpOIl1TenbCTBOM CY3LJ,-

KOro KaHana. Pycno An 111HOLII161 KM,

WIl1PII1HOLil120 - 300 M 111rny6111HoLil

16 M Ha npOTs:l)l(eHII1I1110 neT coopy-

)I(anll1 erll1neTCKlI1e pa604l11e. OTKPbl-

TblLil B 1869r., KaHan II1MeeTMlI1pOBOe

3Ha4eHlI1e. 3TO KpaT4aLIIWII1L11nYTb

Me)l(AY nOpTaMII1 Esponbi 111A3111111.

MHor04111cneHHbie CYAa COKpaTlI1nll1

nnaBa.HlI1e Ha 8 - 15 TbIC. KM no~ ..cpaSHeHlI110 C MapwpYToM

•.. BOKpyr AepPIl1KII1. . (lj':.

_ InIOHbI, XJ10WlaT06YMa)((Hble TKaH11, pHC. A 113HaWeH CTpaHbI

B ErHneT Be3yT MeT<lJlJI, 3epHO, MOJIOY:Hble npO,n:YKThI.

IOLKHAH APHKA. 3TO rocy,n:apCTBO - 3KOHOMHy:eCKHH

HlraHT A¢pHKH. OHO paCnOJIaraeTC5I Ha KPaHHeM lOre MaTepH-

'a. DOJIbWYIO lJaCTh 3aHHMalOT paBHHHhI, B,n:OJIb n06epe)j(h5I

npOCTHpaIOTC5I j],paKOHOBbl H KanCKue cOpbl. KrIHMaT TellJIhIH -

TpOnWleCKHH H cy6TponHy:eCKHH. IIpe06JIa,Ua1OT caBaHHhI, eCTh

BeY:H03eJIeHhle )j(eCTKOJIHCTHhIe JIeca 11 KycTapHHKH, nYCThIH11.

!D)j(HYIO A¢PHKY Ha3hIBalOT reOJIOfHy:eCKHM YY,n:OM,HaCTOJIhKO

ee He,n:pa 60raThI nOJIe3HhIM11 11CKonaeMhIMH. 3TOH CTpaHe

npHHa.uJIe)j(aT 24 % 3anaCOB Bcex aJIMa30B Ha nJIaHeTe, a 30JIOTa

e)j(ero,n:HO ,n:06hIBa1OT 900 T. HaCT05Iw.eH ceHcaUHeH CTaJIOco06-

w:eHHe 0 TOM, Y:TOB He,n:pax CTpaHhl 3aJIeralOT CBhlwe 50 % MHPO-

BbIX 3anaCOB nJIaTHHhl, MapraHua, xpOMa.

KopeHHoe HaCeJleHHe CTpaHhI - 6YWMeHhI 11rOTTeHTOTbI.

Hx OCTaJIOCb Bcero HeCKOJIbKO COTeH. )I(HBYT TaK)l(e 3yJIyCbI,

H,n:e6eJIe, Koca H ,n:p. IIepBbIMH eBporreHuaM11, KOTophIe rrOCeJIH-

JII1Ch H OCHOBaJIH KOJIOHHIO, 6bIJIH rOJIJIaH,n:UhI. C Tey:eHHeM

BpeMeHH K HI1M npI1Coe,n:HHHJIHCb aHfJlHy:aHe. )],JI5I pa60ThI Ha

nJIaHTaU115IX H WaxTax B cTpaHy npHB0311JIH HH,n:HHueB H KHTaH-

ueB. II03ToMY IO)j(HYIO A¢pHKY Ha3bIBalOT KaJIet'r,n:ocKonoM

Hapo,n:OBH KYJIbTYP, r,n:eO¢I1UHaJIbHhIMH 5IBJI5IIOTC5Icpa3y 11 5I3bI-

KOB, Y:T06bI HHKOro He 06H,n:eTh.

lO)((Ha5I A¢p11Ka OTHOCI1TC5I K 20-TH HaH60JIee pa3BHTbIM ro-

cy,n:apCTBaM MHpa. IIpOUBeTalOw.eH CTpaHOH OHa CTaJIa 6JIaro,n:a-

P5I ,n:06bIBalOw.eH npOMblmJleHHOCTH. IO)j(Ha5I A¢pHKa

3aHMMaeTo,n:HO 113nepBbIX MeCT B MHpe no,n:06bIY:e aJIMa30B, 30JIO-

Ta, ac6eCTa, ypaHa (pHC. 108). Cpe,n:M,n:pYfHX nOJIyYMJII1 pa3BHTMe -

MeTaJIJIyprM5I, MaWMHOCTpoeH11e, XMMl1lJeCKa5I; He¢Tenepepa-

6aThIBalOw.a5I, JIerKa5I, nHw.eBa5I OTpaCJIM npOMbIWJIeHHOCTH.

OCHOBOt'r CeJlbCKOrO X03}1HCTBa 5IBJI5IIOTC5IKpynHble

¢epMepcKMe X035IHCTBa, KOTopble npMHa.uJIe)j(aT eBporreHuaM.

OHM WHpOKO HCnOJIb3YlOT TexHMKy 11 y,n:06peHM5I, rr03TOMY

nOJIyYalOT BbICOKHe yp0)j(aH. Bhlpaw.HBalOT nweH11UY, caxapHbIH

IO>KHASIACI>P~KA

• 1,2 MnH KM2

t 45 MnH lien.

@ lfBaH3(npeTop",st)

P..,c.108.IO>KHastAcI>p..,Ka-cTpaHa anMa30B

«XH>KHHbl-nHCaHKH» TpOCTHHK, XJIOlll_IaTHHK, BHHOrpa,u, UHTPYCO-

HapoA HAe6ene yKpawaeT BbJe. IO)J(Ha5I A<ppHKa llaeT nOJIOBHHy BCeHCBOl;1>KL<1nL<1w,aOyeHb 0pL<1rL<1- KYKYPY3bI H TPeTb caxapa, KOTOpbJe BbJpa6aTbI-

HanbHO. Ka>KAYIO XL<1>KL<1HY BaIOTC5I Ha MaTepHKe. TOJIhKO <ppyKTOB CTpaHaOHIII paCnlllCblBalOT pa3HO-

BblpaW;HBaeT 140 BHllOB, HX IlpOllaIOT B 40 CTPaHlJ,BeTHbIM reOMeTplIIyeCKL<1MopHaMeHTOM nOAo6Ho MHpa. Pa3BO,LJ.5JTOBeu, KpyrrHbJH poraTbIH CKOT,

yKpalllHcKoiil nL<1CaHKe. 8TO caMO+ CBHHeH. PhJ6oJIOBCTBO (Kpa6hJ, aH'IoychI, cap-6blTHoe IIICKyCCTBO nonYYL<1no llHHbJ) TaK)J(e IlpH6bJJIbHa5I OTpaCJIh X035IHCTBa.

Me>KAYHapOAHoe @ COBpeMeHHhle aBTOMarHCTpaJIH, rycTa5I ceTh

nplll3HaHllle. )J(eJIe3Hb1X llopor H B03llYlllHhiH TpaHcnopT

clloco6cTBYIO~f pa3BHTHlO X035IHCTBa. 3Ta a<PPHKaHCKa5I CTPaHa

HMeeT pa3BHTylO c<pepy o6pa30BaHH5I H 3llpaBooxpaHeHH5I.

[ocYllapcTBeHHa5I Ka3Ha 1l01l0JIH5IeTC5I H 3a C'IeT Me)J(LJ.YHapOll-

Horo TypH3Ma. PaCTHTeJIhHOCTb H )J(HBOTHhJH MHp C'IHTaIOTC5I

He MeHbllIHM 60raTCTBOM CTPaHbJ, 'IeM 30JIOTO H aJIMa3bJ. IT03TO-

My HX COXpaH5IIOT B HaUHOHaJIbHhIX IlPHPOllHblX llapKaX, KOTO-

pble IlpHBJIeKalOT MHoro'IHCJIeHHbIX TYpHCTOB.

PaCllIHp5IIOTC5I ToprOBbIe CBB3H C YKpaHHoH. 113llaJIe-

KOH CTpaHbl K HaM Be3YT BHHorpa,u, BHHa, UBeThl, a TaK)J(e aJIMa-

3bI llJI5I orpaHKH yKpaHHcKHMH MaCTepaMH. YKpaHHa

IlOCTaBJI5IeT aBHal.l,HOHHOe 06opYllOBaHHe, MHHepaJIbHble Yllo6-

peHH5I, l.I,eMeHT H llP.

HMTEPHH. CTpaHa paCIlOJIO)J(eHa B HH)J(HeM TeqeHHH peKUHU2ep, Ha rro6epe)J(he feUHeUCK020 3GJlUeQ. OHa HMeeT llIHPOKliH

BbIXOll K oKeaHy. DbIJIO BpeM5I, Korlla ee rro6epe)J(he Ha3blBaJIOCb

HeeoflbHulfUU 6epe2. C 3THM Ha3BaHHeM HHrepHHl.I,eB CB5I3bIBaIOT

Tpam'IeCKlie C06bITH5I HX HCTOpHH. 0 HHrepHH rOBOp5IT, 'ITO 3TO

i 130 MnH "I en . A<pPHxa B MHHHaTlOpe: Ha lOre CTpaHbJ pacTYT BJIa)J(Hble 3KBaTO-

PHaJIbHble JIeca, Ha ceBepe - caBaHHa, rrepexo,LJ.5Jw;a5IB rrOJIyrry-

PECnYSJU1KAHHrEPHSl

CThIHlO. B peJlhe<pe npe06Jla,n,alOT npIfMOpCKl1e paBHIfHhI If He-

BhICOKl1e nJlOCKoroPhH. B TeqeHIfe roAa TeIlJIO. HeApa 60raThI

nOJle3HhIMIf IfCKOnaeMhIMM.

HMrepmI - CaMa51HaCeJleHHa51 CTPaHa A<pPI1Kl1. Hac e Jl e -

H H e MHorOHaUMOHaJJhHoe - 250 HapoAHocTew, KmK,Ll.aHM3 HMX

If MeeT CBOIf 06hlqaM, Tpa,lJ,IfUIfM, 5I3hIK. HaCeJleHMe )J(MBeT

npeMMyrn:eCTBeHHO B ceJlax.

HMrepM5I - CeJlhCKOX0351WCTBeHHa51CTpaHa. BhlpaIll.IfBalOT

KaKao, MaCmfqHYlO naJJhMY, apamc, XJlOnQaTHI1K, caxapHhIW

TPOCTHIfK, KayqYKOHOChI. Pa3BOAHT KpynHhlw poraThIW CKOT,

OBeu, K03. DOJlhlllOe 3HaqeHI1e I1MelOT phI6onOBCTBO M 3arOTOBKa

ApeBeCMHhI ueHHhIX nopOA. HIfrepl15l - O,lJ,MHM3 MMPOBhIX nMLJ;e- 3Cb1010nlo1S1pOB no ,lJ,06hlqe He<pTM. ,1l.o6bIBalOT TaIOKe yroJlh, )J(eJle3Hble If

OJlOBHHHble PYAhI. Pa3BIfBalOTC5I nMIll.eBa5I MnerKa51 npOMhIlllJleH-

HOCTh. Ba)J(HhIMIf AO CMX nop OCTalOTC5IpeMecna: Hl1repIfWUhI

o6pa6aTbIBalOT IlIKYPhI, TKYT TKaHI1, nJleTYT UMHOBKl1 M KOp3M-

HbI (pIfC. Ill). OHM YMeJlhle pe3QIfKI1 no AepeBy M rOHQapbI.

npIfMOpCKoe nonO)J(eHl1e CTpaHbI cnoco6cTByeT pa3BIfTMlO

ToprOBnM. HIfrepMH - OAMH 113Be)J,yrn:I1XMMPOBhIX np0I13BOAM-

Tenew naJJhMoBoro Macna, KaKao, apamca, )J(ene3HOWPYAbI, Jleca,

KOTophle nOCTaBJl5leT B APyrMe CTpaHhI.

3<1>HOnlUl. DOnbllla51 QaCTb CTpaHhI pacnOJlO)J(eHa B npeAenax

3rjJuonCKOcO Hacopbfl. fuo ApeBHee rOCYAapCTBO, OCTaBaBllleeC5I • 1,1 MnH KM2

He3aBIfCl1MhIM Aa)J(e B KOJlOHl1aJJhHhIW nepMOA. TepPIfTOpl1lO

CTpaHbI nepeceKaeT BOCmO'1HO-ArjJpUKaHCKafl 30Ha pa3JloJw06.

n03TOMY TaM QaCTO 6bIBalOT 3eMneTpHCeHM5I 11 113Bep)J(eHI1H

ByJlKaHOB. I1MelOTc5I nYCThIHIf, caBaHHbI If n --£?yrewecTBMe B cnOBO ~

BhICOKoropHble paWOHbI C 60raTOW paCTIfTeJlh- H 3'" Ia3saHlile CTpaHbl ."HonHfI S ne- !

HOCTblO. CTPaHy HaCeJl5llOT 3<pMonhI, KOTophle peSOAe CApesHerpe4ecKoro 03Ha-06beAIfHHlOT HeCKOJlbKO HapoAHoCTeW. 4aeT nULjO, 060>lOKeHHOe COflHLjeM:

3qHl.onIf51 - CeJlbCKOX0351HCTBeHHa51

C60pKaKao-606oB

t 68 MnH '1en.

@ AAA~c-A6e6a

CTpaHa. KpYrJIbIH roLl. Bblpaw.HBalOT KYKYPY3Y, copra, caxapHbIH

TpOCTHI1K, OBOW.H, 6aHaHbl, l.J,HTPYCOBble. Co6HpalOT L1.HKHHMeLl..

3<I:>HOTlH5I OTHOCHTC5I K MHPOBbIM rrpOH3BOLl.I1TeJI5IM Ko<I:>e

(pHC. 112). Pa3BHTo )f(llBOTHOBOLl.CTBO (KpyrrHbIH poraTblH CKOT,

K03bl, Bep6JIIOLl.bl, JIOIIlMH). CeJIbCKOe X035IHCTBO CTpaLl.aeT OTy 'IaCTbIX 3acyx, KOfLl.a rH6HyT TlOCeBbI, CKOT H

- HacryTlaeT rOJIOLl..3q:Jl-1onVl5'l - pOAVlHa Ko<pe. CnOBO Pa6oTalOT TlpeLl.Tlpl15ITI15IJIerKOHI1 TlI1w.eBoH

Koq,e o6pa30BaHo OT Ha3BaHVl5'I npOMblmJIeHHOCTH, He6oJIbIIll1e MeTaJIJIyp-Kaepepa - OCHOBHora pall10Ha era Bbl-paw,V1BaHVl5'I.11133<pVlonVlVl npoVlcxo- fWleCKl1e 3aBOl/,bl. J],o6bIBalOT PYl/,bl l/,parou.eH-Am TaK>Ke lJ,eHHble copTa nweHVI- HbIX MeTaJIJIOB (30JIOTO, TlJIaTI1Ha). OCHOBHOH

lJ,bl, p>KVI,npoca. TpaHcnopT - aBTOM06l1JIbHblHl1 )((eJIe3HO-

L1.0pmKHbIH.

3AnOMHHTE

• IO)KHa}l AflJpHKa - BblCOKOpa3BHTa}l CTpaHa KOHTHHeHTa C MHorOOTpaCJIeBOH

npOMblmJIeHHOCTblO H 3l1>flJeKTHBHblM CeJIbCKHM X03}1HCTBOM •

• ErHneT, HHrepH}I, 3f1JHonH}I- pa3BHBaIOID,HeC}I CTpaHbl, OCHOBOH HX 3KOHO-

MHKH }lBJI}leTC}I CeJIbCKOe X03}1HCTBO.

BonpOCbl.H 3AAAHHSI

1. nOyeMY Erl-·meT Ha3blBalOT «cTpaHo~ B 06bSHII1flX nycTblHill »? B KaKO~ yaCTII1 CTpa-

Hbl npeIl1Myw,eCTBeHHO COCpe,lJ,OTOYeHa )((1I13Hb?

2. KaKlI1e oc06eHHocTII1 npll1pO,lJ,blll1 KynbTypbl Erll1mall13BeCTHbi BO BCeM MlI1pe?

3. 6JlarO,lJ,apfl YeMy IO>KHafl A¢p 111Ka CTaJla pa3BII1TbiM rocY,lJ,apCTBoM?

rEOrPA4»WiECKASI 3AAA"IAE>Kero,lJ,HOErll1neT nocew.alOT 2 MJlH TypIl1CTOB. Ka)l(,l],bl~ 1113HII1XOCTaBJlfleT B CTpaHe

He MeHbwe 500 ,lJ,OJlJlapOBCWA. KaKOBa e>Kero,lJ,Hafl npll16blJlb CTpaHbl OTTypll13Ma?

C,lJ,eJlaL/1TeBbIBO,lJ,0 3HayeHII11113iO~ OTpaCJlIl1,l],Jlfl 3KOHOMII1KII1Erll1nTa.

( I YPOQeHL)

0, 51. rBIIHeHCKIIH 3aJIlIB OMLIBaeT A$pIIKY C:a) ceBepa; 6) IOra; B) 3ana,n;a; r) BOCTORa.

0,J 2. TIOJIYOCTPOBCOMaJIII pacrrOJIaraeTC.H B A$R,.IIKe Ha:a) ceBepe; 6) IOre; B) 3ana,n;e; ~ BOCTOKe.

v/'J 3. 30Ha BOCTO"lJHO-A$pIIKaHcKlIx pa3JIOMOB rrpOXO,lJ;IITB A«l>PIlKe Ha:a) 3ana,n;e; 6) BOCTOKe.

1;), I) 4. BLICO"lJaHIIIa.H BepIIIIIHa A$pIIKII:a) KeHH.H; 6) KOHro; ~ KHJIHMaH,n;mapo.

0, ; 5. PeKa ROHro (3allp) Brra,lJ;aeTB:(~}ATJIaHTH'IeCRHM OReaH; 6) HH,n;HllCRHll OReaH.

0,1; 6. CaMoe rJIy6oKoe 03epo A$pIlKII:Gi})TaHraHhHKa; 6) BHKTOpH.H; B) "Y:a,n;.

0, ~7. B 60JILIIIlIHCTBe CTpaH A$pIIKII OCHOBaX03.HHCTBa - ;lTO:a) npOMhIIllJIeHHOCTh; 6) CeJIhCROeX03.HllCTBO;B) TpaHcnopT; r) c¢epa 06pa30BaHH.H.

(1, J§ 8. BLIcoKopa3BIITa.H CTpaHa A$pllKaHcKoro KOHTIIHeHTa - ;}TO:a) IOmHa.H A¢pHKa; 6) ErHneT;,~"4 ~B) HHrepH.H; r) 8¢HOnH.H.

(II ypoBeHL )

0, ~ 9. KTO H3 HCCJIe,n;oBaTeJIell H3y'tlaJI npHpo,n;y A¢pHKH?C','l; 10. KaKHe ¢OPMhI peJIhe¢a (rophI HJIH paBHHHhI) OTBe'tlaIOT nJIaT-

¢opMe, JIemaru;ell B OCHOBaHHH A¢pHKH?0,,11. B RaKHX KJIHMaTH'tleCKHX nO.Hcax pacnOJIOmeHa A¢pHKa?O,~12. Ha30BHTe KpynHelllllHe peRH A¢pHKH.0,. 13. Ha30BHTe npHpo,n;Hhle 30HhI A¢PHKH, KOTophle nOCJIe,n;OBaTeJIhHO

H3MeH.HIOTC.HOT 3KBaTopa ,n;oceBepHhIX ORpaHH MaTepHKa.~ CS~14. K KaRHM OCHOBHhIM pacaM OTHOCHTC.HHaCeJIeHHe A¢pHKH?

1a. ---(III ypoBeHL )

~515. IIo'tleMy Ha BOCTOKeA¢PHRH 6hIBaIOT 3eMJIeTp.HCeHH.HH H3Bepme-HH.H BYJIRaHoB?

'), '16. IIo'tleMy B caBaHHax He pacTyT Be'tlH03eJIeHhle ,n;epeBh.H?J.£e L{)VU<J.Jq,p?, '), :/,:;!!i,•..- I 1-° It.

)317. MomHo JIH 3aMep3HyTh B nycThIHe? IIo'tleMy? JUZ1 , toTIJ,-,uj(;.w.o:.Qo./.-! ."oC/;r. ~

- 4;18. IIo'tleMy B nycThIH.HX B03HHKalOT oa3HchI?

9(). (IV ypoBeHL )

ifl ~ 19. IIo,n;yMallTe, nO'tleMy peRH Ha3hIBalOT «npo,n;yKTOM KJIHMaTa».KaKHe HCTO'tlHHKH nHTaHH.H peK BhI 3HaeTe?1& >?":O:,06'bHCHHTe, nOqeMY PMOM C OKeaHOM B03HHKna nyCThIJrn HaMH6.

nJlOLl.\3Ab - 7,7 MJlH KM2

HaCeJleHlt1e -19,6 MJlH yeJlOBeK

CpeAH5151 BblCOTa - 350 M

HaIt1BbICWa51 TOYKa HaA y. M. -

r. KOCLJ,IOWKO(2230 M)

§ 23. rEOrPAlIQECKOE nOJIOlKEHlIE.rEOJIOrnqECKOE CTPOEHlIE 1I PEJIhE~ • BCnOMHIt1Te, KTOOTKpblJi ABCTpanlt1lO.

"V • KaK o6pa3ylOTC51 KopannOBble OCTpOBa?

fEOfPAWIECKOE TIOJIO)KEHHE. ABcrpaJUm - HaMMeHb-

llurn MaTepMK 3eMHoro lIlapa. Ee MHOr.lla Ha3bmalOT 60JIblIlMM oc-

1pOBOM. Ilocpe.llMHe ABC1paJIMIO nepeceKaeT IOJlCHblU mponUK, 11

OHa, KaK M lO)K]-IaH Aq,pMKa, noqrn u.eJIMKOM JIe)I(MT B 1pOIIWIe-

- -C CKlIX lIll1pOTax IO)K]-Ioro nOJIYlIIaplliI. TIOCKOJIh-

nyrewecTBMe B cnoBO iZ::,-.,. KY 60JIblIlaH qaCTb ABC1paJIMM paCnOJIQ)KeHa B

EW,8 Ha KapTe ApeBHerpe4eCKoro )I(apKOM M CyxOM 1pOnMqeCKOM n05lce, TO 3TO

Y48Horo KnaBAII151 nTOneMefl, caMbIH 3acynmMBbIH MaTepMK 3eMHoro lIlapa.)I(lI1BWerOBO II B., K lOry OT TpOnll1Ka ;3Ha4111naCb Teppa ASCTpanHC ABC1paJIM5I Y.llaJIeHa OT .llpyrMX MaTepMKOB.

HHKorHHTa - 3eMflfllO){(H8f1 HeM3- TaKa5I H30JIMpOBaHHOCTh nOBJIIDIJIa Ha q,OpMM-

BeCTH8f1. ASCTpanHR B nepeBOAe C. pOBaHMe ee npMpO.llbI, 06YCJIOBMB MCKJIIO'-[M-JlaTII1HCKoro 3Ha4111TIO){(H8f1. . TeJIhHOe cBoeo6pa3Me paCTMTeJIhHOCTM M

*-O~Ab'Af~ )I(MBOTHOrO MMpa. KpaHHMe TOqKM MaTepMKa:$ --;.l, ~ .- Ha ceBepe - MblC i!OPK, Ha lOre - MblC 1020-\ ('?S'li 60JlbW0l1 6apbepHbll1 Bocmo"tHbIU, Ha3ana.ue -MbIC Cmun-JIouHm, Ha~IfHn~'l'(/ PIl1¢ -KpynHeHweeHa3eM- BOCTOKe -MbIC EaupOH (pMC. 115).HOM wape CKonneHHe Kopannos. CceBepaABC1paJIMIOOMhIBaIOTAparjJYPcKoe,OH BKJl104aeT n04TII1 3 000 PIl1¢OB 111300 OCTpOBOB 06w,el1 nJlow,aAblOOKOJlO350 TbIC. KM2, 4TO npeBblwa-eT nJlow,aAb BeJlIl1K06pIl1TaHII1I11.B3TOM YHII1KaIlbHOMnOABOAHOMMlI1pe06111TalOT 400 BII1AOB KOpaJlJlOB,4000 BII1AOBMOJlJlIOCKOB1111500 BII1-AOB pbl6. nOp3)l(aeT TO, 4TO «TBOP-l\bl» nOYTII110-MeTpoBb1X KOpaJlJlO-BblX cOOp~eHII1I1 - Kpowe4Hbie no-mmbl. PII1¢bl 04eHb onaCHbl AJlfl cy-AOXOACTBa. Ho OHII1)I(e npll1HII1MalOTHa ce6fl YAapbl OKeaHII14eCKII1XBOJlH111raCflT II1Xrll1raHTcKYIO CII1JlY.

PMc.114.6onbwoH 6apbepHblH pM$

C BOCTOKa - KOpaJlJLOeOe 11 TaCMaHOeO MOpJl. ABCTpamUI - «MaTep""K Hao6opoT»BO,lJ,hIl1XTeTIJ1hle, lJTOcnOc06cTByeT pa3BI1TI1IO ABCTpanVl51 HaXO,lJ,VlTC513a 3KBaTO-

KOpaIlJIOB. TaK, B KOPaIlJIOBOM Mope npOCTI1- paM, B npOTVlBononmKHOM HaM IO>K-

paeTC51EOJlbUIOU EapbepHblU purjJ - YHHKaJIhHa51 HOM nonywapll1V1. n03TOMY MHorVleee npOCTpaHCTBeHHble OpVleHTVlpbl

uenh nO,lJ,BO,lJ,HhIXHe60JIhllII1X OCTPOBOBH pH-HenpVlBbl4Hbi An51>KVlTenei1 CeBepHO-cPOB ,LI,JII1HOH2300 KM, llIl1PI1HOH .Il0 150 KM ro nonywapVl51. HanpVlMep, neTO

(Pl1c. 115). B.IlOJIhceBepHoro 11BOCTOlJHOrono- ,lJ,nVlTC51C ,lJ,eKa6p51 no Q:>eBpanb, a

6epe:>KI1HMaTepHKa npOXO.ll5lTTenJIhle IOJfcHoe 3V1Ma HaCTYnaeT B VlIOHe. ConHu,e B

flaccamHoe H BOCmO'1HO-AecmpaJlUUCKOe me'1e- nOn,lJ,eHb HaxO,lJ,VlTC51Ha ceBepe, a He

HUJl. XOJIO,lJ,Hee BO,lJ,hIOKeaHOB y 3ananHhIX 11 Ha lOre, KaK y Hac. An51 Hac ceBep03Ha4aeT Xono,lJ" MOp03, CHer, a An51

IO)I(HhIX 6eperOB ABCTpaJII1I1, Ha KOTOphle aBCTpanll1i1u,eB _ conHe4Hbie MOP-

OKa3bIBaIOT BJIH51HI1e XOJIO.llHble TelJeHH51 - CKVle nn51>KVI.B ASCTpanVlVl Ha He6e

3anaOHblX Bempoe 11 3anaOHo-AecmpaflUUCKoe. He SVI,IJ,HOC03Se3,1J,Vl5160nbW0i1+

EeperOBa51 JII1HH5IABCTpaIlI1I1 H3pe3aHa cJIa60. Me,lJ,Be,lJ,Vlu,bl, HO eCTb CSoe-

EOJIbllIl1X 3aIll1BOB TOJIbKO.IlBa - KapneHmapUJl - IO>KHbli1 KpeCT. ,@

11EOJlbUIOUAecmpaflUUCKUU. )],aIleKO B Mope BblcryrraeT nOJlyocm--- -- - - ----I

poe Keun- HOpK. EJIH3 MaTepHKa JIe)KaT KpynHble ocmpoea HoeaJlFeuHefl, H06aJl3eJlaHoUJl 11TaCMaHUJl (CM. pHC. 115).I1CTOPI1JI OTKPbITI1JI II I1CCJIE,IJ,OBAHIIJI. BCJIe.llCTBHeY.llaIleHHOCTHABCTPaIlIDi OT Ba)KHhIXMOpCKl1XnyTeH OHa CTaIlaH3BeCTHa eBponeHuaM n03.1lHee, lJeM .IlpyrI1e HaCeJIeHHbleMaTepI1KI1. ilOHan0611JIOCh nOlJTI1 15 CTOJIeTI1H, lJT06hI 3nI1TeT«HeI13BeCTHa51»3aranOlJHOH 3eMJII1 IO)KHOH, 0 KOTOpOHynOMH-HaIl ellIe BO IIB. ilTOJIeMeH, 6bIJI YTpalJeH, a TeppHTOpH51 npI106-peJIa peaJIbHble OlJepTaHH51 MaTepMKa. BhI y)l(e 3HaeTe, lJTO

P...,c.115.et>...,3...,.~ecKaSlKapTaABcTpam.....,

illO P .t"

{; JI J ;j[ It

1. Onpe,o,enVlTe KOOp,lJ,VlHaTbl

Kpai1HVlx T04eK ABcTpanVlIl1.

2. nonb3Y51Cb MacwTa60M

KapTbl, onpe,lJ,enVlTe npOT51-

>KeHHOCTb MaTepVlKa C 3ana,lJ,a

Ha SOCTOK VI C cesepa Ha lOr.

3. K KaKVlM OKeaHaM OTHO-

C51TC51MOp51, OMbISalOLl.\Vle

6epera AscTpanVlVl?

4. Hai1,1J,VlTe Ha KapTe reorpa-

Q:>Vl4ecKVle Ha3BaHVl51, CS513aH-

Hble C VlMeHaMVI VlCCne,lJ,OBa-

Tenei1 AscTpanVlVl.

5. r,lJ,e B AscTpanVlVl pa3Me-

Ll.\aIOTC51pasHVlHbl?

6. K KaKVlM ropaM no BblCOTe

OTHOC51TC51ropbl AscTpanll1V1?

MaTep"K AIlS! KaTOp>KH"KOBnOcne OTKpblTI1151ABCTpam1111~. Ky-

KOM AHrnlll>l B Tel.jeHllle AeC>lTlllneTllliiI

BblCblnana TYAa nlOAeiil, OCy>KA8H-

HblX 3a pa3nllll.jHble npecTynneHIII>I.

; B 1788 r. napYCHIIIKIII AOCTaBlllnlll no-

: l.jTIII 1 000 KaTOp>KHIIIKOB. BMecTe C

I HaA3111paTen>lMIII OHIII CTanlll nepBbl-

, Mill eBponeiil~aMIII-nepeCeneH~aMIII.

B TOM >KeroAY 6blnO OCHOBaHO nep-

Boe eBponeiilcKoe nOceneHllle, KOTO-

poe Ha3Banlll B l.jeCTb aHrnllliilcKoro

MIIIHIIICTpa KonOHllliiI nOPAa CIIIAHe>l+ P.,c. 116. A6op.,reHbl OAHoro .,3 OCTpOBOBHblHe CIIIAHeiil - cTapeiilwllliillII (pIIICYHOK A. TaCMaHa)

KpynHeiilwllliiI ropOA ."$ rrepBOOTKpbIBaTeJUIMH ABCTPaJIHH 6bIJIH fOJ1-__ . ABCTpanllllll. ., •.

'" JIaHLI,CKHe MOperrJ1aBaTeJ1H. BlLtl.fleM. JlllC301l B

1606 r. LI,OCTHr ee ceBepHoro rr06epe)[(b5I. Ho OH He rrpeLI,rrOJ1araJl,

lJTO 3TO MaTepHK, H rrOCrreWHJI OCTaBHTb OTKpbITble HM 6epera,

KOTopble nO~a3aJlHCb OlJeHb HerrpHBeTJ1HBbIMH. CrryCT5I LI,eC5ITH-

J1eTH5I A6e.fl TaCMall rrOLI,OweJI K ABCTPaJIHH C IOra H yCTaHOBHJI,

lJTO 3TO MaTepHK.

B Te BpeMeHa 3TH CBeLI,eHH5I XpaHHJ1HCb B TaMHe. n03TOMY OT-

KpbITHe MaTepHKa rrpHrrHCbIBaIOT H H3BeCTHOMY aHrJ1HMCKOMY

MoperuIaBaTeJ1l0 J(JlCeiiMcy KyKY. B 1770 r. OH LI,OCTHr BOCTOqHOfO

n06epe)[(b5I H 06'b5IBHJI OTKpbITble 3eMJ1H BJIaLI,eHH5IMH AHrJ1I1I1.

BCKope HalJaJIaCb KOJIOHH3aUH5I ABCTpaJIHI1, KOTOpaH COnpOBO)[(-

ll,aJIaCb 3aXBaTOM 3eMeJIb H HCTpe6JIeHHeM KopeHHoro HaCeJ1eHH5I.

XIX B. CTaJI J],JI5IABCTpaJIHH CTOJIeTHeM H3yqeHH5I H reorpaqm-

lJeCKHX OTKpbITHH. MHofHe HCCJIeLI,OBaHH5I6bIJIH CB5I3aHbI C rro-

HCKOM rraCT6Hw, H BOLI,blJ],J15ICKOTa, a 60J1ee rr03,llHHe - C pa3Be,UKoH

MeCTopo)[(J],eHHH rr0J1e3HbIX HCKorraeMblX H rrpOKJ1aLI,KOH ,Uopor.

fEOJIOfWIECKOE CTPOEHIIE. ABCTPaJlH5I, KaK H AcPPHKa,

BXO,UHJIa B COCTaB ,UpeBHeH FOHa6aHbl. B ee OCHOBaHHH J1e)[(HT

LI,peBHillI LI,OKeM6pHHCKa5I A6cmpanUUCKafl nllamrjJopMa, 5IBJUIIO-

w,a5IC5I lJaCTblO JfHao-A6cmpanuucKoullumocrjJepHou n.flUmbl. KpH-

CTaJIJ1HqeCKHH <pYHLI,aMeHT rrJ1aTcPopMbI Ha 3arraLI,e, ceBepe 11 B

ueHTPaJIbHOH qaCTH BbIXOLI,HT Ha rrOBepXHOCTb, 06pa3y5I W,HTbI.

OCTaJlbHaH lJaCTb <pYHLI,aMeHTa rrepeKpbITa MOW,HbIM lJeXJIOM oca-

LI,OlJHbIX nopo,U.

Ha BOCTOKe MaTepHKa BbI,UeJI5IeTC5I06JIaCTb CKJ1aLI,qaTOCTH,rLI,e

3eMHa5I Kopa 6bIJIa CM5ITa B CKJ1aLI,KH (EOJIbllIOH BOLI,Opa3,UeJIb-

HbTH xpe6eT). B pe3YJIbTaTe ,UBl1)[(eHHH 3eMHOH KOPbI - orrycKa-

HHH H rrOLI,H5ITHH - OT ABCTPaJlHH OTLI,eJII1J1HCbocmp06a H06aflF6uHefl H TacMaHWl.PEJIhE<J>.ABCTPaJIH5I - caMbIH HH3KHH MaTepHK: rrOqTH Ha rro-

J10BHHe ero rrOBepXHOCTH cpe,UIDl5l BblCOTa He rrpeBbIlliaeT 300 M

A6enTaCMaH(1603 - 1659)

A>Ke~MC KyK(1728 - 1779)

PIIlC. 117" npO<lmnb penbe<l>a ABcTpanlll1ll(no 29" 10. w.)

(pHC. 117). nOCKOJTbKY B OCHOBaHl1H ABCTPaJU1H

JTe)l(J1Tl1JIaT<popMa, TO B peJTbe<pe npe06JTg,I.l,qlOTt'i-,. _~.. .,. .,. ;,

paBHJ1HbI pa3I:-10H Bb[c;O::rbJ,J)OJTbIlIym yaCTb Ma-

TeP~"'3aHi1Mae'!r'3(r;;aa;-co-A(jPmP,q{!UU~Ke<;",,-JJjJf)-CK020PPf!.DHO J1MeeT Bb[pOBHeHHylO nOBepXHOCTb CO Cpe,UHHMI1

(i}TaMJ1 400 M. Ho B MecTax 3aJTeraHJ15l IJ..I.HTOBB03BbIllialOTC5I

l1JIaTO H OCTaHUbI, 3TO OCTaTKl1 pa3pYllIeHHoH DJII1TeJTbHblM Bb[-

BeTPHBaHl1eM rrOBepXHOCTI1 (pHC. 118).lJ,elim aJlbliClJlfiU3Mefifiocmb,~-- .•• -----_-_. _ __If

npHypOlJeHHaH Krrpom6y MaTepJ1Ka, - CaMa5I HH3KaH yaCTbABcT-

PaJTJ1J1.Ee BblCOTa He npeBbIlliaeT 100 M, a B ueHTpe OHa BOfHYTa 11

JTe)J(J1THa 12 M HH)J(e ypOBH5I MOp5I.

B,UOJTbBOCTOYHOrO no6epe)J(b5I ~..e£,S!Yg~~J:.~~-£~UlOqE!.f.@P..:;pa3()enbf/6Iu xpe6l?m7f!PHyputte1iHbIH K CKJTa,UyaTOH cio.iiatTH~1'O

f"·~r~:fJ.JbTe;-pa3PYUre'AHb[e ropbl, KOTopble npe,UCTaBJTeHbI OT,UeJTb-

HbIMH MaCCHBaMH C KynoJToo6pa3HbIMH BepllIHHaMH. J1x cpe,U-

H5151BblCOTa COCTaBJl5IeT 1 000 M. Ha lOre HaXO,UHTC5I roPHbIH

MaCCJ1B - A8cmpafluucKue A.n.bnbl C HaHBQlclll~H..;rQlli(OH.MaTepl1-

Ka - 2. KOCl1,IOUlKO (2 230 M).- 3arra,UHble CKJlOHbI '

·xp"'e6Ta rrOJTorne 11 nOcTeneHHo nepeXOll5IT B

paBHHHbI, BOCTOlJHble - KpyTO o6pbIBalOTC5I K

oKeaHy. MecTaMH cOXpaHHJlI1Cb KOHyCb[ norac-

llIl1X ByJTKaHOB. B OTJlI1Yl1e OT A<PPI1KI1 B ABCT-

paJIHl1 HeT HH lleHcTBYlOllIHX ByJlKaHOB, HH

JTellHl1KOB, He 6blBaeT 113eMJTeTp5ICeHHH.

IIOJIE3HbIE IICKOIIAEMbIE. ABCTpaJTl15I

60raTa pa3HOo6pa3HbIMI1 nOJTe3HblMI1I1CKOrrae-

MbIMH. B MarMaTl1lJeCKl1X 11MeTaMoP<Pl1yeCKl1X

rropo,Uax <pyH,UaMeHTa nJlaT<p0pMbI 3aJTeralOT )J(e-

JTe3Hble, MellHble, CBHHUOBble, U:l1HKOBble PY,UbI,

30JTOTO.no 3anacaM )J(eJIe3HbIX 11ypaHoBbIX py,U

H py,U U:BeTHbIX MeTaJTJIOBABCTpaJTl15I 3aHHMaeT

O,UHOH3 nepBbIX MeCT B MHpe.

Pa3Aen II*,oI'AblAf..,.

!<;~~"'~-o0.1' :.o;F \"'::I "~~~::~fi

ABCTpam111 - caMblH HH3- ~ . ~- - ~J1 ••~KHH, «BblpOBHeHHblll1» MaTe- Sfnl"-

pll1K. Scero 13 % ee Teppll1TOpll1111ne-)KaT Bblwe 500 M HaA ypoBHeM MOpl1.

OCTaHe~-rlllraHT

OrpoMHa51 CKana

AVlepc-PoK, KOTOpal1 B03BblWaeTCI1

B u,eHTpanbHoVl '-IaCTII1ABcTpanll1l11, -

OAII1H1113KpynHeVlwll1x B MlI1pe OCTaH-

U,OB. OHa nOAHII1MaeTCI1 HaA nnoc-

KOVI paBHII1HOVl Ha 350 M 111TI1HeTCI1

nO'-lTII1Ha 2,5 KM. A60pll1reHbi C'-III1Ta-

nll1 ee CBI1Ll\eHHOVl 111Ha3blBanll1 Yny-

py - MecTo, rAe 6blBaeT TeHb.

CeVl'-lac 3TO nonynl1pHblVl

06beKT Typll13Ma.

PlIlc.118.Yw,enbSl III CKanbl3anaAHo-ABcTpanllliiicKoronnocKoropbSl.KpacHylO oKpacKy

111Mnpll1AaeT

)Kene30, KOTopoe

COAep)KII1TC51B

ropHblX nopOAax

Pa3Aen II*-oYAbI At~

~~~r,.; ~'t-'!"

::a \,,,~~,~- :0'%.~ ,':0"'1: B 1872 r. Ha OAHO~ 1113KO-Y~Jf - '/<~

11nY ne~ ABCTpaJllll1ll HaWJlIll Kpyn-

Heil1wlII~ B IIICTOplll1ll 30JlOTOA06bl4111

CaMOpOAOK Macco~ 214,3 Kr. Ca-

Mbl~ 60JlbWIII~ Aparo~eHHb!~ Ka-

MeHb cancj)lllp (MaCCOl!! 460 r) TalOKe

6blJl Ha~AeH B ABCTpaJlIllIll.

K OCa,n,OlJHhIM nOpO.ll,aM B npe.ll,eJIax nJIaT-

cPOPMhI M npe.ll,rOpHblx npOm6oB npMypOlJeHbI

3aJIe)KJ1 HepY.ll,HhIX MCKonaeMhIX. MeCTOp0)K,1l.e-

HM5I KaMeHHoro M 6yporo yrJI5I COCpe.ll,OTOlJeHhI

Ha BOCTOKe MaTepMKa. He¢>Th M npMpO.ll,HhIM: ra3

.ll,06hIBaIOT Ha IlIeJIhcPe, rrpeMMymecTBeHHo Ha

3ana,n,e H BOCTOKe. B ceBepHOM: lJaCTM MMeIOTC5I

KpyrrHeM:IlIMe B MMpe 3aJIe)l(J1 60KCMTOB - ChI-

pMI WI5I npOM3BO.ll,CTBa aJIIOMMHM5I.

(! 3AnOMHII1TE

• ABCTPa.J1HB y.ll,a.J1eHaOT ,lJ,pyrHx HaCeJIeHHblX MaTepHKoB; n01JTH nOCpe)l,HHe ee

nepeceKaeT IO:>KHbIH TpODJIK.

• BHJIJIeM HHC30H oCylIl,eCTBHJI nepBylO )l,OKyMeHTaJIbHO nO)l,TBep)K)l,eHHylO

BbICa)l,Ky Ha no6epeMbe ABCTpa.J1HH; A6eJI TacMaH )l,OKa3a.J1, 1JTOABCTPa.J1HB --

3TO MaTepHK; ~eHMc KyK 06'bBBHJI ee BJIa)l,eHHBMH AurJIHH.

• rnaRnble oc06enOOCTo penh""a: npeofuIll)lanue paRHHo, eanucneuo •• rop- JHaB CHCTeMa B03BbimaeTCB Ha BOCTOKe MaTepHKa.

• ABCTPa.J1HB 60raTa nOJIe3HblMH HCKonaeMbIMH.

BonpOCbl !013A,D.AHII1S1

1.8 48M 3aKJlI04aIOTCs:l oc06eHHocTIII reorpaeplll'1ecKoro nOJlO)l<eHIIIs:lABcTpam1111?

2. KTo nepBbiM AOCTlllr 6eperaB ABcTpanllllll?

3. CpaBHIIITe peJlbeep ABCTpaJl IIIIII IIIAepPIIIKlII1IIonpeAeJlIIITe CXOAHble '1epTbl.

4. KaKoBbl3aKoHoMepHocTIII pa3Mew,eHIIIs:l MeCTOpO)l<AeHIII~ nOJle3HbiX IIIcKonaeMblx?

5. 06bs:lCHIIITe, nO'1eMY 1113Bcex MaTeplllKOB TOJlbKO B ABCTpaJl IIIIIIHeT BblCOKIIIXrap,

ByJlKaHOB IIIJleAHIIIKOB.

rEorPAcJ)H'iECKASI 3AAA'iAY'18Hbie npeAnOJlaralOT, '1TO'1epe3 50 MJlH JleT BCJleACTBllle ABIII)l<eHIIIs:lJlIIITocepep-

HblX nJlIIIT ABCTpaJlIIIs:l nepece'18T 3KBaTOp III coeAIIIHlHCs:l C EBpa3I11e~. nOJlb3Ys:lCb

KapTo~ «CTpOeHlt1e 3eMHO~ KOpbl» (c. 14), onpeAeJllt1Te CKOpOCTb nepeMew,eHlt1s:l

nJlIIITbl, Ha KOTOPO~ pacnOJlaraeTCs:l ABCTpaJllt1s:l. nOAC'1lt1Ta~Te, KaKo~ nYTb 3a

50 MJlH JleT MO)l<eTnpO~Tlt1 MaTeplt1K. nOJlb3Ys:lCb MacwTa60M KapTbl, onpeAeJllt1Te B

Klt1JlOMeTpax, KaKoe Halt1MeHbWe paCCTOs:lHlllepa3AeJls:leT ABCTpanlt110 lt1EBpa31111O.Ha

OCHOBaHIIIlt13TViXAaHHblX nOATBepAIIITe Jllt160 onpOBeprHlt1Te nporH03 Y'18HbIX.

nPAKTIt1'iECKASI PA50TA

Ha KOHTYPHO~KapTe:

a) 0603Ha'1bTe IIInOAnlt1WIIITe Ha3BaHlt1s:lKpa~Hlt1XTOYeKABCTpaJllt1I11;

6) nOAnlt1Wlt1Te Ha3BaHIIIs:l Mope~, 3aJllt1BOB, npOJllt1BOB, nOJlyocTpOBOB, OCTpOBOB,

Ha3BaHlt1s:lKOTOpblX ynOMlt1HaIOTCs:lB naparpaepe;

B) 0603Ha'1bTe COOTBeTcTBylOW,IIIM l\BeTOM epOPMbl peJlbeepa lt1nOAnlt1WIIITe Ha3Ba-

HIIIs:l: 3anaAHo-ABCTpaJllt1~CKOe nJlOCKOrOpbe, LJ,eHTpaJlbHas:l Hlt13MeHHOCTb;

60JlbWO~ 80AOpa3AeJlbHbl~ xpe6eT.

h 114)

~ • BCnOMHlIITe, KaK Ha KapTe 0603Ha4alOT nepeCblXalOllJ,lIIe peKlII.

OCOliEHHOCTI1 KJII1MATA. ABCTPaJIIDI -

CaMbIM 3aCYllIJnIBbIM MaTepl1K 3eMJII1. OHa

no.rryqaeT B 5 Pa3 MeHbllIe OCa,n,KOB,IJeM AcPPI1Ka.

T1peo6JIa):(aHl1e B ABCTpaJIl111 TpOnl1IJeCKOrO

rrycTbIHHoro KJIMMaTa o6yCJIOBJIeHO OCHOBHbI-

MI1 KJII1MaTOo6pa3YJOIlU1MI1 cPaKTOpaMI1.

EOJIbllIOe KOJlU'IeCTBO COJlHe'lHOrO

TenJla B ABCTpaJII1M, KaK 11!O)l(Hoti AcPPI1Ke, CBH3aHO C pa3-

MemeHl1eM ee 6mB 3KBaTopa 11rro o6e CTOpOHbI OT Tporrl1Ka.

T103TOMY cpeJ],HHH MeCHIJHaH TeMrrepaTYpa B03J],yxa HI1 JIeTOM,

HI13MMOM He 6bIBaeT Hl1)1(e + 10°C (pMC. 119).Oco6eHHocTI1 UUpKyJlSUUU B03.n:ymHbIx Macc orrpe-

.n:eJI5lIOTCHIOrO-BOCTOIJHbIMI1 rraCCaTaMI1, rocrrOJ],CTBYJOmI1MM Ha

npOT5I)I(eHMI1 roJ],a. XOTH OHM J],YJOTC OKeaHa, HO OCa,n,KOBHe npl1-

HOCHT. BeLl,b__~ - 3TO HMCXOLl,HLUl1eB03.uyII.IHble rrOTOKM.

OCa,n,KI1 06pa3YJOTCH JII111Ib B TOM CJIyqae, KorJ],a nyrb BJI3)l(HbIM

B03.uyII.IHbIM MaccaM rrperp3)l(Ll,aIOT ropbI. T103TOMY Ha,n,npel1MY-

LUeCTBeHHO paBHI1HHoti ABcTpaJIMeti rraccaTbI cPOpMMpyIOT

CyxYJO 11)I(apKYJO rroroJJ.Y. C ceBepa I1lOra BO BHYTPeHHl1e paMOHbI

MaTepMKa npOHI1KaeT MOpCKOM B03,II,yx, KOTOpbIti 6bICTpO Harpe-

BaeTCH 11TepHeT BJlary.

TIOLl,CTUJlalOIIJ,as nOBepXHOCTb, B IJaCTHOCTI1 rOpbI 11

MOpCKMe TeIJeHMH, cyw:eCTBeHHO BJlIDIIOT Ha KJIMMaT rr06epe)l(J1j1.

B03Ll,yrnHble MaCChI, CBH3aHHbIe C IOro-BOCTO'IHbIMI1 naccaTaMM C

Tl1Xoro OKeaHa, HarpeBalOTCHI1 HaCblLUalOTCH BJlaroH Ha,n,TeIIJIbIM

BoCmOttHO-AecmpOJlUUCKUM metteHueM. Ha BOCTOKe MaTepMKa 11M

1£MnEPATYPA B031\YXA B Il'A,L\YCAX ljEJIbC~~- +15~ V130TepMbl ~H8apH

-+15~ v13oTepMbllo1lOnH

+46' A6comOTHblH M3KCIo1MYM TeMneparypbl-2" A6comOTHblc; MIo1HIo1M)'M reMnepaTypblnpECOIlA,l\AIOLI\l-1E HAI1PABnEH~~ BETPA

•••••. B HHBape -+-- B ~1lOne

*,OVAblAt.e,.<t'~.,;. ;0('~ 'Y------------ ~~., ~:;:I .,c ~ J.:Q

CaMOe ysnaJKHeHHOe \---..J!,~MeCTO B ABCTpaJ1l11V1- n06e-~JfHnV~~

pe>Kbe KOpaJ1J10Boro MOpfl, rAe Bbl-

naAaeT 3 535 MM ocaAKOB B rOA,

caMoe 3acywnHsoe - Ha lOre (.0.0

126 MM ocaAKoB)

Pillc.119.

KnillMaTVlL4eCKaS1

KapTa

ABcTpanVlVl

1. OnpeAenViTe cpeAHVle TeMnepaTYpbl

B03Ayxa 3V1MHero VIneTHero ce30HOB.

2. KaKafl MaKCVlManbHafl VI MVlHVlMaJlbHafl

TeMnepaTYpa 3aperVlCTpVlpOBaHa

B ABCTpaJ1V1V1?

3. B KaKoC1 4aCTVI ABcTpanVlVl npe06naAa-

lOT naccaTbl?

4. KaKVle TeppVlTopVlVl HaXOAflTCfl nOA

BJ1li1flHVleM 3anaAHbiX BeTpoB?

5. OnpeAeJ1Ii1Te K0J11i14eCTBOOCaAKOB B

npVl6pe>KHblX VI BHyrpeHHlilx paC10Hax

MaTeplilKa.

6. fp,e pacnOnO>KeHbl caMble 3aCYWJ1V1Bble

paC10Hbl?

rrperpa>K,Ll,aeTnyrb EOflbUlOU BOOOPG30eJlbHbIUXpe-

6em. n03TOMY er5HaBeTpeHHbTecK:i1'OH'brrrrreJ-"";>~6epe)Kbe Cl1JIbHO YBJI3)KH>IIOTC5I.TaM BbmauaeT

CBblwe 1500 MM OCauKOB B ro).l,. B ueHTpaJIbHble

l1 3anauHble 4aCTl1 MaTepl1Ka 3TI1 B03).l,ywHble

MaCCbl nocTyrralOTy)Ke 06e3BO)KeHHbIMl1, rr03TO-

My TaM owywaeTC>I ).l,e¢l1UHT BJIam. bOJIbWa51

rrpOT5I)KeHHocTbABCTpaJIHI1 C3arraua Ha BOCTOK,

rro cpaBHeHl110 C IO)KHOM A¢Pl1KOtt, 06yCJIOB-

JII1BaeT cP0pMl1pOBaHl1e KOHTl1HeHTaJIbHbIX B03-

).l,YWHbIX Macc 11,COOTBeTCTBeHHO,CyXOH KJII1MaT.

KJIHMATWIECKlIE IlOHCAH THIlLI KJIHMATA. MaTepHK

ABCTpaJIl151 JIe)Kl1T B Tpex KJIl1MaTI14eCKHX n05lcax IO)KHoro

rrOJIywapH5I (cy63KBaTOpl1aJIbHOM, TpOrrl14eCKOM 11cy6TpOnl1-

4ecKoM), a OCTpOB TaCMaHI151 - B yMepeHHOM (Pl1c. 121).

Cy63KBa TOpUaJI bUbI" KJIUMa Tlf1IeCKU" n05lc OXBa-

TbIBaeT CeBepHYIO 4aCTb MaTepl1Ka. Ha rrpOT5\)KeHHlf rO).l,a CIO).l,a

rr004epe).l,HO nOCTYTIalOT BJIa>KHble 3KBaTOpl1aJIbHble 11cyxl1e Tpo-

nlf4eCKl1e B03).l.yWHble MaCCbI. VlMeHHo OHl1 06YCJIOBJII1BalOT ).l,Ba

ce30Ha: BJIa)KHOe JIeTO C 06HJIbHbIMI1 ).l,O)K).l,51Ml111CyxylO 3HMY.

Cpe).l,Hl1e TeMnepaTYpbl B03ayxa BblCOKHe (60JIee +25T.) Ha no-

6epe)Kbe 4aCTO 06pYWl1BaIOTC>I TpOn114eCKl1e Ul1KJIOHbI, lfX 3).l,eCb

Ha3bIBaIOT BH.JI.JllI-BUJIJIH.n 03TOMY ¢OpMl1pyeTc5I cy63K6amopulLIlb-

. HblU nocmOflHHO JICapKUu U nepeMeHHO-6flaJICHblU mun K.ilUMama.

B TpOnUqeCKOM KJIUMaTUqeCKOM no-

5Ice HaxO).l,l1TC5I60JIbWa>I 4aCTb MaTepl1Ka. TaM

rocrroacTBylOTTponwleCKl1e B03aywHble MaCCbI.

TeMrrepaTYpbl B03ayxa BbICOKl1e: JIeTOM + 300C,

311MOH+ 15°C. no xapaKTepYYBJI3)KHeHl151 B no-

>Ice BbweJI>IIOT ).l,Be KJII1MaTI14eCKl1X 06JIaCTI1:

3anauHYIO CmponultecKUM nycmbLHHblMK.ilUMamOM

(cyxoe )KapKOe JIeTO l1 TenJIa51 cyxa51 311Ma) l1

BOCT04HYlO Ha n06epe)Kbe Tl1xoro OKeaHa C

mpOnUlteCKUM 6JlaJICHblM K.ilUMamOM (Ha npOT5I-

)KeHl1l1 roaa aOcTaT04Ho 11BJIarH, 11TenJIa).

Cy6TpOnUqeCKU" KJIUMaTUqeCKU"

no SfC OXBaTbIBaeT IO)KHYJO 4aCTb ABCTpaJIl1l1.

CpeaH5151 TeMnepaTYPa B03).l.yxa JIeTOM COCTaB-

JI5IeT +24 ec, 311MOM + 14°C. B n05lce BblaeJI5IIOT

Tpl1 KJIHMaTl14eCKl1e 06JIaCTl1, KOTopble OTJIl1-

4aIOTC5I KOJIlf4eCTBOM l1 pe)Kl1MOM BbmaueHl151

OCa).l,KOB. Ha 3arraae rr05lca JIe)KHT 06JIaCTb

cy6mponultecK020 Cpe0U3eMHOMOpCK020K.ilUMama

(c CyxI1M )KapKl1M JIeTOM If npOXJIauHoH BJI3)K-

HOM 3l1MOH). B ueHTpaJIbHOH 4aCTI1 - 06JIacTb

Pr.1c.120.TaKr.1e

YKa3aTenr.1MO>KHO YBr.1AeTb

B ABCTpanr.1r.1 -caMOM

3acywnr.1BOMMaTepr.1Ke

3eMnr.1

Pr.1c. 121. KapTaKnr.1MaTr.1'leCKr.1X

nOSiCOBABCTpanr.1r.1

06nacnf Tponlo1'1eCKOrO KJn1M3T3

[]] nycTblHHoro DO BnaJKHoro

06nacn'1 cy6Tpom'I.JeCKoro KIU1M3T3

rn KOHT~HeHTanbHoro

CD cpeA~3eMHOMopCKOro

rn BflaJKHOrO

-- rpaHVllJ,bl KJU1MaTLo1LJeCKVlX n051COB

- - - - - rpaHli'IlI,bl K11V1Man1I.JeCKVlX 06J1aCTe~

cy6mpOnlPleCK020 KOHmUHeHmanbH020 KIlUMama (3aCYWJU1Boro C He-

60JlbIllHM KOJlI1l.JeCTBOMOC3,llKOB), Ha BOCTOKe - cy6mponulfeCK020

6/laJICH020 (C OC3,llKaMH B Te'"leHHe rOAa).

B yMepeHHOM KJIHMaTHQeCKOM no~ce HaXOAI1TC~_ .q - ••••••••••••••• .....s.~

TOJTbKO ocmpoe TaCMaJJJJj). npe06JlaAalOw,l1e 3anaAHble BeTpbI

npI1HOC5IT C I1HAl1l1CKoro OKeaHa BJl(l)[(Hble B03AYWHbIe MaCCbI.

OHM 06YCJlOBJTHBalOTYMepeHHble TeMnepaTYpbI B03Ayxa H 06J1Jlb-

Hble OCaAKH. 311Ma OTHOCMTeJlbHO TerrJTa5I, JTeTO rrpOXJT3,llHOe.

3AeCb C¢OPMHPOBaJIC5I yMepeHHblU MOpCKOUKIlUMam.

Ha 60JlbllIel1l.JaCTH ABCTpaJIHI1 KJlJ1MaT ManOnpHrOAHb111 M5I

:>Kl13H11l.JeJTOBeKa.

PEKlI. BCJTeACTBJ1errpe06JT3,llaH115I cyxoro KJlHMaTa B ABCTpa-

JTHH HeT 60JTbIlll1X H nOJTHOBOAHblX peK. A MaJIOBOAHble l.JaCTO

nepeCbIXalOT, rrOCKOJTbKYOCHOBHYIO POJlb B HX rrJ1TaHHH MrpalOT

peAKJ1e AO)I(,UH. TaKOBbIMJ1 5IBJl5IIOTC5I peKI1 6aCCel1Ha I1HAHI1-

CKoro OKeaHa. B THXJ111OKeaH Bn3,llalOT peKI1 C EOJlbWOrO BOAO-

pa3AeJlbHOrO xpe6Ta. OHH KOpOTKl1e, HO rrOJlHOBOAHble,

nOCKOJlbKY Ha npOTIDKeHHH rOAa I1X nHTalOT 06HJlbHble AO)K)],M.

EOJTbWa5I l.JaCTb MaTepHKa He J1MeeT CTOKa B OKeaH. B nycTblH-

•HbIX BHYTpeI!_H!:!~ ea~0J-!.~R.e!.;t6.JIMalQ;LBP.~M~)j,Hl>Le:IlepeCblxa~

'1011IJ1eOO,ti,'6TOKH- Kp!l.I»>. I1x CyxHe pYCJla BOAa HarrOJlH5IeT nOCJTe

p~ JIHB'Hei1 B"'BCPXOBb}IX, a nOTOM 6blCTpO BbICbIxaeT. TaK,

cyxoe pyCJIO Kynep- KpUKa Tep5IeTC5I B rrycTblHe H HarrOJlH5IeTC5I

BOAOI1 JlHllIb 'OLtI1H"pa3 B Tel.JeHHe AeC5ITHJleTl15I.

nOJlHOBOAHbIe peKH cocpeAOTOl.JeHbI Ha BOCTOKe MaTepHKa,

rAe Bbrrr3,llaeT MHoro OC3,llKOB. !I1J0R. eu - OCHO yaM peKa.4» -

PaJIl1H (Pl1c. 122). OHa 6epeT Hal.JaJIOHa caMm1 BbICOKOM MaCCI1Be

15"'OJTbIIIoro BOAOpa3AeJlb oro xpe Ta, me 311M0l1 Bbrrr3,llaeT CHef.~"'I;T.~

epeCeKa5I 3aCYllIJlHBbfe Tep TO 1111,OHa He rrepeCbIxaeT, HO

CHJIbHO MeJIeeT. nOCT05IHHOe rrl1TaHl1e el1 06eCnel.JI1Ba1OT He

TOJTbKOLl.O)I(,UeBb.re,HO H TaJIble CHerOBble BOAbI. j£apfluH2 - ca,..

MbII1 KpynHbl11 npl1TOK MJOppe5I, no MHHe npeBblllIaeT fJlaBHylO

peKY. npJ13TOM OH MeHee nOJlHOBOLl.HbII1, B CYX0l1311MHI111 ce30H

l.JaCTOnepeCblxaeT H He AOCTHfaeT MlOppe5I, rrpeBpama5ICb B OT-

AeJIbHble BOAOeMbI. BOAY 06eHx peK HCrrOJlb3YIOT )l,Jl5I0pOllIeHH5I

rrJIOAOpOAHbIX, HO 3aCYllIJIl1BbIX 3eMeJIb. ,D,.rr5I3TOro coopy:>KeHbI

KpyrrHble BOAOXpaHHJlI1w,a.

EmIC-CnpI'!HrC91554MM I 17,9'C '"

·CMM ---------- 30

Menb6YPH91567MM I 1(2\;-

·CMM ---------- 30

KnlllMatlll'4eCKllle

AlllarpaMMbl

KpynHble peKl-1 ABCTpanl-1l-1 nonyLtl-1-

nl-1l-1MeHa roCYAapCTBeHHbIXAesne-

neVi: MlOppeilt - B LteCTb aHrnl-1Vi-

CKoro Ml-1Hl-1CTpa KOnOHl-1Vi Jl.)/(OPk)/(a MlOppefl, tJ,apnVlHr - B LteCTb

ry6epHaTopa POflbcPa Jl.apflMH18.

nyrewecTBMe B CnOBO ;/ 03EPA. 03epa .ABCTpaJIl1l1 rrpel1M)'ll.1,eCTBeHHO

B 1840 r. oBu,eBOA 311.yapl1. 3i1p B 6eCCTOtIHble I13aCOJIeHHble. OHI1 tIaCTO rrepecbI-nOIt1CKaX HOBblX nacT6lt1UJ, AJ1S'1 oBeu, xaIOT 11, KaK Kpl1Kl1, HarrOJIIDlIOTC5I BO,LI.OWTOJIb-oTKpbln o3epo, KOTopoe Ha3Banlt1 B KO B rrepI10,LI.,LI.O)I(,JJ.eW.•CaMoe 60JlbIlIQe.P.1CP.0;JUPero 4eCTb 3i1p. ~e:>Kl1T BOPJ!M1::!.lW-.JJ1L.J1..M.J;.I!:PKe...WQJ3IDLM-OP»,

(Pl1c. 123). OHO co611 aeT BO,LI.bIC Te I1TOp)lli,paBHow rro rrJIOIUa,JJ.11 <t>,.]aH I::!J.;k1!.~.!l?-!!~J1,.•H

0PTYraJIHl1. pl1 3TOM B 6e3,L1.0)I(,JJ.eBblerrepl1o-,iihi 03epo rrepecbIXaeT 11 rrOKpbIBaeTC5I KOpKOWCOJII1. TIJIOIUa,JJ.b 11OtIepTaHl15I 113MeH5IIOTC5IB 3a-BI1CI1MOCTI1 OT ce30Ha 11 KOJII1tIeCTBa OCa,JJ.KOB.3wp Ha3bIQT. «~RTBb~M CepJJ.IJ:eMABCTpaJIHl1».

~'l!t'~ ~ __

Pille. 1 23. nO,Il,3EMHhIEB hI. ,lJ,eq:>I1lJ,HTrrOBepXHOCTHbIX BO,LI.rrp-l1poWl03epo 3v.p KO~meHCl1pOBaJIaABCTpaJIIU13HatII1TeJIbHbIMJ13arraCaMI1 rrO,LI.3eM-

HbIX. OHI1 COCpe,LI.OTOtIeHbIB rrpom6ax IIJIaT¢lopMbI. EOJlbLUOuApme-3UaH.CKUU 6acceuH., oXBaTbIBaIOIUI1W rrOtITI1 BCIO OeHTpaJIbHyIDHI13MeHHOCTb, - O'7iI1H 113 KpyITHeWIlIl1X B MHpe (CM. pHC. 115 Hac. 111). BO,LI.OHOCHbleroPl130HTbI TaM JIe)l(aT Ha 60JIbllIOW my6l1He.BO,LI.aCOJIOHOBaTa5I 11 'faCTO TeIIJIa5I. Ho B rryCTbIHHbIX pawoHax

- ,LI.l1HCTBeHHblw I1CTCitIHl1ftBO,LI.OCHa6)l(eHl15I, rrpe)I(,JJ.e Bcero,,JJ.JI5InOTpe6HocTe:t1. rrpOMbIllIJIeHHOCTl1 11 TpaHcrropTa.

(! 3AnOMHL1TE• DOJIbWa5l'laCTb ABCTpa.JIml HaxO,!UITC5IBTPOlIIflIeCKOM KJIHMaTlflleCKOM n05lce, f,lJ.e

npe06JI3,lI,aIOT KOlffHHeHTaJIbHble TPOlIIflIeCKHe B03,llyIUHble MaCCbI H BblCOKoe aT-Moc<jlepHoe ,lJ.aBJIeHHe, f,lJ.eOC3,lI,KOBBbma,ZJ.aeT O'leHb MaJIO, no3TOMY OHa 51B.TUleTCSIcaMblM 3acym.rnmbIM MarepUKOM •

• ABCTpaJIH5I O'leHb 6e,lJ.Ha Ha nOBepXUOCTHble BO,lJ.bI:peKH MaJIOBO,lJ.HbleH nepeCbl-xalOT, 03epa 6eCCTO'lHbie H 'IaCTO COJIeHble. Ho HMelOTCSl3Ha'lHTeJIbHbie 3ana-Cbl nO,lJ.3eMHblx BO,lJ..

BonpOCbl L13AAAHL1S11.nOLfeMY Ha 6oJ1bwelll LfaCH1 ABcTpamll11 npe06J1aAaeT 3aCYWJ1111Bbl III KJlIIIMaT?

2. CpaBHIIITe KJlIIIMaT ABCTpaJ1I11I11I11IO)f(HOIIIA¢pIIIKIII.

3. KnIllMaT KaKIllX KJlIIIMaTIIILfeCKVlX 06J1aCTei1 oTo6pa)f(alOT AlllarpaMMbl Ha c. 117?

4. B KaKIllX pallloHax ABCTpaJ1111111KJlIIIMaTIIILfeCKllle YCJ10BIII516J1aronplll51THbl AJ151)f(1II3HIII

IIIX0351lllcTBeHHolII Ae51TeJ1bHOCTIIILfeJ10BeKa?

5. nOLfeMY peKIII ABCTpaJ1111111MaJ10BOAHbl?

6. C KaKIIIM 03epOM A¢PIIIKIII IIIMeeT MHoro o6w,ero aBCTpaJ1I11I11CKOe03epo 3111p?

l.leM 3TO 06YCJ10BJ1eHo?

rEOrPACl>WiECKASI 3AAA'"IAnOAYMaIllTe, KaK 6bl1ll3MeHIIIJ1aCb nplllpoAaABCTpaJ1l11l11, eCJ11116blHa BOCTOLfHOMno6e-

pe)f(be He 6blJ10 rap. npoaHaJJlII3l11PYIllTe, KaK 6b11ll3MeHIIIJ10Cb YBJ1a)f(HeHllle Ha BOCTOKe

MaTeplllKa. KaK 6bl3TO nOBJ1I1151J10Ha pe)f(IIIM III nlllTaHllle peK MlOppellllll ,lJ,apJ1I11Hr?

§ 25. OPfAHMqECKMM MMP. IIPMPO,UHbIE 30HbI~ • BcnOMHlilTe, 4TO TaKoe 3HAeMV1Klil.

"if • B KaKV1XKJlV1MaTV14eCKV1XnOs:lcax ne)l(V1T ABCTpanlils:l?

OPfAHIflIECmH MMP. PaCTl-lTeJlbHbIM H )l(HBOTHbIM MHp AB-

CTPaJIl1H OTJlWIaeTCH He 60raTCTBOM BHAOB, a I1X cBoe06pa3HeM.

HenOBTOpHMOCTb opraHWIecKoro Ml1pa MaTepHKa o6'bHCH5leTCH

ero 060c06JIeHHOCTbIO, H30Jll1pOBaHHOCTbIO OT BHeUIHero MHpa

Ha npOTIDKeHl111 MMJIJIJ10HOBJleT. npl1pOLJ:a KaK 6bI C03LJ:aJlaB AB-

CTPaJlHI1 OrpOMHhIM 3anOBeLJ:HI1K, rLJ:a IIOHBMJIHCb BHLJ:hI, KaKHX

Hl1rLJ:e60JIbWe HeT (3H,L1.eMHKH),H COXpaHHJIHCb Te, KOTopble cyme~

CTBOBaJll1 ellJ,e B IIpOlllJIble reOJlOrWIeCKHe 3IIOXH (peJIHKTbl).

PaCTeHHH B ABCTPaJlHH YHHKaJlhHble - 75% BHAOB pacTYT

TOJlbKO 3)l,eCb. PaCTHTeJlbHbIM CHMBOJIOM MaTepHKa HBJIHeTCH 3B-

KaJll1IIT - )l,epeBO, paCTymee IIOBceMeCTHO: OT BJImKHbIX JIeCOB LJ:O

CyxJ1X IIYCTbIHb H ropHbIX paHoHoB. 3BKaJlHIITOB HaCqHTbIBaIOT

COTHH BHLJ:OB,Cpe)l,H HHX - HKapJlHKOBble, H rHraHTbI BbICOTOH)l,O

100 M (pHC. 124). THIIHqHbIMH HBJIHIOTCHMHoroqHCJIeHHble BHLJ:bI

aKaI.I,HH. 3HLJ:eMWIHhle Ka3yapHHhI HMeIOT HHCIIMaIOllJ,He HHTe-

BHLJ:Hble,6e3 JlHCTbeB, BeTKH. 51pKO-3eJIeHhle KPOHbILl.peBOBHLJ:HbIX

naIIOpOTHl1KOB B03HOCHTCH Ha 20 M.

)KHBoTHble ellJ,e He06bI'-lHee, qeM paCTeHHH. Cpe)l,H HHX-

90 % 3H)l,eMHKOB. HH Ha O)l,HOM MaTepHKe He BCTPeTHTe TaKOro

KOJll1qeCTBa CywIaThIX - KeHrypy, KOaJla, BOM6aT, TaCMaHHHCKHH

)l,bHBOJl, CywIaTaH 6eJIKa, CYW:IaTbIH KpOT, CYM'-!aTaH MbIllIb H )l,p.

,l],eTeHbIIIII1 CywIaThIX pmK)l,aIOTCH KpOIlleqHbIMH H 6eCIIOMOllJ,HbI-

MH. MaMhI BbIHaWHBaIOT I1XB CKJlMKe KO)I(H Ha )l(HBOTe, IIOXO)l(eM

HaCYMKY.

KeHrypy CqHTaeTCH «HaI.I,HOHaJlbHbIM )l(HBOTHhIM», ero H306-

pa)l(eHHe - Ha rocYLJ:apCTBeHHOM rep6e ABCTpaJlHHCKOro COI03a

(CM. c. 125). ECTh HeCKOJIbKO BHLJ:OB KeHrypy. Cpe)l,J1 HJ1X -~---~--

ApeBOB~AHbl~nanopOTH~K

I AepeBo 6e3 TeH~80 Bna>KHOM KJW1MaTe

KOpHVI 3BKanVlnTa TaK '~,

I MO~HO BblcaCblBalOT Bnar~. Vl3 no-'4Bbl, a nOTOM Vlcnap51IOT ee 4epe3

! nVlCTb51, 4TO AepeBo nony4V1no Ha-

, 3BaHVle "AepeBo-Hacoc». 3BKanVln-

Tbl BbICa>KVlBaIOT An51 ocyweHVl51 I

3a60n04eHHbix Y4acTKoB. OHVI npVl-

cnOC06V1JlVlCb VIK3acywnVlBolvlY KnVl-

MaTy: VlX J1V1CTb51nOBOpaYVlBaIOTC51 K

: COnHlJ,y pe6poM, YTO YMeHbwaeT

VlcnapeHVle. KpoHa n04TVI He Aae~TeHVI, n03TOMY 3BKaJJVlnTOBbie

neca 04eHb CBeTnble.. "P~c. 124. 3TOT 3BKan~nT-Ben~KaH AOCT~ran 158 M ' .

YTKOHOC6)1fJl (,l~JIt\

KapJIMKOBble KeHrypy-BaJIJIa6H BblCOTOH 30 CM H 2-MeTpOBble Be-

JIMKaHhl - phDKMe KeHrypy (pHC. 125). OHH IlpeKpaCHble 6eryHbl,

Tot:[Hee IlpblryHbl. )J,JUI 3TOro HM CJI~aT KOpOTKYle llepe,LlHHe H

LlJIHHHbIe 3a,LlHHe JIallbI, a TaIOKe 60JIblllOH T5DKeJIbIH XBOCT. )],.rIH-

Ha IlpbDKKa ,LlOCHITaeT 9 M. O,LlHH BH,LlhI KeHrypy )J(]1BYT B JIecax,

,Llpyme Ilpe,LlnOlIMTaKH OTKphlTble IlpOCTpaHCTBa. CYMt:[aTbIH KO-

aJIa ..,.-06HTaTeJIb 3BKaJIMIlTOBbIX JIeCOB. OH )Kl-fBeT Ha ,LlepeBb5lX H

Be,LleT HOt:[HOH MaJIOnO,lJ,BJ1)I(HbIH 06pa3 )J(]13HH. 31'0 CMMnaTMt:[-

Hoe )((HBOTHOe C ryCTblM M5IrKHM MeXOM 1l0Xo)((e Ha nmollleBoro

MHlllKY. CYW-IaTbIH BOJIK H TaCMaHHHCKHH ,Llb5lBOJI- O'-leHb pe,Ll-

KYle )J(]1BOTHble.

TOJIbKO B ABCTpaJIHH BO,Ll5lTC51eXH.,LlHaH.YTKOHOC - )((J1BOTHble,

OTKJIa,LlblBaIOll(He 51HlJ,a,KaK nTHlJ,hI, a ,LleTeHhIlIleH BCKapMJIHBaIO-

llJ,He MOJIOKOM, KaK MJIeKOIlH.TaIOll(He. EXM,LlHa HallOMHHaeT e)((a C

8-caHTHMeTpOBbIMH H.rJIaMH., HO B OTJIM'-lHe OT Hero HMeeT LlJIMH-

HbIH KJIIOB, C 1l0MOll(bIO KOToporo ilOe,LlaeT MypaBbeB. YTKOHOC

O'-leHb He06blt:[HbIH. Ka%eTC5I, t:[TO OH COCTOHT H3 '-IaCTeH pa3Hblx

)\(HBOTHbIX: TeJIO, KaKyllJ,eHKa; llepenOHKH Me)\(-

,Lly llaJIblJ,aMM Hor H.KJIlOB, KaK y YTKYI; XBOCT, KaK

y 606pa; Ha 3a,LlHH.XJIanax wnopbI, KaK y Ileryxa.

YTKOHOC XOpOlllO nJIaBaeT, BbIMCKHBa51 KJIIOBOM

KOpM B BO,lJ,OeMax. )l(HBeT B my60KH.X Hopax,

yCTpaH.Ba5l TeCHhIH BXO,lJ,.0POTMCKHBa5lCb B Hero,

)J(]1BOTHOe OT)J(]1MaeT BO,lJ,y113«wy6KH» H.K rHe3-

,Lly ,Ll0611paeTC5I not:[TM CYXl1M. E,LlJ1HCTBeHHbIH

KpynHblH Xl1llJ,HJ1K ABCTpaJIMJ1 Ha cyme - ,lJ,l1Ka51

C06aKa,lJ,J1HrO, O,LlJ11:IaBWMH1l0TOMOK,lJ,OMawHei1

C06aKJ1, 3aBe3eHHOH B ,lJ,aJIeKOM IlpOWJIOM J13

A3J1M J1JIH TIOJIJ1He3Ml1 (CM. PJ1C. 125). JI.HHro

)I(l1BYT CTa5lMJ1 J1OXOT5ITC5IHa cyMt:[aTblX. I1Hor-

,lJ,a OHM Halla,lJ,alOT Ha ,lJ,OMalllHJ1X )((MBOTHbIX,

n03TOMY H.X npeCJIe.uylOT cPepMephl.

ABCTpaJIJ1HCKHe IlTJ1lJ,bl TaIOKe OTJIJ1LJaIOTC5I

pa3H006pa3MeM. Oc06eHHO MHoro nonyraeB: OT

Pl1C. 125.>Kl1BOTHble-

3HAeMl1Kl1

ABCTpanl1l1

n01.4eMY neHl1Be~

neHl1B

Koana Ha3blBalOT «aB-cTpan~~cK~M neH~B-u,eM». B nepeBOAe C

~3blKa a6op~reHoB Koana 03HayaeT«He n~Tb». OH Ae~CTB~TenbHO H~-KorAa He nbeT, a AOBonbcTByeTc~Bnaro~ ~3 3BKan~nTOBblx n~CTbeB.Ho B n~CTbS'lX (ero OCHOBHoe n~Ta-H~e) Mano n~TaTenbHblX Bew,eCTB.n03TOMY, 3KOHOM~ co6cTBeHHylO3Hepr~lO, Koana MeAneHHO AB~raeT-CS'l~ cn~T 18 y B CYTK~. B HayaneXX B. 3TOT B~A 6ecnow,aAHO ~cTpe6-

n~n~ ~3-3a Mexa. K CyaCTblO, CBO+BpeMeHHble Meponp~~T~~ no

_ oxpaHe nOMorn~:@ero cnaCT~.· _.

-- ,

nO'"leMy Kyp Ha3blBalOT COpHblMIiI

COPHbl8 Kypbl no pa3M8py VIBH8W-

H8MY BViAY noxo)l(VI Ha VlHAIOKa. OHVI

npVlM8LJaT8nbHbi T8M, '-ITOH8 BbICVI-

)I(VlBalOT HVlU" a 3aKanbfBalOT VlX B

Ky'-lVi n8p8rHVlBalOLl.\VlX pacT8HVliII. B

npou,8CC8 rHVl8HVlH BblA8nH8TCH

T8nno, KOTOp08 BM8CTO caMKVI

060rp8Ba8T Hillu,a, C03AaBaH CB08-

06pa3Hblill VlHKy6aTOp. BblCOTa

TaKVlX MyCOpHblX Ky'-l

AOCTVlra8T 5 M.

JIl3BeCTHbiX BceM M3JleHbKJIlX BOJ1HJIlCTbIXnonyraMLJJIlKOB,110 Kpyn-

HblX KaKany. B J1ecax BO,11J1lTC>IJ1J1lpOXBOCT,XBOCTKOTOpOro noxo)l(

Ha MY3bIK3JlbHbIMl1HCTpYMeHT - J1J1lPY.CTpayc 3My HeMHoro MeHb-

we acPPJllKaHCKoro. OH TaK)l(e JIl306pa)l(eH Ha rep6e A!3CTp3JlJlll1.

Ka3yap MeHbwe cTpayca 11TO)l(e OTHOCl1TC>IK HeJ1eTalOWl1M nTI1-

uaM. MHO)J(eCTBO paMCKl1X nTl1U C >IpKI1M OnepeHl1eM 11COpHblX

Kyp. B0,110eMbl 06J11060B3JlJll BeJIW-IaBble LJepHble J1e6e.nl1.

B ABCTp3JlJllJll MHoro'>IwepJllU JIl3MeM. B npJll6pe)l(HbiX Bo.nax

BO.n5lTC>IKPOKO.nI1J1bI, MOpCKJIle 3MeJll, aKyJ1bI,

Wl1nOXBOCTbIM cKaT, Me.nY3a MOpCKa>I oca,

BCTpeYa C KOTOPblMI1 KpaMHe onaCHa.

IIPHPO,IJ,HbIE 30HbI. ABCTp3JlJll>I 11OCTpOB

TaCMaHI1>I J1e)l(aT B npe.neJ1ax LJeTblpex nO>ICOB -

cy63KBaTOpl13JlbHOrO, TponwlecKoro, Cy6TpO-

nJllLJeCKOrO M yMepeHHoro. B 3aBI1CI1MOCTM OT

YBJ1mKHeHHOCTI1TeppMTopMM npMpo.nHble 30HbI

CMeH>IIOTC>I nOCJ1e.nOBaTeJ1bHOB BM.ne nOJ1yKo-

J1eu (c ceBepa Ha lOr 11C BOCTOKa Ha 3anan), KO-

Topble OXBaTbIBalOT BHyrpeHHMe 06J1aCTM.

30Ha BJIa)l{HbIX 0 nepeMeHHO-BJIa)l{HbIX JIe-

COB, 3aHMMalOw,a>I ceBepHylO M ceBepO-BOCTOLJHylO LJaCTI1MaTe-

pl1Ka, OTHOCMTeJ1bHO He60J1bWa>I. 3.neCb pacnpOCTpaHeHbl

nJ1o.nop0,Ul-Ible KpaCllble (jJeppa.ilJlUmHble nOlf6bl. B J1ecax pacTyr 3B-

KaJ1l1nTbI, naJ1bMbl, cPI1KYCbl, .npeBOBI1,11Hble nanopOTHMKM

(Pl1c. 127). CTBOJ1bI.nepeBbeB 06BI1Tbi J1l1aHaMl1. Ha ropHblX CKJ10-

Hax npe06JIa.nalOT peJ1l1KTOBble XBOMHble .nepeBb>I - apayKapMJIl.

no Mepe y.n3JleHI151OT OKeaHa J1eca CMeH>IIOTC>Ipe,11KOJIeCb-

HMO 0 caBaHHaMO (Pl1c. 126). B 3TOM 30He CcPOPMI1POB3JlI1Cb

KpaCHble 11KpacHo-6ypble nOlf6bl. Pe.nKOJ1eCb>I06pa30BaHbI3BK3Jll1n-

TaMM, HeBblCOKMMI1 aKaUI15fMl1l1 Ka3yapMHaMM. Cpe.nM ryCTbIX TpaB

BCTpeyaIOTC>I He06blYHble 6yrblJ10LJHble .nepeBb>I, TOJ1CTbIMCTBOJ1

KOTOpbIXC~aeTC>I KBepxy. B HeM .nepeBO HaKanJ1MBaeTBJ1aryBnpOK,

Pa3Aen II )

6YTbinOltHOe

AepeBO

TpaBSIHoe

AepeBO

OrpOMHbl~

TepMIIITHIIIK

S1U4eplII~a MOnOX

WlllnaMIII oTny-

rlllBaeT BparOB

PIIIC. 128. nocne peAKlllx AO>KAe~ nYCTblHSI O>KIIIBaeT

B O)f(H,ll,aHI1H3acYWJlHBoro ce30Ha. CBoe06pa3Hoe TPaB5IHOe ,Uepe-

BO, KOTopoe HMeeT KOpOTKHH CTBOJl, YBeH4aHHbIH KonHOH Y3KHX

JlHCTbeB, TOp4au.U1x B pa3Hble CTOpOHbI, HanOMHHaeT KonHy ceHa.

B 30He caBaHH 06HTalOT KeHrypy, BOM6aT, eXVI,UHa,MHO)KeCTBOnTHLI,.

TepMHTbI coopY)KalOT OrpoMHble TepMHTHHKl1.

30H3 nYCTbIHb H nOJIynycTbIHb 3aHHMaeT orpoMHble

npoCTpaHcTBa B ueHTpaJIbHbIX paHoHax MaTepHKa. TaM npocTH-

palOTC5I EOflbU1Q5/fleC'1aHQ5/ nycmbLH5l H EOflbUla5l nycmblHfl BUKmo-

pU5l, Ha3BaHH5I KOTOpbIX YKa3bIBalOT Ha HX pa3MepbI. BbI)f()KeHHa51

COJlHueM nOBepxHocTb nOKpblTa KpacHoBaTblMH neCKaMH H Ka-

MeHHbIMH POCCbIn5lMH. TaKylO oKpacKy HM npH,UalOT coe,UHHe-

HH5I cDeppyMa B ropHbIX nopo,Uax. Eypble H cepo-6YPble nOll6bl

C¢OPMHPOBaJIHCb TOJlbKO Ha OT,UeJlbHbIX Y4acTKax. B nOHH)KeHH-

$IX npocTynalOT n$ITHa COJlOH4aKOB. PaCTHTeJlbHOCTb CKY,UHa51H

pa3pe)f(eHHa$I. Ha 6ecnJ10,UHbIX paBHHHax BCTpeLfaIOTC5I H3pe,UKa

KyCTHKH Jle6e,Ubl, KOJlIOLfHe KycTapHHKoBble aKaLI,HH H KapJlHKO-

Bble 3BKaJIHnTbI. Ha CbInY4HX neCKax nOCeJl5leTC5ITOJlbKO cnHHH-

¢eKC - 3JlaK wapoBH,UHOH ¢OPMbl, THnHLfHoe pacTeHHe nycTbIHb.

3eJleHH HeT, no,U 6eCnOIl.l3,lJ,HbIM COJlHLI,eM,Ua)KepacTeHH$I npH06-

peTalOT pbDKeBaTbIH OTTeHOK. B OTJlHLfHe OT nycTbIHb A¢PHKH B

ABCTpallHH HeT oa3HcoB, HO aBCTpaJIHHCKa$I nYCTbIH5I He BblrJl5l-

,UHTTaKoiil 6e3)f(H3HeHHoiil, KaK, HanpHMep, Caxapa (pHC. 128). B

nOJlynYCTbIH5IX 06pa3YIOTc5I HenpOXO,UHMble 3apOCJlH BeLIH03eJle-

HbIX KycTapHHKOB, r,Ue pacTyT HH3KOpOCJlble 3BKaJIHnTbI H aKa-

UHH. TaKHe 3apOCJlH Ha3bIBaIOTC5I cKpe60M. BO,UHTc5I KeHrypy,

BOM6aT, c06aKa ,UHHro, eXH,UHa, cTpayc 3MY, 51Il.1epHUbI H 3MeH.

30H3 BelJH03eJIeHbIX MeCTKOJIHCTHbIX JIeCOB H

KyCT3 pH H KO B 3aHHMaeT He60JlbWHe nJlOIl.l3,lJ,H Ha IOro-3ana-

,Ue H IOrO-BOCTOKe MaTepHKa. 3,UeCb Ha 6ypblX H KpaCHO-JICe.ilmbLX

(jJeppQ.!l.!lUmHbLX nOll6ax paCTYT 3BKaJIHnTOBble Jleca.

30H3 CMern3HHbIX JIeCOB C¢OpMHpOBaJlaCbTOJlbKO Ha

ocmpoee TaCMaHU5l, IO)KHa51 LfaCTb KOToporo Jle)l(HT B yMepeH-

HOM nOHce. Hap$ID.Y C Be4H03eJleHblMH JlHCTBeHHblMH D.epeBb-

HMH (3BKaJIHnT, IO)KHbIH 6yK) TaM pacTyT XBOHHble (KpaCHaH

HOB03eJlaHD.CKaH COCHa), a B HH)I(HeM 51pyce - D.peBOBHD.Hble

nanopOTHHKH.

M3MEHEHME nPMPO,IJ;bI qEJIOBEKOM.n p"pOLla ABCTPaJI 11VI Ha'-laJIa VI3MeH5ITbC5I C no-

51BJ1eHVIeM Ha MaTepVIKe nepeCeJ1eHueB. Ha Me-

CTe Bblpy6J1eH HblX J1eCOB n051 BVIJ1I1Cb n0J151 VI

06WVIpHble naCT6VIlliaLlJ151 CKOTa. HacrynJ1eHVIe

Ha eCTecTBeHHylO cpeLly 06VITaHVI5I llVIKVIX

)l(VIBOTHblX VI XVIlliHVI'-IeCKa51 OXOTa npVIBeJ111 K

YMeHbweHVIIO VILla)((e nOJ1HOMY VIC'-Ie3HOBeHVIIO

HeKOTopblX BVI1l0B.

KpoMe Toro, 3aBe3eHHble nepeCeJ1eHuaMVI

«VIHOCTpaHHble» paCTeHI151 VI )l(VIBOTHble Hapy-

WI1J1l1 npl1pOLlHOe paBHOBeCVIe. Oc06eHHO KaTa-

CTpO<pVI'-IeCKVIMVI 6blJ1VI nOCJ1eLlCTBVI5I BB03a,

Ka3aJIOCb 6bl, KpOTKVIX 116e33allil1THbiX KPOJ1(;f-

KOB. npVIpOLlHble YCJ10BI151ABCTpaJIVIVI OKa3aJIVICb

HaCTOJ1bKO 6J1arOnpVI5ITHblMVI LlJ151HVIX, '-ITO 3BepbKVI paCnJ101lVI-

J1VICbB orpOMHOM KOJ1l1'-1eCTBe.OHVI nOBpe)((JlaJIVI nJ101l0Bble llepe-

Bb5l, YHVI'-ITO)l(aJIVI noceBbl VI CbeLlaJIVI TpaBy, OCTaBJ151516e3 KopMa

He TOJ1bKO OBeu, HO 111lVIKl1X TpaB05l1lHblX )l(VIBOTHblX. KpOJ1VIKI1

CTaJIVI HaCT05lWVIM 6eLlcTBVIeM LlJ151ABCTPaJIl1l1. C HVIMVI 60P0J1VICb

BceB03MO)l(HblMVI cnoc06aMVI: OTCTpeJ1VIBaJIVI,CTpOVIJ111npOB0J10'-l-

Hble Orpa)l(LleHI151, HaKOHeu, I1Cn0J1b30BaJIl1 6aKTepVI0J10rVI'-IeCKVIe

cpeLlCTBa - BJ1a60paTOpVI5IX pa3BeJ1VI KOMapOB, 3apa)l(eHHblX CMep-

TeJ1bHblM LlJ151KpOJ1I1KOB BVIpyCOM. 3TO 3Ha'-lVITeJ1bHO COKpaTVIJ10

VIX noroJ10Bbe, HO np06J1eMy He pew VIJ1VILlO CVIXnop. Ewe B KOHue

XIX B. B ABCTPaJIVII1 6bIJ1VI npVIH5ITbl 3aKOHbl, KOTopble 3anpewa-

lOT BB03 paCTeHVIM VI)((VJBOTHbIX C Llpymx MaTepVIKOB VI OrpaHVI'-IVI-

BalOT BblB03 MeCTHbIX BVI1l0B .

.uJ151 oxpaHbI YHHKaJ1bHOM npVIpOllbI ABCTpaJ1VIVI Ha ee

TeppVITOpVIVI C031laHbI HaUVIOHaJIbHble napKVI VI 3anOBellHI1KVI.

naMHTH~KryceH~~eKaKTyc onYH~IM1,3aBe3eHHbl~ B AB-CTpanvllo B XIX B., CTan ell.\e OAHO~3Konor~4eCKo~npo6neMo~.CHa4a-na ero Bblpall.\~Ban~ KaKAeKopaT~B-Hoe paCTeH~e. Ho BCKope KaKTycblpacnpocTpaH~n~cb 3a npeAenbl

, ycaAe6 ~ «3aXBaT~n~» nacT6~ll.\a.L.JTo6blOCTaHOB~Tb«KonI04~X 3aBO-eBaTene~», ~31O>KHo~AMep~K~ np~-Be3n~ ~x eCTeCTBeHHoro Bpara -KaKTycoBylOorHeBKy. ryceH~~a 3TO~6a604K~ 6blCTPOYH~4TO>K~naKaK

j-

TyCbl, 3a 4TO6naroAapHbie aB-cTpan~~~bl YCTaHoB~n~ ~f+4

e~ naM\lTH~K. y

(! 3AnOMHl1TE• PaCTeHH» H .>KHBOTHble ABCTPaJIHH YHHKaJlbHbl, Cpe,lJ,HHHX MHoro 3H,lJ,eMHKOB H

peJIHKTOB •

• B ABcTpaJIHH C<!>OpMHpOBaJIHCb npHp0,lJ,Hble 30HbI BJIa.>KHbIX H nepeMeHHO-

BJIa.>KHbIX JIeCOB, pe,lJ,KOJIeCHH H caBaHH, nYCTbIHb H nOJIynycTblHb, BelfH03e-

JIeHbIX .>KeCTKOJIHCTHbIX JIeCOB H KycTapHHKOB, CMernaHHbIX JIeCOB.

t BOnpOCbl 113AAAHl1S11.n04eMY B ABCTpam1111TaK MHoro 3Hp,eM1II4HbIX paCTeHlIIC1l11)/(lIIBOTHbIX?

2. KaKlIIe Heo6bl4Hbie )/(lIIBOTHble 06111TalOTBABCTpaJl IIIIII?

3. KaKlIIe nplllpop,Hble 30Hbl B ABCTpaJl IIIIIInpe06Jlap,aIOT? n04eMy?

4. KaKoBbl 3KOJlOr1ll4eCKlIIe nOCJlep,CTBlII51nepeCeJleHlII51 B ABCTpaJlllllO paCTeHlIIC1l11

)/(lIIBOTHbIX Cp,pyrlllx MaTeplllKoB?

§ 26. HACEJIEHME M IIOJIMTMqECKAH KAPTA~. • BCnOMHLtlTe, KaKLtle npLtlpOAHble ycnOBLtl$l ABCTpanLtlLtl

"V He cnoco6CTBylOT pa3BLtlTLtllO npOMblwneHHOCTLtl

LtlcenbcKoro X03$lVlCTBa.

• KaKLtlMLtl none3HblMLtl LtlCKOnaeMbIMLtl6oraTaABCTpanLtl$l?

HACEJIEHIIE. YeJlOBeK n05IBHJlC5I Ha MaTepHKe o KOJlO40 TbIC.

JleT Ha3a.1l. Yl.feHble nOJlaralOT, l.fTO ABCTpaJlH5I 3aCeJl5IJlaCb H3

IOro-BoCTol.fHoi1 A3HH.

COBpeMeHHoe HaCeJleHHe ABCTPaJlHH COCTOHTH3 .1lBYXOCHOB-

HblX rpynn. K nepBoi1 npHHa.LVIe)f(aT a60pHreHbi - KopeHHoe

HaCeJleHHe MaTepHKa (pHC. 129). OHH OTHOC5ITC5IK aBCTpaJlOH)l-

HOH pace. no 3aCeJleHH5I MaTepHKa eBponei1ua-

MH a60pHreHbl HaXO.1lHJlHCb Ha Ol.feHb HH3KOM

ypoBHe pa3BHTH5I. OHH He 3aHHMaJlHCb HH 3eM-

Jle.1leJlHeM, HH CKOTOBO.1lCTBOM,He YMeJlH TKaTb

H o6pa6aTbiBaTb MeTaJlJlbI. )l(HJlH OXOTOi1,C06H-

paTeJlbCTBOM H BeJlH KOl.feBOH 06pa3 )f(H3HH. B

XIX B. AHfJlH5I 06b5lBHJla ABCTPaJlHIO cBoei1 KO-

JlOHHei1. nOCJle npHXO.1la Ha MaTepHK eBponei1-

ueB 60JlbWa51 l.faCTb a60pHreHOB 6blJla

YHHl.fTO)f(eHa. A OCTaJlbHbIX CTaJlH OTTeCH5ITb B

fJly6b MaTepHKa, B nYCTblHHble paHOHbI. HbIHe

KopeHHble )f(HTeJlH COCTaBJl5llOTJlHWb 1,5 % Ha-

CeJleHH5I ABCTpaJlHH. OHH CTaJlH paBHonpaBHbl-

MH rpa)f(.llaHaMH cBoei1 CTpaHbI. HeKoTopble H3

HHX pa60TalOT Ha ¢epMax, .1lpyrHe nO-npe)f(He-

My Be.1lyTnOJlYKOl.feBoi1 06pa3 )f(H3HM.

TIpHUIJIOe HaCeJIeHHe -aHfJlO-aBCTpa-

JlHHUbl - 3TO nOTOMKM KOJlOHMCTOB-nepece-

J1eHueB H3 AHrJlMH. HbIHe OHM 51BJl5lIOTC5I

OCHOBHbIM HaCeJleHHeM ABCTPaJlMH. HeMaJlO

nepeCeJleHLI,eB M3 CTpaH EBponbl, A3MH, A¢PM-

ABCTpanl'lL-tCKl'Iea60pl'lreHbi.0.0 nOs:lBneHiIls:leBponevlL.~eB B ABCT-

pan ill ill npmKiIlBano OKono 700 nne-

MeH a60pillreHoB, rOBOps:lLl.\iIlX Ha

200 MeCTHblX s:l3bIKax. OHiIl illMen ill

CBOIO KynbTypy (MiIl¢bl, 06Ps:lAbl,

HaCKanbHas:l )J<iIlBonillCb, pillTyanb-

Hble MaCKiIl), a TaK)J<e YMenill+no-oc06eHHoMy pa3pillCO-

B~BaTbTeno. ~~

I

6yMepaHrA60pillreHbi iIl306penill 6yMepaHr -

AepeBs:lHHOe MeTaTenbHoe opY)J<iIle.

3TO ABe iIl30rHYTbie nonaCTiIl, HiIl)J<-

Hs:ls:l 4aCTb KOTOpblX nnOCKas:l, a

BepXHs:ls:l- BblnyKnas:l. 3anYLl.\eHHbliii

OXOTHiIlKOM6yMepaHr, ecnill He c6i1l-

BaeT A06b14y, onillCblBaeT Ayry ill B03-

BpaLl.\aeTCs:l K MeTaTenlO. 6yMepaH-

rill yKpawalOT y30paMiIl. B npownoM

iIlX WillpOKO iIlcnonb30Banill aB-

cTpanilliiicKiIle nneMeHa.

KIt. KOTOpble 1\1Horoe npl1BHeCJII1113CBOeH KyJIbTYpbl, 6blTa, Tpy-

.JOBbIX HaBbl KOB 11T. 11.

ABCTPAJII1HCKI1:H COI03. Ha Teppl1TOpl111 ABCTPaJIl111 pac-

nO.10)KeHO ell 11HCTBeHHoe rocynapcTBO - ABCTPaJIl1HCKI1H COI03.

pmte MaTepl1Ka B ero COCTaB BX01l5lT ocmpoe TaCJwaHUfl 11p5l11

npl16pe)KHblX OCTpOBOB. ABCTPaJIl1HCKI1H COlO3 - WeCTa51 no

n.10WMI1 CTpaHa Ml1pa. 3TO y)Ke He K0J10HI151, a caMOCT05lTeJIb-

Hoe He3aBVlCI1MOe rocyllapcTBO B COCTaBe Coapy:Jfcecmea cmpaH,e032.WeJlfleM020 BeJlUK06pumaHueu. ConpY)KeCTBO - 3TO 06be-

.J11HeHl1e rocyllapCTB: BeJII1K06pl1TaHI11111 CTpaH, KOTopble B npo-

W.10Yl 6bIJII1 ee KOJIOHI151MI1. [l03TOMY ocjJl1Ul1aJIbHO rnaBOH

ABCTPaJIl1HCKOrO COlO3a 51BJI5IeTC5IKOpOJIeBa BeJ1I1K06pI1TaHI1I1,

a rocynapcTBeHHblM 513bIKOM - aHrJII1HCKI1H.

npl1 OrpOMHOH nJIOWaD.11ABCTpaJIl1HCKI1H COlO3 -MaJIOHaCe-

.1eHHa51 CTpaHa. 3neCb np0)KI1BaIOT Bcero 19,6 MJIH l.feJIOBeK. CpaB-

HI1Te: TOJIbKO B HblO-I1opKe (CiliA) I1Jll1 TOKI10 (51nOHI151) )KI1ByT

Bblwe 8MJIH. HaCeJIeHHe pa3MewaeTC5I HepaBHoMepHo. EOJ1b-

WI1HCTBO cocpellOTOyeHO B npVl6pe)KHbIX paHo-

Hax Ha BOCTOKe 11 IOrO-3analle. nYCTblHHble

UeHTpaJIbHble 113anMHbie paHoHbl MaJIOHaCe-

.1eHHble JII160 COBceM 6e3JIlOllHble. 3TO CB5I3aHO

npl1pOnHbIMI1 YCJIOBI151MI1I1I1CTOpl1eH3aCeJ1e-

HH5I MaTepl1Ka eBponeHuaMI1. ABCTPaJIl1HUbl

npel1MywecTBeHHO )KI1BYT B roponax, caMble

60JIbWI1e - CUaHeu 11MeJlb6YPH (Pl1c. 130).X0351MCTBO. ABCTpaJIl1HCKI1H COlO3 OTHOCI1T-

51K BbiCOKopa3BVlTblM CTpaHaM Ml1pa. Benywee

'.teCTO Bero X0351HCTBe3aHVlMaeT n p 0 M bI III JIe H -

HOC Tb. Ha 6a3e pa3H006pa3HbIX nOJIe3HbIX I1CKOnaeMbIX ccjJop-

'.ll1pOBaJIaCb ropHon06bIBalOwa51 OTpaCJIb. Ha MeTaJIJ1YPrHl.feCKI1X

K0\16I1HaTax BbInJ1aBJI5IIOTyepHbIe (l.fyryH, CTaJIb) 11UBeTHble (aJIlO-

'.II1HVlH, HI1KeJIb, OJIOBOI1np.) MeTaJIJ1bI. TOnJII1BHbJe I1CKOnaeMbie

HCnOJIb3YIOTC5I llJ151n0J1yyeHI151 3J1eKTp03Heprl1l1 Ha TenJ10Bb1X

ABCTPAJU1V1CKHVICOlO3

•• •• *•

• 7,7 MnH KM2

t 19,6 MnH 'len •

@) KaH6eppa

Ha3BaHille CTon111lJ,bl KaH6eppa Ha

513blKe a60pll1reHOB 03Ha'-laeT MecTO

BCTpe'l. Ee npOeKTlllpOBanlll KaK ro-

POA-Ca,o, 111Bblca,o,II1nll112 MnH AepeBb-

eB. B KaH6eppe pa3Mew,aIOTc51 nap-

naMeHT, noconbCTBa II1HocTpaHHblx

rocYAapcTB, aAMII1HII1CTpaTII1BHble 111

KynbTypHble y'-lpe>KAeHII151. B CTOnll1lJ,e

HeT npoMblwneHHblx npeAnpll151TlI1i1t,

HO MHOro napKoB 111cKBepoB.

TeneB~3~oHHaSi WKOna ~<cneTalO~~e Bpa••~»

ABcTpanvm - CTpaHa He0603pll1MbiX

npOCTOpOB. 60nee 200 KM go 6nll1->Kall1well1 4>epMbl II1nll1 nocenKa He

C4111TalOTCH60nbWII1M paCCTOHHlI1eM .

. Ho e>KegHeBHo nocew,aTb wKony

CnO>KHO. n03TOMY Y4111TenH npOBO-

gHT ypOKII1 ,LJ,nH Y4eHII1KOB, >KII1BYW,II1X

3a COTHII1KlI1nOMeTpOB gpyr OT gpy-

ra, C nOMow,blO pagll10 111TeneBlI1ge-

HII1H. npll1 3TOM OHII1 3agalOT 111npo-

BepHIOT gOMawHlI1e 3a,LJ,aHII1H.A ,LJ,nH

OKa3aHII1H cBoeBpeMeHHOIl1 Megll1- 3J1eKTpOCTaHI..lJ1Hx (T3C), KOTopble COBMeCTHOLJ,II1HCKOIl1nOMow,1I1 >KII1TemlM oTga- C mlIp03J1eKTpOCTaHlJ.HHMH (r3C) 06eCne'-lHBa-neHHblx ceneHlI1111 Bpa4111 nonb3YIOT-CH caMOneTaMII1. ,l],nH 3Toro Bgonb lOT npOMbIWJ1eHHOCTb, CeJ1bCKOe X03HHCTBO, a

Bcex aBTogopor II1MelOTCH He60nb- TaK)Ke 6blTOBbie nOTpe6HOCTH HaCeJ1eHHH.wille B3neTHo-nocag04Hble nnow,ag- YroJ1b, 30J10TO, )[(eJ1e3HaH pyLI,a BbIB03HTC51B1IPY-

Kill. CarvlOneTbl gocTaBnHIOT n04TY, me CTpaHbI MHpa, 60J1bWe Bcero - B f1noHWO.3a6111palOT C MHor04111cneHHbiX 4>epM Ha MaWHHOCTpOHTeJ1bHbIX 3aBOLI,ax H3roTOBJ1H-

CBe>Kee MHCO 111ompaBnHIOT ero B lOT pa3HOo6pa3Hble MaWHHbl, npH6opbl, 3J1eKT-ropoga. ABCTpan111lI1LJ,blga>Ke"B roCTII1Ha cocegHlO1O 4>epMy 06bl4HO He J_ pOHHoe 060pyLI,OBaHHe, Ha npelInpH51TH51X

egyT, a neTHT Ha c06cTBeHHoM l~ XHMH'-IeCKOM npOMbIWJ1eHHOCTH - XHMH'-IeCKHe

He60JlbLlJOM caMoneTe. ~i~B0J10KHa, nJ1aCTMaCCbl, yLI,06peHVl51 1IJ151CeJ1b-

'. "'r CKOro X0351MCTBa. XopOWO pa3BHTa nHLUeBa51

0TPaCJ1b: MaCJ10- H Cblp0LI,eJ1bHaH, KOHcepBHaH H IIp.

CeJIbCKOe X03HMCTBO OTJ1WlaeTC51 BblCOKHM ypoBHeM

pa3BHTHH. I.1HTepecHO, '-ITO B ABCTpaJ1HH He OKa3aJIOCb lIH-

KopaCTYLUHX paCTeHHM, KOTopble '-IeJ10BeK Mor 6bl BblpaLUHBaTb.

He 6blJ10 H )KVlBOTHbIX, KOTOpblX MO)KHO 6blJ10 npHpy'-lHTb H

P~e. 131 . OnepHbll1 TeaTp B C~AHee1I13BeCTeH BO BceM MlI1pe CBOell1 apxII1TeKTYPoll1:

C 4>acaga OH nOXO>K Ha napyca, B3MeTHYBWII1eCH

Hag 3anIl1BOM, a C60Ky - Ha rll1raHTCKYIO paKoBII1Hy

P~e. 132.PaA~oYPoK B <cWKoneHa paeeToSlH~w>

Pille. 133.ABeTpan~l1eKaSi $epMa

Pa3Aen II*"OYAbI..,~

lt~~~"~-------------,,-( -~~~::.-~}~

B ABCTpant-lt-l CaMOe fJ'~·' 5r60Rbwee B Mt-lpe noro- '?~If~Hni~~oROBbe OBeL(. CTpaHa 06ecneYt-l-

BaeT 60nee 50 % Mt-lpOBOro HaCTpll1-

ra BbICOKOKayeCTBeHHoC1 WepCTt-l.

ABCTpanll1C1cKllle Mepll1HOCbl - 3TO

nopoAa OBel..\, KOTopble AalOT TOH-

KylO 6enylO wepcTb An1l1HoC11 0 CM,

nyYwylO B Millpe no KaYeCTBy. C OA-

HOC1 OBl..\bl HaCTplllralOT AO 6,5 Kr

WepCTIll. B ABCTpaJlll1111 cyw,ecTBy-

eT HaCTO$1w,II1C1 «wepCT$1HoC1»

KynbT - BC? CTpaHa Ha6nlOAaeT 3a

CTaBKaMIll WepCT$1HbIX aYKl..\1I10HOB,

a Ha TeneBt-lAeHII1I11 eCTb Cnel..\lI1anb-

Ha$1 nporpaMMa no BonpocaM

WepCTlI1,

pa3BO,UJ.1Tb.n03TOMY KopeHHoe HaCeJleHJ.1e He

3Hano 3eMJle,UeJlJ.15111)I(I1BOTHOBO,UCTBa BnJlOTb

,UO npl1xo,Ua eBponetiueB, KOTopble 3aBe3Jll1

KyJlbTypHble paCTeHJ.151 J.1,UOMaWHI1X )I(I1BOT-

HbIX. B lJaCTHOCTJ.1,nepeCeJleHUbl J.13AHrJlJ.1J.1-

OBeu. B ABcTpan 1111B caBaHHax 11nOJlynYCTbIH51X OBeu KpyrJlblti

ro,U BbInaCalOJ Ha eCTeCTBeHHbIX nacT6J.1111aX (Pl1c. 134). Co

BpeMeHeM OBueBOLlCTBO CTano BeLlYllleti CeJlbCKOX0351HCTBeHHoti

OTpaCJlblO. KpynHblti poraTblH CKOT (KOpOB) pa3BO,U51T

06PA6ATbIBAIOll.\A5lnpOMblWJlEHHOCTb

YepHa~ MeTannypr",~o l..\BeTHa~MeTaJlJlypr",~

~~~~gg~~~~~~a~e XII1MlIIyeCKaSl

JlerKa~o nl'lll1eBa~

II1CnOJlb30BAHII1E3EMEJlbc=J CellbCKox0351!:1cTBeHHble yroAbSl'" KYJlbTYpHblenacT61'll11a

D nacT6"'l11aD neca

D 3eMJll'l. KOTopbleHe lIIcnOllb3YlOTCSl

EnEKTPOCTAHL1111111TennOBble ~ rHAP031leKTpOCTaHlJ,1I1111

P~c. 135.3KOHOM~"leCKaSi

KapTaABCTpan~~

1. Ha30BII1Te KpynHeC1wll1e

ropOAa ABCTpanll1l11. fAe OHII1

pacnonO)J(eHbl?

2. KaKllle none3Hbie II1CKonae-

Mble A06blBalOT B CTpaHe?

3. Ha30BII1Te OTpaCnlll

06pa6aTbIBaI0w,eC1 npOMblW-

neHHOCTIll.

4. B KaKOC1yaCTIll CTpaHbl

pa3Mew,eHbl cenbCKOX03$1C1-

CTBeHHble yroAb$1?

5. fAe pa3Mew,eHbl 3eMnll1,

HenplllrOAHble An$1 cenbCKO-

X03$1C1cTBeHHoro II1cnonb30Ba-

HII1$1?

6. Ha30BII1Te KpynHeC1wlI1e

nopTbl ABCTpanll1l11.

7. Ha30Bt-lTe OCHOBHble

npOMblwneHHble l..\eHTpbl

CTpaHbl.

npeI1Myw.eCTBeHHO B CeBepHbIX 11 BOCTOLfHblX

paHOHaX CTpaHbl.

EOJlbWYIO LfaCTb naXOTHblX 3eMeJlb 3aCeBa-

lOT nWeHI1IJ,eH. B TpOnl1LfeCKI1X paHOHaX C

BJla)[(HbIM TenJlblM KJlI1MaTOM KYJlbTI1BI1PYIOT

aHaHaCbl, 6aHaHbl, MaHrO. B cy6Tponl1KaX Bbl-

paIlJ,I1BalOT CaXapHblM TpOCTHI1K, BI1HOrpall,

IJ,I1TPYCOBble. CeJlbCKOX0351HCTBeHHYIO npo-

,lJ,yKIJ,111O(MOpO)[(eHOe M5ICO, MaCJlO, Cblp, nwe-

HI1IJ,a 11 MyKa, caxap, KOHCepBbl, cPPYKTbI)

BbIB0351TBO MHOrl1e CTpaHbl Ml1pa. B npI16pe)[(-

HblX BOD.aXJlOB5ITpbl6y, pa3BOD.51TMOJlJlIOCKOB-

)[(eMY y)[(H11IJ" yCTpl1IJ,.

3HaLfI1TeJlbHa51 YD.aJleHHOCTb ABCTpaJll111 OT

D.PYrl1X MaTepl1KOB cnOc06cTByeT pa3BI1TI11O

aBHaIJ,110HHOrO 11 MOpCKOrO TpaHCnOpTa.PIIIC. 136. Menb6YPH - KpynHbl1ii ABTOM06HJlbHblMI1 11)[(eJle3Hb1MI1 D.OpOraMI1

nopT cTpaHbl•. ocyw.eCTBJl5lIOTC5I BHyTpeHHl1e nepeB03KH.

(!~3AnOMHHTE }f------------------------...

• HaCeJleHHe ABcTpaJlHH COCTOHT H3 ,lI,Byx OCHOBHbIX rpynn: KopeHHorO H npH-

IUJloro (nepeCeJleHu,eB co Bcero MHpa).

• ABcTpaJlHHCKHH COlO3 - e,ll,HHCTBeHHaH B MHpe CTpaHa, 3aHHMalOIU,aH u,eJlbIH

MaTepHK.

• ABcTpaJlHHCKHH COlO3 - BblcoKopa3BHTaH CTpaHa, B 3KOHOMHKe Be,ll,ymee Me-

CTO 3aHHMaeT npOMblIUJleHHOCTb, a B CeJlbCKOM X03HHCTBe - oBu,eBO,ll,CTBO.

BonpOCbl H 3AP,AHH5I

1. A60pVlr8Hbi COCTaBmllOT 11VlWb1 ,5 % HaC8118HVl>lABcTpa11VlVl. BbIYVlC11VlT8,CK011b-

KO B cTpaH8 npO)[(VlBa8T KOP8HHbiX )[(VlT8118V1.

2. KaKoBa n110THOCTb HaC8118HVl>lABcTpa11VlVl (OTHOW8HVl8 K011VlY8CTBa HaC8118HVl>lK

n110UJ,a)J.VlcTpaHbl)?

3. KaKVl8 epaKTOpbl nOB11Vl>ll1VlHa pa3M8UJ,8HVl8 HaC8118HVl>l?

4. nOY8MY B ABcTpa11VlVl pa3BVlTo OBLJ,8BO,lJ,CTBO?

5. ABcTpa11VlVlLJ,8BHa3bIBalOT «118TalOUJ,VlMHapO,lJ,OM». nO,lJ,YMaVlT8, KaKVl8 KllVlMaTVlY8-

CKVl8 VlnOrO,lJ,Hb18YC110BVl>lcnoc06cTBYIOT pa3BVlTVllO aBVlaLJ,VlOHHoro TpaHcnopTa

Ha MaT8pVlK8.

rEorPACbWiECKA5I 3AP,A'iAl.lT06bl npOC118,1J,VlTbnYTb Vl3 KVl8Ba B ABcTpa11VlIO, H806xo,lJ,VlMO nOs8pHyTb m06yc

Ha n011-060poTa. Mop8n11aBaT811Vl B XVIII B. np80,lJ,0118Ba11Vl paCCTO>lHVl8 Vl3 EBponbl

K 8e 68p8raM nOYTVl 3a ro,lJ,. n011b3Y>lCb MacwTa60M KapTbl, Onp8,1J,811VlT8paCCTO>l-

HVl8 OT KVl8Ba,lJ,0 caMoro 6011bworo ropO,lJ,a ABCTpa11VlVl - CVl,lJ,H8>l.CK011bKO Bp8M8-

HVlnOHa,lJ,06VlTC>l, LfT06bl ,lJ,06paTbC>l TY,IJ,aHa COBp8M8HHOM caM011eT8, 8C11VlOH 118-

TVlT CO CKOpOCTblO 850 KM/Y?

(I YPOBeHL)

1. ABCTpaJIHH paCnOJIaraeTCH B nOJIyillapHH:

a) CeBepHoM; 6 IO.iKHOM; B) 3arrap;HOM; r) BOCTO"'IHOM.

2. EOJILillOH EapLep rn: pmp npOCTRpaeTCH B)l;OJILnOOepe:IKLH ABCTpaJIHH:

a) 3arrap;Horo; BOCTO"'IHOrO; B) IO.iKHOro.

3. Ha lOre ABCTpaJIHH JIe:IKHT OCTpOB:

a) HOBaR rBI-meR; (~JTaCMaHHR.

4. EOJILillOH BO)l;~3)l;eJILHLIH xpeoeT B03BLIillaeTCH Ha:

a) 3arrap;e; l!1J. BOCTOKe; B) ceBepe; r) lOre.

5. HaHOOJILillaR no nJIOm;a)l;H B ABCTpaJIHH npHp0)l;Haa 30Ha:

a) Be"'IH03eJIeHhIX rrepeMeHHO-BJIa.iKHhIX JIeCOB; 0) CaBaHHH pep;KOJIeCHM;

u-) YCThIHh H rrOJIyrrycThIHh; r) CMeIIIaHHhlX JIeCOB.

6. EOJILillHHCTBO HaCeJIeHHH ABCTpaJIHH COCTaBJIHIOT:

aBCTpaJIHMIJ;hI-aoopHreHhI; 0) aHr JIO-aBCTpaJIHMIJ;hI;

B) rrepeCeJIeHIJ;hI H3 ACppHKH, A3HH.

7. Be)l;ym;ee MeCTO B :lKHBOTHOBO)l;CTBe3aHHMaeT:

a) CBHHOBOP;CTBO; 0) pa3Bep;eHHe KpyrrHoro poraToro CKOTa;

B) OBIJ;eBop;CTBO.

(II ypoBeHb )

8. Ha30BHTe rrepBooTKphIBaTeJIeM ABCTpaJIHH.

9. KaK Ha3hIBalOTCR 6e3Bop;Hhle peKH HJIH BpeMeHHhle BOP;OTOKHB

ABCTpaJIHH H A<);>pHKe?

10. Ha30BHTe HaH60JIhIIIee 03epo ABCTpaJIHH.

11. J:KHTeJIH CH,lJ;HeRB IIIyTKy rOBopRT, "'ITOB MeJIh6ypHe MO.iKHO3aMep3-

HyTh, a .iKHTeJIH MeJIh6ypHa yTBep.iKp;aIOT, "'ITOB CHp;Hee - HeBepORT-

HaR .iKapa. IISTOrrpH TOM, "'ITOcpep;HRR rop;OBaR TeMrrepaTypa B03P;y-

xa B CHp;Hee +17°C, a B MeJIh6YPHe - rrO"'ITH+15°C. He rrOJIh3YRCh

KapToM, orrpep;eJIHTe, KaKoM ropop; pacrrOJIO.iKeH ceBepHee.

12. Ha30BHTe .iKHBOTHhIX, KOTophle RBJIRIOTCRSHp;eMHKaMH ABCTpaJIHH.

13. KaKHe OTpaCJIH rrpOMhIIIIJIeHHOCTH pa3BHThI B ABCTpaJIHH?

(III ypoBeHb )

14. Ha30BHTe oco6eHHocTH reorpa<);>H"'IeCKOrO rrOJIO.iKeHHR, peJIhe<);>a,

KJIHMaTa, OpraHH"'IeCKOrO MHpa, X03RMcTBa ABCTpaJIHH, 0 KOTOphIX

MO.iKHOrOBopHTh KaK 0 caMhIX ••• , caMhlX ••••

15. ~TO BJIHReT Ha pacrrpOCTpaHeHHe rrYCThIHh B ABCTpaJIHH?

16. IIo"'IeMy 3arrperu;eH BB03 HOBhIX BHP;OBpacTeHHM H .iKHBOTHhIX B

ABCTpaJIHIO ?

(IV YPoBeHb)17. ,1l;oKa.iKHTe, "'ITOABCTpaJIHR - «caMhIM crroKoMHhIM» B reOJIOrH"'Ie-

CKOM OTHOIIIeHHH MaTepHK.

18. IIpoKoMMeHTHpyMTe Bhlpa.iKeHHe reorpa<);>oB: «X03RMCTBO ABCTpaJIHH,

Korp;a-TO exaBIIIee Ha OBrre, rrepeceJIO Ha PYP;HYIOBaroHeTKy».9 reorpa<l>.", 7 KJl 129

nnow,aAb -18,3 MnH KM2

HaceneHllle - 400 MnH '-IenOBeK

CpeAHfIfi BblCOTa - 580 M

HalllBblcwafi TO'-lKa HaA y. M. -

r: AKoHKarya (6 960 M)

§ 27. rEOrPAIIqECKOE II JIO)KEHIIEIIIICCJIE,l];0 BAHIIE

~: BcnOMHIIITe, '-ITOBbl y>Ke3HaeTe 06 OTKpblTlII1IIAMepIIIKIII.

KaKllle OKeaHbl OMblBalOT IO>KHylOAMepIIIKY?

fEOfPA<l>W:IECKOE rrOJIO)KEHHE. OyepTaHH5I Kh(HOW

AMepHKH HarrOMHHalOT TpeyrOJIbHHK, KOTOPbIH, cy>Ka5ICb, rrpo-

cTHpaeTC5I CceBepa Ha lOr OT)I(apKHX TponHKoB Kapl16cKoro MOp5I

AO 3aCHe)l(eHHoro oCTpoBa OfHeHHa5I 3eMJI5I. MaTepHK B ceBep-

HOH Ull1POKOW yaCTH nepeceKaeTC5I 3KBaTopoM, n03ToMyTaM BbI-

nMaeT 60JIbUlOe KOJIHyeCTBO OCMKOB. OTHOCHTeJIbH9 fiYJIeBOrO

M~Al1aHa OH rrOJIHOC~bl9 JIe)I(HT B 3anaaHOM nOflyuwpUu.-rr;:BOC-TOKa MaTepl1K OMbIBalOT mrtaHmULteClWU OKeaH, C3anMa -l'uxuu,C ceBepa - BOAbI TenJIO 11my6oKoro BHYTPeHHero apu CK020

MOp/I. IO)I(Ha5I AMepl1Ka y,n,aJIeHa OT APyfl1X MaTepl1KoB. TOJIbKO C

CeBepHOW AMepHKOW OHa COeAHH5IeTC5IY3KOW nOJIOCKOH CYUJH ~_____________ -t2 [JaliaMcKuM ne eiueuKOM.B-caMOW" Y3KOHlfaCTI1

nyreweCTBMes cnoso j/ nepewewKa B\1914 r. 6bIJI rrpopbIT [JaHoMcKuUB XVI B. lIITanbHHCKlIIC1MopennaBa-Tenb Ce6acTbHH Ka60T Bbl6pan Kaliafl J]JIHHOH 81 KM. f{))((Ha5I AMepHKa H Ce-

AJlH Cyp,OB yp,06HylO CTOHHKYB 3a- BepHa5I AMepHKa - 3TO ABa MaTepl1Ka, 06pa3YIO-

nlllBe. Ha ee 6eperax OH BblMeHHn IJ..I.HeOAHy yaCTb CBeTa - AMepuKy.y TY3eMl.\eB cepe6pHHbie yKpawe- KpaWHl1e T04KH MaTepHKa: Ha ceBepe - MbIC

HlIIH, a 3anlllB Ha3Ban na-nnaTa - raJIbl1HaC Ha lOre - MblC rp 0 3 0 Ha 3anMe -

Cepe6po. ~ MblC [Jafl.!J11.JJfK..,moc a e - w: Ka6)Z- Ep-aliKy...-n-yr-e-w-ec-T-s-Me-s-c-no-s-o-----j/ MblC [0 Ii - K aHH5I5I 2C}pOBHa8 T04Ka lO)I(H<;?W

B 1520 r. et>epHaH MarennaH, ne-peceKaH nponlllB, Bnocnep,CTBlIIlIIHa3BaHHblC1ero lIIMeHeM, YBlIIp,en Ha6epery orHlII. MopennaBaTenb Ha-3Ban 3Ty 3eMnlO Tbeppa-/lenb-4>Y3ro - 3eMflR O/HR. 6blnlll nlll 3TOKOCTpbl Ty3eMLJ,eB, n1ll60 el1\e 4TO-TO - HaBcerp,a OCTaHeTCH TaC1HoC1.A Ha KapTax nOHBlIInOCb Ha3BaHlIIeOrHeHHaR 3eMnR.

\

.-\'\lepI1KI1.lteperaBa51 JII1HI1.51npel1MymecTBeHHO paBHI1HHa51 11la60 113pe3aHHa51 - 60JIbW11X 3aJII1BOB, nOJIYOCTPOBOB11OCTPO-

BOBMaJIO. I1CKJIlOlIeHl1eM 51BJI.5leTC5ITOJIbKOIOra-3ana,nHOe no6e-:>Kbe,r.lle paCnOJIO)J(eH apXUneflac OcHeHHaJl 3eMflfl. Or IO)J(HOM:

'\"\lepI1KI1 era OT.lleJI.5leTMaceJlJlaHOBnpOflUB, OTAlnapKTI1.llbl- ppo- ..WB lIveuKa (pHC. 137). Ha116oJIbWI1M: 3aJII1B - JIa-JIflama. DJII13!9rO-BOCTOlIHoro no6epe:>Kb51 MaTepl1Ka pacnOJIaralOTC5I C/JoflKfleH-aCKue (MaflbBuHcKue) ocmpOBa.OTKPblTI1EAM EPHKH. KaK Bbl Y)J(e3HaeTe, OTKpbITHeAMe-pl1KH CB5I3aHO C nJIaBaHI151MI1XpucmorjJopa KO/lYM6a B nOHcKax'.10pCKoro nYTI1 B 11H.llI1JO.B 1492 r. Tpl1 KapaBeJIJIbl - «CaHTa-Mapl151», «HI1Hb5l» H «f1HHTa» - OTnpaBHJII1Cb OT 6eperoBl1cnaH 1111Ha 3ana,n. Mec5Il.1,MOpenJIaBaTeJII1 nepeCeKaJIl1 ATJIaH-THlIeCKI1M:OKeaH nOKa, HaKOHell" BnepBble YBI1.lleJII13eMJIIO. 3TOOKa3aJII1Cb EOflbUlue AHmUflbCKue 11 EacaMCKue ocmpOBa(pHC. 138). «. KOJIYM6 6blJI Y6e)j(JleH~ lITO nonaJI BA3111O,n03TO-My Ha3BaJI I1X Becm-HHaueu (3anall oB 11HuiiE;flt rToCJIe nep-BOM:3KCne.llHlI,I1H 6blJIO eme Tpl1, HO .llO KOHlI,a CBOHX .llHeM:

-r MacwTa61 65 000 000.?>

~k~.T-$-

;..-$

r.AKOHKarya.

16960

::-I

XP",CTOt1>OPKonyM6

( 1451-1 506)

P",c.138.es>",3",LfecKaSiKapTaIO>KHolii AMep",K",

1. HaL.1AIi1Te Ii1 Ii1CnpaBbTe

OWIi16KIi1 B Onli1CaH1i11i1reorpa-

$1i14eCKOra nOnO)l(eHIi151

MaTepli1Ka: «IO)I(Ha51 AMepli1Ka

npOCTli1paeTC51 3anaAHee

A$PIi1KIi1, IO)I(Hee - AHTapKTIi1-

Abl, ceBepHee - CeBepHOL.1

AMepIi1KIi1. Ee 3anaAHOe

n06epe)l(be OMblBalOT BOAbl

ATnaHTIi14eCKOro, a BOCT04-

Hoe - Tli1xoro OKeaHOB».

2. Q.npeAenli1Te KOOPAIi1HaTbl

KpaL.1HIi1XT04eK MaTepli1Ka.

3. OnpeAenli1Te npOT51)l(eH-

HOCTb MaTepli1Ka C ceBepa Ha

lOr ( 1" = 111 ,3 KM) Ii1C 3anaAa

Ha BOCTOK B CaMOL.1WIi1POKOL.1

era 4aCTIi1.

4. Ha30BIi1Te Tennble Ii1

xonOAHble Te4eHIi151, KOTopble

npOXOA51T BAonb 6eperoB

IO)I(HOL.1AMepIi1KIi1.

5. KaK reOrpa$1i14eCKOe

nOnO)l(eHli1e Bnli151eT Ha

oco6eHHocTIi1 Knli1MaTa

IO)I(HOL.1AMepIi1KIi1?

AeHb pO}I(,QeHII1S1AMepll1KII112 OKT~6p~ 1492 r., KOr,iJ,aX. KonYM6

I BnepBble npl-1CTan K OCTpOBy 6nl-13

6eperoB LJ,eHTpanbHoiii AMepl-1Kl-1, 'Cljl-1TaIOT ,iJ,HeM pQ)K,iJ,eHl-1~ HOBoroCBeTa. Ecnl-1 6bl y:>KeTOr,iJ,a6blnl-1 ra-3eTbll-1 TeneBl-1,iJ,eHl-1e,TO CKonbKO 6blpenopTa:>Keiii ,iJ,owno 6b!,iJ,0 HaC 0 co-6bIT!I1~XTOro ljY,iJ,o-rO,iJ,a! C KaKVlM l-1H-TepeCOM Mbl ljVlTanl-1 6bl CerO,iJ,H~ 0TOM, KaK l-1H,iJ,eiiilJ,blpearVlpOBanl-1 HaOTKpblTVle X. KonYM6oM l-1X3eMnVl,

KaK BCTpeljanl-1 nlO,iJ,eiii VlHoiii

KynbTypbl. +ePenHKC ePepH~H~ec-Woy,. '.._ I1Cn8HCKI1I1,lJ,l1nflOM8T@ . PlI1c. 139. X. KonyM6

....,~ __ .' Ha oCTpoBe CaH-CanbBaAop

MOpenJIaBaTeJ1b 6bIJ1 y6e)K)leH, YTO OTKpblJ1 3ana,Ll,HbIM nYTb B

I1H,Ll,J1IO.Bo BpeM51 nepBoro H BToporo nJ1aBaHHM X. K0J1yM6

rr06bIBaJI J1HWb Ha OCTpOBax KapH6cKoro MOp51 (pHC. 139). 11

TO]lbKO BO BpeMH TpeTbero, B 1498 r., BbICa,Ll,HJ1C51Ha 6eper 10)[(-HOM AMepHKH HarrpOTHB ocmpoea TpuHiloao.

B Hal.JaJIeXVI B. B nJ1~lBaHl1JlXK 6eperaM AMepHKH npHHHMaJI

yqacTHe HTaJIb51HeuAMepu2o BecnylfllU. OH OnHCaJTOTKpbITble 3eM-

J111,KOTopble CJ1J1bHOOTJIWlaJTHCbOT EBponbl: npl1po,Ll,oM, Hapo-

,Ll,aMI1,KYJ1bTYPOM,H npl1weJI K BbIBO,Ll,Y,l.JTOX. KOJIYM6,Ll,oCTJ1r

A He I1H,Ll,HH, a HeJ13BeCTHOM orpOMHOM CYWJ1-

-n-yr-e-w-ec-TB-M-e-B-c-n-O-Bo------j/ Hoeo2o Ceema. Ha KapTax ee Ha4aJIH 0603Ha-

KOHKHCTa~opbl B nepeBO,iJ,e C VlC- yaTb 3eMJl5l AMepU20 - AMepUKa. nOHal.JaJIY TaK

naHcKoro 03HaljaeT 38BOeB8mfll1. Ha3bIBaJTH IO)[(HYIO AMepJ1KY, a co BpeMeHeM

Ha3BaHHe pacnpOCTpaHHJIOCb 11Ha CeBepHYIO.

X. KOJIYM6a)[(e YBeKOBeYI1JIH B Ha3BaHHH TOJIb-

KO O,llHOM cTpaHbI lO)[(HOM AMepl1KH - KOJlyM-

6uu, ,lla H TO JIHWb C XIX B.

HCTOPlUI HCCJIE.nOBAHH.H. OTKpblTHe

AMepHKH CTaJ10 BbI,Ll,alOw,HMC51reOrpa¢114e-

CKJ1M C06bIHIeM, HO 3a 3THM nOCJ1e,Ll,OBaJTaee

K0J10HH3aUH51. BCJIe,Ll, 3a X. KOJIYM60M B

nOHCKax HOBblX 3eMeJ1b H 60raTCTB 113EBponbl

OTnpaBHJIl1Cb KOHKHCTallopbI. I1x nOXO,llbI

COnpOBO)[(llaJIHCb YHJ14TO)[(eHHeM H nopa60w,e-

HHeM HapO,llOB IO)[(HOM AMepl1KI1,

onycToweHHeM H orpa6J1el·meM 3eMeJlb. B

nepl10,ll KOJIOHH3aUl1H MaTepl1Ka I13YllaJIH

TaK)[(e reorpa¢HIO HOBbIX3eMeJIb: OTKPblBaJII1Cb

H HaHOCl1J1HCb Ha KapTy n06epe)[(b51,

ocymeCTBJ15lJlHCb nepBble nepeXO,llbI cyweM.

AMepll1roBecny •.••.•111

( 1454- 151 2)

Mornll1 nll1 ac:t>pIl1KaH~blOTKpblTb AMeplllKY?

HOpBe:>KCKl-1iiiYljeHbliii Typ- Xeiiiep,iJ,an, npoaHanVl3l-1-

pOBaB KynbTypy 1I16blTHapO,iJ,OBAMe-pl-1Kl-1l-1A¢Pl-1KII1, BblCKa3an npe,iJ,no-nO:>KeHlI1e, ljTO K 6eperaM AMepl-1KII13a,iJ,Onro ,0,0 X. KonyM6a MOrnl-1 nna-BaTb a¢pl-1KaHlJ,bl. LJTo6bl ,iJ,OKa3aTbB03MO:>KHOCTbTaKl-1XnnaBaHl-1iii, Ylje-Hbl~l C,iJ,enan nO,iJ,Ky l-13 nanl-1pyca nopl-1cyHKaM Ha enmeTCKl-1X rp06Hl-1-lJ,ax. 1. Xeiiiep,iJ,an ,iJ,Ba:>K,iJ,bl,B 1969 111

. 1970 rr., nepeceK OKeaH OT 3ana,iJ,-, HblX 6eperoB A¢Pl-1KVI,iJ,O 6eperoB+

AMepl-1Kl-1 Ha nanl-1pYCHblX no,iJ,-Kax - «Pa-1» VI «Pa-2». . '® .--- /--- -- l

OMHVlTEIQ-.lKHaH AMepHKa HaXO,ll,HTCH B 3ana,ll,HOM nOJlyrnapHH, 3KBaTOp nepeceKaeT

e B ceBepHoH qaCTH; neperneHKOM COe,ll,HHHeTCH C CeBepHOH AMepHKOH, OT

.:rpyrnx MaTepHKOB OT,ll,eJIeHa ATJIaHTHqeCKHM H THXHM OKeaHaMH.

XpnCTOepop KOJIYM6 B 1492 r. OTKpbIJI MlepHKy; ocymecTBHJI K ee 6eperaM

qeThlpe nJIaBaHHH.

IIpnpo,ll,y H HaCeJIeHHe IO)J{HoH AMepHKH B pa3Hoe BpeMH HCCJIe,ll,OBaJIH AMe-

pIrrO BecnyqqH, AJIeKCaH,ll,p ryM6oJIb,ll,T, HHKOJIaH BaBHJIOB.

yOeACe XVII r - XIX BB. IO)l(HylO AMepHKy C HayYHOH

\UBi! nOCeTHJl HeMe1.l,KMHYLJeHblH d4eKcani!!!. rYM60/lbO!1l.- 03[0 nneWeCTBI1H - 113yLJeHHenpHpO,Ubl H HaCeJleHH51. OH

:r:=~:;:npHpolIy, C03,U3Jl nepBYIO reOJlOrWlecKYIO KapTy MaTe-

~06pa 1 rep6apHH 11312 TbIC. paCTeHYIH. M maBHoe, A. fyM-

nOIlbIT3JlC5I 06b5ICHHTb 5IBJleHIDI, nOHHTb cyr.u,eCTBYIOw,He

_ HmIH CB5I3H. nOLJTM 20 JIeT OH 06pa6aTblB3Jl MaTepl13Jlbi

crpaHCTBI1ii1. Pe3YJlbTaTOM ero HCCJle,UoBaHMHCT3Jl30-TOM-

.'.:1« nyrewecTBHe B paBHo,UeHCTBeHHbie 06JlaCTH HOBoro

yruecTBJleHHble B 1799 - 1804 rr.». HayYHoe 3HaLJeHHe

60Tbl TaK BeJIMKO, 4TO A. fyM60JIb,UTa CTaJlH Ha3blBaTb

oa::~.3;Jh[~1KO.1YM60M,», a ero MCCJle,UOBaHHe- «BTOPbIM OTKpbI-

_ .-\c IepHKI1».

~~Hi!CKHH 60TaHMK HUKO/laii Ba6u./106 BO BpeM5I CBOHX

_~;,"~llm1H (1932 - 1933 rr.) yCTaHOBl1J1 npOHCXO)J(j],eHMe

OpblX KyJ1bTypHblX pacTeHHH, pO,I}I1HOH KOTOpblX OKa3a-

K).iKHa5I AMepl1Ka.

AneKcaHAPryM60nbAT(1769-1859)

H~Kona~BaB~nOB

(1887-1943)

onpOCbIVl3AAAHVI~)~-------------------------------

• paBHiIlTe 6eperoBylO nillHiIllO A¢PIllKIIl, ABcTpanlllill ill fO)KHOV1AMepillKiIl. B 48M

3aKnI04aIOTC51 pa3nill4i1l51?

04eMY OTKpblTble X. KonyM60M 3eMnlll Ha3Banill «AMepillKoV1»?

• 04eMY AneKcaHApa ryM60nbATa Ha3blBalOT «BTOpbIM KonyM60M»?

• oAYMaV1Te, KaKOV1OKeaH 60nbwe Bnill51eTHa npill POAY fO)KHOV1AMepillKiIl.

II) rEOrPAC!>WiECKA~3AAAlfA)~--------------

- pltlKa ill fO)KHa51AMepillKa npOCTiIlpalOTC51 c ceBepa Ha lOr Ha 7,5 TbIC. KM. 06a

-eplllKa nepeCel<aeT 3KBaTop. B 48M 3aKnI04aIOTC51OTnill411151 iIlX reorpa¢iIl4ecKoro

O)KeHiIl51?

ii(J PAKTVllfECKA~PA60TA)~------------------

~ OHTypHOV1KapTe:

_ o603Ha4bTe KpaV1HiIleT04KiIl fO)KHOV1AMepillKiIl ill nOAnillWiIlTe iIlX Ha3BaHIIl51;

~ no.o,nillWiIlTe Ha3BaHiIl51: Kapill6cKOe Mope; 3anillB na-nnaTa; nponillBOB - Maren-

;-aHOB, )J,peV1Ka;OCTpOBOB- OrHeHHa51 3eMn51, et:>onKneHACKiIle.

§ 28. rEOJIOrWIECKOE CTPOEHIIE II PEJIbE~ • BCnOMHIt1Te, KaKlt1e ropbl CepOpMlt1pOBanlt1Cb B IO>KHOVlAMeplt1Ke.

fEOJIOrlflIECKOE CTPOEHHE. IO)l(Ha5I AMepl1Ka, KaK AQ:>-

pl1Ka 11ABCTPaJIl15I, rIpeLl.CTaBJI5IeT co6ow OLl.HY 113 mfaHTCKl1X

fJIbl6, OTKOJIOBWI1XC5I OT L1.peBHerO MamepUKa FOHOeafjbt.' B OCHO-

BaHl111 MaTepl1Ka JIe)[(l1T L1.0KeM6pRi1cKa5I -J()JIC7io-::J!MepuKaHCKaJlnJlamrjJopMa(pl1c. 140). Ee Q:>YHLl.aMeHTCJIafmOT L1.peBHl1e KpI1CTaJI-

JIWleCKl1e rIOpOLl.bl - CJIaHUbl, mewcbI, rpaHI1TbI. MI1JIJIJ10Hbi JIeT

yqacTKI1 Q:>YHLl.aMeHTaorrYCKaJll1Cb 11rrOLl.HI1MaJlI1Cb, o6pa3Y5I npo-

m6bl H BblCryrIbI (lUI1TbI). B npom6ax CQ:>OpMl1pOBaJlC5I MOlUHblW

OCa.LJ.Ol.JHbIWl.JeXOJI, Ha KOTOpOM JIe)/(aT 06wHpHble HI13MeHHOC-

TH. Ha lUl1Tax, fLl.e Ha rIOBepXHOCTb BbIXOLl.5IT KPI1CTaJlJII1l.JeCKl1e

rIOpOLl.bl <PYHLl.aMeHTa, o6pa30BaJll1Cb rrJIOCKoropb5I. B pe3YJIbTa-

Te L1.BI1)/(eHI1M3eMHOM KOpbl nJIaTQ:>opMa paCKOJIOJIaCb Ha OTLl.eJIb-

HbIe MaCCI1BbI. ITo TpelUl1HaM Ha rIOBepXHOCTb 113JI11BaJlaCb JIaBa,

o6pa3Y5I 6a3aJ1bTOBble rIJIaTO.

Pille. 140.CTpoeHllle

3eMH0ll1 KOpbl

IO>KHoll1 AMeplIIKIII

-------PA60TA C KA~.!OI7l ..

1. Ha KaKoC1 m1Toccpep-HOC1nnvne ne>KlIIT IO>KHas:lAMeplllKa?

2. Ha rpaHlIILI,e KaKlIIXnlllToccpepHblx nnlllT B03HlIIKCKnaA4aTblC1 nos:lC AHA?

3. KaKlIIM cpOpM aMpenbecpa COOTBeTcTBylOTY4aCTKlII ocaA04Horo4exna IO>KHO-AMeplllKaH-CKoC1 nnaTcpopMbl(CM. KapTy Ha c.131).

4. KaKlIIe CPOPMbl penbe-<Da C<D0pMlIIpoBanlllcb HaUJ,lIITaXIO>KHO-AMeplllKaH-

" cKoC1 nnaTcpopMbl?

5. KaKlIIe CPOPMbl pen be-cpa IO>KHoC1AMeplllKlIIcooTBeTcTBylOT CKnaA4a-TOMy nos:lcy?

6. Ha30BlIITe BynKaHblIO>KHoC1AMeplllKlII. B KaKOC14aCTlII MaTeplllKa OHlIIcocpeAoTo4eHbl?

-- Pa3nOMbiBynKaHbl'*' Ae"CTBYIOU\~e

"'1' '*' nOTYKw~e-$> ~ 3n~ueHTpbl ~ AaTbl

.rA .• KaTaCTpoq,~"e~K~Xr p. .3eMneTP"CeH~~

~(">f

~\p>--.

TEKTOHIiIYECKIiIE 06nACTliiLU~TblAOKeM6p~"CKO"nnaTq,opMbl

r--1 nn~Tbl AOKeM6p~"CKO"L-..J nnaTq,opMblr-'l 06naCT~ 6a"KaJ1bCKO"~ cKllap,yarOCT"l

r--1 06naCT~ Ka"H03(J"CKO"L-J CKJI(lAliarOCTlr1

40' /

rny6oKoBOAHblH>t<eJ106

THJ(.'UI'i I' AHabl,,,, IO)/(HAfl AMEPiiiK;ii.OKEAH

BYJ1KaHbl

I

~

04arH WeJ1bep J10>t<eOKeaHa_ MarMa..""~ 3eMJ1eTpllCeHHH KAHCKASI nnHTA

HTA HACKA -'t.i./ IO>KHO-AMEPH&

Plllc.141.CxeMa cTpoeHIIISI3eMHo'" KOpbl

C 3anana K JO)I(Ho-AMepI1KaHCKOI1 nJlanpOpMe npl1MhIKaeT

_ ·:"lOaLlambIU npRC AHa. l105IC C¢OPMI1POBaJIC5I Ha CThIKe .uByx JlI1-

<PePHbIX nJlI1T, Kor.uaOKeaHWfeCKa5I T1JlI1Ta,norp~a5IChB MaH-

;0. «Hblp5IeT» no.u KOHTI1HeHTaJIhHYJO (Pl1c. 141). TIPI1 3TOM

Ii KOHTI1HeHTaJIhHOM nJlI1ThI CM5IJlC5I B CKJla.uKl1, aHa nOBepx-

-0CTl1 B03H11KJl11 ropbl AH.uhI. Ha npOT5I)I(eHI1I1 reOJlOrWfeCKoro

~leHI1 OHI1 pa3pyWaJIl1Cb, a nOTOM CHOBa aKTI1BHO no.uHI1Ma-

b B nOCJle)lHIOIO, aJIhnl1I1CKylO, 3noxy ropo06pa30BaHI151. TIo-

-"-mIY AH)lbi - B03pO)l()J,eHHbie MOJlO)lble rOpb!. 3TO O)lHa 113

- ,60Jlee aKTI1BHhlX CeI1CMl1yeCKl1X 30H 3eMJlI1. TIO)lH5ITI15111onyc-

lI5I OT)leJlbHblX yy:aCTKOB TYT npo.uOJl)l(aIOTC5I. B ropax Ka)I()J,ble

- 15 JleT npoI1CXO)l5lT 3eMJleTp5ICeHI15I, COnpOBO)K)J,aIOllJ,l1eC5I

IHena.uaMI1, 06BaJIaMH, cHeroBblMI1 JlaBI1HaMI1. B)lOJlh pa3JlO-

B 06pa30BaJIl1Cb MHoroYI1CJleHHble BYJlKaHhI, KOTopble 5IBJl5IIOT-

_ qaCTbIO fl1raHTCKOro TuxooKeaHcKo2o CeUCMULteCK020 nORca.

TbE. Ha ¢113I1yeCKOM KapTe fO)I(HOI1 AMepl1KI1 yeTKO Bbl-

_~lJIIOTC5I )lBe yaCTI1: paBHI1HHa51 - Ha BOCTOKe H ropHa51 - Ha

ale (pHC. 138 Hac. 131).Pe.1he¢ paBHHHHoro BOCTOKa -06Ul11P-

HH3MeHHOCT1111T1JlOCKOrOph51- C¢OPMI1PO-

- 1 51 Ha )lpeBHeH nJlaT¢OpMe MaTepl1Ka.

- I3:--leHHOCT11- AMQ30HCKQfl, OpUHOKCKQfl H JIa-

mCKQfl - 3aHHMalOT orpOMHble npOCTpaH-

:-:Ba. Bce OHI1 HMelOT T1JlOCKyIO3a60JloyeHHYlO

I I

, : 6pa3MnbCKoe : ~AMa30HcKaJl: nnOCKoropbe::" : ~

H3MeHHOCTbi i3 I 0: ~ 1~

I : ~t3: .;J:~' :u! I )§- I ~ t) ",- I eu

.J I QJ I ::.::: ~ 1:1"

I"", I , ~ i5"s::::.; ),,,.-t'---::.- - . \ \J ~' i:- :c:i.' cC_-"h n 1\ j ""-c:i.f'\ ~- r-- -V ~ I ~ '--../ U "v \! ....

: ..-o!r - - - - -:- - - - - - - - - - - + - - --- -- - --,- -- - ------s~70' 60' 50' 40'

. 142. npOeplllJ1b peJ1beepa IO>KHo", AMepIIIKIII(no 9'10. w,)

'"I1IIJ1I11"'CKoe3eMJ1eTpSlCeHllleB 1960 r. Ha lOre AHA, B Lh'1nIl1,npo-

'1I130WnO MOUJ,HOe 3eMneTp~CeHlI1e.

COAPora~Cb, 3eMn~ cABII1Hyna roPbl.

06pYWII1BWII1Cb, OHII1nepeKpblnll1 nYTb

peKaM. MeCTaMII1 Ha nOBepXHOCTII1

06pa30Banll1Cb BnaAII1Hbl. BynKaHbl,

MOn4aBWlI1e Aonrll1e rOAbl, Ha4anll1

· 1I13BepraTb ra3bl, nenen III paCKaneH-

· HylO naBy. nOA3eMHbie TOn4KlI1 pa3-

pywlI1nll1 35 ropOAOB, nOBpeAlI1nll1

, >Kene3Hble Aoporll1 III aBTOMarIl1CTpa-

I nll1, AOMa npeBpaTlI1nll1Cb B PYIl1Hbl,

! norll16nll1 10 TbIC. 4enOBeK, 3eMne-

, Tp~CeHlI1e BCKonblxHyno III no6epe-

>Kbe - B03HlI1KWee B OKeaHe u,yHaMII1

i co CKOpOCTblO700 KM/4 npOHecno+c ..•.· TII1XII1MOKeaHOM III o6pywlI1-

, nOCb Ha 6epera A3111111.~'\1>

135

nOBepXHOCTb C llIHPOKI1MI1 pel.JHbIMI1 ,UOJTHHa-

MH (pHC. 143). EOJTbllIHe nJTOlUa,UH 3aH5ITbl TaK-

)Ke ITJTOCKOrOpb5IMH - reuaHcKuM 11 Epa3uflb-CKUM. 06bl4HO OHH COCt05IT 113 HeCKOJTbKI1X

nJTaTO - Y4aCTKOB C BblpOBHeHHoti nOBepXHO-

CTbIO, a OT npHJTeraIOUJ,I1X TeppHTOpl1H HX OT)J.e-

JT5IIOTl.JeTKl1e KpYTble CKJTOHbI. B neCl.JaHI1KaX,

CJTaraIOlUl1X nJTOCKoropb5I, peKlI C¢OPMHPOBaJTH

my60Kl1e ,UOJTHHbI, B HX pyCJTax 06pa30BaJTI1Cb

MHorol.JI1CJTeHHble nopOfl1.

Ha ropHOM 3ana,ll.e MaTepHKa B03BbIllIa-

IOTC5IBeJTl14eCTBeHHble 20PblAHObi (pHC. 145). no

npOT5I)KeHHOCTH (9 000 KM) OHH He 11MeIOT ce6e

paBHbIX, a ITO BbICOTe YCTYITaIOT TOJTbKO caMbIM

BbICOKHM rOpHblM MaCCI1BaM A3HH. AH,UbI, KOTO-

pble ITOBTOp51IOT0l.JepTaHl15I 3ana,UHoro IT06epe-

)Kb5I MaTepl1Ka, Ha3bIBaIOT «CITI1HHbIM xpe6TOM»

IO)KHotiAMepI1K11. fOPbI I1MeIOTCJTO)KHOe CTPO-

eHl1e: OHI1 npOCTHpaIOTC51 HeCKOJTbKl1MI1 fl1raHT-

CKI1MH xpe6TaMH, KOTopble TO paCXO,U51TC5I,TO

C6JTJ1)KaIOTC5I.M e)[()..LyropHbIMH xpe6TaMI1 JTe)KaT

nJTOCKoropb5I. MHOfl1e BepllIHHbI npeBbIllIaIOT

6000 M, a CaMa5I BbICOKa5I - AKoHKa2ya - ,ll.OCTl1raeT OTMeTKI1

6960 M. fopHble BepllIHHbI 06bIl.JHO HMeIOT ¢OPMY OCTpOKOHel.J-

HbIX nHKOB. BLlOJTbmy60KHX pa3JTOMOB 3eMHoti KOPbI pacnOJTara-

IOTC5I,1J.eticTByIOlUl1e ByJTKaHbi (pHC. 144). BepllIl1Hbi rop nOKpbITbI

Bel.JHbIMI1 CHeraMI1 11JTeLlHI1KaMH, He TaIOlUl1MI1 ,Ua)Ke B patioHe

3KBaTopa. TpY,UHO,1J.OcryITHble AH,UbI ,UOCI1X nop MaJT0I13Yl.JeHbI.

~~

Pa3Aen IIoVAb'Af.~"'*:t--;::~+4

~f·~S\"~o~~-c-a-M-a-fl-O-6-W-H-p-H-a-fl-B-M-li1-p-e

~Jfl1n?'</<~ HH3MeHHOCTb - AMa30H-CKaS1(nnow,a,o,b 5 MnH KM2). OXBaTli1Tbee B3rnS1,o,OMu,enli1KOM MO>KHOTonb-KOli13KOCMoca, li13caMoneTa Bbl yBli1-,o,li1Tenli1Wb 3eneHoe Mope Bna>KHbiX~1~~~3KBaTOpli1anbHb1X neCOB.

'::l .~$""~;.4~ .. ' ot::t B IO>KHO~ AMepli1Ke Haxo-

~Jfl1n?~~ ,o,51TCS1caMbie BbiCOKHe

BynKaHbi N!li1pa: ,o,e~cTBytOw,li1e -nbtOnb51~nbS1Ko (6 723 M), CaH-ne,o,-po (6 159 M), KOTOnaXli1 (5897 M);nOTyxWli1e - Oxoc-,o,enb-Cana,o,o(6880 M), LJli1M6opaco (6 310 M).

P~c. 144. BynKaH KOTonax~

-n-yr-e-w-ecrs--e-s-cno-s-o-----pP

AKoHKarya - Hali1BbICWaS1 BepWli1-Ha He TonbKO AH,o" HO li1Bcero IO>K-Horo nonywapli1S1. OHa nony4li1naHa3BaHli1e OTpeK/I1 AKoHKarya, 6epy-w,eill Ha4ano Ha ee CKnOHax (BnepeBo,o,e C S13blKa li1H,o,e~u,eB Ke-4ya - neC'IaHafi peKa).

lE3HbiE nCKOnf EMbIE. T~, qTO

[O)l(HaH AMepl1Ka 60raTa 110Jle3HbJMI1I1CK0l1a-

~_fblMI1, 6bIJlO 113BeCTHO eme BO BpeMeHa KOH-

ICTaAOpOB, I1CKaBIIlI1X Ha 3TOM MaTepl1Ke

J.lbaOpaaO - MI1<pl1qeCKYlO cTpaHy 30JlOTa.

orlla eBpOl1eMll,eB l1pl1BJleKaJll1 AparOll,eHHble

eTaJlJlbI, a HbIHe 60JlbIIlOe 3Hay.eHl1e I1MelOT

eCTOpO)[(AeHH5I PYA ll,BeTHblx 11 l.JepHbIX

TaJlJlOB, He<pTI1 11ra3a.

IlOJle3Hbie I1CKOl1aeMbie OCa,nOY.HOro l1POI1C-

ml<.aeHl15I3aJTeraIOT l1pel1MymecTBeHHo Ha paB-

-TIHaX, B npom6ax AaBHI1X l1JlaT<popMbI. B

_ o6eHHOCTl1 MHoro TOl1JlI1BHblX I1CKOnae-

:x - He<pTI1, l1pl1pOAHOro ra3a, yrJl51. B ml1-

x nJlaT<popMbl Ha l1JlOCKOrOpb5IX 3aJleraTOT

e.1e3Hble 11MapraHll,eBble PYAbI.

PyllbI ll,BeTHblx 11peAKl1x MeTaJlJlOB - OCHOB-

60raTcTBo ropHblx paMoHOB AHA. BeAymee

;>. TO cpeAH HI1X 3aHl1MaTOT MeAHbie PYllbI

'"' J . -146). Hx MeCTopmK,UeHl15IB TO)[(HOHl.JaCTI1

-:u 06pa3YTOT TaK Ha3blBaeMbIH .MeOIl~

ocpeAOTOqeHO 20 % MI1POBblX 3al1aCOB

~':'Il.A B ll,eHTpaJlbHOM QaCTI1 l1pOXOA5IT ,UBa

a - OA06RIlllblU 11 nOAUMemaAJlUlfeCKUX pyo.- -opax TaK)[(e eCTb 3aJle)[(J1 30JlOTa, cepe6pa,

1HbI, AparOll,eHHbiX KaMHei1. C ByJlKaHI1-

_2: 1.\111nopo,UaMH CB5I3aHbI MeCTopo)[(,UeHI1H CepbI.

PIIIC. 146. Ao6bl •.•a MeAIII B AHAax

fno OAHOVl lt13 BepClt1Vl, AH,lIbl B ne-

peBoAe C ~3blKa lt1HKOB 03HayaeT

Me/l,Hble IOpbl. 3TO nOATBep)l(Aa-

lOT MHOrOYlt1CJleHHble MeCTOpO)l(,D,e-

Hlt1~ MeAHbix PYA 111YMeHllle IIIHKOB

BbInJlaBJl~Tb MeAb.

KonyM6111HCKllle 1113YMPYAbi _Ha KOJlYM61111O nplt1XOAIIITC~

nOYTIII nOJlOBlt1Ha MIllPOBOVl ,0,0-

6b1Ylt1V13YMPYAOB- np03paYHbiX

Aparou,eHHblx KaMHeVl ~pKO-3eJle-

HOro u,BeTa. TaM HaXOAV1JlV1orpOM-

Hble lt13YMPYAbl - .0.0 1,5 Kr. 1113Hlt1X

1113rOTOBJl~IOTlt13b1CKaHHble

IOBeJllt1pHble YKpaweHIII~.

3AnOMHHTE

PaBHUHbJ, DpOCTupaJOII~ueCSI Ha BOCTOKe IO)KHOH AMepuKU, JJe)KaT Ha ApeBHeH

.:IOKeM6puHCKOH DJJaTlflopMe: DJJOCKOrOphSiDpuypOqeHbl K ~uTaM, a HU3MeHHO-

CTII - K nporu6aM DJlaTlflopMbl. '

CKJla,nqaTOMY DOSICYB peJJbelfle COOTBeTCTBYJOTARAbI - MOJJOAbleBhlCOKUe rOphl,

KOTO hie SlBJJSlJOTCSIaKTuBHOH CeHCMUqeCKOH 30HOH 3eMHOH KO hI.

(: BOnpOCbl H 3AAAHHSI )

• OyeMY B IO>KHOLIIAMeplt1Ke yaCTO 6blBalOT 3eMneTp~CeHlt1~ lt1lt13Bep>KeHlt1~BynKa-

OB?

• 6b~CHlt1Te nplt1Ylt1Hbl pa3nlt1LJlt1L11B penbe¢e 3anagHOLIIlt1 BOCTOYHOLIIyacTeLil Ma-

-::>p\l1Ka. Cyw,eCTByeT nlt1B3alt1MOCB~3b Me>KAYpa3Mew,eHlI1eM KpynHblx ¢OPM pe-

;'=.8¢a lt1CTpOeHlt1eM 3eMHoLil KOpbl?

oBbI3aKoHoMepHOCTlt1 pa3Mew,eHlt1~ none3HbiX lt1CKOnaeMblx?

• aa3H\I1Te penbe¢ IO>KHOLIIAMeplt1Klt1lt1A¢Plt1Klt1. B yeM 3aKnIOYaeTC~ CXOgCTBO, a

=: -e - pa3nlt1Ylt1e?

§29.KJIH~T<?> • BCnOMHII1Te, KaKlI1e OCHOBHble epaKTOpbl epOpMlI1pytOT KJlIl1MaT.

• B lj8M 3aKJltOljaeTCSl 3aKOHOMepHOCTb BblcoTHolii nOSlCHOCTII1?+OI'AbI..,~~~/;; '0<t, 95' 'V

~,;...;

% r "-'.~~'~ CaMOe )/{apKOe MeCTO'?~JfHnl'..,..~OIO)/{HOVtAMepVlKVI - B l..\eHT-

panbHO~ l.JaCTIIIMaTeplllKa, Ha paB-

HIIIHe rpaH-LJaKo, rAe 3aep1llKClllpOBa-

Ha TeMnepaTypa OKono +49 'C, a

caMoe xono,qHoe - Ha IOrO-BOCTO-

Ke, rAe cTon6111KTepMoMeTpa onyc-

Kanc~ AO -33 ·C.

pl1Ka Jle)Kl1T rrpel1Myw.eCTBeHHo B 3KBaTOpl1aJIb-

HblX 11Tporrw:recKI1X W HpOTax, TO eCTb B )l(apKOM

TerrJlOBOM rr05ICe. CJ1eAOBaTeJlbHO, ee rrOBepx-

HOCTb rro.rryYaeT 60J1bWOe KOJIU'IeCTBO COJI-

He'lHOn 3Hepruu. n03TOMYKJ1l1MaTMaTepl1Ka

OyeHb TerrJlhIH, HO He TaKOH )l(apKl1H, KaK B

A<PPl1Ke 11J111ABCTpaJIl1l1. TOJlhKO Ha KpaHHer.l

lOre, rAe OI.I..JYll.l,aeTC51XOJlO)..l,Hoe AbIXaHl1e AHTapKTHAhI, cpeAHHe

MeC51YHble TeMneparypbI B03Ayxa HeBblCOKHe (Pl1c. 147).1O)i(Ha5l AMepHKa - caMblM YBJ13)l(HeHHhIM MaTepl1K 3eMHoro

mapa. OC3AKOB 3AeCh BbIIl3AaeT BABa pa3a 60J1bWe, yeM H3AAPynr-

MH MaTepHKaMl1. 3Ta oco6eHHocTb KJIl1MaTa 06YCJlOBJleHa, rrpe)l(-

Ae Bcero, QUpKy JI51Quen B03AYUIHblX Macc. 3HaqHTeJ1bHa5l

qaCTb TeppHTopHH HaXO)l,HTC51rrOA BJ1HHHHeM BJ1a)l(HhlX 3KBaTO-

Pl1aJIbHbIX B03AYWHblX Macc. OpH 3TOM 60J1bWYlO POJlb HrpalOT lOro-

P~c. 147.Kn~MaT""'lecKaSi

KapTaIO>KHoll1 AMep~K~

1. no 11130TepMaM ~HBap~ III IIIlOn~

onpeAenlllTe cpeAHllle TeMnepaTy-

pbJ B03Ayxa B pa~oHe 3KBaTopa.

2. rAe B IO)KHO~ AMeplIIKe Ha6nlO-

AaIOTC~ caMble HIII3Kllle TeMnepa-

Typbl B03Ayxa?

3. B KaKIllX pa~oHax IO)KHo~

AMeplIIKIII BblnaAaeT 60nbwe Bcero

ocaAKoB?

4. KaKllle BeTpbl npIIIHOC~T Bnary

Ha MaTepIIIK?

5. nOnb3Y~Cb pIIIC. 148, onpeAe-

nlllTe, B KaKIllX KnIllMaTIIIl.JeCKIIIX

no~cax pacnonaraeTc~ IO)KHa~

AMepIIIKa? CpaBHIIITe IIIX «Ha6ap» C

KnIllMaTIIIl.JeCKIIIMIII nOHcaMIII

AepPIl1KlI1111ABcTpanll1111(c. 75,116).

6. KaKO~ KnIllMaTII1l.JeCKII1~no~c

OXBaTblBaeT Halll6anbwylO Tepplll-

TOPIl1IO?

7. Onll1WII1Te Knll1MaT 3KBaTOpll1anb-

Hora nOHca. CpaBHIIITe C AaHHblMIII

TaKara )Ke nOHca B Aeppll1Ke.

138 t

TEMnEPATYPA B03AYXAB rPAAYCAX l.\EJlbCl<151

- +15"--1II30repMbl ~HBapSi- ..•.15~-l-'130repMbllo1lOJ1S1

+4S ~g~g~~;~~~lMaKc\I1MYM

2• A6comOTHbl~ M\I1H\IlMYM. TeMneparypbl

nPE06nAl\AIOll.(l<1EHAnPABnEHl<151BETPA

-+- B S1HBape -... B Io1lOne

Pa3Aenl1b1+O"l ~

~~~'?y-----~---~---."=i<J~:~_~..J~CaMOe Sna)l(HOe MeCTO ~~O~IO>KHoc.1AMepVlKVl - CeBepO- ~1f11O"l'l-q

3an8.,lJ,HOe n06epe>Kbe y nOAHO>KVl51

AHA, rAe ocaAKoB BblnaAaeT

AO 10000 MM B rOA.

OLIHbIe H ceBepO-BOCTOLIHble rraccaTbI, KO-

~ bIe rrpl1HOCHT BJ1(})KHbleB03.nyWHble MaCCbl C

- .=1aHTWleCKOro OKeaHa (pHC. 147). B TO :>KeBpe-

RIHHHl1e CyxMX TpOrrI1LIeCKI1X Macc orpaHI1-

- ~HO - OHH ¢OPMHPYlOT KJIHMaT TOJIbKO Ha

31rIalHiOM rr06epe:>Kbe.

Ba:>KHbIM KJII1MaT006pa3YIOw.HM ¢aKTopOM Kocoi1 AO>KAbnVlBHVl B 3KBaTOpl-laJlbHOM n051ce

-JleTCH no.acTHJIalOIll,ajl nOBepxHocTb. IO>KHoc.1 AM8PVlKVl OTJlW-IaIOTC51 OT

::JLlbIe reuaHcKoe H Epa3UJlbCKOe melJeHU5l.ao- AO>KA8c.1 B APyrVlx pac.1oHax 38MJlVl.

nnlTeJIbHO HacbIw.alOT B03.ayx BJIarOM, TeM OHVl JlbIOTC51H8 CB8PXY, a KOCO, no-

fbl'.l yBeJIHLIHBa51KOJIW:leCTBOOCa,UKOB.Axo- '-ITVlropl-l30HTaJlbHO, roHVlMbl8 CVlJlb-

2Hoe flepyaHcKoe melJeHUe, HanpOTHB, yMeHb- HblMVl B8TpaMVl. npVl 3TOM HaB8C HaA

"'T. KpoMe Toro, Ha pacnpe.aeJIeHHe BJIarH roJlOBOc.1Mano 3aw,l-lw,a8T, B8Ab BOAanpOHVlKa8T C60Ky. KorAa n051BJl518T-

blBaeT BJIH.HHHepeJIbe¢. Ha paBHHHHoM BO- C51COJlHL\8, TO CB8TJl88TTaK, '-ITOma-

r '.laTepHKa, r.ae rrperpa,u Ha rrYTH BeTPOB 3aM 60JlbHO. Cpa3Y CTaHOBl-lTC51 +'.._ . OHI1 npOHHKalOT BnJIOTb.aO AH.a. Ha BOC- TaK >KapKO l-l AyWHO, '-IT0f. "

- llible HaBeTpeHHble CKJIOHbl nJIOCKOrOpHM T~>K8JlO AblwaTb. '.C1'J

TbI npHHOC5IT 06HJIbHble .aO:>K,llH.Ha ropHOM 3ana,ue BJIH51-

- ~ TIlXOOKeaHCKI1X B03.uYWHblX Macc CKa3bIBaeTCH TOJIbKO Ha

_ . if nmoce n06epe:>Kb51a'nOCKOJIbKY ,llaJIbWe nYTh HM rrperpa:>K-

BbICOKHe AHObl. W'll~ ktst t~ j.

l-\.TJ1lIECKHE IIOHCA.IO)KHaH AMepHKaJIe)l(J1T B wec-

_""'r. laTw-reCKHX rr05Icax: oTcy63KBaTOpHaJIb-

- - C BepHoro rrOJIywapHH .ao yMepeHHoro

-oro nOJIyrnapHH (Pl1c. 148).3 KB a TOpHaJIbHOM KJIHMaTHqeCKOM

e Ha npOT5I:>KeHI1I1 ro.ua rrpe06JIa.ualOT

.3 H Rla:>KHbIe 3KBaTOpl1aJIbHbIe B0311.YW-

bl. !l03TOMY cpe.uHl1e TeMnepaTypbI

BbICOKHe (60JIee +26 0c) H Bbma,ualOT

OCaLIKH(.uo 3 000 MM). BbICOKllil BJ1a:>K-

ll) xa oc06eHHo ow.yw.aeTC5I Ha paCCBe-

~-::IeHHble LIaCbI B03)lyx HarpeBaeTC5I, H

::~bWaeTCH. B nOJIHOLIb CHOBa CTaHOBHT-

-m OT Y1CnapeHI1M, npl1po.ua rOTOBHTCH

_ _.:J-iO'.ly.lI1BHIO. KaK BbI y)l(e 3HaeTe, Ta-

~lH'.laTa Ha3bIBaeTC5I 3K6amOpUOJlbHbiU

lc;JC:::ci'3R'.O JlCapKuii u nocmOJlUUO 6Jla:»cublu .

• o3KBaTOpHaJIbHOM KJIHMaTHqeC-

if c e B03LlYWHble MaCCbl 113MeH5IlOTC51

-eHIilI rolla: JIeTOM rrOCTYflalOT BJIa:>K-

3:i3Z:uplla IbHble MaCCbI, KOTopble npl1HO- ';"",,:,,~:~~;,,,orn:::OfO'OB (11.02 000 MM), 3l1MOM - cyXl1e

. TOf.Ja 1I.0:>K,lleMHe 6blBaeT He-

UcB. !l03TOMy qeTKO Bblpa:>KeHhI

~;f~ ~w

P...,c.148.Kn...,MaTw·lecK...,enOSica IO)I(Hoi1AMep...,K...,

naCTM cy6rponM'IeCIOrO JCIlMM3T3

'rn KOHH1HeHTalJIKlOfO

m cpe,o,M3eMHOMopcKoro,rn c paBHOMepHblM YBJ1a)fr(HeHl1eM

06naCTl'l )'MepeHHoro IU1I1Mata

rn YMepeHHO KOKT14HetrranbHoro

IT] Mopcl(OrO

_ rpaHI1~ UlI1MaTI1'lecKl1XnOSICOB

____ ~g~~~~~I(J1I1MaTI1'leCl(l1x

OnaCHbl~ rapya ,1J,BaCe30Ha: BJI3)l(H0e )\(apKOe JIeTO H CYX351, 3a-TaK Ha3bIBaIOTrYCTO~ TyMaH, OKYTbl- 1-IaC1)'1Oeme 60JIee )\(apK35I 3HMa (+28 °C). 3T0BalOw,lt1~ TIt1XOOKeaHCKoe n06epe)l(be cy63K6amOpUQ./lbHblUnocmOflHHO JlCapKUUU nepe-B pai:1oHax C nYCTblHHblM K.nIt1MaTOM.

.MeHIlOfUaJICllblii mun K.flllMama.Ero nOs:JBneHlt1e CB~3aHO C nepyaH-CKIt1M TeyeHlt1eM, Cl~nbHO oxna)l()J,a- KJUIM3T TpOJIHqeCKOrO JIOSica H1'vleeT

1OW,~1MB03AYX. TyMaH HaCTonbKO ry- onpe,1J,eJleHHble OTJIHlJH5I. Ha BOCTOKe BPa3HJIb-

CTO~ It1TUK YXYAwaeT BIt1AIt1MOCTb,YTO CKoro TIJIOCKOrOpb5I, r,1J,eCKa3bIBaeTC5I BJIJ15IHJ1e

AB~1)1(eHlt1eno aBTOMarlt1CTPanlt1 + naccaTOB H3 ATJIaHTJ1KJ1 BbIna,LI,aeT MHoro OCa,LI,-BAOJ1b n06epe)l(b~ CTaHO- '

__ BIt1TC~ OyeHb onaCHblM. @ KOB (,1J,02000 MM B ro,1J,). Cpe,1J,H5I5ITeMnepaTypa~ .• _ -- _ •. _- - caMoro TenJIoro MeC5Iua +26°C, a caMoro XO-

JIO,1J,HOro+ 16 ... +21 0c. 3T0 mponu'tecKuu 6J1aJICllbIUmun K.fluJlta-

ma. C np0,1J,Bl1)\(eHJ-reM B my6b MaTepl1Ka KOJIWIeCTBO OCa,LI,KOB

yMeHbllJaeTC5I, np0,1J,0JDKl1TeJIbHOCTb cyxoro CC30Ha yBCJIl1lJHBa-

CTC5I.AHa Y3KOH nOJl0ce Tl1XOOKcaHCKOfO n06Cpe)\(b5I, r,1J,Cc¢op-

MHpOBaJIaCb 06JIaCTb BbiCOKoro aTMoc¢epHoro ,1J,aBJIeHH5I J1

npOXO,1J,HTXOJIO,1J,HOellepyaHClwe metteHUe, 41'0 HC cnoc06cTByeT

06pa30BaHHlO OC3)],KOB, Ha6JIIO,1J,aeTC5I ,1J,eqH1UI1T BJlarH (Bcero

50 MM B ro,1J,). BJrary npI1HOC5IT JII1111bTYMaHbl11 06HJlbHbie POCbf.

Te~mepaTYPbI B03,1J,yxa OTHOCHTeJlbHO HH3K/lle (+ 15 ... +20°C).

3,1J,eCbCcP0PMl1POBaJIC5I mpollll'tecKuu nycmblllllblU mllll K.flllMama.

B CyOTpOIl HqeCKOM KJIHMa TH qeCKOM 1I0Slce, KaK 11B

cy63KBaTOpl1aJIbHOM, B03,1J,yrnHbIC MaCCbI H3MCH5IIOTC5I no ce30-

HaM: JIeTOM npe06J13,1J,aIOT 3KBaTopHaJlbHhIC BJIa)\(Hble, 3HMOH -

cyme TponHlJeCKJ1e. Ha BOCTOKe B npe,1J,CJIax n05Ica KJIHMaT Ten-

JIbIHH BJI3)I(l-lbIH (oCa,1J,KOB,1J,O1000 MM B ro,1J,),a C np0,1J,BJ1)\(CHHeM

B rJIy6b MaTepJifKa CTaHOBHTC5I CYX)if]'viKOHTJifHeHTaJIbHbIM (500 MM

B roJJ,). Ha n06epe)\(be TJ1xoro OKeaHa cPopMJifpyeTC5I cy6mponu-

IleCKUUK.flUMam Cpe01l3e.tlfHOMOpCKOlOmuna, C CyxHM TenJlblM Jle-

TOM H BJIa)I(HOH 3JifMOH.

YMepeHHbI" KJIHMaTHqeCKH" no.HC OXBaTblBaeT 1O)\(-

HYlO OKpaJifI-!Y MaTCpI1Ka. B TClJCHJifC ro,1J,aTaM rocnO,1J,CTByIOT yMC-

PCHHbIC B03,1J,YIllHbie 1I-13CCbI.B OTJIWme 01' OCTaJIbHOH TeppJifTOpl1l1

MarepHKa BJI3)KHbIH B03,1J,YXnepeMeru:3eTC5I C npOnIBOnOJIO)IffiOH

o~ CTOpOHbI - C 3ana,LI,a, C TI1xoro OKeaHa. Ero npHHOC5IT 3ana,n,Hbie.....~ ~.6·C-,MMJ . ;~ BeTpbl, nYlOmJ1e B 3Tl1X 111l1pOTaX.IlYTb HM nperpa)l(,lJ,alOT AH,1J,bI. H

I 3,1J,CCbrOpbI - eCTeCTBeHH35I rpaHl1ua, pa3,1J,eJl5IIOIlla5I ,1J,BeKJIl1Ma-

300 - - - - - - - - - - 20 TJ1l-IeCKHC06JIacrn. Il03TOMY Ha 3ana,LI,HOM n06epe)l(be 100lLll1amyMe-

pellllblii MOpCKOII.OH nOCT05IHHO BJI3)KHbIH (no 5000 MM OCa,LI,KOBB

10 ro,1J,).3ToTyqacToKn06epe)l(b5I 4aCTO Ha3bIBaIOT«MOKPbIM ymOM»

lO)\(HOH AMepHKH. Ilpe06Jla,LI,aCT npOXJIa,LI,Ha5I (3HMOH +4 DC, JIC-

TOM + lOOC) H ,1J,O)l(,lJ,JII1B35Inoro)la C Cl1JlbHbIM/li BeTpaMH. Ha BOC-

T04HOM n06epe>Kbe K.flllMam yMepell1l0 KOllmUllellmaJlbllblU - C

npOXJIa,LI,HOH 311MOHH CyXHM TenJIbIM JICTOM. J(OJll1lJeCTBO OC3,1J,-

Km1Manl"leCKHe KOB He npeBbllllacT 400 MM B fO,1J,.3/11MOH CMJIbHble BeTPbI MOryr

AHarpaMMbl COnpOBO)l(,lJ,aTbC5I CHl1)I(CHHeM TeMneparypbJ,1J,O -30°C, a B pa3rap

JICTa - ,1J,a)KeMeTeJlHMH H3 AHTapKTI1,1J,bl.

gI2740M.':7~~-,.'C

MM - - - - - - - - . - 30

300 - - . - . - - . - - 20

:~IIi~

_Te_M_a_3_._IO_>K_H_A_>l_A_M_E_P_iI1_,K_A ====-jP~a~3~A~e;Jl~ILI=:lIIII •• l

B AH)laX <pop 1\.111pyeTC5f B hI C 0 K 0 r 0 p H bI H

KJI H MaT. B ropax, nepeceKalOllI;lIX Bce KJIHMaTH-

qeCKHC n05fca, KJIHMaUIl.:J:eCKT1CYCJlOBH5f H3MCH5f-

lOTC}I He TOJlbKO C CCBepaHa lOr, HO 11C BhlCOTOM.

To eCTb OT rrO)lHO)l(lliJ K BepWHHaM Ha6J11O)laeTC5I

rrOCTerreHHoe CHIDKeHHe TeMnepaTyphl B03)lyXa

(Ha6°CHa 1Klvr) HyBeJlWIeHHeKoJlWIecTBaoca)l-

KOB. B HIDKHeM rr05fCC KJII1MaT TaKOM )l(e, KaK Ha

paBHI1HHOM TeppMTopUH. Hanpl1Mep, 6mB 3KBa-

Topa B HlDKHeM n05Ice AH)l KJII1MaT 3KBaTopl1aJIhHhlt'I, a Bhllue CHe-

ronoH Jll1HI1I1 (4600 M) JIe)l(aT BeqHble CHera 11JIe,UHUKM.

B lleJIOM KJII1MaT IO)l(Ho:H AJvrepI1Kl1 C ,D,OCTaTOl.:J:HbIMKOJII1lIe-

TBOM TenJIa H BJlarl1 6JIarOrrpUSlTHhIH)J)I5I )l(113HI1 H X035IHCTBeH-

HOM )lC5ITeJlhHOCTI1 qeJ10BCKa. BrrpOl.:J:eM, cJlyqmoTcSl 11CTl1Xl1HHhle

6e,D,CTB115I:nOCJle)lJTI1TCJlbHbIX)lO)l()leH BbIXO,USlT H3 6CpCroB peKl1,

3aTOITJl5f5I nOJIS1 11 HaCeJleHHhle rryHKThl. B ueHTpaJ1hHbIX paHo-

Hax 6bIBalOT 3acyXI1 I1J1HBHe3anHbie nOXOJlO,D,aHI15I.

XOJlOAHbl~ naMnepocB npe,o,enbl cy6TponVl4ecKoro n051caC lora nepVlo,o,V14eCKVI BTopraeTC51xono,o,Hbl~ B03AYX yMepeHHblX WVI-pOT. npl~ 3TOM TeMnepaTypa pe3KOCHVI)f(aeTC51, Bblna,o,alOT CVlnbHble,o,0)f(,D,V1,nopo~ ,o,a)f(e CHer. 3TO naM-

nepoc, B nepeBo,o,e C V1cnaHCKO-ro - «BeTep V13naMnbl».

3AnOMHIi1TE

• nO,lJ, BJlH5IHHeM KJIHMaTo06pa3YIOIIJ,HX cPaKTOpOB B I01KHOH AMepHKe npe06-

JIa,lJ,aeT TenJlbIH II CaMblH BJla1KHbIH Ha 3eMJle KJlHMaT.

• B I01KHOH AMepHKe cP0PMHpYIOTCSI TaKHe THnM KJlHMaTa: 3KBaTOpHaJlbHbIH;

cy63KBaTOpHaJlbHbIH; TpOnHqeCKHH BJIa1KHbIH H TpOnHqeCKHH nYCTbIHHbIH;

cy6TpOnHQeCKHH BJla}KHblH, cy6TpOnHQeCKHH KOHTHHeHTaJIbHbIH (CyxOH) "

cy6TpOnHQeCKHH Cpe,lJ,H3eMHOMOpCKoro THna; yMepeHHO KOHTHHeHTaJIbHbIH H

yMepeHHO MOpCKOH. BAH,lJ,ax cPOpMHpyeTCH BblCOKoropHblH KJlHMaT.

• rJIaBHblM KJlHMaTOpa3,lJ,eJIOM I01KHOH AMepHKH, TO eCTb rpaHHu.eH Me1K,lJ,YKJlII-

MaTHQeCKHMH 06JIaCTSIMH, HBJIHIOTCSI AH,lJ,bl. n03TOMY MaTepHK H30JlHpOBaU

OT BJIHSIHHH B03,lJ,yIUHbIX MaCC C THxoro OKeaHa H OTKpbIT ,lJ,!IHHX nocTynJIeHHH

C ATJIaHTHQeCKOrO OKeaHa.

4) BOnpOCbl Ii13AAAHIi1S1 )1. LJeM 06ycnoBneHO YHIt1KanbHO 061t1nbHOe YBJl8Jl<HeHIt1eAMa30HcKoii1 HIt13MeHHOCTIt1?

2. nO'-leMyTlt1xlt1ii1 OKeaH BJlIt151eTHa KJlIt1MaT IO>KHoii1AMeplt1KIt1 MeHbwe, '-IeM ATJlaHTIt1-

'-IeCKIt1ii1?

3. KaKoii1 KJlIt1MaTIt1'-1eCKIt1ii1n051C eCTb B IO>KHoii1AMeplt1Ke, a B A¢plt1Ke ero HeT?

4. CpaBHIt1Te pOJlbAH,lJ, It160JlbWOrO BO,lJ,Opa3,lJ,eJlbHOrO xpe6Ta B ABc-rpaJlIt1It1 B pac-

npe,lJ,eneHIt1It1OCa,LJ,KOBHa MaTeplt1Kax.

5. nO,lJ,yMaii1Te, nO'-leMy naccaTbl xopowo YBna>KH51IOTIO>KHylO AMeplt1KY It1He,lJ,OCTa-

TO'-lHO - A¢PIt1KY It1ABCTpanIt110.

(>rEOrPA~W·IECKASI 3AAA'iA )npe,lJ,CTaBbTe, '-ITO Ha 31t1MHIt1eKaHIt1Kynbl Bbl OTnpaBn51eTeCb B nYTeweCTBlt1e Ha 6pa-

31t1JlbCKOe nnOCKOropbe. B KaKOii1 ce30H ro,lJ,a Bbl nona,lJ,Ehe? KaK Hy>KHO O,lJ,eTbC511t1

KaKoe B351Tb CHap51>KeHlt1e, '-ITo6bl 4yBcTBoBaTb ce651 KOM¢OpTHO B TaMOWHIt1X

KJlIt1MaTIt1'-1eCKIt1XycnOBIt151x?

~ • BCnOMHiIlTe, KaK Ha ¢OpMiIlpOBaHiIle peYHO~ CeTiIl Bnill~eT KnillMaT.

"'V • KaK Ha BHYTpeHHiIle SOAbl Bnill~eT penbe¢?

PEKlf. CaMbIH YBJIa)((HeHHbIH MaTepT1K IO)((Ha5I AMepT1Ka T1Me-

eT 1l0JIHOBO.lJ,HbIe peKI1, KOTopbIe mnalOTC5I IlpeI1MYll.l,eCTBeHHO

06l1JlbHbIMT1.lJ,0)(()J,5IMT1. OHT1 06pa3YJOT ryCl)'1O ceTb 1l0lJTT1 Ha BceH

TeppT1TopT1T1. AH.lJ,bI 5IBJI5IIOTC5I OCHOBHbIM BO.lJ,Opa3.lJ,eJIOM:peKT1,o9AblAf.

'l"'~~'.f-':;-'\~ 6epYlUT1e HalJaJIO Ha T1XBOCTOY:HbIX CKJIOHaX, TeKYT .lJ,aJIbIlle 06-

"")~:1'it::.~-----_...•..._--- IIIT1pHbIMI1 paBHI1HaMI1 KATJIaHTl1yeCKOMY OKe-~ '~ot:t 5acceHHAMa30HKII1-ca- aHy, a Ha 3ana.lJ,HbIX CKJIOHaX - I1CTOKT1

~Ji,.,n'l'l<~MblH 60nbWOH B MlI1pe, nonJloU-\a)J,1I1OHpaBH~eTC~ ABCTpaJlll1111_ IlpeT1MYll.l,eCTBeHHO KOpOTKI1X peK, BIla,ualOll.l,I1X

CBblwe 7 MJlH KM2. PeKa npll1HII1MaeT B Tl1Xl1H OKeaH. B OTJIl1'·me OT ABCTpaJIT111 06-

60Jlee 500 KpynHblx npIl1TOKOB,o6pa- JIaCTT1BHyrpeHHero CTOKa C<P0PMT1POBaJIT1Cb Ha3YIOU-\II1Xrll1raHTcKYIO peYHylO CII1CTe- 3aCYIIIJlT1BbIX nJIOCKOrOpb5IX U,eHTpaJIbHbIX

My. 3a rDA AMa30HKa HeceT B ATJlaH- AH.lJ" a HaT160JIbWl1e peY:HbTe CI1CTeMbI - Ha paB-TlI1yeCKII1(;iOKeaH TaKoe KOJlll1yeCTBO HI1HHOM BOCTOKe MaTepl1Ka.BOAbl, YTO 3a 12 AHe(;i MO>KHO6blJlO

A!H.a30HKa - CaMa5I 1l0JIHOBO.lJ,Ha5I peKa 3eM-6bl HanOJlHII1TbA30BCKoe Mope.

HOro wapa (Pl1c. 149, 150). Ee ro.lJ,OBOH CTOK co-

craBJI5IeT 15% CTOKa Bcex peK Ml1pa. I1cToKaMT1

AMa30HKT1 5IBJl5IlOTC5IpeKU MapaHboH T1YKG5lJlU,

6epYll.l,l1e HalJaJIO B AH.lJ,ax. nypHbIMI11l0TOKaMT1

OHT1 YCTPeMJl5ITOTC5l lJepe3 fJIy60Kl1e ymeJIb5I Ha

paBHT1Hy, me 06pa3YJOT BeJlWreCTBeHHYIO AMa-

30HKY. OHa llepeCeKaeT caMYIO 60JIbWylO Ha IlJIa-

HeTe AMa30HCKYlO Hl13MeHHOCTb 11 BIla,uaeT B

ATJIaHTl1lJeCKT1H OKeaH. Pa3MepbI peKT11l0pa)((a-

TOT: no MI1He (6437 KM) AMa30HKa yCTyllaeT

TOJIbKO HI1JIY, Wl1pl1Ha pyCJIa B HJ1)f(HeM Teye-

HI1I1.lJ,OCTl1raeT 20 KM, a my6l1Ha - 50 M, B YCTbe

IIIT1pl1Ha 80 KM' a my6l1Ha - 90 M!

AMa30HKa - TT1IlT1lJHa5I paBHT1HHa5I peKa. B~ ?t

nOpOpOKa

HaAMa30HKe Ha6JlIOAaeTC~ Heo6blY-Hoe ~BJleHlI1e. npll1nll1BHa51BOJlHa, KO-TOpa51CBo6oAHO BXOAII1T1113ATJlaHTII1-yeCKOrO OKeaHa B Wll1pOKOe YCTbepeKII1,nOAHII1MaeTC51npOTII1BTeyeHII151nOYTII1Ha 1400 KM. npll1 3TOM BOAanepeMeU-\aeTC51 5-MeTpoBo(;i cTeHo(;ico CKOpOCTblOnoe3Aa 111cTpawHblMrpoxoToM. BOJlHa pa3pywaeT 6epe-ra, BaIlll1TAepeBb51, nepeBOpaYII1BaeT

cYAa. VIHAe(;il..\blHa3blBalOT 3TO5lBJleHII1enopopOKa -

«rpeM51U-\a51BOAa".

P~c.149.AMa30HKa

Ha KOCMW-feCKOM CH~MKe

P~C. 150. pYCTlO AMa30HK~ ~3B~BaeTCSI

no nTlocKoiii AMa30HcKoiii H~3MeHHOCT~

OTJIl1'-1l1eOT HI1JIa OHa npl1HI1MaeT MHoro nOJI-

HOBO,ll;HhIX 11JIeBhIX, 11npaBhIX npl1TOKOB C Ha-

cTynJIeHl1eM ce30Ha ,Il;O)l(,Il;eH B CeBepHOM

nOJIywapl1l1 OCHOBHYJO Maccy BO,ll;hI npI1HOCHT

JIeBble npI1TOKI1. Kor,ll;a ce30H ,Il;O)l(,ll;eHHa'-lI1Ha-

eTCH B IO)l(HOM nOJIywapl1I1, TO 60JIhWe BO,ll;hI

,Il;aroT npaBhle npI1TOKI1. IT03TOMY AMa30HKa. Pa3HOLJ,BeTHble npLilTOKIII

nOJIHOBO,ll;Ha KpyrJIhIH ro,ll;. B nepl10,ll; ,Il;O)l(,ll;eH I VlHTepeCHO, '-ITa BOAbl npll1TOKOB ,

ypoBeHh BO,ll;bI rrOllHI1MaeTCH Ha 15 M. PeKa pa3- I AMa30HKlo1OKpaweHbl Bpa3HbiLiiL\BeT.«6enble» nplo1TOKlo1(Ha f'l3blKe lo1HAeLii-

llI1BaeTCH, 3aTarrJII1BaeT orpOMHble nllow:a,ll;I1, L\eB _ P/l10C 6naHKoc) pa3MbiBalOT

06pa3yH HenpOXOllI1Mhle 60JIOTa. rnlo1Hlo1CTblenopOAbl 101Hecyr '-IaCTlo1-I1HTepecHo, '-ITO AMa30HKa He 06pa3yeT L\bl6enecoro L\BeTa. «LJepHble» nplo1-

J],eJlb'\bl, llOC.KOJlbK)' o,\JlO)Ke\-\\i\.5\. B )fe'\be pa3- TOKlo1(pvlOC Herpoc) TeKYTno 3a6o-

MbIBaroTC5I ee MOW:HhIM Te'-leHl1eM, a TaK)l(e nO'-leHHoLii MeCTHOCTlo1101cOAep>KaTMOPCKI1MI1 rrpI1JII1BaMI1 11 OTJII1BaMI1. PeKa paCTBOpeHHbleOpraHlo1'-1eCKlo1eBew,e-

.. IT CTBa, lo1MeHHOpHlo1nplo1AalOTBOAeCYllOXO,ll;Ha rrO'-lTI1 Ha BceM npOTH)I(eHl1l1. ,LJ,a)l(e TeMHblLiioneHOK. Pa3nlo1'-1101f'lBoKpac-

Ha paCCTOHHI1I1 1 700 KM OT yCTh5I rJIy6I1Ha Ke oco6eHHO 3aMeTHbi TaM, rAe cnlo1-

llOCTI1raeT 50 M, n03TOMY AMa30HKa llocTynHa BaIOTCf'lABe peKlo1.TaK, '-IepHble, KaK,Il;llH OKeaHCKI1X Cy,ll;OB. '-IepHlo1na,BOAbl Plo1y-Herpy BnaAalOT '

Hapana - BTOpM no BeJII1'-1I1HepeKa lO)I(HOH B AMa30HKY, BOAa KOTOpoLii lo1MeeT

AMepl1KI1 (4400 KM) (pl1c.151). BMeCTec npl1TO- L\BeT Koepe C MonOKOM. Ha npOTf'l->KeHlo1lo1MHorlo1XKlo1nOMeTpOBBOAbl+

KaMI1 OHa nepeceKaeT 5pa3l1JIhCKOe nJIOCKOrO- o6elo1x peK TeKYT,

pbe, 06pa3YH MHOrO'-lI1CJIeHHble noporI1 11 "He CMeWlo1Baf'lCb. • (jl' •

HeCKOJIhKO 60JIhWI1X BO,ll;Ona,uOB. KpynHeHWI1H ~

I13 HI1X - l1zyacy Ha O,ll;HOMI13 npl1TOKOB napaHhI (Pl1c. 152). Emno rrpaBy Clll1TaroT O,ll;HI1M113caMbIX )I(I1BOnI1CHbIX B MI1pe. CKaJIl1-

CThie OCTpOBKI1 pa311eJI5IIOTpeKy WI1PI1HOH 4 KM Ha 275 nOTOKOB,

na,uaromI1X C BbiCOTbI 72 M. B HJ1)I(HeM TeyeHI111 ITapaHa - T11nI1'-l-

HM paBHI1HHaH peKa. B OTllf1lfI1e OT AMa30HKI1 OHa nepeceKaeT

HeCKOJlbKO KllI1MaTI1yeCKl1X nOHCOB, n03TOMY B ce30H ,Il;O)l(,ll;eHypo-

BeHb BO,ll;bInO,ll;HI1MaeTC5I, a B CyxOH - peKa CI1JIbHO MeJIeeT.

OpunOKO- TpeThH no ,Il;JlI1He(2730 KM) peKa lO)l(HOH AMepJofKI1.

YpoBeHh BO,ll;bIB HeH 3aBJofCl1TOT ce30Ha llO)l(,ll;eH. Pa3HI1lJ,a Me)l(,ll;y

Ha3BaHlo151peK AMa30HKa, napa-Ha 101 OpUHOKO nepeBOAf'lTCf'l C5l3~KOBpa3H~xlo1HAeLiicKlo1xnneMeH0Alo1HaKOBO- 50nbwa>l BO,lla.

PIIIC. 151. PeKa napaHa

npOKnaAblBaeT nYTb CKB03b rycTble necaPIIIC. 152. rpOXOT BOAonaAa Io1ryacy

cnblWHO Ha paCCTOSlHlII1II 25 KM

Pa3Aen IIOI'AblAf.

et'iJ~''\~..j C~t<· \~&~3JCaMblj,j BblCOKHj,j BO,QO-

'?<"Yl1nl'",Q na,Q B Mlllpe - AHxenb

(1 054 M) - pacnOnO)l(eH Ha peKe

YypyH (6acceil1H OPL-1HOKO). Jler-eH-

Aa a rL-1raHTCKOM, HL-1CnaAalOw,eM

«np>lMO C He6a», BOAonaAe L-13BeCT-

Ha ew,e C XVI B. Ho YBL-1AeTb era

YAanOCb TonbKO B 1935 r. BO BpeM>I

noneTa neT4L-1KY ,l],)I(L-1MML-1AHxenlO.

3TOT BOAonaA B 21 pa3 Bblwe HL-1a-

rapcKoro. BblcoTa naAeH\I1>1 BOAbl

TaKa>l, 4TO nOTOK IlpeBpaw,aeTC>I B

BOA>lHYIO nblnb, He AOCTL-1ra>l AHa

npOnaCT\I1. A BH\I13Y, n051B\I1BW\l1Cb

BpOAe \113H\I14ero, 6ypnL-1T peKa.

Ha3BaH\I1e IO)I(HOaMep\l1KaHCK\I1X

03ep 03Ha4a1OT: MapaKaj,j60 -

3eMnfl Mapbl (Mapa - L-1M>IMeCTHO-

ro BO)I(A>I, )I(\I1BWerO B XVI B.); THTH-

KaKa - CKana B03ne MeCTa ,lJ,06bl'llll .

py,lJ,bl (c >l3blKa \I1HAeil1~eB Ke4ya

TIIITIII- MeCTO A06bl4\11 PYAbl, KaKa -

CKana).

P~c.154.He~TeHan~BHoeCYAHOHa 03epe MapaKaiii60

JIeTHI1M I1 311MHI1M ypOBH5lM11 COCTaBJI5IeT 15 M .

I1CTOKl1 peKl1 JIe)[(aT Ha CKJlOHaX [mIaHCKOrO

fUIOCKOrapb5I, B 06JIacTl-r 0611JIbHOrO yBJIa)[(He-

HI151. B BepXHeM Tel.JeHI1I1 MHoro noporOB,

TOJIbKO Ha3a60JIoyeHHoi1 OpI1HOKCKOi1 HI13MeH-

HOCTI1peKa CTaHOBI1TC5Icy,LJ;OXO,lJ,HOi1.OKeaHCKl1e

cy,lJ,a nO,lJ,HI1MaIOTC5I Ha 400 KM 01' YCTbH, 110Ka

CKa3brBaeTC5I BJIl15IHl1e MOpCKl1X npI1JII1BOB. 3a

150 KM ,lJ,0 BrraJJ,eHI15I B ATJIaHTI1l.JeCKl1i1 OKeaH

Opl1HOKO pa3BeTBJI5leTC5I Ha pyKaBa 1106pa3yeT

0611H1PHYIO 3a60JIol:leHHyIO ,LJ;eJIbTY.

03EPA. 03ep B IO)[(Hoi1AMepI1Ke MaJIO. Kpyrr-

Hei111Il1e 113HI1X - MapaKai160 11TI1TI1KaKa.

MapaKaii60 JIe)[(J1T Ha n06epe)[(be Kapl16-

CKora MOp5l11 COe,LJ;l1H51eTC5ICHI1M Y3Kl1M npOJII1-

BOM, n03TOMY era Ha3blBalOT 03epOM-JIaryHOH. Bo

BpeM51 npl1JIl1Ba B 03epo MOryT 3aXO,lJ,I1TbMOP-

CKl1e cy,LJ;a.03epHa5I KOTJIOBI1Ha I1MeeT TeKTO-

Hl1':leCKOe npOI1CXO)[()J,eHl1e, n03TOMY rJIy611HbI

,lJ,OCTl1raIOT250 M. BO,lJ,aB 03epe npeCHa5I, TOJIb-

KO BO BpeM5I npl1JII1BOB COJIeHOCTb HeMHoro

B03paCTaeT. Eepera H113Kl1e 113a60JIol.JeHHble.

MapaKai160 - YHI1KaJIbHO 110 3anacaM He<pTI1;

Ha era ,lJ,Henp06ypl1JIl1 60JIee 6 TbIC. HecPTHHbIX

CKBa)[(l1H (Pl1c. 154).B AH,lJ,ax Ha BblCOTe 3800 M JIe)[(J1T TumUKa-

Ka - KpynHei1wee 113BbICOKorapHblX 03ep Ml1pa.

B Hero BnaJJ,alOT MHoro peK, a BblTeKaeT TOJIbKO

o,n:Ha, 1103TOMY Bo,n:a B 03epe npeCHaH. Eepera

KPYTbIe 11113pe3aHHble. 03epo ,n:OBOJIbHOrJIy60-

Koe. HeCMOTP5I Ha 3HaYl1TeJIbHYlO BblCOTY HaJJ,

ypoBHeM MOpH, TeMnepaTypa BO,n:bl Ha npOT5I-

)[(eHl1l1 ro,n:a +14°C. I103TOMy 03epo CM5If"-IaeT

KJU1MaT OKp~aIOllleti MeCTHOCTI1. Ha 03epHbIX MeJJKOBOJl.b5lX

paCTeT TpOCTHI1K TOTOpa. TIeperHI1Ba5I, OH OnyCKaeTC5I Ha Jl.HO, 11

Ha HeM HaQl1HalOT pa3Bl1BaTbC5I HOBbIe paCTe-

HIDI. IIocTeneHHo 06pa3yIOTc5I cBoe06pa3Hhle

TPOCTHI1KOBhle OCTpOBa. BeTep 11 BOJJHbI

OTpbIBaIOT l1X OT Jl.Ha, 11OHl1 nepeMemalOTC5I no

03epy. Ha 3Tl1X OCTpOBax )J(l1ByT l1HJl.etiUbI

(Pl1c. 155). IIocTeneHHo Jl.06aBJJ5151CJJOl1CBe)J(e-

ro TPOCTHl1Ka, l1HJl.etiUbI nOJl.Jl.ep)J(I1BaIOT

TIJlaByqecTb OCTpOBa.

BHYTpeHHl1e BOJl.bI IO)J(Hoti AMepl1Kl1l1Me-

lOT 60JJbllIOe 3HaQeHl1e B )J(113HI1 HaCeJJeHl151.

PaBHl1HHble peKl1 CYJl.OXOJl.HbI,aHa ropHbIX pa-

60TaIOT 3JJeKTpOCTaHUl1l1. B 3aCYllIJJl1BbIX

patioHax BOJl.Y l1CnOJJb3YlOT Jl.JJ5IOpOrneHl151.

PeKl1l1 03epa 60raTbI PhI60ti.

P"IC. 155.Ha o3epe

T"ITIiIKaKa >K"IBeT

"IHAe~CKoenneMSI ypy,KOTopoe CBO"l

nOAK"I "I XIiI>K"IHbl

AenaeT"I3

TpOCTH"IKa

COKpOB"I~a T"IT"IKaK"I03epo TIIITIIIKaKa IIIHKIII C411lTanlll CB51-

~eHHbIM. CornacHo nereHAaM, Ha

ero AHe CT051T3aTonneHHbie xpaMbl,

B KOTOpblX Cnp51TaHO 30nOTO. 3TO

no6YAIIlno 1Il3BecTHoro <j:JpaHIJ,Y3cKO-

ro OKeaHonora >KaKa,Jl!Ba KYCTO C

nOMou~blO nOABOAHoro annapaTa

IIlCCneAOBaTb AHO. I!1ccneAoBaHllle

npOAon)l(anOCb ABa MeC51lJ,a. Ho Hill

xpaMOB, Hill 30nOTa OH He Hawen. Ao6HapY)I(IIln 60nee MIIlnm10Ha n51ry-

weK, )I(IIlBY~IIIX nOA BOAoill III Abiwa-

~IIIX Bceill KO)l(eill. KpoMe Toro

Y4eHblill YCTaHoBllln MaKCIIIManb-

HYIO rny6111HY o3epa

(304 M).3AnOMHHTE

• BJIa)KHbIH KJIHMaT IO)KHOH AMepHKH cnoc06cTByeT <l>opMHpoBaHHIO ryCTOHceTH nOJIHOBO,lJ,HbIX peK •

• AImbl 51BJI5IIOTC5I He TOJIbKO fHfaHTCKHM KJIHMaTOpa3,lJ,eJIOM, HO H BO,lJ,Opa3,lJ,e-

JIOM IO)KHOH AMepHKH.

BonpOCbl H 3AAAHHSI1. KaKoVl OKeaH nplt1Hlt1MaeT OCHOBHylO LJaCTb nOBepxHocTHoro CTOKa IO>KHOVI

AMeplt1Klt1?

2. KaKoVl Tlt1n nlt1TaHlt151npeo6naAaeT y peK IO>KHOVIAMeplt1Klt1?

3. nOLJeMy AMa30HKa nonHOBOAHa KpyrnblVl roA? CpaBHlt1Te ee C a<Dplt1KaHcKoVl pe-

KOVlKOHro.

4. PaCCKa>Klt1Te0 60nbWlt1X o3epax IO>KHOVIAMeplt1Klt1.

5. KaKylO ponb lt1rpalOT BHyTpeHHlt1e BOAbl B nplt1pOAe lt1>Klt13Hlt1LJenOBeKa?

[ Pa3Aen II

§ 31. IIPMPO,UHbIE 30HbI~ • BcnOMHVlTe, 48M WVlpOTHas:l 30HanbHOCTb OTnVl4aeTCs:l OT

~ BblcOTHOLII nOs:lCHOCTVI.

• B KaKVlX KnVlMaTVl4eCKVlX nOs:lcax npOCTVlpaIOTCs:l AHAbl?

B IO)l(HOH: AMepWKe xopowo Bblpa)l(eHa He TOJlbKO UJl1pOT-

Ha5I 30HaJlbHOCTb, HO 11BbICOTHa5I IT05ICHOCTb. KaK B A<pPI1Ke 11

ABCTpaJll1J1, cpe,U11 paCTeHJ1H 11)l(l1BOTHbIX MHoro 3H,UeMI1KOB.

BJIA)J(HbIE 3KBATOPMAJlbHbIEJIECA. 3TO 3eJIeHbIH: OKeaH

Jleca, KOTOpbIH: JIe)l(J1T ITO 06e CTOpOHbI OT 3KBaTopa B npe,lJ.eJlax

AMa30HCKOH HJ13MeHHOCTI1. Epa3l1Jlbl..l,bI Ha3bIBaIOT era CeJIbBa

(I1CrraHCKoe CeJlb6aC 03HaQaeT Jleca). TaM B JII060e BpeM5I ro,Ua BbI

nOITa,UaeTe B ce30H 'uO)l(,UeM, IT03TOMY Jlec Ha3bIBaIOT «,UO)l(,UeBbIM».

CeJIbBa ITOJIyqaeT 60JIbWe BJIam, qeM JIeca A¢PI1KW. 3KBaTOpl1-

aJlbHbIM )[(apKl1M 11 BJIa)[(HbIH: KJII1MaT 06yCJIOBJlWBaeT HeBep05IT-

Hoe pa3H006pa3l1e )l(J13HW B 3TOH: npl1pO,UHOM opaH)l(epee.

B ryCTbIX MHOr05IpYCHbIXJIecax, pacTYUJl1X Ha KpaCIIO-JICMmblX

(jJeppaMUmllblX nOl{6ax, TOJIbKO ,UepeBbeB HaC':lI1TbIBaeTC5I ,Uo 4 TbIC.

BW,UOB,TOr,Ua KaK BO BceM EBpOITe l1X OKOJIO 200. Cpe,U11 HI1X MHoro

ITOJle3HbIX 11He06bIllHbIX. Moryqa5I ceM6a BbIpaCTaeT,UO 80 M. Bell-

H03eJIeHa5I reBe5I - KayllyKoHOC: 113 ee CTBOJIa qepe3 HaCellKI1

BbI,UeJI5IeTC5IJIaTeKC - MJIeqHbIM COK, 113KOTopora nOJlYllaJOT Ha-

ryPaJlbHblH: KayqyK (pe3I1HY). KaKao Ha3bIBaJOT «UJOKOJIa,UHbIM,Ue-

peBOM», 113 era nJIO,UOB, pacryIll,I1X ITp5IMO Ha CTBOJIe H BeTKax,

H3rOTOBJI5IIOT KaKao H UJOKOJIa,U.ECTb B JIecax H Ko¢eHHoe ,UepeBO.

COK MOJlO':lHOra ,UepeBa ITO I..I,Bery 11 BKYCy HanOMHHaeT MOJIOKO.

113 KOPbI XHHHora ,UepeBa nOJIyqaIOT XHHI1H ,UJI5IJIelleHI15I MaJl5I-

pHI·1- B nO,UJIeCKe paCTeT napamaHCKI1M ':laM - BeQH03eJIeHblH:

KYcTapHHK, H3 JII1CTbeB KOToporo rOTOB5IT Hanl1TOK Man, 06JIa,Ua-

IOIlI,HH:TOHI13I1PYIOIlI,I1MI1 CBOH:CTBaMH. 1-13opeXOB,UepeBa KOJlaITO-

JIyqaJOT BeIll,eCTBa, KOTopble BXO,U5ITB COCTaB113BeCTHbIX Hanl1TKOB

KOKa-KOJla 11nenCH-KOJIa. PaCTeT TaK)l(e 113BeCTHbIM BceM aHaHac.

L(epeBb5I 3KBaTOpl1aJlbHOra JIeca nepeBI1Tbl MHOrOQI1CJIeHHbI-

naparBai'icKLili'i'"lai'i

0" hiAf~

~f~"~-~-c-a-M-b-,-e-K-p-y-n-H-b-,e-n-Itf-C-T-bfl--

Ii "I' CpeA/.o1 paCTeH/.o1i11 3eMn/.o1

/.o1MeeT B/.o1KTOp/.o1s:l-per/.o1~, KOTopa~

paCTeT B 3aBOA~X AMa30HK/.o1. Ee n/.o1-

CTOK, ne>Kaw,/.o1i11 Ha BOAe, AOCT/.o1ra-

eT B A/.o1aMeTpe 2 M /.01MO>KeT YAep-

>K/.o1BaTb Ha nnaBY rpY3 AO 50 Kr. Ca-MblH cltfnbHo.aeHcTBYIO~ItfH pac-TItfTenbHblH fill - Kypape nonY'Ja-

lOT /.013KopHeill n/.o1aHbl, pacTyw,eill BO

Bna>KHbiX necax IO>KHoill AMep/.o1K/.o1.

~ryapbl nyMa

P~c. 158. )I(~BoTHble 3KBaTOp~aJ1bHOrO J1eca

\1H JUraHaMH H yce5IHhI 5IpKHMH OpXM)],e5IMH. OHM npeBpamaIOT

J1eCB HenpOXO)],HMhle )],e6pH, KTOMy .>KeOH 3a6oJIolJeHHhIH.

)KJ1BoTHhle BJIa.>KHhIX3KBaTOpMaJIhHhIX JIeCOB npl1cnoco6l1-

J1HChK.>KI13HMHa)],epeBh5IX. JIYlJllIe BCerO Y.yBCTByIOTce65I 06e3h5I-

HhI, KOTOphle l1MelOT IJ,enKl1e XBOCThI. Cpe)],l1 Hl1X - 3H)],eMMlJ-

Hhle peByHhI l1 l1rpyHKl1 pa3MepOM He 60JIee 30 CM. JIeHl1BeIJ"

UenJI5IlOllI,MHC5I KOIT5IMM 3a BeTKM, TaK.>Kenpe)],nOy'l1TaeT .>Kl1Th

Ha )],epeBh5lX 11pe)],KO cnycKaeTC5I Ha 3eMJIIO. CBo6o)],HO nepe)],Bl1-

raIOTC5IH nphlraIOT C BeTKH Ha BeTry 60JIhllIMe XJ1ll1,HhleKOWKl1 -

5Iryap 11nyMa (Pl1c. 158). Ha 3eMJIe .>Kl1BYTMypaBhe)]" KOTOphIH C

nOMOlll,hIO )],JIl1HHOrO JIHnKOrO 5I3hIKa noe)],aeT MypaBheB 11

TepMMTOB, TpaB05I)],HbIH TanMp, caMhIH 60JIhllIOH Ha 3eMJIe

rphI3YH - BO)],OCBl1HKa(KaI1l16apa).

KPOHbI )],epeBheB HaCeJI5IIOT pa3Hoo6pa3Hble nTMIJ,hI: 60JIh- nayKoo6pa3HaSio6e3bSlHa

WOll nonyraH apa, XMllI,Ha5I rapnM5I, KOTOpa5I OXOTl1TC5IHa o6e-

3h5IH l1JIeHHBueB, TOJICTOKJIIOBbIHTyKaH, KpOllIelJHhle KOJII16pl1 .

.ua.>Ke5Iw.epI1UbI MJI5IrYWKI1 B CeJIbBe .>KI1ByTHa)],epeBh5IX. Cpe)],M

3MeH eCTb 5I)],OBHTble H He5I)],OBHTble (y)],aBbI). B peKax BO)],5ITC5I

pey.Hhle )],eJIh<pHHhI, KpOKO)],HJIbI KaHMaHbI, TbIC5IlJM BI1)],OBpbI6.

BcnoMHMM XOT5I6bI nelJaJIbHO H3BeCTHYlO XMllI,HyIO nl1paHblO C

OCTpbIMM, KaK JIe3BHe, 3y6aMM. J1ec npOCTO Kl1llIl1T HaceKOMbf-

\1H: MHO.>KeCTBO 5IpKMX 6a6olJeK, .>KyKOB, MypaBbeB. 3TO

nO)],TBep.>K)],aeT116pa3l1JIhCKa5I nOCJIOBHua: «ITo)], Ka.>K)],hIMUBeT-*-o~Ar~

KOM - HaceKOMoe, no)], Ka.>K)],bIMJII1CTKOM - MypaBell». , ~,_~ ~4"',~t~~~B necax IO)I(HOVi AMepll1KII1 ~\::. }jo"tMHoro MII1POBblX peKopgc- ~lfl1r?~q

MeHOB: caMafl ,qnHHHafl 3Mefl -

aHaKoHga (go 11 M); caMa51 KpynHafl

npeCHOBo,qHafl pbl6a - apanaViMa(gnll1Ha 3 M, Macca - go 200 Kr); ca-MblH 6onbwoH nayK - nTlI1lJ,eeg Be-nll1'·ll11HOVigo 12 CM; caMafl KpOXOT-

Hafl nTH'IKa - Konll16pll1 (ee gnll1Ha57 MM, a Macca - 2 r; nll1TaeTC51HeKTapoM lJ,BeTOB III OTnWlaeTC51O'-leHb 51pKII1MOnepeHlI1eM).

BOAOCB~HKa

(Kan~6apa)

CABAHHbl II PE1l.KOJIECh51. 3Ta npl1pO,ll,Ha51 30Ha JIe)Kl1T Bcy63KBaTOpl1aJIhHhIX n051CaX o6ol1x nOJlyrnapl1M. 3,I1,eCbI-Ia KpaC-IlblX no'wax npco6mw.aCTTpaB5lHl1CTaH paCTl1TCJIbHOCTb- KOBhIJIb,nblpct'I, ,Il,l1KOCnpoco. B CaBaHI-fax CeBcpHOfO IlOJIYwaplliI CPe,IJ,l1TpaB pacTYr nanbMhl11 aKaUl1I1. B IO)KHOM nO.nywapl1l1 B.a 6C,ll,B.bIXKaMCHl1CTbIX 110I.IBaXpacnpoc'rpaHeHbI KaKTycbT, MOJIOI.Ial1, ara-BbI. B CyXOMCC30H, KOf,ll,aBbrropalOT BCCTpaSh], TOJIbKOOHl1coxpa-H5IIOTCBOH06bNHblH Bl1,ll,.B 60JICC 3acyrnJrHBbIX paMOHax pacTyrJIl1Illb KOJIIOI.Il1CKYCTapHl1Kl1, pC,ll,KOJIeCM!H3 Kc6paI.Io - <<,ll,CpCBO-CJIOMan Tonop», nO.nYLfI1BllJCCCBoe Ha3BaHl1C 3a Heo6bIKHOBCHHOnpoI.IHylO ,ll,pCBCCl1Hy.

B caBaHHax IO)J(}fOM AMepl1Kl1 TaKl1C KpynHbIC TpaB05l,ll,Hble)I(l1BOTHhIC,KaK BA¢Pl1KC, He 0611Ta1OT.BO,ll,5lTC51He60JIbllJHe OJIe-HH, Xl1mHl1Kl1 - myap l1I1YMa, CBHHbl1 neKapl1, rpbI3yH BHCKaIlla,6poHcHoceu, naHUl1pb KOTOpOro COCTOI1T113POroBbIX ll~l1TKOB.vbnTHU, B I.IaCTHOCTI1,CCTbcTpayc HaH)l,y. MHoro 3Men H 5lmepl1U,

CY6TPOnHlJ Ch.Hi (TEl I . OHH JIC)KaTI1peI1MyuIccTBCHHOB cy6Tp0I1l1I.ICCKOM I1051ce. PaBHI1HHble npocTopbI cy6Tp0I1Wle-CKJoIXCTenenBIO)J(}fonAMcpl1Ke Ha3bIBaIOTnaMllOH (pl1c.162). TaMnOBCCMeCTHO pacTyr Hl13KOPOCJIbIC3JlaKl1- naMnaCCKa51 TpaBa,y KOBhIJIh, 6opo,ll,ay, TOHKOHor. TIPH OTMl1paHl111

TpaB51HI1CTOrOI10KpOBa ¢OPMl1PYIOTC51 I1JIO,Il,O-P0,Il,HbICcepo-Kopu'me6ble nO'l6bl. ECTecTBeHHa51paCTHTCJIbHOCTb cTencn nO'-lTI1HC cOXpaHHJIaCb

nyrewecTBMe B cnOBO

naMna S nepeSOAe C S13blKalt1HAeiii-u,es 03Ha4aeT npOCTpaHCTBO 6e3

,l1,epeBbeB.

B CB5I311C t.Ipe3MepHblM paCnaXnBal-lI1eM. Ha OTKpblTbIX CTenHbiX

npOCTOpaX npe06Jl3,l.I.al0T 6bICTp06erarollJ,l1e )((MBOTHbie - naM-

rraCCKl1H: OJleHb, naMnaCCKa5I KOIllKa, 113 nTl1lL - cTpayc HaHLl.Y.

MHOrO rpbI3yHOB (HyrPl15I, BHCK3wa), a TalOKe 6pOHeHocuen.

TPO nWIECKME llYCTbIHH. B 1O)J(H0H: AMepI1Ke, B OTJIl1t.Il1e

01' A¢Pl1KI1 11ABCTpaJII111, HeT rryCTbIHb B ueHTpaJIbHOH '-IaCTl1

MaTepl1Ka. llYCTbIH5I TaM npOCTI1paeTC5I B,lJ,OJIbTl1XOOKeaHCKoro

II06epe)f<.""b51Me)[()ly SO 1128° ro. Ill. 31'0 np116pe)((H35I nycmwIJIAma-IW/vla - O,l]Jla 113caMblX 6e3BO,lJ,HbIX B MHpe (Pl1c. 163). BCJle,lJ,CTBl1e

OXJla)[()larow,ero BJll15IHl15I OKeaHa TaM TeMnepaTYpbI B03JJYxa cpaB-

HI1TeJIbHO H113Kl1e 11nOt.ITI1 He 6blBaeT ,lJ,O)[()leH:.PaCTeHl15I Hayql1-

Jll1Cb I1CnOJIb30BaTb BJlary TyMaHOB. PaCnUeJIbHbIH: nOKpOB

6e,lJ,HbIH: 11Cl1;lbHO pa3pe)((eHHbIH:. MeCTaMl1 Ha KaMeBl1CTbIX no-

'-IB3X paCT}T KaKTYCbl11 nO,lJ,ywKo06pa3Hble KYCTapHl1Kl1.

CMEIllAHHhIE JIECA. 30Ha CMWlaHHbIX JIeCOB C¢OpMl1pOBa-

JlaCb B YMepeHHOM n05Ice H3 lOre MaTepHKa B YCJlOBI15IXBJI3)J(HOrO

YMepeHlwro MopCKoro KJll1MaTa. Ha 6YPblX JleCHblX noJteux B ryc-

TblXJIeCaX paCT)'T lO)((HbU'1r6YK, M3rHOJlI111, B nO,l])leCKe - 6aM6YK 11

rrarrOpOTHl1Kl1.

OfiJIACTb BhICOTHOll nOHCHOCTI1.B ropax, KaK Bbl y)((e 3HaeTe, C BbICOTOH:113MeH5l-

l0TC5I KJll1MaTWleCKl1e YCJIOBH5L 1l03TOMY OT

rrO,lJ,H0)((l151,lJ,0 BepIllI1H BI1,lJ,01131'vleH5I10TC51not.I - 4500

BbI, paCTHTeJIbHblH: I1 )KHBOTHblH: MI1p, TO eCTb

Ha6JlIO,lJ,aeTC5IBblcornaH nOHCHOCTb. KOJlI1t.IeCTBO

I1COCTaB BbICOTHbIX n05lCOB BAH,lJ,ax, KaK 11B,lJ,py-

nrx ropHbLX paH:OHaX, 3aBI1C5IT 01' HX Wl1pOTHOro

pacrrOJlO)JceHl15I 11BbiCOTbI xpe6TOB. TaK, y nO,lJ,HO-

)KJ15IAH,n 6JI1133KBaTopa npe06Jl3,l.I.al0T BJlIDKHbie

3KBaTOpl1aJIbHble Jleca, a H3 Illl1pOTe Tporrl1Ka - 1500

nOJlynYCTbIHI1. AH,lJ,bl nepeceKalOT Bce KJlI1M3TH-

QeCKI1e n05lca lO)KHoi;t AMepHKH, HO 60JlbIlle

Bcero BbiCOTHa5l n05lCHOCTh BblpIDKeHa B 3KBa-

TOPl1aJIbHbIX Ar-I,lJ,ax (PI1c. 164).

Plllc.164.BbicoTHaSl

nOSlCHOCTb AHA

(Ha IlJ\I1POT8

3KBaTOpa)

Cpep,HVleTeMnepaTypbl

B03p,yxa

H~>Ke O'C

~CHera,lleAHHKH

BblCOKoropHble Ilyra

~

CTeIlSl~HecSl TpaBbl

3500 Ii KycTapHHKH)

. HH3KOpocIlbie AepeBb5t.H KycTapHHKH" .. _'.•••<J"r.

2800 . -.-' :.

CHllbHble BeTpbl

+12 ·cTyMaHbl,X0j10AHble BeTpbl

, +18'C

Cpe,U11 )f(I1BOTHbIX, 06I1TaJOllJ,I1X B AH,Uax, BCTpelJaeTCH rpbI-

3yH IlII1HIlII1JIJIa C OlJeHb u:eHHbIM MeXOM. COXpaHI1JII1Cb ,U11Kl1e

JIaMbI ryaHaKo 11BI1KYHb51 (Pl1c. 165). Ha Herrpl1cTyrrHblx CKaJIaX

rHe3,UI1TC51KOH,UOp - caMaH KpyrlHa51 M T51)f(eJIa51113JIeTalOllJ,I1X

rrTI1U: Ha 3eMJIe, pa3MaX KpbIJIbeB KOTOpOH ,UOCTl1raeT 3 M.

lf3MEHEHlfE IIPlfPO,ll.HbIX KOMIIJIEKCOB. C rrpMXO,UOM

Ha MaTepMK eBporreHu:eB rrpl1pO,UHble KOMrrJIeKCbI IO:>KHOH AMe-

pl1Kl1 CyUJ,eCTBeHHO M3MeHl1JIl1Cb. HblHe rJIaBHbIMl1 3KOJIOrl1lJe-

CKl1MM rrp06JIeMaMM MaTepl1Ka 5lBJI51IOTCH: KaTacTpoqmlJeCKOe

COKpaIlJ,eHMe rrJIOllJ,a,U11 BJIa.IKHbIX 3KBaTOpl1aJIbHbIX JIeCOB

(Pl1c. 166); YMeHbIlIeHl1e I1X BI1,UOBoro COCTaBa; YHI1lJ.TO.IKeHl1e

paCTI1TeJIbHOCTM caBaHH 11 rraMrrbI BCJIe,UCTBl1e

lJpe3MepHoro pacrraXMBaHI1H 11 BbIIlaca CKOTa;

3arp513HeHMe BO,UbIM B03,Uyxa MHorolJ.I1CJIeHHbI-

Ml1 rrpOMhIIlIJIeHHbIMl1 rrpe,Urrpl15ITl15IMM.

ITJIOllJ,a,Ub rrpl1po,UooxpaHHbIX Teppl1TOpl1H

B IO)f(HOH AMepl1Ke He6oJIbIlIa51. ITpaBl1TeJIb-

CTBa MHorl1X CTpaH pemOHa pa3pa6aTbIBalOT Me-

pOrrpl151TM51 rro oxpaHe rrpl1po,Uw, lJTo6w

rrpe,UOTBpaTl1Tb YHl1lJTO)f(eHl1e 3KBaTOpl1aJIb-

HbIX JIeCOB, Be,Ub OHl1 rrpo,UyU:l1pyIOT Kl1CJIOpO,U

)JJI51Bcero 3eMHoro wapa.

PHC. 166. YMeHbweHHe nno~a.QH

Bna)f(HbiX 3KBaTopHanbHbiX neCOB -

O.QHaH3 caMblX OCTpblX 3KonorH-

~eCKHX npo6neM IO)f(Hoiil AMepHKH

(! 3AnOMHIfITE• B IO)KHOU AMepHKe qeTKO npOCJIe)KHBaeTCH He TOJIbKO IDHpOTHaH 30HaJIb-

HOCTb, HO H BbICOTHaH nOHCHOCTb.

• BJIa)KHbIe 3KBaTOpHaJIbHbIe JIeca IO)KHOU AMepHKH He HMeIOT ce6e paBHbIX

Ha 3eMJIe no nJIOIlI,a,UHH a3Ho06pa3HIO BH,UOB aCTeHHU H )KHBOTHbIX.

BonpOCbl1fl 3AAAHIfIs:J

1. PaCCKa)KII1T80 IO)KHOaM8pIl1KaHCKOlil C8nbB8.

2. BCnOMHII1T8, KaKa51 nycTblH51 Ha 3ana,lJ,HOM n068p8)Kb8 A¢PIl1KII1 ¢OpMlI1pOBanacb

B TaKII1X)K8 KnillMaTII1Y8CKII1X ycnOBII151X, KaKATaKaMa.

3. nOY8MY B AH,IJ,aX nOYBbl1ll paCTII1T8nbHOcTb 1I13M8H51IOTC51 C BbICOTOlil?

4. C Y8M CB513aHbl 3KOnOrll1Y8CKII18 npo6n8Mbi IO)KHolil AM8PIl1KII1?

§32. HACEJIEHIIE II IIOJIIITlflIECKAH KAPTA~ • BcnOMHVlTe, n04eMY KopeHHoe HaceneHVle AMepVlKVI Ha3blBalOT V1H,LJ,ec.1u,aMVIoo

W · KaKVle BHeWHVle npVl3HaKVI npVlcyw,V1 npe,LJ,CTaBVlTemlM MOHfonoVlAHoc.1 paCbl?

PACOBbIll COCTAB. ITo KOJIlp..leCTBYHa£~!!~:,.HI15l- 400 MJIH '-lSJ1QBe.. - ..l:C))KHaMMepHK~a,KpOMe BCTpaJ1l1H,ycrynaeT )l;pyrHM HaCeJ1eH-~ .•..,...~~ .. ,~.,.,~.~- ,,~~ """",.,~, ..=~~--."'.•.-r' ~-,t

HbIM MaTepl1KaM. Ib,l:I,aBHCl3)l;e..cb ceJIl1J1l1Cbl1H-)l;e~~rq~_&ieM~Ha (;,rnKH, ~~"¥~),ll».M~P~tkJ~)l;P-)oo"!!!if1eii bl - ~:rQ....n e ..CTaBl1TeJIH l\!.QlI..!:.O...,!LQl!E.-HOM aCbl aMe l1KaHCKOHBeTBl1 (pHC. 167).Yl.JeHble Cl.JHTaJOT,'-ITOOK0J10 17 TbIC. J1eTHa3a,LI,OHH npHlllJIl1 113 CeBepHOHAMepl1Kl1 11""i1OCTeneHHo 3aCemlJIH BeCb MaTepH~J!aeBponeHl.I,bl OTK bUm e H O)l;HHnJ1eMeHaHaXO)l;l1JIl1CbHa nepBo6bITH.OM~IlQ1llie pa3Bl1T!::,.5IH3aHHM cb_c06 aTeJIbCTBOM11OXOTOH,)l;py-~me )0K~ l1MeJIH_.R.~!~~~)l;eJ1l1e l1.2JM~S-

a. eBHl1e l1H U oil a CTBa~eCTBOBaJIl1 BAHLJ:ax.IToCJIe,Ll,HeH11caMOH MO-fyIlJ,eCTBeHHoH 6b~Mriep115I l1HKOB1KOTOpa5IJ1OcTl1"'i'mr'illirl:~oypoi3IDtj5a3BiIT'i15I. EeCu,eH-RbIl:t1ta(fHriliefir]eB '-IeJ10Be~eCTBY~ "KYKYPY3a,KapTOcPeJIb,nQMi1~op;:;,Tbl~a, oo-aco.llb,apaxnc,

•••.•••••••••••••••• H _'" -"'-""~/l¥~'".~-~ ;;

'kOTopble I?acnpOCTpaHeHbI no BceMy Ml1PY.-- IToCJ1e OTKpbIT115IIO)I(HOH AMepl1KI1 nep-

• •••• _. • ."' 1'0 _

BblMl1 Hal.JaJIl1 ee 3aCeJ15ITbucnauu.bl 11noprnJl..-~2MbU.bl"':" npe)l;CTaB~TeJII1 is p oneo H,lJ,H011'p a CbI. B nepl1O)l; K0J10HH3au,HM eBpOneHu,hl

~"", •.."""",, ~

TayaHTIIIHCY~Y,IIInlll CTpaHa "IeTblpex BeTpOB

TaK Ha3blBanOCb rOCYAapCTBO V1H-

KOB, B03HVlKwee B X BooB AHAaxoo TaM

6blno MHOro ropOAOB VIcen, xpaMOB

VI ABOpl(OBoo CTOnVll(a KyCKO pacno-

naranaCb'Ha BblCOTe OKono 4 000 Moo

VlHKVI Bblpaw,VlBanVl KapTO<penb, npVl-

py'mnVl naM VIanbnaKa, KOTopble Aa-

BanVl wepcTb VI nepeB03V1nVl rpy3bl.

nOCTpoVlnVl 0pocVlTenbHble KaHanbl

VI BOAonpoBoA. MecTHble MacTepa

C03AaBanVl YHVlKanbHbie Vl3AenVl51 Vl3

30nOTa, cepe6pa VIMeAVI, nOpa>KaB-

wVle eBponeDil(eB cBoeDi Vl3bICKaH-

HOCTblO. VlHKVI 3HanVl aCTpoHoMVlIO,

<PVl3V1KY,reoMeTpVlIO, MeAVll(VlHyoo Vlx

>KVl3Hb 6blna AyXOBHO 60raToJll, 06

3TOM CBVlAeTenbCTBYIOT MHor04V1C-

neHHble MVI<pbl VI 06p51Abl. B 1533 r,

VlcnaHcKVlDi KOHKVlCTaAOP <ppaHcVlc-

KO nVlcappo B03rnaBVln 3aBoeBa-

TenbH~Di nOXOA npOTVlB VlHKOB .

VlCnaHl(bl 06MaHoM nneHVlnVl Bep-

XOBHOro BO>K,lJ.51.XOT51VlHKVl3annaTVI-

nVl orpoMHblDi BblKyn 30nOTOM, TeM

He MeHee BO>K,lJ.51Ka3HVlnVl, a CTPa, _Hy npeBpaTVlnVl B VlcnaHcKylO'"" -,

KonOHVlIO., ®,

.. - •...- .-. -.~-

Plllc.167.Ir1HAe~l.\bl -KopeHHble>KIIITenlll IO>KHo&-1AMeplIIKIII

PIIIC. 168. naMsHHIIIK nepBblM IIIcnaHCKIIIM nepeceneH~aM,A06111paBwIIIMcSI Ha nOB03Kax BO BHyTpeHHllle pai;joHbl MaTeplllKa (Ypyrsa'-1)

pa3pywaJU1 H rpa6MJTM rraM5I1'HHlOI ,UpeBHeM MH,UeMCKOM KYJlbTY-

pbI, HH,UeMueB OTTeCH5IJ1H Ha HerrpHro,UHble ,UJT5I)[(M3HH 3eMJlH H

rrpeBpamaJIH B pa60B. 31'0 rrpHBeJlO K pe3KoMy COKpamemuo 4HC-

J1eHHOC1'H MeC1'HblX :>KH1'eJ1eM.

..~ XVI - XIX BB.Ll,JI5I pa60TbI J.:!a.o.uaHxa H5IX Haq;CVII1.P1?ll,B2-

3l11'b pa60B H3 A<pPHlOI-=-'npe,b,c1'aBH1'eJ1efLHe-r-pOH,lJ,HOH ·paCbl.

,. B Ha4aJIe XX B. B IO)Kl-Iyro AMepHKY MaCCOBO rrepeCeJl5IJlMCb

npe,UC1'aBM1'eJ1H ,UpyrHx HapO,UOB: M1'aJIb5lHUbI, HeMUbI, pyccKMe,

KH1'aMUbi. Cpe,UH nepCCCJ1CHUCB 6blJ10 MHOro H YKpaHHUCB, OHH

rrpMe3:>KanM npeMMymcc'1'Beri"Ho BnApceHmuHy if Epa:3~ftU:O.eneiJ:OBU1'eJ1bH 0, IO:>KHYJirAMep,l1 Ky 3aCeJ1 HJIH"npe)l"cTa.BHTeJI.J1~ ..TPex OCHOBHblX pac 4CJlOBc'!eCTBa.

~OBAHHE COBPEMEHHOrO HACEJ1EHIDl. Bpe3YJlbTaTe 1'aKora 3aCeJTeHH5I COBpeMeHHoe HaCCJleHMe IO:>KHOM

AMepMlOI OLJeHb necTpoe no HaUHOHaJIbHOMY coc1'aBy. 3a MMHYB-

lime C1'OJ1e1'H5ICOBMecTHoro cymeC1'130BaHM5I MH,Uei1CKMe, eBpo-

rreMCKMe H a<ppHKaHcKne Hapo,UbI, CJ10BHO B cBoe06pa3HoM

rMraH1'CKOM K01'J1e, CMelllaJIMCb Me:>K,Uy C060M. Cero,UH5I Ha

Ma1'epMKe npe06J1a,JJ.aeT<,;\\1ernaHHOe HaCeJIeUHe: nOTOMlOI OTCMe-

lllaHHblX 6paKoB eBponeMueB H HerpOB - MyJlambl, eBporreMueB H11H,UeHUe13 :....:MemUCbl, lffi.ueMueB 11 HerpOB - CQM.6o. O,UH<:mpe- .

MeHHo C paCOBblM11 iiI)J13HaKaM11"cMewMBaJIHcb 513bIKM, 06bl\-IaH,

TPa,JJ.MUMH. B pe3YJib1'a1'e C<pOPMHPOBaJIHCb HOBbIe Hapo,UbI (Ha-

npHMep, 6pa311JTbUbl), B )[(M3HH KOTOpblX 1'eCHO rreperrJ1eTaTOTC5I

HH,UeMCKa5l, eBporreMCKa5I M a<PPMKaHCKa51 KYJIbTYPbI. TIPM 31'OM

naMSITHIIIK

CIIIMOHY

60nlllBapy,

B03rnaBIIIBweMY

peBonlO~IIIIO,KOTopaSi B

Ha"lane XIX B.

nplIIBena K

OCB060>KAeHIllIO

BeHeCY3nbl,

KonYM6111111,

nepy, 3KBaAopaIII 60nlllBIIIIII OT

IIIcnaHCKoro

nopa60~eHIIISI

nO"leMy IO>KHylO AMeplllKy

Ha3blBalOT lIaTIIIHcKoi;j

HaceneHV1e K))l(H01'li AMepV1KiIl pa3ro-

sapillsaeT Ha iIlcnaHCKOM ill nopTy-

ranbCKOM 5l3blKax. 06a OHiIl S03HiIlK-

nill Ha JlaTiIlHcKo'-1 OCHose. n03TOMY

K))l(HYIO AMepV1KY V1CTpaHbl lJ,eHT-

panbHo'-1 AMepV1KV1, r,o,e TaK)l(e pac+_• npOCTpaHeHbl STill 5l3bIKV1,

Ha3blsalOT naT1I1HCKoiii. :.GJ

IPIIIC. 169. AeTIII COCTaBnSlIOT 3Ha"lIllTenbHYIO

"laCTb HaceneHIIISI IO>KHoi;jAMeplIIK\Il

caM06blTHOCTb IO)[(Hoi1 AMepl1KI1 COXpaH5IeTC5IB 5I3biKaX I1Hllei1-

ueB, apXI1TeKTYpe, 11306pa3l1TeJIbHOM I1CKYCCTBe, Olle)K)le, MY3bI-

KaJIbHblX pI1TMaX, Tpalll1u,I15IX 11 lla)J(e KyJII1HapHhlX

rrpI1CTpaCTI151X.

PA3MEIU:EHHE HACEJIEHIHI. B IO)KHOi1 AMepl1Ke HaCeJIe-

Hl1e pa3Mew,aeTC5I HepaBHOMepHO. DOJIbwa51 l-IaCTh rrpO)KI1BaeT

Ha rr06epe)Kb5lX OKeaHOB 11B 3arrMHbIX pai10Hax AHll. IT OTHOCTb

HaCeJlem15l TaM COCTaBJl5leT 100 y:eJI.jKM2. 06Wl1pHble BHYTpeH-

HHe TePPHTOPHI1 nO':ITH 6e3JIIOllHble. 01l06Hble pa3JIWIH5I 06yc-

JIOBJIeHbl rrpl1pOllHbIMH YCJIOBI151MHMaTepHKa H I1CTOpHeH ero

3aCeJleHH5I.

llOJUITl¥IECKAH KAP1'A.bOTIblliy\HC1BO ClpaH \O)K1-\OR fu.,\e-

pl1Kl1 B rrpOWJIOM 6blJIH KOJIOHH5IMI1 cnaHUU .opmyca/lUU a

He3aBHCI1- a Tb 0 peJIH B OCHOBHOM B Hay:aJIe B. ITOCKOJIbKY

OT KOJIOHl1aTJbHOrO rHeTa OHI1 oCB060lll1JIl1Cb paHbwe, y:eM cTpa-

HbI A<PPI1KI1, TO ypoBeHh pa3BHTI151 y HI1X BbIllle. Ho Bce OHH OT-

HOC5ITC51K pa3BI1BaIOw,I1MC51CTpaHaM. KpYIlHeHllll1e no nJIow,MI1

rOCYllapCTBa IO)J(HOH AMepl1Kl1 cocpellOTOl:IeHbI Ha paBHI1HHOM

UH<!>paMH0603Ha"eHO. i1 rB3Aenyna (<l>p.)2 AOMHHHKa3 MapTHH"Ka (<l>p.)4 CeHT-I1IOCHR5 CeHT-BHHceHT H

rpeH3AHHbl I6 6ap63Aoc7 rpeH3A38 AHTHnbcKHe O-Ba (HHA.)9 Apy6a (HHA.)

P",c.170.non"'TlIIlleCKaSi

KapTa

IO>KHoi1 AMep1ll1{1II

1. Ha30BII1Te KpynHeVi-

wli1e no nnoll.\a,o,1i1

cTpaHbl IO>KHOM

AMepIi1KIi1.

2. KaKli1e CTpaHbl He

Ii1MelOT Bblxo,o,a K MOP5lM

Ii1 OKeaHaM?

3. KaKli1e cTpaHbl

ropHble, a KaKli1e -

paBHIi1HHble?

4. Ha30BIi1Te cTpaHbl,

pacnOnO>KeHHble B

6acceMHe AMa30HKIi1.

5. CTOnli1l.\bl KaKIi1X

cTpaH ne>KaT Ha no6epe-

>Kbe?

6. OxapaKTepli13YMTe

reorpaepli1YeCKOe

nOnO>KeHli1e 5pa3li1nli1li1,

ApreHTIi1Hbl, nepy.

PECnY6J1Lt1KAnEPY

• 1,3 MnH KM2

t 28 MnH ~en.@J1I11Ma

BOCTOKe.3TO EfJa3UflUfl, Ap2~HmUHa, BeHeCy:3fla (pHC. 170). 3Ha.-Y:HTeJIbHbIeiepPl1TopHi1-H pa3Hoo6pa3Hble npHpo,nHble 60raT-~CTBa HMelOT AH,ncKHe CTpaHbI: gUflU, Ile 2:: OJlJ!M..~11iJ. OflU~Ufl,'3KBa op. - - .

IIEPY. no nJIOlll,a,nl1 3TO TpeTb5I CTpaHa MaTepHKa. OHa HMeeTBbIXO,nK TUXOMy oKeaHy. D epy - cTpaHa llpeBHI1XIJ,HBHJIH3aIJ,Hti,cBoe06pa3Hblti apXeOJIOrWiecKHti My3eM IO)KHOMAMepHKH.

IIpHpo,na cTpaHbI OTJIWIaeTC5IKOHTpaCTaMH:cyxoe n06epe-)J(be H BJIa)J(HYIOCeJIbBY pa3,neJI5IIOTAAllbI, P5IllOM C nJIo,nopo,n-HbIMH llOJIHHaMl1 npOCTl1paIOTC5I6eCnJIOllHbIe nycTblHH.

DOJIOBHHy HaCeJIeHHH cTpaHbI COCTaBJIHIOTl1CnaHO-5I3blY:-Hble='iiepyaHIJ,bl) nOJI013vrar=--4ifH;B,@:1GKHefIaPUllbI (KeY:ya, aWMapaWiI.P:). I1~ B ITepy,nila rocy,napcTBeHHbIX 5I3bIka - HcnaH-

-crof'1r~~eY:ya. HH,neMIJ,bI)I(l1BYTnpeHMymeCTBeHHo BceJIax.Pa3BHTHe X03HHcTBa 3_a H5IIOTn H ollHbleYCJIOBH5I:Ha

n06epe)l(be Olll,ymaeTC5I ,ne¢HIJ,HT BO,nbIM5I 0pOllleHH5I, Ha BOC-TOKe, HanpOTHB, ee H36bITOK, H 3eMJIH Hy)I(llaIOTC5IB oCyllleHHH.

/ lJepe3 BCIOcTpaHy B,nOJIbOKeaHa npOCTHpa- .eTC5IKocma - Y3Ka5InOJIoca 3acyrnmIBoro no-6epe)l(b5I, r,ne KJIHMaT )I(apKHM H cyxoti. HaopOlllaeMbIX 3eMJIHXTaM Bblpalll,vIBalOT XJIon-'-IaTHHK11caxapHbIti TpOCTHHK(pHC. 172). Cbep-pa - rOpHa5I '-laCTb, 3aHHMaIOlll,aH TpeTbTeppHTopHH CTpaHbl, 311eCb )I(HBeT rIOJIOBl1HaHaCeJIeHl15I. DJIOCKOrOpb5I - 3TO KPati ropHbIXJIyroB C npeKpaCHbIMH nacT6Hlll,aMH M5I KPyn-HOro poraToro CKOTa, OBeIJ" o,nOMalllHeHHbIXJIaM H aJIbnaKa. Bblpalll,HBalOT KapTO¢eJIb, KY-KYPY3Y,a BHH3KOroPHbIX patioHax - Ko¢e, Ka-Kao, 4ati. fopbI 60raTbI py,naMH IJ,BeTHbIXMeTaJIJIOB, rIO 3anacaM npe06JIa,nalOT Me,nHblepy,nbI. BOCTOY:HYIO'-laCTbDepy 3aHl1MaeT ceflbBa

Ha3BaHI-1e nepy npol-1CXOAI-1T OT

peKI-1B/I1PY, I-1nl-1n/l1PY, 4TO, B03MO)l(-

HO, Ha OAHOM 1-13I-1HAeilicKI-1X H3bl-

KOB 03Ha4aeT peK8. Ha3BaHI-1e CTO-

nl-1~bl fl/l1Ma TaK)I(e CBH3blBalOT C

Ha3BaHI-1eM peK/I1 P/l1M8K8 (B I-1CKa-

)I(eHHoili epopMe).

TpaAIII~1II0HHoeIllHAe~CKoenOH~O3TO HaKI-1AKa, KOPOTKI-1i1i nnaw, 1-13

nnOTHoili wepCTHHoili TKaHI-1, yKpa-

weHHoili reOMeTpl-14eCKI-1M pl-1CyH-

KOM. nOH40 He3aMeHI-1MO BO BpeMH

BepXOBoili e3Abl, B xopowylO nOWAY

cny)l(l-1T wapepOM, B He-

.HaCTbe - OAeHnOM.

- 6eCKpaHHI1e JIeCa, Cpe,ll,l1 KOTOphIX Hecyr CBOl1 BO,ll,hl

AMa30HKa 11ee MHoroYI1CJIeHHble rrpI1TOKl1. PeKl13,n:eCb

51BJI5IIOTC5IOCHOBHblMl1 rryr5lMl1 C006w.eHI151. Ha AMa-

30HKe Haxo,n:I1TC5Ipe4HOH nopm HKumoc - caMblH Bbl-

COKl1H rrYHKT, Ky,n:a ,ll,OCTl1raIOT cY,ll,a. B JIecax

3arOTaBJIl1BalOT ,ll,peBeCI1HY, co611palOT COK reBel1.

ropHO,ll,06bIBalOw.a51 rrpOMbllllJIeHHOCTb cneUl1aJIl1-

3l1pyeTc5I Ha ,ll,06bIye Me,ll,HbIX, CBI1HUOBblX 11 UI1HKO-

BblX py,ll" 30JIOTa 11 cepe6pa. MI1HepaJIbHOe Chlpbe

3KcnopTl1pyeTc5I B ,ll,pYfl1e CTpaHbl, HO pa3BI1BaeTC51 11

co6CTBeHHa51 UBeTHa51MeTaJIJIyprl15l. 3JIeKTp03Heprl11O

Bblpa6aThIBalOT Ha f3C.Oepy - CTpaHa-pbI6aK Ml1pOBOro 3HayeHI15l. JIOB5IT

Cap,ll,I1Hbl, aHYoycbl, ,n:pYfl1e MopenpOJJ:YKTbI. Ha no6e-

pe)l(be pa60TalOT KpynHhle pbl6orrepepa6aTblBalOml1e

npe,n:npl151TI151. Pa3Hoo6pa3Ha51 npo,n:yKUI15l CeJIhCKoro

X0351HCTBa (Ko¢e, XJlOnOK, caxap, lllepCTb OBeu 11JIaM)

BbIB03I1TC5I B ,ll,pyrl1e CTpaHbI.

•••(!)3AnOMHl1TE

• HaCeJleHHe IO)KHOH AMepHKU COCTOHT H3 npe)l,CTaBHTeJleH Tpex OCHOBHblX

pac qeJlOBeqeCTBa, 3TO CBH3aHO C HCTopHeH 3aCeJleHHH MaTepHKa.

• COBpeMeHHoe HaCeJleHHe CllJOpMHpOBaJIOCb B pe3YJlbTaTe CMernaHHblX 6paKOBKopeHHblX )KHTeJleH (HH,ll,eHlI,eB) C nepeCeJleHlI,aMH (eBpOneHlI,aMH H allJPHKaH-

lI,aMH).

• Ha TeppHTopHH MaTepHKa HaCeJleHHe pa3MeUlaeTCH HepaBHOMepHO: n06epe)KbeH 3ana)l,Hble paHOHbl Au,ll, 3aCeJleHbi ryCTO, a BHYTpeHHHe - nOqTH 6e3J1IO)l,Hble.

• HaCeJleHHe llepy 3aHHMaeTCH npeHMYUleCTBeHHO CeJlbCKHM X03HHCTBOM, Ha

MHpOBOH PblHOK CTpaHa nOCTaBJlHeT lI,BeTHble MeTaJIJlbl, pbl6y, KollJe, rnepCTb,

XJIOnOK, caxap.

PIIIC. 172. BblpalJ.4l11BaHllle

caxapHoro TpocTHIIIKa

BonpOCbl 113AAAHl1S11.npe,Ll,CTaBI.1Tenlll KaKII1XOCHOBHblX pac 3acens:1nIl1IO>KHylO AMepll1Ky?

2. PaCCKa>KII1Te0 cOBpeMeHHoM HaCeneHII1I11IO>KHOIIIAMepIl1KII1.

3. Ha KaKII1X5l3blKaX roBOp51T B CTpaHax IO>KHolII AMeplllKill ? C 4eM 3TO CB513aHo?

4. KaKoBbl oco6eHHocTill reorpaepll14eCKOro nOnO>KeHII151cTpaH IO>KHolII AMepIl1KII1?

5. KaKllle npll1pO,Ll,Hble 60raTCTBa nepy cnoco6cTBylOT pa3BII1TII11OnpoMblwneHHOCTIll

111cenbCKoro X0351IllCTBa?

rEorPAcPWiECKASl3AAA"IAnonb3Y51Cb,Ll,aHHbIMIll 0 KOnll14eCTBe HaCeneHII1511l1nnOLU,a,LJ,1I1MaTepll1Ka, onpe,Ll,enlllTe

Cpe,Ll,HIOIOnnOTHOCTb HaCeneHII151. CpaBHII1Te 3TOT nOKa3aTenb C COOTBeTcTBylOUJ,lI1-

Mill nOKa3aTen51MII1 B ABCTpan 111111111Aeppll1Ke. KaKllle epaKTOpbl, Ha Baw B3fn51,Ll"Bnll151IOT

Ha nnOTHOCTb HaceneHII151IO>KHOIII AMepIl1KII1?

Cl>EAEPATLi1BHASIPECnY511Li1KA5PA3Li111Li1S1

• 8,5 MnH KM2

t 182 MnH <ten.

@ 5pa3111nllla

~ • BcnOMHIIITe, KaKoe Bnlll51Hllle Ha pa3BIIITllle X035'lG1cTBacTpaHblOKa3blBalOT npV1poAHble ycnoBIII51.

EPA3HJIlUI. 3TO H3116oJIbllla>I no nJIOI.U3,Il1111HaCeJIeHI1IO cTpa-

Ha IO)J(HOH: AMepl1K11. aHa HaCTOJIbKO BeJll1Ka, QTO rpaHl14l1T

nO':lTl1 co BCeMl1 CTpaHaMI1 MaTepl1Ka. B npOlllJIOM Epa311JIl15I

6bIJIa KOJIOHl1eH: J]opmyzafluu, a HblHe -- caMaH pa3B11TaH CTpaHa

IO)[(HOH: AMepl1Kl1.

IIpHpo,lJ.a OrpOMHOH: CTpaHbl pa3Hoo6pa3Ha. 3TO l1 AMa30-HUH- uapcTBo BJI3)[(HOrO 3KBaTOpvlaJIbHOrO JIeca, l1 Epa3UflbCKoenflocKozopbe C caBaHHaM11 l1 peUKOJleCbeM. JIec AMa30Hl1l1 - l1C-

TOlfHl1K ueHHoro Cblpb>I: npeBeCl1Hb[, KOTOpa5I l1CnOJIb3yeTcH B

nepeBoo6pa6aTblBaIOI.Ueiii npOMbIlllJIeHHOCTl1; COKa reBel1 AJI>I

nOJIYlfeHl1H Kay4yKa; opexoB - ueHHbIX mlI.UeBbIX npoAyKTOB;

JIeKapCTBeHHbIX paCTeHl1M, l1CnOJIb3YlQI.UI1XC5IB Me,lJ.l1UHHe. EI.Ue

O,LJ,HO6oraTcTBo - BonHble pecypcbl. B Ml1pe HeT MeCTa C 60JIee

rycTOH: pe'lHOH: ceTbIO, qeM 6aCCeH:H AMa30HKu. Epa3HJIbCKOe

nJIOCKOrOpbe - «)[(eJIe3HOe cepAue» cTpaHbl - rJlaBHbIH: npo-

MbIlllJleHHblH: paMOH, rAe ,LJ,06bIBaIOT PYAbI 4epHblX l1 UBeTHblx

MeTaJIJIOB. PeKl1 6pa3l1JIl111 60f'aTbl rH,LJ,p03HepmeH:.

60JlbWa5I qaCTb HaCeJIeHHH pa3rOBapl1BaeT Ha nOPTYraJIb-

CKOM 5l3blKe H )[(J1BeTB ropo,LJ,ax. Puo-ae-)J(aHeiipo - ropoA -Cl1MBOJI

6pa3HJlHH, ero C':ll1TaIOT OJ~Hl1M H3 caMbIX KpaCHBblx B. M11pe

(pHC. 173). Epa3UJlUa - HbIHelllH5IH CTOJI11ua, ee B03BeJl11 50 JIeT

Ha33,Il B reorpaqmqeCKOM ueHTpe roCYAapCTBa. CaH-J]aYflY- Kpyn-

HeH:llll1H npOMbllllJIeHHbIH: ropo,lJ. He TOJIhKO Epa311JI11I1,HO 11BCeH:

IO)[(HOH: AMepl1Kl1 (P11c. 174). B 6bITY HaCeJIeHI1H oTo6pa3l1JlJ.1Cb

TP3,Ill1Ul1l1 11o6bI4aH nOpTYfaJIbueB, l1H,LJ,eMueB,HerpoB. ITopTY-

raJIbUhl 060raTl1JIH HOBylO pOnHHY CROl1M 5I3bIKOM 11apXHTeKTY-

PIIIC. 175. ABToMo6111necTpoeHllle - OAHa 1113BeAY~IIIX OTpacnei.1 X03S1i.1cTBa Eipa3111nllllll

Pa3Aen IAlbi __ ~'oV At. : ,~*'"$i.--'" ""-0Q. k'r~ p<:- "'"'V _

t --~ t • ~ It' W -Ff+""''''''( ,~~~,!.-\ \wCaMbiu nonynRpHblU BU,q \~::~~~cnopTa B 6pa3~1m1V1 - cj:Jyr60n, I1nV

6pa3V1JlbCKall cPYT60nbHall c60p-Hall - nIlTV1KpaTHbiil1lJeMnV10H MV1pa,a 6pa3V1nbcKV1i11 cj:Jy-r60JlV1CT nene(3,o,COH ApaHTec ,o,y HacV1MeHTY),e,o,V1HcTBeHHblil1 TpexKpaTHblil1 lJeM-nV10H MV1pa no cj:JyT60ny, npV13HaHJlYlJWV1M cnopTCMeHOM XX BeKa.

Ha3BaHV1e 6pa3unufl npOV1cxo,o,V1TOT ,o,epeBa nay-6pa3I11fl, ~13KOTOpO-ro nepBble nopTyranbcKV1e nepece-neHlJ,bl V13raTOBJ15U1V1IlpKO-KpacHylOKpacKy. A Ha3BaHV1e Puo-,qe-)f(a-Heupo npe,o,nO>KV1n AMepV1ro Bec-nylJlJV1.Kor,o,a era Kopa6nV1 6POCV1JlV1$1KOPIl B 3aJl~lBe, MopennaBaTenbOWV160lJHO npV1Hlln ero 3a YCTbenonHoBo,o,Hoil1 peKV1 V1Ha3BaJl P1I10-

,lJ,e-)f(aHeilJpo - PeKa >1HBapR,nocKonbKY 3TO CJlY'-lV1JlOCbEl 51HBa-pe 1502 r. A co BpeMeHeM TaK >KeHalJaJlV1Ha3blBaTb ropo,o,.

pOM. OT J1HLI,CM:U.CBHaCCJlCHJ1C 3aJ1MCTBOBaJIO

YMCHI1C nJlCCTH raMaKJ1, KOBpOBbIe J13,1J.CmUI,

CyMKH H Ll,a)Ke KphllllJ1 ,1J.OMOBB cCJlax. C acPPH-

KaHcKoM KyJlhTypOM CB513hIBaIOT npa3L1,HI1KH-

KapHaBaJIbI - C)KerOLl,HhIC MaCCOBhIC rYJl5IHl15I B

51PKJ1XKOCTlOMaX, MaCKax, C TaHu.aMH H yJlWI-

HbIMH WCCTBH5IMJ1.3m TPMJ1IJ;J151COXpaHJ1JlaCh

C TCX nop, KOrLl,a HcrpbI-pa6hI nOJlY'laJIH HC-

CKOJlbKO Ll,HCMOTLI,bIXa nOCJlC c60pa ypo)Ka5l. Bnpa3J1JH111 CCMyaC )IGIBYT 300 TbIC. YKpaHHu.CB,

COXpaHI1BlllJ1X H CBOM:513hIK, H TPMI1l(HH.

B pa3BJ1TJ1J1x 0 3 SfHCT Ba5pa3l1JlI1J1 Ha6JlIO,1J.aJII1Ch«caxapHa5l»

11«30JlOTa5l» JIHXOpMIC11, 3aTCM - «KOcPCM:HhIM:»H «KayYyKoBhIM»

6yM. HhIHC B CTpaHC ycnclllHo pa3BJ1BaCTC5I npOMhIlllJICHHOCTh.

3aJIC)l(I1 nOJlC3HhIX I1CKOnaCMhIX (113 HC,1J.PI1X ,1J.06hIBaIOT 60JlcC

50 BJ1,ll,OB) cnoc06CTBylOT pa3BJ1TI1IO ,1J.06hIBalOlll,CM OTpaCJlJ1.

CTpaHa BhIITJlaBJl5lCT MCTa.nJl, BhIITycKacT aBTOM06J1JlJ1 (pHC. 175),CaMOJlCThI, TpaKTOphI, cY,1J.a,COBpCMCHHylO 3JlCKTPOHI1ry.

5pa3J1JlI151 - c-rpaHa pa3BJ1Toro CeJIbCKOrO X03SfHCTBa.

Pa3Aen II-l-0\'~~Af+.

4,«1 ~f:~~~ ~

;':::;'e'% _,'~~ CaMblM H3SeCTHbiM 10)1{-'?~IfHn\,,,,q HOaMepHKaHCKHM TaHeL( -

TaHra, Era 3HalOT so SeeM MVlpe, Ho

6blTyeT MHeHVle, 4TO TonbKO apreH-

TVlHl\bl MOryT TaHl\esaTb TaHro C He-

npes30illAeHHOill CTpaCTblO,

PECnY6mJlKAAPrEHTioiHA

• 2,8 MnH KM2

t 38 MIlH •.•ell.

@ 6Y3Hoc-Aiiipec

ITPMp0,LlHble YCJ10Bl15I(3KBaTOpMaJIbHbIH H cy6-

TpOnWIeCKMH KJ1I1MaT, nJ10,Ll0p0,LlHble nOqBbI)

6J1arOnpM51THbl,LlJ15l BblpawymaHM51 pa3Ho06pa3-

HblX KYJ1bTYp. HeKOTopble H3 Hl1X BblpalIJ,HBaJoT

,LlJ151npo,Ll(l)J(}l B ,Llpyme cTPaHbI. HanpHMep, or-

pOMHbIe nJIOlIJ,a,UH 3aHHMalOT nJ1aHTau.HH Ko¢e

H KaKao, no npOH3BO,LlCTBy KOTOpbIX Epa3HJ1M51

5lBJ151eTC51MHPOBbIM J1M,LlepOM(pHC. 176). CTPaHa TaIOKe O,LlHH H3

KpynHeHllll1X B MHpe nOCTaBlIJ,HKOB caxapa, 6aHaHoB, CH3aJI5l. ,LJ,Jl5I

c06CTBeHHbIX nOTpe6HoCTeH BbIpalIJ,HBaIOT KYKYPY3Y, nweHHu.y,

¢aCOJ1b H ,Llpyme KyJ1bTypbI. B caBaHHax H CTenHbIX paHoHax

Pa3BO,Ll5lTKpynHblH poraTbIH CKOT M oBeu..

Epa3MJ1M51 - CTPaHa nOJ1HOBO,LlHbIX peK 11KPynHa5I MOpCKa51

,Llep)((aBa, n03TOMY KOCHOBHblM BH,LlaM TpaHcnopTa OTHOCHT-

C5I BO,LlHbIH. TIoBceMecTHo, ,Lla)((e B Tpy,LlHO,LlOcTynHbIx paHoHax •

AMa30HHH, np0J10)((eHbI aBTOMarHCTpaJIM. Epa3MJ1H51 - J1H,Llep

IO)((HoHAMepHKH B pa3BHTHM TypH3Ma. E)((erO,LlHOTblCWIH Ty-

pMCTOB Cbe3)((aIOTC51 B PHO-,Lle-)I(aHeHpo Ha caMblH KpaCOqHblH

KapHaBaJI, KOr,Lla YJ1MUbI ropo,Lla 3an0J1H5IIOT TOJ1nbl J11O,LleH,

nOIOlIJ,HX JiITaHu.ylOlIJ,I1X 3(l)J(}1raTeJ1bHbIH TaHeu. caM6y.

APfEHTMHA. 3TO BTOpa5I no nJ10lIJ,a,UH CTpaHa IO)((HOH AMe-

PMKJiI. OHa 3aHJilMaeT BeCb IOrO-BOCTOK MaTepJilKa. Ha npOT51)((e-

HMJiI Tpex CTOJ1eTI1H ApreHTI1Ha 6blJ1a JilCnaHCKOH K0J10HJileH.

3Ha'-lJilTeJ1bHbIe pa3Mepbl CTpaHbI npe,Llonpe,LleJ151JOT pa3Ho06pa-

3Me n p H P O,Llbl : Ha ceBepe - 3HOH, Ha lOre nO,LlCTynaeT J1e,Ll51Ha51

AHTapKTM,Lla, Ha 3ana,Lle - BbIC5ITC51AH,Llbl, a Ha BOCTOKe - He-

0603pl1Mble CTenHbre paBHI1HbI.

Cpe,LlM HaCeJIeHH$I JilH,LleHu.eB MaJIO, 11)((HByT OHM B OT,Lla-

J1eHHbIX paHOHax. B OTJ1Ji1QMeOT .uPYfl1X CTPaH IO)((HOH AMepl1KM

B ApreHTJilHe MHOro nOTOMKOB He TOJlbKO JilCnaHCKI1X nepeCeJ1eH-

ueB, HO 11I1TaJIb5IHueB, aHrJl114aH, <ppaHUY30B,

PYCCKl1X, yKpal1HueB, KOTOpbIe npl16blJll1 B

Ha4aJIe XX B. C HOBOM BOJlHOM nepeceJleHueB.

0<pI1Ul1aJIbHbIM 5l3b1K - I1CnaHCKI1M. HaceJle-

Hl1e rrpmKI1BaeT npel1MYJl.1,eCTBeHHO B roPO,Uax,

paCnOJlO:>KeHHbIX Ha n06epe:>Kbe. B CTOJll1ue

EY3HOC-Aupece cOCpe,UOT04eHa TpeTb BCerO

HaCeJleHI151CTpaHbl (Pl1c. 177). B ropo,Ue MHoro

3,UaHI1M, nOCTpOeHHblX BO <PpaHUY3CKOM CTI1-

Jle, n03TOMY era '1aCTO Ha3bIBaIOT «TIapl1:>KeM

lO:>KHOMAMepI1KI1». CeJlbCKOe HaCeJleHl1e Bce-

rna 6bIJlO HeMHOr04I1CJleHHbIM, He,UapOM 06

ApreHTI1He rOBOp5lT, 4TO 3TO CeJlbCKOX0351M-

CTBeHHa5l CTpaHa 6e3 KpeCTb5lH.

ApreHTI1Ha - O,UHa 113 Hal160Jlee pa3BI1TbiX

CTpaH lO:>KHOM AMepI1KI1. Cpe,U11 OTpaCJleH

n p 0 M bI 1lI,JIe H HOC T" Bbl,UeJl5leTC5l MaWI1HO-

CTpOeHl1e, B 4aCTHOCTI1 aBTOM06I1Jle- 11cy,UO-

CTpoeHl1e. ,U06hIBaIOT He<pTb, npl1pO,UHbIH ra3,

6yphiH yrOJlh, PYAbl 4epHhIX 11UBeTHbIX MeTaJI-

]lOB. Ha I1X 6a3e pa60TaIOT He<pTenepepa6aTbI-

BaIOI..Ua5l npOMhlWJleHHOCTb 11 MeTaJlJlyprl15l.

Pa3BI1BaIOTC5l rrl1I..UeBa5l, rrpe:>K1I,eBcero M51cone-

pepa6aTbIBaIOI..Ua5l, 11JlerKa5l (TeKCTI1JlhHa51 11

KO:>KeBeHHo-06yBHa5l) OTpaCJlI1.

CeJIbCKOe X03~HCTBO AaeT npoAyKUI1IO, KOTOpa5l 5lBJl5l-

eTC5l OCHOBHblM I1CT04HI1KOM 'uOXOAa ApreHTI1HbI. C pa3BI1TI1eM

osueSOACTBa 11pa3BeAeHI1eM KpynHora poraToro CKOTa CTpaHa

CTaJIa MI1POSblM np0l13BOAI1TeJleM WepCTI1 11M5lCa. Ha cesepe, Ha

paSHI1HaX rpaH-lfaKO, B YCJlOBI151X TpOnl1'1eCKOrO KJlI1MaTa,

B Ha4aJle XVI B. l-1CnaHCKl-1e3aBoe-

BaTeJll-1Ha3BaJll-1TeppillTOpl-11O ApreH-

Tl-1Hbl fla-nnam, 4TO 03Ha4aeT Ce-pe6pRHaR.HoBoerOCYAapCTBO,B03-

Hl-1KWee B 1826 r., nOJlY4l-1JlOHa3Ba-

Hl-1eApreHTHHa (OT JlaTiIlHCKoro ap-IeHTyM - cepe6po). Ho cepe6pa

TaM He OKa3aJlOCb. rJlaBHblM 60raT-

CTBOM ApreHTl-1Hbl CTaJll-1 He Apara-

l.\eHHble MeTaJlJlbl, a 06Wl-1pHble na-

cT6l-1U.\a l-1nJlOAOpOAHble 3eMJll-1.

nyreweCTBHe B cnOBOII1cnaHcKl-1~ KOHKl-1CTaAOP neAPO Ae

MeHAoca B 1536 r. Ha n06epe)l(be

3aJll-1Ba OCHOBaJl nopT ill Ha3BaJl era

nY3pTo-,qe -Hy3cTpa - CeHbopa-,qe- CaHTa-MapHSl- ,qe-noc- 6Y3-Hoc-Aillpec - nOpT Hawei1 mcno-)f(V1CBRTOi1 MapV1V1/l,06PbIX BeTpOB.nOcTeneHHo BOKpyr nopTa B03Hl-1K

ropoA. Pa3YMeeTC>I, TaKl-1M AJll-1H-

HblM Ha3BaHl-1eM HeYAo6Ho nOJlb30-

BaTbC>I, n03TOMY OCTaBl-1Jlill ABa

nOCJleAHiIlX CJlOBa - 6Y3HOC-AiII-pec - Jl,06pb1X BeTpOB.

BblpaWYlBalOT XJ1OTP-J.a1'HI1K,1J,I11'PYCOBble, PI1C, LJaJ1HbIH KyC1'.

DPOC1'OPbI flaMnbl - YI).l,eaJ1bHble nacT6I1lua. PaHbwe TaM )f(I1JU1

TOJlbKO OXOTHI1KI1 11rayqo - J10BKI1e Hae3).l,HI1KI1 (PI1c. 178). CeH-

LJac OHI1 )f(I1BYT B He60JlbWI1X yC3).l,b6ax-xy1'opax (paHYo) 11pa60-

TalOT Ha )J(J1BOTHOBO).l,LJeCKI1X¢epMax. BclO )f(I13Hb rayLJO npOBO).l,5I1'

B ce).l,J1e, 06be3)l(a51 orpOMHbIe C1'a).l,a. DaMna - 31'0 1'aK)f(e

He0603pI1Mble nOJl51 nWeHI1UbI, KYKYPY3bI, nO).l,COJ1HeLJHI1Ka. B

ueJIOM 31'01' paHOH ).l,ae1' 90 % CeJ1bCKOX035IJ1CTBeHHOH npO).l,yK-

Ul1I1 CTpaHbI. B nOJlynyc1'bIHHOJ1, npO).l,Y!3aeMOJ1 BeTpaMl1 flama-20HUU BbmacalOTOBeu (Pl1c. 179). B npea20pbflXAHa paCKI1HYJll1Cb

mIaH1'aUHI1 UI1TPYCOBbIX 11 BI1HOrpa).l,HI1KI1. ApreHTl1Ha I1MeeT'

cOBpeMeHHblH PbI60JlOBelJ,KI1H ¢J101', K01'OpblJ1 0pl1eHTl1pye1'C5I

npel1MyweC1'BeHHO Ha J10B TyHua.

)KeJ1e3HO)lOpmKHbIH, aBTOM06I1J1bHbrJ1, MOpCKOJ1 H B03).l,yW-

HblJ1 1'paHcnop1' 06eCneLJI1Bae1' rpY30Bble 11 naCCa)f(I1pCKI1e

nepeB03KI1.

I13 )laJ1eKI1X IO)l(HOaMepI1KaHCKI1X CTPaH B YKpal1HY nOCTYITae1'

pa3Ho06pa3Ha5l npO).l,yKUl15I: 113EPa3l1J111I1- M5ICO, Ko¢e, aneJ1b-

CI1HOBblH COK, J1erKOBble aB1'OM0611J111,06YBb; 113ApreHTHHbl -

COH, pbI6a (xeK, MI1HTaii\), KaJ1bMapbr, M5ICO, ¢PYKTbl (aneJ1bCHHbl,

J1I1MOHbl, rpywH, BI1HOrpM). I13 HaWeJ1 CTPaHbl B Epa3HJ1111O11

ApreH1'I1HY Be3YT Ml1HepaJ1bHble y).l,06peHH5I, Me1'aJ1J10npOKaT,

C1'aTTbHbleTPy6bl, nO)lWl1nHl1KI1, 3HepreTl1LJeCKOe 060py).l,OBaHl1e .••(!> 3AnOMH~TE ~I----------------------,

• npa3HJlIUI, ApreH1'HHa H nepy - KpynHeHIDHe no nJlom.a,lJ,H H HaCeJleHHIO

C1'paHbI IOJKHOH AMepHKH.

• Epa3HJlHSI HMee1' pa3BH1'ylO npOMbIIDJIeHHOCTb; 31'0 O).l,HHH3 MHpOBblX JlH).l,epOB

no npOH3BO,lJ,C1'ByKo€lle, KaKao, 6aHaHOB, caxapa, XJlOnKa, CH3aJISl.

• ApreHTJma O1'HOCH1'CSIK KpynHeHIDHM MHPOBbiM npOH3BO,lJ,H1'eJlSlMIDepC1'H,

MSlca, IDKYP, 3epHa.

BonpOCbl ~ 3AAAH~SI

1. KaKltle npltlpO,lJ,Hble ycnOBltlflltl pecypcbl cnoC06CTBOBanltl TOMy, YT06bl 6pa3ltlnltlfl

CTana SKOHOMlI1yeCKltlM nltl,lJ,epOM IO>KHOVIAMepltlKltl?

2. no npOltl3BO,lJ,CTBy KaKoVl npO,lJ,yKLJ,ltlltl6pa3ltlnltlfl flBnfleTCfl MltlPOBblM nltl,lJ,epoM?

3. nOyeMY B ApreHTltlHe xopowo pa3BltlTO >KVlBOTHOBO,lJ,CTBO?

4. B KaKltlX HanpaBneHltlflX B03MO>KHO pa3BltlTltle SKOHOMltlyeCKltlX cBfl3eVl Me>K,lJ,Y

rocY,lJ,apcTBaMltllO>KHoVl AMepltlKltlltl YKpaltlHoili?

rEorPACI>WiECKASI 3AAA~A

npe,lJ,CTaBbTe, YTOBbl neTltlTe B 6pa3ltlnltllO Ha 3HaMeHltlTblVl KapHaBan. BpeMfl BblneTa

caMoneTa ltl3 KltleBa - 14 Y40 MltlH. YTo6bl npeO,lJ,OneTb paCCTOflHltle Me>K,lJ,yKltleBOM ltl

PltlO- ,lJ,e->KaHeilipo, nOHa,D,06ltlTCfl He MeHee 13 Y. nO,lJ,CYltlTailiTe, KaKltlM 6blno nOflCHoe

BpeMfl B Pv10-,lJ,e->KaHeVlpo nocne nOCa,lJ,KltlB asponopTy.

~-----------(~~-y-p-O-Be-H-L~)

1. IOjKHa.ll AMepJlKa HaXO,ll;JlTC.lI6JIJl3 MaTepJlKa:

a) AQ;>pMKa; 6) EBpa3M.lI; B CeBepHa.l1 AMepMKa; r) ABCTpaJIM.l1.

2. IOjKHa.ll AMepJlKa paCIIOJIOjKeHa B IIOJIyllIapJl.llX:

a) BOCTO~HOM; 6) 3arra~HoM; fu))IO:>KHOM.

3. CaMa.l1 IIOJIHOBO,ll;Ha.llpeKa B MJlpe - 3TO:

a) OpMHOKO; 6) IIapaHa; B) AMa30HKa; r) MapaKaM60.

4. CaMa.ll BLICOKa.ll BepllIJlHa AH,ll; - 3TO:

a) KOTorraxM; 6) AKoHKarya; B) TMTMKaKa; r) "IJMM60paco.

5. BJIajKHLIe 3KBaTOpJlaJILHLIe JIeca Ha3LIBaIOT:

a) CeJIhBOM; 6) rraMrrOM; B) ray~o; r) rrOH~O.

6. CaMLIe XOJIO,ll;HLIepaMoHLI IOjKHOH AMepJlKJI paCIIOJIo:w.:eHLIHa:

a) lOre; 6) ceBepe.

7. HaJl60JILllIJle KOJIOHJIJIB IOjKHOH AMepJlKe JlMeJIJI eBpOIIeHCKJle

CTpaHLI:

a) IIcrraHM.l1; 6) IITaJIM.l1; B) IIOJIhllIa; r) IIopTyraJIM.l1.

8. CaMLIM pa3BJlTLIM rocy,ll;apCTBOM Ha MaTepJlKe .lIBJI.l1eTC.lI:

a) Bpa3MJIM.l1; 6) IIepy; B) KOJIyM6M.l1; r) ApreHTMHa.

(IIypoBeHL )

9. Ha30BMTe rrepBooTKphIBaTeJIeM M MCCJIe~OBaTeJIeMIO:>KHOMAMepMKIL

10. KaKMe IIOJIe3HhlepaCTeHM.l1paCTYTBOBJIa:>KHhIX3KBaTOpMaJIhHhIXJIecax?

11. KaKMe :>KMBOTHhle06MTalOT B caBaHHax IO:>KHOMAMepMKM?

12. KaKoMy 3aKoHy IIO~~MH.l1eTC.l1CMeHa IIpMpO,n;HhIX KOMIIOHeHTOB

(IIO~B, paCTMTeJIhHOCTM,:>KMBOTHOroMMpa) B AH~ax?

13. KaKMe rpYIIIIhI HaCeJIeHM.l1IIO.l1BMJIMChB IO:>KHOMAMepMKe B

pe3YJIhTaTe CMellIaHHhlX 6paKoB?

14. PaCCKa:>KMTe06 oc06eHHOCT.l1XX03.l1MCTBaBpa3MJIMM.

(III ypoBeHL )

15. KaKMMM IIPMPO~HhIMMMMPOBhIMMpeKop,n;aMMCJIaBMTC.l1IO:>KHM AMe-

pMKa?

16. IIo~eMY IO:>KHa.l1AMepMKa - caMhIM BJIa:>KHhIMMaTepMK Ha 3eMJIe?

17. KaKMe IIOCJIe~CTBM.l1~JI.l1IIPMPO~HhIX KOMIIJIeKCOBM HaCeJIeHM.l1

MMeeT MHTeHCMBHa.l1Bhlpy6Ka JIeCOBAMa30HMM?

18. )J;oKa:>KMTe,~TO AH~hI - MOJIO~hlerophI, e~e He 3aBepllIMBllIMe

CBoero Q;>OpMMpOBaHM.l1.

(IY YPoBeHL)

19. IOr "IJMJIMM 3aIIa~ KOJIYM6MM Ha3hIBalOT «MOKPhIMM yrJIaMM»

IO:>KHOMAMepMKM. IIo~eMY MX TaK Ha3hIBaIOT? KaKOBa IIpM~MHa

IIepeyBJIa:>KHeHM.l13TMX paMoHoB?

20. 06'h.l1CHMTe, IIo~eMY AMa30HKa IIOJIHOBo,n;HaKpyrJIhIM ro~.11 rearpa'll"". 7 KI1.

AHTAPKT~AAnJlow,aAb - 14 MJlH KM2

HaCeJleHLi1e (BpeMeHHoe) - 1 000 4eJlOBeK

CpeAH$l$l BblCOTa - CBblwe 2 000 M

Hm'1BbICWa$l T04Ka HaA y. M. -

MaCCIi1B BIi1HCOH (5140 M)

§ 34. fED WlECK EH HCCJIE,UOBAHHE

~ •• BCnOMHIi1Te,rAe Ha 3eMJle pacnpOCTpaHeHbl nOKpOBHbleJle

KTO OTKpblJl AHTapKTIi1AY?

fEOfPAUqECKOE nOJIO)l(EHHE. AHTapKTI1D.a - y!:!!!.:.KaJ1bHbIH ~aTeI?J:tK,,,~HerrOXO)l(J1H Hl1 .Ra O,1JYfH113KOHTI1HeHTOB

3eMJlI1.,..AHTapKTI1,Ll,a rrOKpbITa MOllI,HbIM Jle)l,5IHbIM rrOKpoBO .•

.JTb~ 06 CJlOBJl.!1!la.ID.I.:He_IOlJ.bK~O~o§e.!,!H~rr.l2!1 o~o

TaIOKe <poP~Y ~. p",!:?~e bI MaTepl1~a.

-3T0 «MaTepI1K Ha Kpmo CBeTa», pacrrOJlO)l(eHHbIH Ha 3HalIJ -

TeJIbHOM paCCT05IHI1I1 OT HaCeJIeHHOH CyllJl1. OT 6,lIucanrn

IO)l(HOH AMepl1KI1 ee OT)l,eJI5IeTWI1P0Kl1H_(6omil OG.O..Ja.!iue7lJjeuKa. AHTapKTI1)l,a 'JI-e5KHiBO IOJ/CHOZOnOflloca. ITIT JIHOCTbIO3a WJ/CHbi;i nOMpHt:tM KpyZOM (Pl1c. ). 3IDlOn KO-.-

TImelrnlOfjJy)KaeIC11Bo ThMy=rrOJI5IpHoii' HOlfl1. B JIeTHl1e .1_- ~ "- ..o- -,, ---Pi1C. 180. KapTa

AHTapKTi1Abl

1. OxapaKTeplt13yVlTe reorpa-

<plt1ljeCKOe nOnO>KeHlt1e

AHTapKTlt1,D,bl.

2. KaK pa3Mew,eHlt1e AHTapK-

Tlt1,D,blBnlt1S1eTHa ee nplt1po,D,-

Hble ycnOBlt1S1?

3. l,D,e npOXO,D,lt1TrpaHlt1lJ,a

AHTapKTlt1Klt1? KaKOBbl pa3nlt1-

ljlt1S1Me>K,D,yAHTapKTlt1,D,OVllt1

I AHTapKTlt1KoVl?

4. Ha30Blt1Te rocy,D,apCTBa,

HaYljHble CTaHlJ,lt1lt1KOTOpblX

pa6oTalOT B AHTapKTlt1,D,e.

5. l,D,e pacnOnO>KeHa aHTapK-

Tlt1ljeCKaS1 HayljHO-lt1CCne,D,OBa-

TenbCKaS1 CTaHlJ,lt1S1YKpalt1Hbl?

MAPWPYTbl 3KCnE,lJ,ltIL(ltIii1 C L.

___ ) ~~~9~~g2~Yir~Ha~Ila3apeBa-----AMyHAceHa 1911·1812rr.---+ CKOTTa 1911·1812.rr..!-9!!7j~~~ Mapwpyrbl COBeTCK~X ~CCJ1eA08aHH~

UbI CG.lHlle He. ~CKaeTC7L3aJ0J2.i!.~!~yr-

_~YIK.W Ha...illJ1P_OJ~ OOJUIPJ:!.9J.Q Kpyra

o.17IpHa7I HOYb npO)J,OJDKaeTC7IO)J,Hl1CyrICl1, a C

.JBvDKeH HeM)< -nOJllQc. een1l-oJiQ:[!!Kvi~Jib-

:tOCTb B03paCTaeT. Ha caMOM nOJ1IOce nOJIro)J,a

, 0 CYTOK) )J,JIl1TC7IHOYb 11n'OJIro)J,a - ~eHb.-~

- AHTapKTH)J,alte)l(HT BueHTpe IO>KHOHnO~7Ip-

Hoil 06J1aCTl1, KOTOpylO B npOTl1BOn0J10)I(HOCTb

..-tpf,:mUKe - ceBepHOH nOJ17IpHOH 06JIaCTl1

Ha3bIBaIOT AHmapKmUKOU. BHeWH7I7I rpaHl1ua

-\JnapKTl1Kl1 npOXO)J,l1T B OKeaHe np116JI11311-

- lbHO no 50 - 600

10. W., OLIepYl1Ba7I nJ10111a)J,b,

'OTOpa7I COCTaBJ17IeTOK0J10 ljlO nOBepXHOCTl1

"'.\1Horo wapa.

fllOlllaLl,bAHTapKTl1)J,bl nOYTl1 B)J,Bapa3a npeBbIwaeT nJIOillMb

Tpam1l1. Ee 6epera - 3TO npel1MyweCTBeHHO BbICOKl1e H OTBec-

Cible .1elliIHble 06PbIBbI. Ha MaTepl1Ke eCTb TOJ1bKO O)J,I1.H60J1b-

mon nOJIyoCTpOBOB - AHmapKmUtteCKUU.O.JbI lO.lKHoro OKEAHA. Eepera AHTapKTl1)J,bI OMbIBaIOT-

"SI BOllaMH lO)l(HbIX yaCTeH THXOro, ATJ1aHTl1y.eCKoro 11I1H)J,HH-

_.-oro OKeaHOB. YCJ10BHO l1X Ha3bIBalOT JOJlCHbtM OKeaHOM. Y

- peroB AHTapKTl1)J,bI OH 06pa3yeT OKpaHHHbIe MOp7I: Y300eJlJla,Ee..ullHccaY3eHa, Pocca, AMyHoceHa H )J,p.

BO.Jbl lO)l(Horo OKeaHa xapaKTep113ylOTC7I KpaHHe HH3Kl1Ml1

-'" mepaTypaMl1. 3HMOH TeMnepaTypa BO)J,bI Ha nOBepXHOCTI1.

aB..l7IeT -2 ...+1°C, J1eTOM BO)J,HbIe MaCCbI «nporpeBaIOTC7I»

_0 - 30c. COJ1eHOCTb He npeBbIwaeT 35 %0 BCJIe)J,cTBHeonpecHe-

~mI BOLIbI TalOIlll1Ml1 atic6epraMl1. B 60JIbWOM KOJIl1yeCTBe OHl1

:IaBalOT B lO)l(HOM OKeaHe 113HMOH, 11J1eTOM (Pl1c. 181).

npOIt1CXO>Kl\eHlt1eHa3SaHIt151AHTapK-

TII,p,a CS513aHO C He6oM. ApKTOC(Me.D.Be.D.b) - TaK Ha3blSanlt1 Apes-

Hlt1e rpeKIt1 C03Se3AIt1e 50nbwolii

MeASeAIt1lJ,bl. Tepp\.1TOplt151 sOKpyr

CesepHoro nOnloca, pacnOnO>KeH-

Ha51 nOA 3TIt1M C03Se3AIt1eM, nony-

ylt1na Ha3SaHIt1e APKT/IIKOC (Mbl ro-

SOPIt1M - ApKT/IIKa). A npOTIt1S0nO-

nO>KHbllii ApKTIt1Ke paliioH sOKpyr

IO>KHoro nonlOca 3eMnlt1 Ha3blsa-

lOT AHTapKn1KO~ (aHTH 03HayaeT

HanpOT/IIB). OTCIOAa It1 Ha3SaHIt1e

AHTapKTHp,a - HanpOT/ilB APKT/IIK/II.

Pille. 181.BOAbl

IO>KHoro OKeaHa

Pa3Aen II+o\'~bI_A;+.()

(1."1 .)~~;:';;:;' "Y

I !~,~% ...._~\;-~ CaMoe ,qRUHHoe Te'le-~ - ,0~i;';fn#f.(/ HUe B Mlitpe - 3TO Te4eHlite

3anaAHbiX BeTpoB. Era npoHDKeH-

HOCTb COCTaBmleT 30 TbIC. KM.

lO)l(HblH OKeaH - Hal160JIee 6YPHa5I 'iaCTb

Ml1pOBOro OKeaHa: 3)],eCb 'iaCTO 6bIBalOT lllTOP-

MbI 11BbICOKJ1eBOJIHbI. 3TO 06b5ICH5IeTC5I BJIl15I-

HHeM nOCT05IHHbIX 3ana)],HbIX BeTpOB. BaHTapKTH4eCKl1X Bo)],ax OHI1 06yCJIOBJIHBalOT .

MOIliHoe melfeHue 3anaOHbix Bemp08, r)],e nOTOK BO)],bI WHpHHOI1

1 300 KM nepeMeIliaeTC5I BOKpyr NlTapKTH)],bI C3ana)l,a Ha BOCTOK.

CKOPOCTb 3TOH «BO)],HOH KapyceJII1» COCTaBJUleT 3,5 KM/'i.

KaK ApeBHlI1e rpeKII1 «HaWnll1" HCTOPlUI OTKPbITlUI. <1>aKTbl6HOrpacPHJ1

AHTapKTII1AY AHTapKTI1)],bl TaK )l(e He06hI'IHbI, KaK ee npl1po-

Y4eHbie aHTlit4HOCTIit nplitwnlit K Bbl- )],a. Bbl ~e 3HaeTe, 4TO OHa 6bTJIa OTKpblTa no-

BOAY, 4TO COOTHOWeHlite cYWIit lit 3)],Hee, 'ieM )],pyrl1e MaTepl1KI1, - TOJIbKO B XIX B.

MOp51 B CeBepHoM lit IO)f(HOM nony- XOT5I 0 CYIlieCTBOBaHHI1 Hel13BecTHoro IO)l(HOrowapl-151X AOn)f(HO 6blTb npIit6nl-13l-1-

MaTepl1Ka rOBOpl1JIH ellie )],peBHl1e rpeKH. 3aTenbHO OAIitHaKOBbIM. lI1Ha4e, pa3-MblWn51nlit OHIit, HapywlitTC51 paBHO- 300 JIeT )],0 OTKpblTl15I AHTapKTH)],y MO)KHO 6bG10

BeClite, lit 3eMn51 nOCT051HHO 6YAeT i yBH)],eTb HaCTapHHHbIX reorpacPHLlecKHx KapTax:06paLl\eHa K ConHu,y CTOPOHOVI C ITpaB)],a, pa3MeIlieHJ1e 11OllepTaHI15I 3ararrO'iHO-

60nbweVl MaccoVl.lI1MeHHo npeAno- ro MaTepl1Ka 6hIJIH YCJIOBHblMI1 (Pl1c. 182).naraeMblVl MaTeplitK Ha lOre Aon)f(e.H.. B XVII. I B. MHome HCCJIe)],OBaTeJII1nblTaJIHCbypaBHoBeWIitBaTb 1it36blTOKBOAHOVI . __ -.7--~-- --:-._- ..,

nOBepXHOCTIit B IO)f(HOM ".. ?~b1TIe~T~11 M~~~,:..~~CTOI1~HBO I1CKalnonywaplitlit. .•. I\J)l(H)'IO 3'em11011 aHfJI~HC~_~ ~ope.nJIaBaTe.lb

.- ~)'K:-Bo-Bpe-M5I cBoero BTOpOro KPyro-

cBe!!!Qf-O-IIJJaBal:!!:!5CiT77,? - lJ7?.I.LeJ.Q ..napycHI1KM ..m~peceKJllI

l())KHbIH nOJl5IpHblH KPyr. .L1p Cl1Xnop HI1 O)],HOCy)],HOHe 3axOLII1.10

~ I-la iOr.H eCK<:)jThKo)],HeH MopeXO)],bI np06l1BaJIHCb CKB03b

JIe)],5IHble 3aTopbI, HO CnJIOWHhle JIb)],bI nperparrl1JIH )],aJIbHeHWee

npO)],BH)l(eHl1e Ha 1Or.,l],. KYK OTKPhIJI PM OCTpOBOB 11BepHyJIC5I

y6e)l()l,eHHeM, 4TO lO)KHbIH MaTepHK OTKpblTb HeB03MO)KH0.

PII1C. 182. KapTaA6paxaMa

OpTenll1Sl(1570 r.),

Ha KOTOPOVI

HaHeceH

Helit3BeCTHblVl

MaTeplitK

Ha lOre

CnYCT5f 45 JIeT 3TO C,lleJIaJB1POCCMHCKl1eMO-pefUIaBaTeJIM. Ha nOf1CKl1MaTepMKa Ha lOre OT-npaBf1JIaCb 3KCne,llI1UM5I no,ll pyKOBO,llCTBOM([>aiJiJeJl De.n.tlUIlCzaY3ella M MuxaUJla JIa3ape6a.reorpacPf1lleCKMe KapTbI Toro BpeMeHM f1 Tex~leCT 6bIJIM Ol.feHb npI16JII13I1TeJIbHbIMM. Mop5I-KH WJIf1HeM3Be,llaHHbIMI1MOPCKl1MMnpOCTopa-~111K HeM3BeCTHOMY «6eJIOMy n5ITHY». JH~,llHa~1ep3aJI Ha OCHaCTKe Cy,llOB, BHf13 CbInaJIl1Cb.1eJ5fHble COCYJIbKf1,CHer 3aCTMJIaJI naJIy6y. Ho_IOP5IKf1My)KeCTBeHHOnpO,llBMraJIMCbBd:~,llaJIbWe Ha lOr Ha napyc-HbIXcyll,ax. OHM BnepBble nOll,OWJII1HaCTOJIbKO6Jlf13KOK 6eperaM~taTepMKa, l.fTOyBI111,eJII1era JIe,ll5IHOHnOKpOBo\;'[aK.aJ820r.---615ma_OTKpblTa AHTapKTHll,a. Bo BpeM5I nJlaBaHf151 <D. EeJ1-;;MHcraY3eH f1\1':Jhr3ape'BHa;:;ec]i;; Ha KapTY 30 OCTPOBOB.

Ho nOHall,06I1JIOCb eme nOl.fTM CTOJIeTMe, l.fT06bI IO)KHa5I3e~1J15I, M306pa)KeHHa5I Ha CTapMHHbIX KapTax rpeKOB, 06peJIapea lbHbIe OLfepTaHI15I.

3KCIlE,ll,IUI,IUI K IO)KHOMYIlOJIIOCY.51pKl1e MTpafl1l.feC-Klle CTPaHI1UbI I1CC'1eJJ.OBaHf15IAHTapKTl11l,bfCB5I3aHbl C nOXO,llaMf1B r:Iy6b KOHTI1HeHT3, K Tpyll,HO,llOCryDHOMyIO)l(HOMy nOJIIOcy. B"OHue 1911 r. OTn06epe)Kb51 K nOJllOcy OmpaBMJIf1Cb ll,Be3KCne,llJ1-lilliI- HOpBe)KCKa5I Pyll.ilJl AMYIl()cella M aHrJlf1MCKa51 o6e]iina(J\.omma (PI1c. 183). IIyr-b CMeJIbl.faKaM nperpa)Kll,aJIM CYPoBhfelOpo3br;"HeMcToBble BeTpbl, onaCHble Tpeml1Hbf-npOnaCTI1 BO

.Th.1ax. HecMoTp51 Ha npen5ITCTBI151P. AMyHll,CeH C TOBapl1maMf1, -l.J.eKa6p51 1911 r. ,llOCTf1rIO)KHoro nOJIlOca. nonyr-Ho OHI1MCCJIe-.J.0Ba.111npl1JIeralOmylO MeCTHOCTb.

LIepe3 341IH5I, 18 5IHBap511912 r., K IO)KHoMy nOJIIOcy ,ll06pa-.TII b f1 mnepo OTBIDKHbIXaHrJIMLfaH. Ho TaM y)Ke 6blJI BO,llpY)KeHi-i0pBe)KCKI1H cPJIar. B yrHeTeHHOM COCT05lHI1f1P. CKOTT Hero

PI1C. 183. MapwpyTbl 3KCneAloll.4lot~

P. AMyHAceHa lotP. CKoTTa

06pe •.•eHHaH Ha Be"'Hbl~ xonOA

3m CTpaHa 06peYeHa npVlpo,ll,oi1 Ha

BeYHbli1 Xono,ll,. OHa nVlweHa COnHey-

HOro Tenna VI CKpblTa no,ll, MOUJ,HbIM

cnoeM HVlKOr,ll,aHe TalOUJ,VlXnb,ll,OB VI

CHera. EcnVl B raBaHb Boi1,ll,eT KO-

pa6nb, TO OH plllcKyeT BMeP3HyTb B

ne,ll,~Hoi1 OCTpOB VI OCTaTbC~ TaM

HaBCer,ll,a.

,ltJKeHMc KYK, 1775 r.

106lotne~HaH

MeAanb

K 150-neTIotIO

OTKpblTIotH

AHTapKTIotAbl

«SOPOTbCH lot

IotCKaTb, He Ha~TIot-'

lotHe CAaBaTbCH»

Ha MeCTe rlll6enlll OTP~-

,ll,a Po6epTa CKOTTa

YCTaHOBlllnlll TpeXMeT-

POBbli1 KpeCT Vl3 Kpac-

Horo ,ll,epeBa. Ha HeM, ~

no,ll, VlMeHaMIII norlll6-

WIIIX, BblCeKnIll cnOBa, IIIcnonHeHHble

rny6oKoro CMblcna:

«60pOTbC~ III IIICKaTb,

He Hai1TIII -

III He C,ll,aBaTbC~»_

r Pa3Aen II

o I.IeM paCCKa3blBaeT KapTaAHTapKTliIAbl

feorpaep\l1'-1eCK\I1e Ha3BaH\I151 Ha Kap-

Te AHTaPKT\I1Abl oTo6pmKalOT Me)l(,lJ,y-

HapOAHbliii XapaKTep ee \I13Y'-leH\I151.

V1MeHaM\I1 \I1CCneAOBaTeneiii \113ABCT-

pan \11\11, ApreHT\I1Hbl, 6en br\l1 \11, Ben\l1-

Ko6p\l1TaH\I1\11, fepMaH\I1\11, HopBer\l1\11,

6blBwero COBeTcKoro COI03a, CWA,

cD paH lJ,\I1\11,WBelJ,\I1\11, L.!\I1n\l1, IO)I<Hoiii

AepP\l1K\I1, s:lnOH\I1\11,nOnbW\I1, V1HA\I1\11,

K\I1Ta51, YKpa\l1Hbl \11APyr\l1x CTpaH Ha-

3BaHbi MOp51, 3an\l1Bbl, 6yXTbl, OC-

TpOBa, MblCbl, 6epera, 3e IIiIn \11,

ropHble BepW\I1Hbl.::--

cnYTHI1KI1 OTrrpaBI1JlI1Cb B 06paTHbIH IT)Tb ..

n06epe:>KblO. noroLl,a 6blJla He6JlarorrpI15lTHasI..

He XBaTaJTO npOLl,OBOJlbCTBVI5l, JlIOLI,I1YCTalH II

6bIJll1 06MOpO)((eHbi. BCKope Bce OHI1 nom6.lJl.

Bo BcrrOMOraTeJlbHOM OTp5l,lle, KOTOpbIH Ha

nepBOM ::Hane conpOBQ)K)laJT P. CKOTTa K nO.llO-

cy 11BepHYJlC5l Ha rr06epe:>Kbe, 6bIJl 11YKpal1HeU

ARmOH O.MeAb1teHKO. O,llHa 1136YXT B AffTapKHU

HOCI1Tero I1M5I- OMeJlb<feHKO.

COBPEMEHHbIE I1CCJIE,I(OBAHII5IBceCTopOHHee 11 CI1CTeMaTI1yeCKOe I1CC~le.lO-

BaHI1e AHTapKTI1L1,bI Ha'IaJlOCb B cepelIlfH

XX B. Me)((LI,Y pa3HbIMI1 cTpaHaMI1 6bI.10

3aKJlIO'IeHO Me)((LI,YHapOLl,HOe COrJlaWeHII .

npOB03rJTaUIalOlllee CB060,llY HaYYHbIX I1CCJleLl,OBaHI1MB Jl106bLX

paHOHax AflTapKTI111bI 11I1CnOJlb30BaHl1e MaTepVIKa TOJlbKO B

Ml1pHblX IJ.eJl5Ix. Ha ero Teppl1TOpI111 3anpelllaeTC5I pa3MeweHn

BoeHHbIX 6a3, 1l06bI'Ia nOJIe3HblX I1CKOrraeMbIX VICTpOI1Te.1JbCTBO

npOMbIWJleHHbIX npellnpl15ITI1H. AHTapKTI111a - 3TO MaTepn •

HaYKI1 11Ml1pa.

C Tex nop Ha JlellOBOM MaTepl1Ke Ha'IaJTI1 C03L1,aBaTbHa)rqHbI~

CTaHIJ.I1I1, Ha KOTOpblX nOCT05IHHO pa60TalOT yyeHbIe 113pa3HbIX

CTpaH. Ka)((lJ,blH noxOll BO BHyTpeHHl1e paHOHbI rrpVIHoCYLl HG-

BbIe OTKpbITI15l. Ml1p Y3HaJT 0 rl1raHTCKI1X JlellHI1KaX, BbICO

ropHblx xpe6Tax, nOJle3HbIX I1CKOnaeMblx, oc06eHHocTSL

KJlI1MaTa I1 OpraHI1'IeCKOrO Ml1pa. Ha nOMolllb I1CCJle,llOBaTe.l.ID

npl1UIJlI1 caHHO-TpaKTopHbIH TpaHcnopT, HayqHO-I1CcJle.lOBa-

TeJlbCKl1e cYlla, aBl1aIJ.I151, I1CKYCCTBeHHbIe cnYTHI1KI1 3e'1L1I .

DJlaroLl,ap5I 3TOMy yLl,aJTOCbI1CCJleLl,OBaTb I1 HaHeCTI1 Ha KapTbi

p5lLl, MaJT0I13Y'IeHHbIX paHOHOB.

CeH'IaC B AHTapKTl1L1,e Ha 38 CTaHIJ.I15lXpa60TalOT yqeHble 10

17 CTpaH. Me)(()],yHap0,llHOe COTPYllHI1'IeCTBO nOMoraeT ;m:KB -

Ll,l1pOBaTb «6e{lble IT5ITHa» AHTapKTI1L1,bI.

reOJIOrH l1CCJIe).l,YlOT COCTaB ropHblX nOpO).l" reOMOp¢OJIOrH -

nOMe).l,HbIH peJIbe¢, fJI5IIJ,110JI0fl1 - JIe).l,51HOH nOKpOB, 6110JIo-

rl1 - OC06eHHOCTl1 )!(113Hl1 paCTeHl1H 11 )!(l1BOTHbIX B CypOBblX

yCJIOBl151X, OKeaHOrpa¢bl - npl1aHTapKTI1l.JeCKl1e BO).l,bl, MeTeO-

pOJIOrl1 Ha6JIlO).l,alOT 3a nOrO).l,OH.

Ha CmaHlJ,UU «AKaaeMUK BepHaaCKUU» C 1996 r. pa6OTalOTyKpa-

Y1HCKl1e Yl.JeHble (PYlc. 184). OHl1 I1CCJIe).l,YIOT JIe).l,Hl1Kl1, reOJIorl1-

y.eCKoe CTpOeHl1e, KJIl1MaT, np116pe)!(Hble BO).l,bl, BJIl151HHe

cypOBblX npl1pO).l,HbiX YCJIOBI1H Ha opraH 113M l.JeJIOBeKa. ECTb 11

HayYHbIe OTKpbITI151. B l.JaCTHOCTI1, 06Hapy)!(eHbi 6aKTepl1l1, aK-

TI1BHO nOfJIOll.l,alOll.I,l1e T5J)!(eJIbie MeTaJIJIbl, pa3pa60TaH HOBbIH

MeTO).l, npOrH03l1pOBaHI15I 3eMJIeTp5ICeH11 H.Pe3YJIbTaTbI HayYHbiX I1CCJIe).l,OBaHI1H HaJIe).l,OBOM KOHTI1HeHTe

11Me lOT BCenJIaHeTHOe, fJI06aJIbHOe 3Hal.JeHl1e. Be).l,b AtuapKTI1).l,a

l.Jepe3 IJ,l1pKyJI5IlI,I1ID aTMoc¢epbI 11BO).l,Ml1pOBOro OKeaHa BJII151eT

Ha npl1po).l,y BceH 3eMJII1. HayYHble ).l,aHHble I1CnOJIb3YIOTC5I LIlI5I

nporH03a nOrO).l,bl BO Bcex yroJIKaX nJIaHeTbI, LIlI5I 06eCneQeHI15I

parrI10CB5I311, npOKJIMbIBaHl15I MOpCKI1X 11aBl1aMaprnpYTOB Me)!().l,y

~raTepl1KaMI1 lO)l(Horo nOJIyrnapl15I. ].1cCJIe).l,OBaHl1e AHTapKTl1).l,bI

ITpOll OJI)!(aeTC5I.

3HaKHa YKpa~HcKoi:t

Hay"lHoi:tCTaH'-'~~

3AnOMHHTE• YHHKaJIbHOCTb H cBoe06pa3He AwrapKTH,lJ,bI3aKJIlOIJaIOTCSI B Y,lJ,aJIeHHOCTHOT lIeH-

TpOB IIHBHJlH3aIlHH, pa3MellleHHH 3a lO)KHblM nOJI5IpHblM KpyroM, HCKJlIOIJHTeJIb-

HO CYPOBblX npHp0,lJ,HblX yCJlOBIffiX, B OTCYTCTBHH nOCTOSlHHoro HaCeJleHHSI.

• AwrapKTHKa - 3TO lO)KHaSi nOAApHaH 06J1aCTb 3eMJlH, KOTopaSl BKJllOlJaeT AuTap-

KTH,LJ,yH npHJIeralOlIIHe BO,lJ,b1Tuxoro, ATJlaHTHlJeCKoro H HH,lJ,HHCKOro OKeaHOB

BMeCTe C OCTpOBaMH.

• AuTapKTH,lJ,a 6blJla OTKpbITa pOCCHHCKOH 3KCne,lJ,HIIHeH <1>. neJIJlHHcraY3eHa H

M. JIa3apeBa (1820 r.).

AuTapKTH,lJ,a - MaTepHK MeJK,1l,yHapO,lJ,HOrO COTpY,lJ,HHIJeCTBa, r,lJ,enpOBO,lJ,S1THC-

CJle,lJ,OBaHHSIYtJeHble H3 pa3HblX CTpaH MHpa.

BonpOCbIH3AAAHH~)~-------------------------------1. KaKoBbl cBoVlcTBa BO,LJ,IO>KHOIO oKeaHa?

2. PaCCKa>KIt1Te 06 OTKPblTlt11t1AHTapKTIt1,LJ,bl.

3. nonb3YHcb plt1c. 183 Ha c. 165, «npoVl,LJ,It1Te» MapwpyTaMIt1 nYTeweCTBeHHIt1KOB K

IO>KHoMy nonlOcy. PaCCKa>KIt1Te 06 3KCne,LJ,It1LJ,It1HXP. AMyH,LJ,CeHa It1P. CKoTTa.

4. KaKlt1e It1CCne,LJ,OBaHIt1HnpOBO,LJ,HTCHceVl4ac Ha MaTeplt1Ke?

5. KaKoB BKna,LJ,YKpalt1HcKlt1x Y48HbiX B Me>KAyHapO,LJ,HOe It1CCne,LJ,OBaHlt1eAHTapKTIt1,LJ,bl?

nPAKTW"ECKA~ PAEiOTA1. a KOHTYPHOLiiKapTe 0603Ha4bTe It1nO,LJ,nlt1WIt1TeIO>KHbIVinonlOc. nO,LJ,nlt1WIt1TeHa3Ba-

,\I1HMopeLii Y3Menna, 6ennlt1HCray3eHa, Pocca It1AHTapKTIt14eCKOIO nonyocTpoBa.

~ • BCnOMHlI1Te, KaKlI1e ¢OPMbl penbe¢a npll1YPO'-leHbl

"U K nnaT¢opMaM, a KaKlI1e - K CKnaA'-IaTbIM 06naCH1M.

fEOJIOfHqECKOE CTPOEHHE. B ,llaJIeKOM rrpOlll.10. I .

AHTapKTW).l,a BMeCTe CA<j)pHKOH, ABCTPaJIHeH H IO)KHOH AIvleplI-

KOH rrpe,llCTaBJI5IJIH C060M e,llWHbIH MamepUK FOftaeaHy. B OCHOBa-

mm JIe,llOBOrO KOHTHHeHTa JIe)l(l1T ,llpeBH5I5I ,llOKeM6pwikKa5I

AHmapKmU'1eCKafl nflamcjJopMa. <:DYHlIaMeHT

ITJIaT<j)opMbI CJlaralOT MeTaMopcPWleCKHe II

MarMaTl1yeCKHe ITOP0).l,bI, rrpeHMYllleCTBeHHO

rpaHI1TbT. CBepxy era rrepeKpbIBalOT OCalIOYHbI

OTJIO)l(eHI151. nJIaT<j)opMe COOTBeTCTBye-:-

paBHHHHbIH peJlbecP. B 3arralIHOM YacTI.

AHTapKTI1,llbI B aJIbrrHMCKYIO 3rroxy rapoo6pa-

30BaHI151 C<j)OpMl1pOBaJlaCb CKllaalfama.06flacmb. B peJIbe<j)e eM cooTBeTcTBYIOT ropbl.

rrO,llH5IBIIIl1eC5I B,llOJIb pa3J10MOB 3eMHoH KOpbl.

MHJlJll10HbI JleT Ha3a).l, B AHTapKTl1lle 6bLl

TerrJlbIM yMepeHHbIM KJII1MaT, Ha MaTepHKe POCJII1 XBoHHbTe II

6yKoBble Jleca. 06 3TOM CBI1,lleTeJlbCTBYIOTOCTaTKI1,llpeBHl1X pa -

TeHI1H 11)I(I1BOTHbIX, o6Hap~eHHble B OCa,llOYHbIX OTJIO)l(eHJI5IX.

OJIe,lleHeHl1e HaYaJIOCb OKOJlO 20 MJlH JIeT Ha3a,ll, I1 C TeyeHue.

BpeMeHI1 KOHTI1HeHT rrOKpbIJIC5I MOW.HbIM JIe,llHI1KOM. no.J er

,llaBJIeHl1eM 3eMHa51 rrOBepXHOCTb BI1).l,OH3MeH5IJIaCb, 06pa30Ba-

JII1Cb rrpOrW6bI. CeMyaC OT,lleJIbHble yyaCTKI1 MaTepl1Ka .1e:iKa-

Hl1)1(eypOBH5I MOp5l.

,Il,BAPEJIhEAAHTAPKTH,lJ,hl. AHTapKTI1,lla COCTOI1TKaK Ohl

KaMeHHbie CBIIIAeTenlll

reonor3KCneAlI1~1I1111,npOBOAlI1BWe~

nOA pyKOBOACTBOM P. CKona lI1C-

cneAOBaHlI1~ B AHTapKTlI1Ae B 1901 -1904 rr., Hawen OKaMeHeBWll1e oc-

TaTKlI1 ApeBOBlI1AHoro nanOpOTHlI1Ka

1I1nnaCTbl KaMeHHoro yrn~ B ropax.

3TlI1 HaXOAKlI1 nOATBep)l(AaIOT, YTO

MlI1nn1l10Hbi neT Ha3aA B AHTapK-

TlI1Ae 6bln COBceM

APyro~ Knll1MaT...•.•...•.. ---

Plllc.185.

KapTbl

nOBepxHocTIII

AHTapKTIIIAbl

1. no KapTaM neAHlI1KOBOrO

nOKpoBa 1I1nOAneAHOrO

penbeepa CpaBHlI1Te BlI1A

nOBepXHOCTlI1 AHTapKTlI1Abl.

2. Ha30BlI1Te KpynHe~wlI1e

wenbepoBble neAHlI1KlI1. rAe OHlI1

pacnOnO)l(eHbl?

3. KaKlI1X WlI1pOT AOCTlI1ralOT

nnaBYYlI1e nbAbl neTOM?

4. KaKO~ penbeep npeo6naAaeT B

AHTapKTlI1Ke - paBHlI1HHbl~ lI1nll1

ropHbl~?

5. rAe pacnOnO)l(eH BynKaH

3pe6yc?

J1EJ\HHKOBbIH nOKPOB, ...(

/. . All

M '~ 3AnAAHMl '~5000 ~ AHTAPKH1AA AHT6p"KH1AA 5-::r ro .•.__ "__ ~

;~~~l-~--//~-------"---" flU:;:~:;:;:arr '''~f~2000 '-....-.-----.-/j '--" /1 '\1000 .'--.-~J~=~ '--. ,/'-\.~---v ~j

o --= - -- ~ f1eAHI-1KOBbl~ nOKpoB C=::J nOAlleAHbl~ pellbccjl

Plllc.186.np0<!llllnbnOBepxHocTIIIAHTapKTIIIAbl

H311BYX«3T<DKel1:»:CBepxy - JTellHHKOBbIMnOKpoB, CHIBY - c06-TBeHHO MaTepHK (pHC. 186).

MOlllHbIM JIe1lHHKOBblH nOKpOB (1l0 2 000 - 4 000 M) no-KpbIBaeT nO'-lTI1 BeCb MaTepl1K. OH HMeeT BH,ll,KYTIOJIa,npl1nOll-H5ITOrOB ueH'TpaJIbHOM '-IaCTI1.TOJII.Ll,aJIblla 1leJIaeT AHTapKTI111YaMbIM BbICOKI1M MaTepl1KOM 3eMJII1 (cpellH515I BblCOTa 60JIee

_ 000 M). Jlell5IHa5I nOBepXHOCTb 06YCJIOBJII1BaeT o1lHo06pa3HbIH.1aHllwaq:n Ha orpOMHblX npocTpaHcTBax, no 01lHOPOllHOCTl1HanOMI1HaJOl.Ll,I1MB01lHYIO fJIa,lJ,h OKeaHa. BeCKpaMH5I.5IJIell5IHa5IpaBHI1Ha npOCTl1paeTC5I Ha TbIC5I'-II1KI1JIOMe'TpOB.TOJIbKO 6JII13no6epe)f(b5I I1I1HOf1la BOBHYTPeHHI1XpaMoHax, KaK oC'TpoBa, B03-BbIWaIOTC5IropHble xpe6Tbi I1 OT1leJIbHble BepWI1HbI. AHTapKTI1-..1a noxo)((a Ha OKeaH I1 no 3anacaM B01lhl, KOTOpa5I, npaB1la,HaXOllI1TC5IB TBep1l0M COCT05IHI1I1.

Bbl Y)l(e 3HaeTe, '-ITOn01l1leHCTBI1eM CI1JIhl T5I)((eCTI1no Ha-K10HHOM nOBepXHOCTI1 JIe1lHI1K11MOryT nepeMel.Ll,aThC5I, cnOJI-3aTb. B AHTapKTI111e OHI1 nOCT05IHHO CMelllaIOTC5I OT .Ll,eHTpa KOKpaI1HaM MaTepI1Ka. CKOpOCTb CnOJI3aHI15I JIblla B cpellHeM CO-craBJI5IeT 200 M Bro,ll,. Ha n06epe)l(he OH OTKaJIhIBaeTC5I11¢OPMI1-pyeT 06PbIBI1CTble JIe1l5IHble 6epera I1 aMc6epm. Ha OT1leJIhHhIX_"'-IaCTKaXJIellHHKOBblM nOKpOB CnOJI3aeT B OKe-aH I111ep)l(J1TC5I Ha nJIaBY, 06pa3Y5I MOl.Ll,Hble HaCTYnneHllle AHTapKTIIIAbl

,D,BvDKeHlI1eneAHII1KOB K n06epe>KblO

co cpeAHe~ CKOpOCTblO 200 M B rOA

yBenll1'-JlI1BaeT nnow,aAb AHTapKTII1Abl

3a C'-IeT OKeaHa. TaKII1M 06pa30M, 3a

5 TbIC. neT nnow,aAb neAOBoro

i MaTepll1Ka yBen111'-1II1naCb 6bl BABoe, a

'-Iepe3 20 TbIC. AHTapKTII1Aa coeAII1-

, HlI1naCb 6bl C IO>KHo~ AMepIl1KO~, AB-

CTpanll1e~ 111A<j)PIl1KO~. Ha caMOM >Ke

Aene TaKora He npOIl1CXOAII1T, nOTO-

My '-ITO OKeaH He OCTaeTC~ naCCII1B-

HbIM. OH 60peTC~ 3a y>Ke 3aXBa'-leH-

Hble aKBaTOpll1l11, OTHOCII1T nbAbl Ha

ceBep, B Tennble MOP~, rAe 111pac-

npaBn~eTc~ C HII1MII1OKOH'-IaTenbHO.

III TonbKO OTAenbHble a~c6eprll1 1113

peAKa AOCTlI1ralOT OKpall1H A<j)PIl1KII1

111IO>KHO~ AMepIl1KII1.

Aea3Aen II+0'1 At~

4."'~';'~{ ~~:,~-~\k~~CaMblM KpynHblM wenb-~Jil1nv"'~ epOBblM ne,qHHK B MlI1pe -

ne)J,HII1K Pocca. Ero WlI1pll1Ha -

800 KM, )J,nll1Ha - 1 100 KM, Tonw,Vl-

Ha nb)J,a - 700 M.

3pe6yc Ha3Banll1 TaK >Ke, KaK O)J,II1H

1113Kopa6neL1 aHrnll1L1CKOL13Kcne)J,lI1-

l\1I1111)J.>KOHa Pocca, KOTOpa51 B ce-

pe)J,II1He XIX B. OTKpblna 3TOT BynKaH.

PIIIC. 187. BynKaH 3pe6yc

meJlb4>oBbIe Jle)l,HHKH. OKeaH nOCTeneHHO paJ-

pywaeT I1X. CJIeAOBaTeJTbHO, OyepTaHI151 6epe-

roBOH JII1HHI1 AHTapKTI1AbI MoryT cywecTBeHHO

113MeH51TbC51- I1ClIe3alOT MbICbI, nOJIYOcTpOBa.

3aJIHBbI, a 6eper oTcTynaeT Ha AeC51TKI1KI1J10MeTpOB.

IIo)l,JIe)l,HbIH peJlbe4> - ropbl H paBHI1HbI, mlKl111 BmUH-

HbI - COKpblT nOAO JlbAOM TaK )l(e, KaK nOA TOJlweH BOllbl pe.1h-

e<'pAHa Ml1pOBOro OKeaHa. lJ.epe3 BeCb MaTepl1K npOCTl1palOT

TpaHcaHmapKmU'1.eCKUe cOpbl (Pl1c. 185 Ha c. 169).31'0 cBoero IXl:L

rrpOAOJDKeHl1e AHA IO)l(HOH AMepI1KI1. l1x BepWl1I-IbI (AO 3 000-

4 000 M) B03BbTWaIOTC5I Ha)]. JIeA5IHbIM nOKpOBOM MaTepl1Ka. B3ana.uHoH 4aCTI1 AtnapKTI1AbT HaXOAJilTC51HaI1BbICWa51 TOY'

MaTepl1Ka - Maccue BUHCOH (5 l40 M). EAJilHCTBeHHbIH AeHcTB~

WI1H ByJIKaH - 3pe6yc(3 794 M) (Pl1c. 187).

OJIE3 LOr: . .:.1\1 . ~)l(eHapaHHI1X3TarraXJilC .1 -

AOBaHH51B AHTapKTHAe 06Hapy)l(l1J111 KaM'emHyrC)JIb. -0 oueH-

KaMr"e0J1"6!OB, er~B HeApax ~PKTl1Ab J?JTbWe, 4eM Ha iIlOOO..;..--

~y.ro~a:;MI1a:~' KpOMe TOro, eCTb pYAbI.-:epHblX ~ UBernMeTaJIJTOB, . ir- J:I2 HXEO\?bll.la B~CYIl<m.J.:>l~..a..llIillJX~~:.c.Ki!1X.

"yCJIOi3 CB513aHaC 60JlbWJilMJil TP~H05T51M.!J 11~argMJil.-3AnOMHHTEB CTpoeHHH 3eMHOH KOPbI AHTapKTH)l,bl pa3J1HQaIOT AHTapKTHQecKyIO lI.1aT-

4>OpMy H CKJla)l,QaTyIO 06J1aCTb.

AHTapKTH)l,a HMeeT «)l,Byx3Ta1KHyIO» nOBepXHOCTb: cBepxy - JleAHHKOBbdi

nOKpOB, CHH3Y - nO)l,JleAHbIH peJlbe4>.

BonpOCbl H 3AAAHHSI1. PaCCKa>Klt1Te0 CTpOeHlt1lt13eMHoIII KOpbl AHTapKTlt1,D,bl.

2. 06b51CHlt1Te, n04eMY B AHTapKTlt1,D,eB03Hlt1K BynKaH.

3. n04eMY penbe¢ AHTapKTlt1,D,bl«,D,ByX3Ta>KHbl III" ?

4. KaKlt1e none3Hbie lt1CKOnaeMble pa3Be,D,aHbl B He,D,paXAHTapKTlt1,D,bl?

Cpe,D,H5151BblCOTa AHTapKTlt1,D,bl npeBblwaeT 2 000 M. CpaBHlt1Te 3TOT nOKa3aTe :;

BblcoToIII ,D,pyrlt1x MaTeplt1KoB. nO,D,C4lt1TaillTe, HaCKonbKO AHTapKTlt1,D,a Bblwe,

ABCTpanlt151, A¢plt1Ka lt11O>KHa51AMeplt1Ka.

§ 36. IIPIIPO,Ll;HbIE YCJIOBlUI~ • BCnOMHII1Te, n04eMY B BblCOKII1XWlI1pOTaX 6blBalOT nOJl~pHas:J H04b 111nOJls:JpHblV!,l],eHb.

KJIHl\IAT. B AHTapKTI1D,e CcPOPMI1POBaJIC5IOLJ:eHbCYPOBblH IGll1-v v 3 n A +oI'AblAf~

yIaT, caMbIVl XOJlOD,Hbll1 Ha eMJle. ,l-l,a:>Ke pKTMKa cyw,eCTBeHHO ~"'I:':~S;},\,~OTJII1'IaeTC5I OT CBoen IO)I(HOH npOTI1BOflOJlO)l(- - - - -- ~i'~hJ.J:aHOCTI1. AHTapKTl1ilY Ha3blBaIOT «MaTepHKOM PeKopp,Ho HH3Kafl TeMne-\\-_~~BeLJHbIX MOP030B», «u,apcTBoM CHe>KHblX 6ypa- paryP? B03p,yxa Ha 3eMJle Jotnl'

HOB 11 BeTpOB» «XOJ10D,I1JlbHHKOM I1JlaHeTbl». -89,2 C, a Ha f108epxHocTiIl CHera, .. -90 'C 6blJla 3aperillcTpillpoBaHa B

3TO 06yCJlOBJleHO He TOJlbKO ee pa3Melll,eHl1eM AHrapKTVl,lJ,e Ha POCCiIliiiCKoiii HaY4Hoiii

3a fOJ·fCflbtM tlO/tflPHbU\Jt KPYZO/\Jt, 1-1011BJlJ.151Hl1eM CTaHL\iI1i11"BOCTOK». TaKiIle HiIl3KiIle

KTJI1MaT006pa3YIOw,I1X cPaKTopOB. TeMnepaTypbl Ha Haweiii nJiaHeTe

COJlHe'lHaH 3HepnHI,HarpesalOlll,a5l3eM- 60JlbWe HiIlr,lJ,e He Ha6J1IO,lJ,aIOTCs:t,

HYIO flOBepXHOCTb, 110cTynaeT TOJlbKO JIeTOM, n03TOMY 3TOT paiiiOH Ha3blsalOT

KOma YCTaHaBJIIIBaeTC5I nOJl5IpHblH D,eHb. B 3TO nOJIIOCOM XOJlO,lJ,a.

BpeM5I, KaK 3TO HeYilI1BMTeJlhHO, AHTapKTI1,Ua 110JIyqaeT e,UBa JII1

He 60JIbWe COJlHey.HoH 3Hepml1, LJel\f 3KBaTOpJ.1aJlbHble llil1POTbl.

Ho I1pM 3TOM nO,lJ,CTlfJlaIOIIl,aH nOBepXHOCTb He HarpeBaeT-

51.3TO 06yCJI:OBJICHO TeM, '-ITO 110'11'H90 % COJIHe'-lHOH 3HeprJ.111

.1e.151HaH 6eJIOCHe)l(Ha51 nOBepXHOCTb AHTapKTI1AbI OTpa>KaeT

o6paTHo B KOCMH4eCKoe npOCTpaHCTBO. 3I1MOti, C I1pHXOAOM

flO,lHpI-fOti HO'fJ.1, COJlHe'lHa51 3HeprJ.1H nO'1T11 He nocTynaeT, a

pe.1H5IH TeMnepaTYpa B03D.yxa COCTaBJ1HeT -60°C.I.J;npKy JlH unH B03,lJ,ymH bIX Macc. f10CT05lHHO XOJIO,lJ,HbIH

P\Ilc.188.KnVlMaTIII'leCKaSi

KapTa

AHTapKTIIIAbl

1. CpasHiIlTe TeMnepaTypbl

B03,lJ,yxa 3i1lMOiii Ha n06epe>Kbe

ill BO BHyTpeHHiIlx paiiioHaxAHTapKTiIl,lJ,bl.

2. KaK iIl3MeHs:tIOTCs:tTeMnepa-

TYpbl B03,lJ,yxa JleTOM Ha n06epe-

>Kbe ill BO BHYTpeHHiIlx paiiioHax?

3. Ip,e HaXO,lJ,iIlTCs:tnOJiIOC

xOJlo,lJ,a? KaKas:t MiIlHiIlMaJlbHas:t

TeMnepaTypa TaM 3aperillCTpill-

pOBaHa?

4. CKOJlbKO OCa,lJ,KOBBblna,lJ,aeT

BO BHyTpeHHiIlx paiiioHax

MaTepillKa?

5. KaKoe HanpaBJleHiIle iIlMelOT

/ BeTpbl 3i1lMOiii ill JleTOM?

6. OnillWillTe KJliIlMaTiIl4eCKiIle

YCJlOBiIls:tB paiiioHe YKpaillHcKoiii

HaY4Hoiii CTaHl.\iIlill.

T5DKeJIbIM B03,L1,YXcPOpMl1pyeT Ha,u AHTapKnl-

,LI,OM 06JIaCTb BbICOKorO aTMOCcPepHoro llaBJle-

HI'HI C HI1CXO,Ll,5UIII1MI1rrOTOKaMI1. C BbICOKOro

JIe,Ll,5IHOfO KYIlOJIa B IIeHTpe MaTepl1Ka XOJIO.J.-

HbIe B03,L1,YWHble MaCCbI CTeKaIOT K OKpaI1Ha~I.

06pa3y5I Oy:eHb CHJIbHbIe CTOKOBble BeTpbI.

AHTapKTl1y:eCKHe B03,L1,YWHbIeMaCChI, KOTopbIe

TaM cP0PMl1PYIOTC5f, OTJIl1y:aIOTC5I He TOiIbKO

H113Kl1MH TeMnepaTypaMl1, HO 11 y,Ll,l1BHTe;lb-

HOM rrp03paY:HOCTbIO 11CyxOCThlO. I1p03paY:Hhlii

B03,L1,YX11OTCYTCTBl1e 06JIaY:HOCTl1 elIle 60JIblile BhIXOJIa)/(HBaIOT

nOBepXHOCTh, rrOCKOJIhKy He 3a,JJ,ep)/(l1BaIOTTeIlJIa. He3HaY:HTe.lb-

HhIe OCa,uKl1 - B Cpe,Ll,HeM 200 MM B fO,Ll,(noY:Tl1 KaK B nYCTbIH

Caxape) - AliTapKTl1,L1,a nOJIyqaeT B TBep,Ll,OM COCT05IHHH,

Ha MaTepl1Ke BbI,LI,eJI5fIOT,LI,BaKJII1MaTl1y:eCKl1X n05Ica: aHTapK-

TMy:eCKHM H cy6aHTapKTl1y:eCKl1M. Oc06eHHo CYPOBhIM KJII1MaT B

aHTapKTHQeCKOM nOHce, BO BHyTpeHHMX paMoHax, me 3H-

MOM (c anpeJI5f no CeHT5I6ph) CBHpenCTBYIOT MOp03bI,Ll,O -70°C.

D,a)/(e B pa3rap nOJI5fpHOfO JIeTa (,LI,eKa6pb - cPeBpaJIh) TepMOMe

TaM nOKa3blBaeT -30°e. I1PI1 3TOM yCTaHaBJIMBaeTC5I 5ICHa5I J

6e3BeTpeHHa51 rroro,Ll,a. B cy6aHTapKTHQeCKOM n05Ice. H

n06epe)l(b5fx TaKl1X Cl1JIhHhIX MOp030B He 6hIBaeT: 311MOM-3 - "C.

JIeTOM - OKOJIO O°e. Ho y:aCTO 6hIBalOT WTOpMbI, yparaHHhI

BeTpbI, COrrpOBO)l()J,aIOIIIMeC51 CHerona,uaMl1.

Ha n06epe)l(h5lX 11BO BHYTPeHHHX paMOHaxAHTapKTl1)J,bl BCTpe-

y:aIOTC51yqacTKH, cB060,Ll,HbIe OTOJIh,Ll,a11CHera, - aHTapKTuqeclill

Oa3HCbI. TeMnepaTYpa B03,JJ,yxaJIeTOM y rrOBepXHOCTl1 6bIBaeT .J.

+3°C, HO pe3KO CHIDKaeTC5I ~e Ha BhlCOTe B HeCKOJIhKO MerpoB.

BHYTPEHHlIE BO,Il,bI. AHTapKTH)J,a - e,Ll,l1HCTBeHHblMHa 3e. 1-

JIe MaTepl1K, Ha KOTOpOM HeT rrOCT051HHbIX BO,lJ,OTOKOB. HO.1 -

TOM, Kor)J,a TaIOT CHer H JIe)J" K oKeaHy yCTpeMJI5IIOTC5I BpeMeHHhl3

rrOTOKH TaJIOM BO,Ll,bI.HeKOTopbIe 113 HJ1X BHe3arrHO I1cy:e3alOT

nOBepXHOCTI1, rrona,JJ,a5I B TpelIll1HhI I1JI11rrO)J,Jle,Ll,HhIerrycTOThI

rrpOKJIa,JJ,bIBa5I)J,aJIhWe IlYTb rro,Ll,OJIb,Ll,OM.«.>KH3Hb» aHTapKTWI -

Kl1X peK np0)J,OJI)/(aeTC5IBcero 1- 2 MeC5IIIa. C HaCTYIlJIeH11eM oc H-

HHX MOp030B Ta51HHe 11 CTOK npeKpaIIIaIOTC5f, H rJIy60KHe.

OTBeCHbIMJ1 6eperaMH pyCJIa 3aHOC5ITC51cHero. _

He60JIbWl1e o3epa BCTpey:aIOTC51 B Oa3II-

cax M Ha rr06epe)/(be, KaK rrpeCHbIe, Ta •

COJIeHhIe. JIeToM 03epa oCB06mKllaIOTC51 01'

JIh,Ll,a, TOf)J,a B HeKOTophIX BO,IIa nporpeBaeT -

,IIO +lre.AHTapKTl1.lla - 3TO Ha1160JIhlIIee Ha fmaHeTe COCpe1l0T04eHl 3

JIe,lJ,HHKOB. B aHTapKTl14eCKOM «XOJIO)J,I1JIhHl1Ke» 3aI\:OP-

CepBl1pOBaHO 80% Bcex npeCHhIX BO)J,3eMHoro wapa. EC.lll -.

Pa3Aen II-t-0\'AbI At+.~ ~'\ll. "., ,-j' ..,

f.r..; /_~f~'~~ .a\.. ,: , CaMble CHnbHble seTpbl

~If",n\'\l''l Ha nnaHeTe 6blBalOT B AH-

TapKTIIIAe. lI1x CKOpOCTb AOCTlllraeT

77 MiceK, IIInlll 277 KM/4. CneAoBa-

TenbHo, B AHTapKTIIIAe HaXOAIIITCS1

TaK)Ke nonlOc BeTpoB. YparaHHble

BeTpbl 6blBalOT HaCTonbKO 4aCTO III

TaKllle ClllnbHble, 4TO 1113MepIIITenb-

Hble nplll60pbl BbIXOAS1T1113CTpOS1,

He BbIAep)KIIIBaS1iIIX Hanopa.

BeCb JIe,n paCTa51JI, TO ypoBeHb Ml1pOBOrO OKeaHa no,nH51JIC516bI

nO'-ITl1 Ha 60 M!

OPfAHlIqECKHH MIIP. ITo cpaBHeHl1IO C ,npyrMMH MaTepl1-

KaMl1 OpraHl1'-IeCKl1H Ml1p NiTapKTH,nbI 6e,nHhIH. E0J1bIlla51 '-IaCTb

TeppHTOpl1H Boo6me J1J.1IlleHa 11paCTl1TeJIbHOCTl1, 11:>Kl1BOTHOro

Ml1pa. B patloHe nOJ1IOCa 6bIJIH 06Hapy)KeHbI TOJ1bKO 6aKTepHH.

3TO 30Ha aHTapKTHQeCKHX nYCTbIHb. PaCTeHl151l1 )I(l1BOT-

Hble eCTb TOJIhKO Ha no6epe)J(be MaTepHKa 11OCTpOBax. CBo6o,n-

Hhle OTO J1h,na yl{aCTKl1 nOKphITbI J1l1IllatlHHKaMl1. Ha3eMHhle

KpaCHhle, 3eJIeHhle 11)KeJ1Thle BO,nOpOCJ1J.1o6pa3YIOT nJ1eHKl1 Ha

KaMH5lX, CKaJ1ax 11,na)Ke Ha cHery. PacnpOCTpaHeHbI TaK)Ke MXl1.

)l(l1BOTHhIH Ml1p 6ora'-Ie. OH cocpe,nOTOl{eH Ha Y3KOH n0J10ce

Tlo6epe)J(b51, H :>Kl13Hh:>Kl1BOTHbIXCB513aHaC OKeaHOM. 3,neCb CBoe-

06pa3Hhle nTHlJ,bI, KOTopble :>Kl1BYTB03J1e BO,nhI 11nHTaIOTC51 pbI-

60H. Cl1MBOJI AHTapKTM,nbI - nl1HrBMHbI. Hal1MeHbIlll1e M3 Hl1X-

nl1HrBl1HbI AueJ1l1, caMble KPYTTHhle - MMnepaTOpCKl1e BblCOTOtl

,no 120 CM (pMC. 189). 3TO HeJ1eTaIOmMe nTHIIhl C KOPOTKl1Ml1 KpbI-

J1b51Ml1,nOXO)Kl1Ml1 Ha J1aCTbI, n03TOMY OHl1 XOpOIllO nJ1aBaIOT M

Hblp51IOT. B Bo,ne l1X no,nCTeperaIOT MOpCKl1e J1eOnap,nbI - TIOJ1eHM-

Xl1mHl1Kl1. BnpO'-IeM, Ha cyme, r,ne TlMHrBl1HbI :>Kl1BYT60JIhIlIl1MM

K0J10HM51MI1, Y HMX HeT BparoB. IlMHrBI1HhI, oco6eHHo A,neJIl1,

OlJeHh ,npy)KeJ1I06HbI 11He 605lTC51J1Io,netl. J13 J1eTaIOmMX nT111J,MHO~

ro '-IaeK-nOMOpHI1KOB 116ypeBeCTHI1KOB, Ha np116pe)KHbIX CKaJ1aX

OHl1 YCTpal1BaIOT IlIYMHbIe «TlTM'!bl1 6a3aphI». A OrpOMHbIe aJ1h-

6aTpochi (Pa3Max KphIJ1heB npeBbIlliaeT 3 M), l1CrrOJIb3Y51nonYTHble

BeTphl, MOryr npeo,nOJ1eBaTb orpOMHble paCCT051HI151.B npM6pe)K-

HbIX Bo,nax MHoro TIJIaHKTOHa, KOTOpblM rrl1TaIOTC51PbI6hI 11Kl1TbI.

B aHTapKTJ.1l:leCKl1X BO,nax Kl1TOB 60J1bIlIe, lJeM r,ne-J1M60 Ha 3eMJ1e.

Cpe,nM HMX - CMHl1H Kl1T, KaIlIaJ10T, KocaTKa, rop6a'-I l1,np.

BPEMEHHOE HACEJIEHIIE. 3aCHe)KeHHhIMM npOCTopaMH

AHTapKTM,nbI HMKor,na He KOl.feBaJ1l1,nMKHe rrJ1eMeHa, He BeJIMCb

BOHHbI M He 6bIJ10 rrpOMbIIlIJ1eHHbIX npe,nrrpM51TJ.1t1. AHTapKTM-

,na He rrpMHa,nJ1e)KMT HJ.1 O,nHOMy rocy,napcTBy, HeT 3,neCb H

rrOCT051HHOrO HaCeJ1eHM51.

Y)Ke 6oJ1ee 50 JIeT Ha J1e,nOBOMKOHTMHeHTe pa6oTaIOT yqeHble

MOPCKOi.1neonapA

PMc.189.liIMnepaTopcKMenMHrSMHbl

~ B HaWe BpeM51

B AHTapKTV1AY

MO>KHOAa>Ke

n03BOHV1Tb. EeMe>KAYHapOp,-

Hbillt TeneepOH-

Hbillt KOA - 672.

B AliTapKTIIIAe

eCTb nOLtTa,

OTKYAa TYPIIICTbl

MOrYT OTnpaB-

J1S1TbnlllCbMa

co WTeMneJ1eM

MaTeplllKa

co Bcero Ml1pa. TaK B AHTapKTHLI.e, B6JIH3H HayqHo-HCCJICLI.OBa-

TCJIbCKHX CTaHUHi1, B03HHKJIH nOCT05fHHble nOCCJIeHH5I - Haylf-

HbIC roPOLI.KH. B CB5I311 C CypOBbIMI1 npl1pOLI.HblMI1 YCJIOBH5IMH

JilCCJICLI.OBaTCJII1pa60TaJOT 06bll[HO HC 60JIbllJC ro,na, CMCH5I5I ,npyr

npyra. CaMbIM rycToHaCCJIeHHbIM 51BJl5ICTC5IAHmapKmU'1.eCKUU no-Jlyocmp06. B AHTapKTI1,nc n05l:BJilJIl1Cb MOpCKI1C H aBl1aUHOHHble

rropTbI, KYlla C:>KCroLI.HOnpl16bLBalOT MOl)CKHC cy,na H CaMOJICTbI. B

nOCJICLI.HCe BpCM5I AHTapKT!1LlY rrocemalOT H TYPI1CTbJ. qeJIOBCK

T10CTcnCHHO OCBal1B3CT CYPOBblH LUCCTOH KOHTHHeH1' T1JIaHCTbl.

OXPAHA nPJilPO,ll.hI. HCCM01'P51 Ha OTCyTCTBI1C Ha MaTCpl1KC

T10CT05lHHOro HaCeJIeHJil5I:, T1pHpOLI.Y AHTapKTHLI.bI He06xo,nHMO

OXpaH5ITb. BCJICLlCTBJ1CaBap11l1 cy,nOB, KOTOpblC CJIyLI3JOTCH 6JIH3

MaTepHKa, B aHTapKTW-lCCKHe BO,nbI nOOall,aJOT TbIC5ILJJiITOHH 1'00-

JIHBa. Ha nOBcpXHOCTH OKeaHa 06Pa3Y1OTC5I orpOMHblC HC<pT5fHbIC

T15ITHa. B YCJlOBVI5IXcypoBoro KJlHMaTa OHH He I1Cl[C3aJOT ro,n3MJiI.

npe)l(llC BCCro, 01' 3arp5l3HCHI15f CTpaLIaeT nJlaHKTOH, 6bIJII1 CJIY-

LJal1 rl16cJll1 TIOJlCHCH H KHTOB.

CTpaHbI, K01'OpbIC T1POBOLI.51THCCJICLlOBaHI151 B AHTapK1'I1,nc,

3aKJIIOLJl1JIl1 COrJIaurcHI1C 0 He06xo,nHMOCTH COBMeC1'HbIX npl1po-

LI.OOXpaHHblx MCpOnpH51THH. B 'IaCTHOCTI1, OXpaH5IJOTcH onpe,ne-

JlCHHble BVILI.bI)KI1BOTHbIX. BblJIOB PbI6bl B aHTapKTI1LJeCKI1X Bo,nax -

OrpaHl1lfcH. l.ho KaCaeTC5I: oxpaHbI rrpHpo,nbI, TO AHTapKTI1LI.a

.1l0JDKHa OCTanaTbC5f rrCpB03,LlaHHOH, HCTpOHyTOH 3CMJlCI1.

(! 3AnOMHI.1TE• B AH1'apK1'H,lJ;e caMbIH XOJIO,nHbIH Ha 3eMJIe KJIHMa1'. 31'0 06yCJIOBJIeHO pa3Me-

meHHeM Ma1'epHKa 3a nOJIHpHblM KpyroM, OX.la)l{)],aIOmHM BJIHHHHeM no,nC1'H-

JIalOmeH nOBepXHOCTH - mraH1'CKoro JIe,lJ;HHKOBOronOKpOBa - H O1'CYTC1'BHeM

06JIa'lHOCTJI, '11'0 1'aIOKe cnoc06cTByeT BbIXOJIa)KHBaHHIO nOBepXHOCnt .

• B AHTapKTH,ne cejJOpMHpOBaJIaCb 30Ha aHTapK1'H'IeCKHX nYCTbIHb - 31'0

l.I,apCTBO JIe,lJ;HHKOB,1I0'lTH HeT nO'lB, paCTHTeJIbHOCTb Ha CBo60,lJ;HbIX 01'0 JIb,lJ;a

y'lac1'Kax CKY,lJ;Ha5I.)KHBOTHbIH MHp COCpe,lJ;OTO'leH Ha n06epeJKbC.

BonpOCbl 1.13AAAHI.1s:1

1. KnlllMaT AHTapKTlII,o.bl Ha3blBafOT CypOBbIM. 41'031'0 03Ha'-laeT?

2. KaKl~e BeTpbl epOpMlIIpyfOTC5I B AHTapKTlII,o.e?

3. PaCCKa>KlIITe 0 BHYTpeHHlIIX Bo,o.ax MaTeplllKa.

4. KaKoBbl oc06eHHocTlII OpraHlII'-IeCKoro MlIIpa B AHTapKTlII,o.e?,.....---._--~-- ------~-----

5. Oa3111CbleCTb 1IIB AepplllKe, 1IIB AHTapKTlII,o.e. 41'0 lIIX06be,o.vlH5IeT, a '-11'0-- OTnlll'-laeT?

rEOrPACI>W-fECKA~ 3AAA'iABpeMeHHoe HaceneHlIIe AHTapKTlII,o.bl He npeBblwaeT 1000 '-IenOBeK, TO eCTb Bce nfO,o.lII

Mornlll 6bl pa3MeCTlIITbC5I B O,o.HOM MHoroKBapTlIIpHoM ,o.OMe. Ho lIICCne,o.OBaTenlll

pa60TafOT Ha oT,o.aneHHblx Hay'-lHblx CTaHLJ,lII51X.nO,o.C'-IlIITaVlTe, KaKOBa cpe,o.H5I5I nnOT-

HOCTb HaCeneHlII5I B AHTapKTII1,o.e.

tj[ B HaWe BpeM51B AHTapKH1AYMO>KHOAa>Ken03BOHV1Tb. EeMe>KAYHapOp,-Hbli.1 TeneepOH-Hbli.1KOA - 672.

B AiiTapKn1AeeCTb nO"lTa,

OTKYAaTYPIiICTbl

MOrYT OTnpaB-

JUlTb nlilCbMa

co WTeMneJleM

MaTeplilKa

co Bcero ~,1Hpa. TaK B AHTapKTHlle, B6Jl113H HaY'-!HO-HCCJ1ellOBa-

TeJ1bCKHX CTaHIJ,HH, B03HHKJIH nOCT05lHHble nOcenem15l - HaY'-!-

Hble ropOllKH. B CB5I3H C CypOBLUV!H npHpOllHblMH ycnOBH5IMli

HCCJ1ellOBaTenH pa60TaJOT 06bIYHO He 60J1bllJe rolla, CMeH5IH llPyr

llpyra. CaMblM rycToHacenCHHbIM 5IBJ15leTC5IAHmaplCmUl1eCKUU no-Jlyocmpoe. B AHTapK1'Hlle 1l05IBHJ1HCb MopCKHe H aBJ1au,HOHHble

nopTbl, K)'lla e)[(erollHo npJ16blBaJOT MopCKHe CYlla H caMOJleTbI. B

nocnellHee BpeM5I AHTapKTHllY nocemaJOT H TypHCTbJ. l.{enoBeK

1l0CTeneHHO OCBaHBaeT CYPOBbltl wecToti KOHTHHeHT llJ1aHeTbI.

OXPAHA llPI1PO,Il.bI. HeCMOTpH Ha OTCYTCTBHe Ha lVIaTepHKe

nOCT05JHHOrO HaCeJ1eHH5I, npJ1pOllY AHTapKTHllbl He06xOllHMO

OXpaH5JTb. BCJ1ellCTBHe aBapJ1H CYllOB, KOTopble cnYY310TCH 6mB

MaTepHKa, B aHTapKTH4ecKHe BOllhl nOllanalOT ThlC5ILJI1TOHH Ton-

mma. Ha nOBepxHocTH OKeaHa 06pa3YIOTc5I orpoMHble He<pT5IHble

TI5ITHa. B YCJ10BH5IXcYPoBoro KJ1HMaTa OHH He J1CLJe3alOTrollaMH.

npe)KJlC Bcero, 01' 33rp5I3HeHH5J CTpanaeT nJl3HKTOH, 6bIJ1H CJ1)'-

yaH rH6eJIH TJOJ1eHeti H KHTOB.

CTpaHbl, KOTopble npOB01l5IT HccnellOBaHJ151 B AHTapKTJ1lle.

3aKJllDLJHJ1HCOrnaWeHl1e 0 He06xOllHMOCTI1 COBMeCTHblX npl1po-

1l00xpaHHblX MepOnpH5ITHti. B LIaCTHOCTI1, OXpaH5IJOTC5Ionpelle-

J1CHHble Bl1llbl )KHBOTHbLX. BbIJ10B Pbl6bl B aHTapKTI1LJeCKI1X BOlla.,

OrpaHHLJeH. {-ho KaCaeTC5I oxpaHbl npHpOllbI, TO AHTapKTHlla

1l0IDKHa OCTanaTbC5I nepB03llaHHotl, HeTpOHYTOH 3eMJ1CH.

(! 3AnOMHl-1TE• B AH1'apK1'Hlle caMbIH XOJIO)l,HbIH Ha 3eMJIe KJIHMa1'. 31'0 06yCJIOBJIeHO pa3Me-

llI,eHHeM Ma1'epHKa 3a llOJISIPHblM KpyroM, OXJla)l([l,alOllI,HM BJIHHHHeM nO)l,C1'H-

JIalOIlI,eH nOBepXUOC1'H - ruraH1'cKoro JIe)l,HHKOBOro nOKpOBa - H O1'CYTCTBHeM

06JIa'lHOC1'H, '11'0 TalOKe cnoc06cTByeT BbIXOJIaJKHBaHHIO nOBepXUOCTJ:oI•

• B AH1'apK1'H)l,e c4>opMHpOBaJIaCb 30Ha aHTapKTH'IeCKHX nYCTbIHb - 31'0

I1apCTBO JIe)l,HHKOB, 1I0'l1'H HeT nO'lB, paC1'H1'eJJbHOCTb Ha C8060)l,Hb1X 01'0 JIblla

y'lac1'Kax cKy)l,HaSl. JKHB01'HblH MHp COCpe,II.01'O'leH Ha 1I06epe)Kbe.

BonpOCbl l-13AAAHl-1S11. KJlI1MaT AHTapKTI1,D,bl Ha3blBalOT CypOBbIM. 41'031'0 03Ha4aeT?

2. KaK1I1eBeTpbl epOpM111PYIOTC51B AHTapKTI1,D,e?

3. PaCCKa>K1I1Te0 BHyTpeHH1I1X BO,D,axMaTepl1Ka.

4. KaKoBbl oc06eHHocTI1 OpraHI14eCKOlO Ml1pa B AHTapKTI1,D,e?

rEorPAcPl-1'-1ECKAs:I 3AAA'"IABpeMeHHoe HaCeJleHl1e AHTaPKTI1,D,blHe npeBblwaeT 1000 4eJlOBeK, TO eCTb Bce JlIO,D,101

MOrJlVl 6bl pa3MeCTI1TbC51 B O,D,HOMMHOIOKBapTVlpHOM ,D,OMe. Ho I1CCJle,D,OBaTeJllo1

pa60TalOT Ha OT,D,aneHHblx HaY4Hbix cTaHu,I151X. nO,D,C4I1TaVlTe, KaKOBa Cpe,D,H5'15'1nnOT-

HOCTb HaCeneHI151 B AHTapKTI1,D,e.

(I YPOBeHL)

1. AHTapRTHp;a pacnOJIaraeTCH:

a) 3a IOmHhIM IIOJIHpHhIM KpyroM;

6) 3a CeBepHhIM IIOJI.HpHhIM KpyroM; B) B TpOIII'FleCKHX IIIHpOTax.

2. Cpe)l;H MaTepHROB 3eMlloro mapa no BLICOTe nOBepXIIOCTH AIITapRTHp;a:

a) CaMa.H BhICOKa.H; 6) CaMa.H HH3KaH; B) BTOpa.H IIOCJIe ABC'rpaJIHIL

3. Cpep;HHH MOm;1I0CTL JIep;IIHROBoro nOI~pOBa AHTapl~TH)l;LI coC'raBJI.HeT:

a) 200 M; 6) 2 000 M; B) 20 ThIC. KM.

4. HaH60JIee cypoBLle RJIHMaTHlIeCRHe yCJIOBHH Ha6mop;aIOTcH:

a) BO BHyTpeHHHX paHoHax; 6) Ha II06epemhe.

5. Pa3rap JIeTa B AIITapRTHp;e - no:

a) HIOHh-aBrycT; 6) ,n;eKa6ph-QJeBpaJIh.

6. B OCHOBaHHH AHTapRTHp;LI npeHMym;ecTBeHHO JIemHT:

a) aJIhIIHHCKa.H CKJIa,n;qaTa.H 06JIaCTh; 6) AHTapKTHqeCKa.H IIJIaTQJopMa.

7. IIJIaTepopMe COOTBeTcTBylOT CJIep;ylOm;He epOpMLI peJIl.eepa:

a) paBHHHhI; 6) rOphI.

8. 3pe6yc - :3TO:

a) aHc6epr; 6) IIIeJIhepoBhIH JIe,n;HHK; B) 3aJIHB; r) ByJIKaH.

(II ypoBeHL )

9. l.{TO Ha3hIBalOT AHTapKTHKoH?

10. KTO H Kor,n;a OTKphIJI AHTapKTH,n;y?

11. KaK Ha3hIBalOTC.H BeTphI, ,n;YlOIIJ;HeOT u;eHTpa K OKpaHHaM MaTepHKa?

12. B KaKHX KJIHMaTHqeCKHX IIO.HCaX JIemHT AHTapKTHp;a?

13. rp;e paCIIOJIOmeHhI H KaK 06pa3YlOTC.H IIIeJIhepoBhle JIep;HHI{H?

14. l.{TO HeOCIIopHMO p;OKa3hIBaeT, qTO B AHTapKTHp;e B IIpOIIIJIOM 6hIJI

TeIIJIhIH KJIHMaT?

(III YpoBeHL ) _

15. IIolleMY AHTapKTHp;a 6hIJIa OTKphITa II03p;Hee, qeM p;pyrHe MaTepHKH?

16. KaKOBa B3aHMOCBH3h Memp;y reOJIOrHqeCKHM CTpoeHHeM H peJIhe-

CpOM AHTapKTHp;hI?

17. IIo'IeMy AHTapKTHp;y Ha3hIBalO'r «KOHTH:HeH'J.'OM MHpa H HaYKH»?

18. BJIH3 II06epemh.H AHTapKTHp;hI op;HOBpeMeHHO IIJIaBalOT p;o 100 'l'hIC.

aHc6eproB. OHH «mHByT» 6 - 12 JIeT, TO eCTh B TpH pa3a 60JIhIIIe,

'IeM aHc6eprH rpeHJIaHp;HH. l.{eM 06'b.HCH.HeTC.H «p;OJIrOJIeTHe»

aHTapKTH'IeCKHX aHc6eprOB?

(IV ypoBeHL ) _

19. B 'IeM 3aKJIlO'IaeTC.H cBoe06pa3He IIpHpOP;hI AHTapKTHp;hI?

20. OxapaKTepH3yHTe TpH OCHOBHhIX epaKTopa, IIpeBpaTHBIIIHX

AHTapKTHp;y B «XOJIOP;HJIhHHK IIJIaHeThI».

nnow,a,D,b - 24,2 MnH KM2

HaceneHllle - 460 MnH 4enOBeKCpe,D,H5151BblCOTa - 720 M

HaIllBbICWa51 T04Ka Ha,D,y. M. -

r. MaK-KIIIHnlll (6193 M)

§ 37. rEOrPACI>:UQECKOE nOJIOXEHIIEII HCCJIE,IJ;OBAHHE

~ • BcnOMHIIITe, KOr,D,aIIIKaKXPIIICTO¢OP KonyM6 OTKpbln AMeplllKy.

rEOrPAlftIECKOE nOJIO)KEHlIE. CeBepHa5I AMepl1Ka pac-

nOJIaraeTC5I B Ce6epHOM 113anaaHOM nOflywapUflX. OHa npOCTl1pa-eTC5I3anpeJJ:eJIbI CeeepH020 nOflflpH020 KpY2a, aHa IOre ee nepeceKaeTCe6epHblU mponUK. OlJepTaHl15I CeBepHOM AMepl1Kl1, KaK HIO)l(HOM, HanOMHHaIOTTpeyrOJIbHl1K, IllHpOKOMlJaCTbIO(6000 KM)06pameHHb1l1 Ha ceBep (Pl1c. 190). Il03ToMY 06IIll1pHbie Teppl1TO-'pHH MaTepHKa JIe)((aT B YMepeHHOM n05lce. A Y3Ka5IlJaCTb, 1I1l1pH-HOMJJ:O100 KM,npOCTHpaeTC5IJJ:aneKOHa IOr H HaxOJJ:HTC5IB)((apKOMn05lce. 3HalJHTeJIbHa51 npOT5J.)((eHHOCTb CeBepHoi1 AMepHKH CceBepa Ha IOr 06yCJIOBJIHBaeT MHoro06pa3He ee npHpOJJ:bI: OTapKTHlJeCKl1XnyCTblHb JJ:OBJI~bIX rponl1lJeCKl1XJIeCOB. DJIH)((ai1-IIll1e MaTepHKH-COCe)l,H - EBpa3H51 H IO)((Ha5I AMepl1Ka. OTEBpa3l1l1 CeBepHYIO AMepl1KY OTJJ:eJl5IeTY3Kl1i1EepuH206 npOflU6,C IO)l(HOM AMepl1Koi1 coeJJ:l1H5IeTIIaHaMcKuu nepeweeK (no HeMY

--Ll npOXOJJ:l1TrpaHHIla Me)((JJ:y06el1MH AMepl1Ka--n-yr-e-w-ecTB--e-B-cn-o-ao------Z Ml1). KaK BbI y)((e 3HaeTe, BcaMOM Y3KOMMeCTe

nepelIleMKa 6bIJI npopbIT [JaHaMCKUU KaHGfl.CeBepHylO AMepHKY OMbIBaIOT BOJJ:bITpex

OKeaHOB: Ce6epHo2o Jleao6umo2o, AmflaHmUtte-CK020 H TUX020. BOJJ:blCeBepHoro JIeJJ:oBHToroOKeaHa KpyrJIOrOJJ:HlJHOHMeIOT HH3Kl1e TeMne-parypbI, ero 3anl1Bbl H npOJIl1BbI 60JIblIlYlO lJaCTbroJJ:a nOKpbITbI JIbJJ:OM.A BOJJ:blATJIaHTl1Kl1 ylOro- BOCTOlJHOrO n06epe)((b51 OlJeHb. TenJIble.

I1MeHHo 3JJ:eCb3apO)((JJ:aeTC5IMOmHoe TeIIJIOe metteHUe FOflbrjJcm-pUM. HaBcTpeqy, C ceBepa, yCTpeMJI5I:eTC5IXOJIOJJ:HoeJla6paaop-CKoe metteHUe, KOTopoe rrpl1HOCHT MHoro ai1c6eproB. B THXOMOKeaHe, BJJ:OJIb3anaJJ:Horo IIo6epe)((b51 MaTepl1Ka, rrpOXOJJ:5ITTerrJIOe AflflcKuHcKoe 11XOJIOJJ:HoeKGflUrjJOpHuucKoe metteHUfl.

EeperoBaH JIHHHH MaTepHKa Cl1JlbHO paClJJIeHeHa: B MopeBblcrynaIOTKpynHble nOJIYOcrpOBa (Jla6paaop, C/JflOpUaa,lOKamaH,KGflUrjJOpHUfl, AflflcKa), JJ:aneKO B cYIIlY BJJ:aIOTC5I3GflU6bl Fya30H06,MeKCUKaHCKUU, AflflcKa. DJIH3 6eperOB - MHO)((eCTBOKpynHbIX H

MHorll1e nonyocTpoBa CeBepHoi!tAMepll1KlI1 nonY4111nll1Ha3BaHlI1H 6na-rOAapH lI1CnaHlJ,aM. KanltfepopHltfflBnepeBOAe C lI1CnaHCKoro 03Ha4aeTPaCKaneHHbIVtIOPH, na6pa,Qop-CTpaHa pa604V1X, cz,nopltf,Qa-CTpaHa I4BeTOB. AnflcKa B nepeBO-Ae C aneyTcKoro - KV1TOBoe MecTO.

Pa3AeJ1 lAw*-0'/ A;~

MaIlhIX OCTpOBOB, B '-IaCTHOCTl1 FpeHJlaHOUfl, HblO- :(iQ;cjJayHOJleHO, MaJlble AHmUJlbC1We, EOJlblUUe KpynHeHwHH OCTpOB '6k~oifi

3eMHoro wapa - rpeHnaH- '?~Jf~n'/""~AHmUJlbCKUe (c ocmpoeaMU Ky6a, 51MauKa, AliIH _ liIMeeT nnow,aAb 2,2 MnH KM2.

raumu 11)),p.). Y ceBepHoro n06epe)[(MI JIe)/(l1T Ha TaKliIX npocTOpax Mornlil 6bl pa3-

KaHaoCKuU ApKmU"teCKUU apxuneJlaz, KpyrJIbIM MeCTliITbCH Tplil YKpalilHbl SMeCTe C

fO)), oKpy)/(eHHhIM JIb)),aMl1 ApKTl1Kl1. LJepHblM MopeM.

feorpaqm'-lecKoe nOJIO)/(em~e CeBepHOM AMepl1Kl1 (Me)[()l.y )),BYX

OKeaHOB) 6JIaronpIDITHO)lJl5l: CB5I.3eMC pa3HhIMH perHOHaMl1 Ml1pa.

lICTOPIUI lICCJIE,ll,OBAHlI.H. B l1CTOpl1l1 reOrpa¢l1'-1eCKl1X

OTKPhITl1M CJIO)KJ1JlOCbTaK, '-ITO CeBepHYJO AMepl1KY eBpOneMUhI

OTKphlBaIll1 HeCKOJIhKO pa3. BbI y)Ke 3HaeTe, KaK MaTepl1K 6bIJI OT-

KphIT XpucmofjJopoM KOJlyM6oM B 1492 r. Ho l1MeIOTC5I.CBe)),eHl151.,

'-ITO 3a)l,OJIfO )),0 ero 3HaMeHl1Toro IlJIaBaHl151. K 6eperaM CeBepHoM

AMepl1Kl1 IlJIaBaJIl1 Bl1Kl1Hrl1 - )/(l1TeJIl1 CeBepHoM EBpOrihI, /

Y'-!aCTBOBaBllll1e B MOpCKHX noxo)),ax. TaK, B X B. 3pUlC PblJlCuii ~~C. 190.\ _~3~~eCKaSi

OTKphIJI OCTpOB fpeHJlaH)),l151 11OCHOBaJI TaM nOCeJIeHHe. CnYCT51 KapTaHeCKOJIhKO JIeT ero ChIH JIeiifjJ 3pUKCOH Ha He6oJIbiliOM CyJ(He J CeBepHOl1j(GCTUr ceBepO-BOCTO'-lHOrO Ilo6epe)/(h51. CeBepHOM AMepl1Kj:;L,) AMep~K~

,P

cwTa6 ~:80 B\lo 000 BO·'., ',//' ,0::=>,..•.'Ii" bTH.,JfE)IOBJJTb[Jl'. '#j eRO£ ..pKLAH, "'!f.'4''l~f >/ ..~_ ~'i'~ .' ,-;:,~ .

O' \ liepuf12 ,It .v' -I'~ .!:ZI ~d. ~ 0 _~... \ \.'I

\ ~'tJ; 00?<- :JJ,~'4. ~i' <7.. .:.?fi~~ ~~ ~$~.~~~ . ~J'y -'. --? !~~~'e:t' .<.. "'~ ~ "'-,

~ ..1.: #1, ~~ ~ -- - - - ~

160' ~ "\:.pC'~ ..,i)~

1. Ha30SliITe KpaLliHliIeT04KliI CesepHoLli AMeplilKliI.OnpeAenlilTe liIX KOOPAliI-HaTbl .

2. nOAC4li1TaLliTe,KaKosa npOTH>KeHHOCTbMaTeplilKa C cesepa Ha IOf(1"=111,3KM).

3. KaKoe n06epe>KbeMaTeplilKa liIMeeT Halil6o-nee pac4neHeHHylO6eperosylO nlilHliIlO?

4. Ha30sliITe KpynHble3anlilSbi CesepHoLliAMeplilKliI.

5. rAe cocpeAOT04eHO60nbwe scero OCTpOSOS?

6. HaLliAliITe Ha KapTe

BHKHHrH, KaK H X. KonYM6, He ,llOra,llbIBaflI1Cb, YTO OTKPbIJII1

HOBb1l1 MaTepl1K. KpOMe HeKOTopbIX ceBepHbix HapO,llOB, 06 3Tl1X

OTKpblTl15lX HI1KTO He 3Hafl.

n.fJaBaHH51 X. KOJlyM6a rrOJIQ)lmnl1 Ha4an.o 3aBoeBaTenbHbiM

nOXO,llaM. EBponei1CKl1e CTpaHbl cTapanHcb B351TbKaK MO)KI-lO60nb:'

we OT HOBora CBeTa: I1cnaHu51- Ha lOre, AH2JlUfl H (/JpaHlJ,Wl- Ha

ceBepe. TaKHe nOXO,llbl corrpOBO)J<)lanI1Cb reorpa¢l1'-leCK11MH OT-

KpbITH5IMI1. B XV B. aHfnMHCKa51 3KCrre,ll1111,M5lj(JICOlla Ka60maCHOBaOTKpbma CCBepO-BOCTOYHOe n06epe)J(be MaTepl1Ka. B XVI B.

COCT051J1C51nOXOll I1CnaHlI,a 3pllalliJo Kopmeca, 3anepUlMBWI1HC51

3aBOeBaHl1eM ,llpeBHero rocy,llapCTBa alJ,TeKOB, KOTopoe cymecTBo-

Bano Ha TeppHTOp1111 cOBpeMeHHoH MeKCI1KH. <DpaHuY3bl Hccne-

,llOBaflH 3aflHB 11peKY CB5lTOrO J1aBpeHTI151, 6epera Benl1KI1X 03ep,

rrpOrrnblnl1 rro Ml1ccl1cl1nl1. AHrnl1yaHe rellpu ryiJ301l (XVII B.) 11

AneKcalliJp MaKKeH311 (XV II J B.) I1CCne,llOBanH ceBepHble 11BOCT04-

Hble paHOHbi MaTepl1Ka.

B XVI II B. K ceBcpO-3ana,llHbIM 6eperaM CeBepHoH AMepl1KI1

rrpl16blnH POCCI1HCKl1e MoperrnaBaTenl1. 3KCne,llHlJ,I151 BumycaEepU1l2a 11Hawera cooTe4ecTBeHHHKaAneKCeJl CfupllKo6a OTKpbI-

na EepuH206 npOJlU6, AileymcKue ocmp06a H AilflCKY. BCKOPC 3,lleCb

rr05lBHnHCb nepBble POCCI1HCKHe nOCeneHI151. )KI1Tenl1 3aHHMa-

nl1Cb MOPCKI1M rrpOMblcnOM, OXOTOH, BenH ToprOBnlO C I1H,lleH-

uaMM. B 1867 r. IJ,apCKOe npaBI1TenbCTBO POCCI1I1 npO,llano 3TH

Bna,llemUI CoeOUHeHHblM llfmamaJ'vt A.MepUlW.(! 3AnOMHHTE

A>KOHKa60T

(1450-1499)

reHplil rYA30H

( 1550 - 1611 )

B. 6epIiIHr iii

A.~liIpIiIKOB

• CeBepHaJlAMepHKa pacnoJIaraerc51 B CesepHOM H 3ana,LJ,HOMnOJIYIllapIDIX. 3Ha'llffeJIb-

HaJllJ(JO"fIDKeHHOCTh MaTepHKa c cesepa Ha IOfo6yc.1JoBJIHBaeT pa3Hoo6pa3He npHpo)J,bI •

• IIepBblMH 6eperoB CesepHou AMepHKH ,llOCTHfJIH B X B. BHKltHrn. IIOCJIe Ol'KpbITHH

AMepHKlt B 1492 f. X. KOJIYM60M MaTepHK HalJHHaI<IT aKTHBHO OCBaHBaTh eBponeUubI.

~1.CpaBHIt1Te reorpacPIt14eCKOe nOnO>KeHlt1e CeBepHolIi It1IO>KHolIi AMepIt1KIt1. 06b51C'

HIt1Te, KaK pa3Mew,eHlt1e MaTeplt1Ka CKa3bIBaeTC51 Ha oco6eHHocT51X era nplt1pO,lJ,bl.

2. CpaBHIt1Te pac4neH8HHocTb 6eperoBoIIi nlt1HIt1V1CeBepHolIi It1IO>KHolIi AMepV1KV1.

3. VlCCne,lJ,OBaTenvt KaKII1XCTpaH OCBaLliBanlt1Tepplt1TOpll11O CeBepHolIi AMepIt1KIt1?

rEOrPA4>II1l.JECKAS1 3AAA'"IA )~--------------nO,lJ,C4It1TalliTe , Ha CKonbKO nnOll..\a,lJ,b CeBepHolIi AMeplt1KIt1 MeHbwe, 4eM nnow,a,lJ,b

AcPPIt1KII1. nO,lJ,yMaIliTe, n04eMY nplt1po,lJ,a CeBepHolIi AMeplt1KIt1 pa3Hoo6pa3Hee no

cpaBHeHlI110 C AcPPIl1Kolli.

Ha KOHTypHolIi KapTe 0603Ha4bTe KpalliHlt1e T04KIt1 CeBepHoili AMeplt1K1t11t1nOAflV1wv\",e

V1XHa3BaHIi15'1.nO,D,flIi1WIi1T8Ha3BaHIt1513anIt1BOB, nponV1BOB, nonyocTpoBOB, OCTpOBOB

It1Te4eHII1i1i, ynoMII1HalOw,It1XC51B TeKCTe naparpacPa.

§ 38. fEOJIOfHqECKOE CTPOEHHE H PEJIbE~ • BcnOMHVlT8, 4TO Ha3blBalOT UJ,1I1TaMIIIIII nnlllTaMIII nnaT¢OpMbl.

"V • KaKylO pa60Ty BblnonHHIOT Jl8gH IIIKill?

rEOJ10flflIECKOE CTPOEHIIE. B OTJH1YJ1e01' JO)J(}-IOH AMe-

PJ1KI1, K01'Opa>I MI1JlJlHOHbI JleT Ha3a,rr 6bIJIa lJaCTblO rOHlI,BaHhl,

CeBepHa51 AMepJ1Ka - 31'0 OCKOJIOKJJaepQ3UU, ,LlpeBHerO MaTepl1-

Ka CeBepHoro rrOJlyruapJ1>I. B OCHOBaHI1H CeBepHoti AMepJ1KlIJle-

)I(J1T,LlOKeM6pHticKa5J CeeepO-AMepUKaHCKG5l fl./lamrjJOpJHa (CM. pHC.

6 Ha c. 14). Ha ceBepO-BOCTOKe ee KPI1CTMJII1I.JeCKI1M <PYH,LlaMeHT,

KOTOpbIH CJlaralOT rpaHI1Thl J1rHeHcbI, BbIXO,LlI1THa nOBepXHOCTb B

BI1,lle KaHaocKo2o Ul,wna. Ha OCTMhHOM TeppJ1- MoeT Me>KAY MaTepliIKaMIiITOpl111 <PYH,Llal\,reHTnepeKpbIT MOUJ,HOK TOJIIJ..I.eM V'1HTepecHo, '-ITO scero 30 TbIC. neTOCarrOtIHhIX nopO,ll (neCtIaHI1KOB, J.13BeCTHHKOB). Ha3aA Ha MeCTe 6eplt1HrOSa nponlt1-

K nJlaT<popMe B pa3HhIe reOJIOrWIeCKl1e sa 6blJl nepeUJeeK, COeAlt1H5110llJ,lt1i1

nepHO,LlbI <<I1pI1CTpaI1BaJlI1Cb» CKJIaJltIaTbie CesepHYIO AMeplt1KY C ESpa3lt1ei1.CYllJ,eCTSOSaHlt1e «MOCTa" Me>KAY

06JIaCTl1. TaK, MOUJ,Ha>ICKJla,llLfaTOCTb 06pa~0- ASYM51 MaTeplt1KaMlt1 nOATSep>KAaeT-

B3.fJaCb Ha 3ana,rre, Ha CTbIKe TUXOOKeaHCKOU J1 C51CXOACTBOM lt1X paCTlt1TenbHOC+l

Ceeepo-A.MepUKaHCKOU flumocrjJepHblX nflum. Tlt1 lt1>Klt1S0THOro Mlt1pa. ~

DOJIee J 0 TbIC. JIeT Ha3a,Ll KJlHMaT CeBepHoro ,$

nOJlYlliapf.1>I 6blJl 60JIee CYPOBbIM: CHer, Bbrna,rraBllil1H B TetIeHl1e I

,LlOJ1roM3I1Mbl, He ycrreBM paCTa>ITh, HaKanJIf.1B3J1C5111nOCTeneH-

HO npeBpaIJ..I.MC5J BJIe,Ll.B I1TOfe, Ha ceBepe MaTepl1Ka 06pa30BM-

C51fl1raHTCKHH nOKpoBHblti JIe,llHHK. COTHI1 JleT OH np0,LlBHfMC>I

Ha lOr. B Jle,ll BMep3MH KpynHble I1 MeJlKl1e 06JlOMKH ropHblX no-

PO,Ll(Ba.rryHbl, me6eHb, neCOK, fJlI1Ha), KOTopble nepeMem3Jll1Ch

BMeCTe C Jle,LlHHKOM. BCKope Jle,LlHHK OCTaHOBI1JIC5111, no Mepe

nOTenJIeHH>I KJlHMaTa, paCTa51JI (PJ1c. 191).PEJIbE<D. B ueJlOM peJ1beI

ropbl, aHa BOCTOKe npe06JIa,LlalOT 06lliHpHbie

paBHI1HhI (CM. pHC. 190 Ha c. 177).Pa B H H H bI , Jle:>KaIJ..I.11eB npeaeJlax nJIaT-

<pOpM, 3aHl1MalOT BCIO BOCTOtIHylO '-faCTb

MaTepl1Ka. Ha1160JlbIlIa>I cpe,Llf.1HI1X - JJa6peH-muucKafl e036biweHHocmb. IllHpOKOti nOJIOco!>'!

OHa OnO>IChIBaeT rYJl30HOB 3MI1B. )J,MbllJe Ha

lOrpaCKI1HYJII1Ch 11,eHmpoflbHbie pa6HUHbl, KOTO-

pble 11Me101'XOJlMI1CTYlO nOBepXHOCTh. Ha ThIC>I-

lfl1 KJ1JIOMeTpOB C ceBepa Ha IOf npOCTHpaIOTC51

BefluKue paeHuHbl. B HanpaBJleHl111 rop Ha 3ana-

Jle OHH nOJlHI1MaIOTC51 mraHTCKI1MI1 YCTYnaMI1.

Ha 1l0BepXHocTH paBHI1H JlpeBHl1ti JleJlHJ1K, B

npOlliJlOM nOKpblBaBllJl1H ::ny TeppHTOpl1lO,

Plilc.191.ApeBHeeoneAeHeHlileCeBepHoiii AMepliIKIiI

P~C. 192. npo<l>~nb penbe<l>a CeBepHOv. AMep~K~ (no 400 C. w.)

06pa30BaJI J1eAHHKOBble ¢OPMbI peJ1be¢a - OTllIJ1I1<pOBaHHble

CKaJIbI, XOJ1MbI co Cma)KeHHbIMI1 BepllIHHaMH, CKOnJ1eHlliI or-

POMHbIX BaJIyHOB, BbmaxaHHbIe KOTJ10BHHbl. Ha IOre MaTepHKa

J1e)J(JfTlIpuMeKcUKQHCKafl HU3MeHHocmb C nJ10CKOH, 3a60J1otIeH-

HOH nOBepXHOCTblO, ryCTO H3pe3aHHOH petIHbIMI1 AOmIHaMI1.

r0 p bI 3aHl1MalOT TOJ1bKOrpeTb TeppHTOpHI1 MaTepHKa H npH-

ypOtIeHbI K CKJ1aAL[aTbIM06J1aCT>IM. AnnQJlQ'1u - CKJ1aJJ,tIaTO-fJ]bI-

60Bble rOpbI, OHH HapYllialOT B ueJ10M

paBHHHHbIH peJ1be<pHa BOCTOKeMaTepHKa. 3TO .

OtIeHb ApeBHHe ropbI, n03TOMY CHJ1bHOpa3py-

llIeHHble H HeBhICOKl1e. J1x CKJ10HbI n0J10fHe, a

BepllIHHhI oKpyrnble.

KopOUflbepbl - OAHa H3 KpynHeHllIHX Ha

nnaHeTe ropHbIX CHCTeM. OHH npOCTHpalOTC5I C

ceBepa Ha lOr tIepe3 BeCh MaTepI1K Ha 9 000 KM

(pHC. 193). 3TOT rl1raHTCKHH ropHbIH n05IC

npOAOJ])KaeTC5IH B IO)KHOH AMepI1Ke B Bl1AeAHA.

CaMa5I BhICOKa5I BepllIHHa KOPAHJ1hep - 2. MQK-

KUHflU (6193 M). OHa pacn0J10)KeHa B ceBepHoH

qaCTH ropHOH CHCTeMhI, rAe BepIIII1HbI nOKpbI-

ThI CHeraMH HJ1eAHHKaMH (pHC. 194). KOPAI1J1h-

epbI 06pa3YIOT HeCKOJ1bKO n(lpaJ1J1eJ1hHh1X

xpe6ToB H COCTO>ITH3 pa3HbIX no BhlCOTe ropHhIX

3000 :r:L3

2000 ~1500 ,~1000 ~

~0--

nonb3YSlCb KapTOv.(CM. pVlC. 190 Ha C. 177),

Aav.Te OTBeTbl Ha cneAYIOl!.\~eBonpocbl.

1. Ha30BVlTe caMble 60nbWVle

paBHVlHbl CeBepHoi1 AMepVlKVI.

K KaKVlM no BblCOTe paBHVlHaM OHVI

OTHocsnc~?

2. IAe CepOpMVlpoBanVicb roPbl?

KaKVle V13HViX Bblwe?

3. KaKoBa MaKCVlManbHa~ BblCOTa

Annanayei1? K KaKVlM ropaM no

BblCOTe OHVI OTHOC~TC~?

4. B KaKOi1 yaCTVI KOPAVInbep

pacnOnO>KeHa caMa~ BbICOKa~

BepwVlHa?

"-P~c. 194. Bepw~Ha MaK-K~Hn~

"raCCl1BOB. BOCTOqHa5I u:eIlb Xpe6TOB npeaCTaB-

.1eHa CTWJlUCmblMU 20paMU. Bo BHyTpeHHHX

paHOHaX KOpaHJIbep JIe.lKaT MHOrOqHCJIeHHble

nJIaTO 11HarOpb5I: EOJlbUlOUEaCCeUfl, KOJlopaoo,MeKCUKaflCKOe. GmI paCqJIeHeHbI fJIy60Kl1Ml1

peqHbIMH aOJIHHaMH - KaHbOHaMH. KOpal1JIbe-

pbI - MOJIO,LI;bIeropbI, l1X cPOpMl1pOBaHHe npo-

.JOJI.lKaeTC5I.MHoro ,LI;eHcTBylOlI.l,HXH IlOTyXllll1X

ByJIKaHOB. CaMbIe BbICOKHe - Opuca6a 11Jlono-KamenemJlb - IlO,LI;HHMaIOTC5IBblllle 5 000 M. B

CKaJIHCTbIX ropax MHO.lKeCTBOreH3epoB, rop5l-

qHX HCTOQHl1KOB,rp5I3eBbIX ByJIKaHOB.

fIOJIE3HbIE HCKOIIAEMbIE. Heapa

CeBepHoH AMepHKH60raTbI pa3Hoo6pa3HbIMH

IlOJIe3HbIMHl1CKOIlaeMbIMl1. Ha ceBepe l1MelOT-

C5IKpyrrHbIe MeCTOpO)KLJ.eHH5I.lKeJle3HbIX, Mea-

HbIX, HHKeJleBbIX, IlOJlHMeTaJIJIHqeCKHX H

ypaHoBbIX py,LI;.Bce OHH IlpHypOQeHbI K MarMa-

THQeCKl1M IlOpO,LI;aMKaflaocKo2o KpUCmaJlJlULte-CK020 u(uma.

B OCaaOQHbIX IlOpOaax IlJlaTcPopMbI - 3aJIe-

.lKHYfJI5I, HecPTl1, Ilpl1pO,LI;HOro ra3a, pa3HbIX co-

JIeH. KpynHbIe HecPTeHocHbIe paHoHbI

COCpe,LI;OTOQeHblHa BeJlUKUX paeflUHax, MflcKe,UleJlbrjJe MeKcuKaflcKo2o 3aJlUea. HaH60JIblilHe

3aJIe.lK11yfJI5I pa3Be,LI;aHbl B npeo2opbflX AnnaJla-"leu H CKOJlUCmblX 20p.

KOpOUJlbepbl 60raTbI I1CKOIlaeMbIMH OCaLJ,OQHOro11MarMaTH-

qeCKOrO IlpOHCXO)KLJ.eHl15I.B KOJlUrjJOPflUUH Ha MflcKe - 113BeCT-

HbIe BO Bci:~MMl1pe MeCTOpO)KLJ.eHH5I30JlOTa.

Pa3p,en YbI"",09 "'.rr.

Q,~;';:~j~,,~~,.~.. f.,;~~'::,'\-

CaMafl 60nbwafl B MlApe %\' "\.:J,.ftCIACTeMa neU4ep - MaMOH'?~lfii·~qO

TOBa new,epa - HaXO,lJ,liITCs:lHa IOro-

BOCTOKe LJ,eHTpanbHblx paBHliIH. 3TO

CnO)f(HbILii na61i1plilHT nO,lJ,3eMHblx ny-

CTOT, 06pa30BaBWliIXCs:l B npol\ecce

pacTBOpeHliIs:l 1iI3BeCTHs:lKOB BO,lJ,oLii.

TOHHenlil 1iI 3anbl, o6w,as:l AnlilHa KO-

TOpblX 530 KM, pacnonaraIOTCs:lI;l·He-

CKonbKO s:lpyCOB 1iI npocTliIpalOTCs:l

Brny6b Ha 300 M. B new,epe TeKyT

nO,lJ,3eMHble peKliI, a B yrny6neHliIs:lX

o6pa30Banlilcb nO,lJ,3eMHble o3epa.

lItennOYCTOH - >KenTbliii KaMeHbB 1871 r. B CKanlilcTblx ropax «pa,lJ,liI

nonb3bl 1iI y,lJ,OBOnbCTBliIs:l HapO,lJ,a»

6bln C03,lJ,aH lI1ennoycToHcKliILii Hal\liI-

oHanbHblLii napK. 3,lJ,eCb HaC41i1TbIBa-

eTCs:l 60nee 200 reLii3epoB. CaMblLii

BblCOKliILii 1iI3 HliIX - reLii3ep napoxo,lJ"

KOTOpblLii Bbl6pacblBaeT BO,lJ,yHa Bbl-

COTy 60nee 100 M. Ha1il6onbwylO

«BO,lJ,HOCTb»liIMeeT reLii3ep flilraHT -

Ka)f(,lJ,bILii pa3 OH 1iI3BepraeT n04TliI

38 TbIC. reKTOnlilTpOB BO,lJ,bl.nOpa)f(a-

lOT 1iIny)f(liI C KliIns:lw,eLii rps:l3blO, OKpa-

weHHble B 3eneHbiLii l\BeT BO,lJ,OPOC-

ns:lMliI, KOTopble B HliIX

pa3BliIBaIOTCs:l.

(! 3AnOMHVlTE• B OCHOBe MaTepUKa CeBepHaSi AMepUKa JIeMllT ,Il,OKeM6puUCKa» nJIaTfI>opMa, B

peJIbefl>e eu cooTBeTcTByIOT paBHuHbI.

• CKJIa,IJ,qaTbIM 06JIaCTSIM Ha 3ana,Il,e MaTepuKa cooTBeTcTByIOT ropbl KOp,Il,UJIbe-

pbl, Ha BOCTOKe - AnnaJIaqu.

BonpOCbl VI3AAAHVlSI1.YTO o6w,ero Vl pa3JlW-lHOrO B reOJlOrW-leCKOM cTpoeHVlVl CeBepHoVi Vl IO)KHOVI

AMepVlKVl (CM. pVlC. 6 Ha c. 14).2. nOLJeMy KOPAVlJlbepbl pacnOJlO)J<eHbl Ha 3anaAe MaTepVlKa?

3. KaKVle ¢OPMbl peJlbe¢a Ha paBHVlHax CBs:l3aHbl C ApeBHVlM JleAHVlKoM?

4. a LJeM cBVlAeTeJlbCTByeT pacnpoCTpaHeHVle ByJlKaHOB, reVi3epOB, rOp51LJVlX VlC-

TOLJHVlKOB B KOPAVlJlbepax?

5. KaKVle nOJle3Hbie VlCKonaeMble npVlypOLJeHbl KOCaAOLJHblM nopoAaM nJlaT¢OpMbl?

~ • BCnOMHlI1Te, KaK BJ1l11BaeT60J1bWa~ npOHI>K8HHOCTb MaTepll1Ka"'V Ha <pOpMlI1pOBaHlI1e ero Knll1MaTlI1yeCKlI1X YCJ10BlI1l1t.

KJIHMATOOEPA3YlOIUME <l>AKTOPhl. 3HaYMTeJ1bH35I npo-

TIDKeHHOCTh CeBepHOM AMepHKl1 C ceBepa Ha lOr o6yCJl0BJ1I1BaeT

cyl1.l,eCTBeHHble pa3J1\1l{115IB KO.'IH'IeCTBe COJIHe'lHOH 3Hep-

rHH, nOCTYIlalOll1.eti H33eMHYIO IIOBepXHOCTb. MeHbwe BceroTen-

J1anOJ1YlJaeT CeBepH35I lJaCTb M3TepMKa, n03TOMY TaM KpyrJ1bIM roLl

npe06JI3lI,alOT OTpMI.l,aTeJ1bHble TCMnepaTypbl B03Llyxa (pIllC. 195).Hal16oJ1bWee KOJ1MlJeCTBOCOJ1Hel.lHOM3Hepfl111 n0J1yq31OT IO)f(Hble

paMoHbI MaTepl1Ka, n03TOMY TaM TCIIJ10 I1 J1eTOM, 113HMOM.

3HalJI1TeJlbHOe BJ1115IHl1eHa Q:>OpMMpOBaHl1e KJlI1MaTa HMeeT

U,HpKyJISIU,IfSi B03JlYlllHbiX Macc. Hall MaTCpl1KOM IIpeo6J1a)la-

!OT X0J10JlHbJe H cyXl1e apKTWleCKMe B03LlYWHble MaCCbl, yMepeH-

Hble (KoHTI1HeHT3J1bHble M MOpCKl1e) 11 TpOnl1lJeCKl1e. B I1X

nepeMeUl,eHl111 Ba)KH)'1O POJ1bI1rpalOT ceBepO-130CTOl.lHbJe llOJUlp-

Hble BeTpbl, 3aII3llHble BeTpbI yMcpeHHbIX WlilpOT 11ceBepO-BOC-

TOlJHble naCCaTbl.

Pl-1c.195.KnIilMaTl-1lfeCKaSi

KapTa

CeBepHoi1

AMepl-1Kl-1

1. KaKa51 cpep,H5151TeMnepaTypa B03p,yxa3111M0il1Ha ceBepeMaTepll1Ka? A KaKa51 -Ha lOre?

2. KaK 1I13MeH51eTc51 160'

TeMnepaTypa B03p,yxac ceBepa Ha lOrneTOM?

3. KaKoe HanpaBne-Hille II1MelOT BeTpbl BceBepHblX 111IO)KHbIXpail1oHax?

4. KaK pacnpep,en51-IOTC51OCap,KII1B npep,e-nax MaTepll1Ka? fp,e II1XBblnap,aeT 60nbweBcero, 4eM 3TOo6ycnoBneHo?

5. PaCCKa)KII1Te 0Knill MaTe ropop,aCaH-ePpaHL\II1CKO.

TEMnEPATYPA B031\YXAB rpAI\YCAX I.lEJlbCM~

"="= ~ '5·...,... \!130TepMbI SlHBapSl- +15"- V130TepMbI ",oml

+40' ~~g~~;~~~MaKc~MYM

I" A6coJ1l0THbli1 MI1HI1MyM_. TeMneparypbl

nPE05flAl\AIOU1MEHAnPABflEHM~ BETPA

B SlHBape ••••••. B Io1lOlle

npM C1'OJIKHOBeHMM B03JlYIllHblX MaCC, KO-

1'Opble MMelO1' 60JIbillHe 1'eMnepa1'ypHbIC pa3JH1-

<tHR, B03HMKalO1' CMCPLIH (1'OPHa,LI,O).TOPH3,IJ,O -

31'0 MOmHbIH aTMOC¢epHbIH BlfXph, 06pa3ylO-

mHi1c5I MC)I(,lly rp030BblMM 06JIaKaMMM3eMJIeH.

OH MMCC1' BMLJ,rMraHTcKoro cToJI6a TeMHoro

UBeTa C BOPOHK006pa3HblM paCUlHpeHHCM

CBCpXy M CHH3Y. B03LJ,YX131'OpHa,LI,OBpamaeTC5I

CO CKOpOC1'blO 100 M/C H nOLJ,HHMae1'C5I no

CIll1paJIM BBCPX, I3T5IrHBa5I IIblJlb, I30LJ,y,pa3py-

wa5I Bce Ha cBoeM IIyTM.

Ha IOrc cPOPMHPYlOTC5I TpOnHQeCKHelJ,HKJIOHbI(yparaHbr)-

MOIUHble a1'MoccPepHble BMXpH, B03HHKalOmMe 13TpOIIM<tCCKHX

IllMpOTax Ha,LI,TeIIJIblMM yqaCTKaMH OKcaHa. B03LJ,YXCTPCMI1TCJlb-

HO BpamaeTC5I BOKpyr ueHTpa H nOLJ,HHMae1'CHBBepx. B pe3YJIb1'a-

Te 06pa3ylO1'C5I MOmHbie Ky<tCBO-LJ,O)l(,lleBble 06JIaKa, K01'opble

IIOpO)l(,llalOT JIHI3HH M rp03bI. CKOpOC1'b Be1'paLJ,OCTMraeT200 KM/G.

YparaHHblM Be1'ep B3LJ,b1MaeTorpOMHble OKeaHH<teCKl1e BOJIHbl -

BblCOTOH C II5ITH31'a)KHbIH LJ,OM. OHM 06pYillMBalOTC5I l-fa TI06epe-

)Kbe, 3aqaCTYlO Bbl3bIBalOT HaBOLJ,HeHM5I,orrYCTOWH1'eJIbHbIe pa3-

pYIlleHl1R, m6eJIb JIIOLJ,eH.YparaH C orpoMHoM CKOpOCTblO (LJ,O

400 KM B CYTKH) IIepeMemae1'C5I Ha CYillY.

MHoro OCa,LI,KOBBbIIIaLJ,aeT Ha lOre H ceBepO-BOC1'OKe MaTe-

pMKa (LJ,O 2 000 MM B roLJ,), aHa lOfO-3anaLJ,e, ceBepe Ma1'epHKa M B

Me)KropHblX K01'JIOBMHaX KopLJ,MJlbep HX MaJIO. o{>A'" At,

nO)l,CTHJIalOlIJ,a» nOBepXHOCTb (peJIbe¢ H OKeaHl1<teCKl1e :"'fi".f,:;~.:.v~ ~.;",,"".•1'eqeHl15I) TaK)Ke BJIM5IeTHa paCIIpeLJ,eJIeHl1e TeII- ( ':-~.;;;JIa 11BJIarH Ha MaTepHKe. B HaIIpaBJIeHMl1 CceBe- MaKC~ManbHaR gn51 Ce- \~:j1b"i

SepHOIl1 AMepll1KII1TeMne- '?'Ji";I1{>v.q

pa Ha lOr CeBepHa5I AMepHKa O1'KpblTa BJIM5IHMIO paTypa B03p,yxa (+56,7 °C) 3ape-

CeBepHoro J1eLJ,OBl1TOrOOKeaHa 11A1'JIaHTHKl1. rll1CTpll1pOSaHa S ,lJ,onll1He CMepTII1.

Ha,LI,paBHHHaMH XOJIOLJ,HbleapKTM<tecKMe Mac-

Cbl 6eCIIpeII5I1'CTBeHHO paCIIpOCTpaH5IlOTC5I

LJ,aJIeKOHa lOr, a TeIIJIbie TpOIIl1<tecKMe C IOra -

COO1'Be1'C1'BeHHOHa ceBep. XOJIOLJ,HbleapKTMGe-

CKHe B03LJ,ywHble MaCCbI MorYT IIepeMeLUaTbC5I

IIOGTl1LJ,OII06epe)Kb5I MeKCMKaHcKoro 3aJIMBa,

TOrLJ,aTaM 6bIBalOT MOP03bl, COnpOBO)l(,llalOLUl1e-

C5I cHeroIIa,LI,aMl1. HepeLJ,KO KpaTKoBpeMeHHoe

CHl1)KeHHe TeMIIepaTypbl IIpHBOLJ,HT K IIo1'epe

ypmKa5I aneJIbCl1HOB 11nepCI1KOB, LJ,a)KeKBbiMep-

3aHl1lO ITJIOLJ,OBbIXLJ,epeBbeB. 5bIBae1' 11Ha060-

pOT - TeIIJIblM B03LJ,yxC IOra pacIIpOCTpaH5IeTC5I

LJ,aJIeKOHa ceBep 11npl1HOCl1T OTTeIIeJII1. A Ha 3a-

TIa,LI,eBbICOKl1e KopoWlbepbl 3aTpYLJ,H51IOTLJ,OCTYII

BJIa)KHbIX B03LJ,YIl1HbIXMacc CTl1Xoro OKeaHa. Ha

KorAa KOpOBbl lIeTalOTCKOPOCTb seTpa s TopHago gOCTII1-

raeT 700 KM/4. 3TOro gocTaTo'iHO,

4T06bl sblpsaTb C KopHeM gepeBo.

A n04TII1 HeseCOMoe nTII14be nepblw-

KO npll1 TaKow CKOpOCTII1MO)KeT npo-

61t1Tb gOCKy Tonu~II1How 5 CM. B1968 r. so BpeM51 TopHago s B03gy-

xe OKa3anOCb LJ,enoe cTago 6bI4KOS.

OHII1 npOHeCnll1Cb Hag nOpa)KeH-

HbIMI~ )KII1Ten51MVI,cnOSHO

CTa51 nTII1LJ,.

KOBapHaH«KaTp~Ha»CaMble MO~Hble TpOnll14eCKII1e LJ,It1K-

nOHbl MeTeOpOnOrlt1 Ha3blBalOT c06-

CTseHHblMII1 II1MeHaMII1: B CesepHoM

nonywapll1l11 - )KeHCKIt1MIt1,s IO)KHOM

nonywapll1l11 - MY)KCKIt1MII1."Ypo)Kaw-

HbIM» Ha TpOnll14eCKIt1e LJ,II1KnOHbl6bln

2005 r. OgHII1M 1113caMblX pa3pywlt1-

TenbHblX yparaHos, 06pYWIt1SWII1XC51

Ha n06epe)Kbe MeKCII1KaHCKOro 3a-

nll1sa, 6~na"KaTpIl1Ha». HaceneHlI1e

C n06epe)Kb51 3saKylt1posanlt1 s 6e30-

naCH~epawOH~.HeCMOTp51Hanpe-

gynpegll1TenbHble Mepbl, pa3pywe-

1-j1t151It1)KepTSbl cpegll1 nlOgew

6blnlt1 04eHb 60nbWIt1MIt1.

KJIHMATHqECKHE IIOHCA H THIIhIKJIHMATA. CeBepHa5lAMepl1KaJIe)l(I1T B wec-

TI1 KJIl1MaTl14eCKMX n05lCaX, B npe,IJ;eJIaX KOTO-

phIX C¢OPMIIPOBaJIOCh HeCKOJIhKO KJIIIMaTII4eC-

KIIX06JIaCTeIt (PI1c. 196).B apKTH'IeCKOM n05lce HanpOT5I)I(eHI1I1

rO,IJ;a npe06JIa,IJ;alOT cyXl1e I1 XOJIO,IJ;HbIe apKTI1-

4eCKMe B03,IJ;YWHble MaCChl11 ceBepO-BOCT04Hble

nOJI5IpHbIe BeTpbI. 3IIMa np0,IJ;OJI)I(IITeJIbHa5l II

04eHb XOJIO,IJ;Ha5l, Cpe,IJ;HIIe TeMnepaTyphI

B03,IJ;yxa ,IJ;OCTl1raIOT -40°C. JIeToM COXpaH5leT-

C5lXOJIO,IJ;Ha5lnoro,IJ;a CTeMnepaTYpaMII,IJ;O + 5°C,

B aBrycTe y)l(e BbIlla,IJ;aeT CHer. KOJIlI4eCTBO OCa,IJ;-

KOB He npeBbIwaeT 250 MM B ro,IJ;, n03TOMY 60JIb-

WIIX CHe)l(HhIX 3aHOCOB He 6blBaeT. CIIJIbHbIe

BeTPbI COnpOBO)l(,IJ;aIOTC5l nyproH II CHe)l(HbIMI1

6YP5lMI1. CypOBOCTb apKTII4eCKoro KJIMMaTa

06b5lCH5leTC5l C04eTaHIIeM HII3KMX TeMnepaTyp

I1 CI1JIbHbIX BeTpOB.

B cy6apKTH'IeCKOM n05lce B03,IJ;YWHhIe MaCCbI II3MeH51-

lOTC5I no ce30HaM: 3IIMOH npe06JTa,IJ;alOT apKTII4eCKMe, JTeTOM -

yMepeHHble. D03TOMY 3I1Ma TaK)l(e XOJIO,IJ;Ha5l, C TeMnepaTYpaMII .

,IJ;O-300C. JleTo npOXJIa,IJ;HOe (,IJ;O+ 10°C), HO npO,IJ;OJT)l(MTeJThHee,

4eM B apKTlI4eCKOM n05lce. KOJIWleCTBo OCa,IJ;KOByseJTII4MBaeTC5I

,IJ;O350 MMB ro,IJ;.

B yMepeHHOM n05lce Ha npOT5I)I(eHIIl1 ro,IJ;a npe06JIa,IJ;alOT

YMepeHHbie B03,IJ;YWHble MaCCbI I1 3ana,IJ;HhIe BeTPhI. 3IIMa XOJTO,IJ;-

Ha5l, JTeTO yMepeHHO TeITJIOe. BCJIe,IJ;CTBl1e 3Ha4l1TeJIbHOH npOT5l-

)I(eHHOCTII n05lca C 3ana,IJ;a Ha BOCTOK TaM Ha6JTIO,IJ;alOTC5l

onpe,IJ;eJIeHHhIe KJIl1MaTl14eCKIIe pa3JTII4M5I, n03TOMY BhI,IJ;eJI5IIOT

4eThipe KJIl1MaTl14eCKMe 06JTaCTlI. Ha 3ana,IJ;e - 06JlaCmb MOpCKOZO

KJlUMama C M5lrKOH 3IIMOH II npOXJIa,IJ;HbIM JIeTOM II HaII60JThWIIM B

npe,IJ;eJTax n05lca KOJIl14eCTBOM OCa,IJ;KOB (cBbIllle 2000 MM). Ha

BOCTOKe - 06JlaCmb MyCCOHHOZOKJlUMama C npOXJIa,IJ;HhIM JTeTOM.

BHYTpeHHl1e paHoHbi - 3TO 06JlaCmb KOHmUHeHmaJIbHOZO KJlUMama

C XOJIO,IJ;HOH3IIMOH (,IJ;0 -25°C) I1 TenJIbiM JIeTOM (,IJ;O +20°C) II

06JTaCTb yMepeHHO KOHmUHeHmaJIbHOZO KJlUMama C MI1HI1MaJIbHbIM

B npe,IJ;eJTax n05lca KOJIII4eCTBOM OCa,IJ;KOB.

B Cy6Tp 0 n H'I e CKO M n 051 C e 3IIMOH npe06JTa,IJ;alOT yMepeH-

Hble B03,IJ;YWHbIe MaCChI, JTeTOM - TPOnl1yeCKl1e. KaK I1 B yMepeH-

o 3KBATOP~AJlbHbl~ YMEPEHHbl~no~cno~c 06"aeT" yMepeHHoro Kll"MaTao CY63KBATOP~AJlbHbl~ DO KOHT"HeHTanbHoro

T~g~~~ECK~~ no~c OJ ~~~f:::H°TanbHOrO06Il3cn1 TpOm1'-1eCKOrO KJH.1MaTa []] MOpCKOroo::JnyeTblHHoro rn MyeeoHHoro

rnB"aJKHOrO D CY6APKm~ECK~~CY6TPOn~~ECK~~ no~c no~c.

06"aeT" ey6TpOn""eeKOrO Kll"MaTa D APKT~~ECK~~ no~c[]J KOHH1H8HTaIlbHOro ~_ fpaHVlLI,bl KllVlMan1lJ8CKltlX

~ cpeAVl38MHOMOpCKOro ~~:~~~bl KJlIo1MaTW.18CKlIlX

C[] MyccoHHoro 06naCTeC1

PIIIC. 196. KapTa

Kll IIIMaTlII'ieCKIIIX

nOSiCOB III

061laCTeiii

CeBepHoiii

AMeplIIKIII

B..,HH..,ner91 504MM I 2,8'C

°CMM - - - - - - - - - - 20

-20,[\~C\lMAMV1V1ACOH

KllIllMaTIII •.•eCKaSi

AlllarpaMMa

KJIIIMaT n06epe)l(b5l BJIII5IlOT MOpCKlIe Te4eHlI5l.

TaK, 60JThWe Bcero OCa,IJ;KOB(,IJ;O3000 MM B ro,IJ;)

BbI na,IJ;aeT Ha ceBepO-3ana,IJ;HhIX CKJIOHaX Kop,IJ;l1-

JIbep 6JIaro,IJ;ap5l BJIlI5lHI11O TenJIOrO MJlCKUHCKO-

20 me'feHUJl.

Pa3Aen II )

HOM Il05ICe, 3HaYMTeJ1bHaH IlpOTH)I(eHHOCTb C KnaAOBaSixonOAa3aIla,LJ,aHaBOCTOK06YCJ10BJ1MBaeTCe30HHbleOCO- OrpOMHbliil, rny6oKo B,lJ,alOw,lt1iilcs:lB

6eHHOCTM. B cpeiJU3eMllOMOpCKOii o6Jlacmu 3MMa cywy fY,lJ,30HOB3anlt1Bcyw,eCTBeHHOBJ1~aSI M CpaBHMTeJIbHO TeIlJ1aSI, a J1eTO - TeIl- Bnlt1s:leTHa KnIt1MaT. 31t1Moiil B03,lJ,yw-

J10e M cyxoe. B KOllmUllellmaJlbllOii o6Jlacmu 3M- Hble MaCCbl Ha,lJ,HIt1MIt1MelOTcaMbleHIt13KIt1eTeMnepaTypbl, 3aperlt1CTplt1-

MOH MJ1eTOM npe06J1a,LJ,aeTCYXOMB03).1,yx,3MMHMe pOBaHHbie Ha 3TOiil Wlt1pOTe. n03TO

TeMileparypbI IlpeBbIwaJOT ooe, JIeTHMe COCTaB- My 3anlt1B Ha3blBalOT aMeplt1KaH- ~

J15IlOT +25°C. B o6Jlacmu MYCCOlll1020 KJlUMama CKoiil Kna,lJ,oBoiil xonO,lJ,a.•®

JIeTHMe MyCCOHbi C ATJ1aHTMyeCKOrO OKeaHa _

IlpMHOCSIT 06MJ1bHble OCa,LJ,KM,a 3MMOM nocryilaJOT KOHTMHeHTaJ1b- '

Hble B03).1,ywHble MaCCbI C CyxMM M X0J10).l,HbiM B03).1,yxOM. MOHTeppeH91600 MM I 22,7'CB TpOnU'IeCKOM nOHce KJ1MMaTTMXOOKeaHCKOrOMaTJ1aH- ·C

TM4eCKoro rr06epe)l(MH TaK)l(e pa3HbIH. Ha 3aIla,LJ,eC¢OpMVlpOBa- 30

J1aCb06JlaCmb nycmbl1lll020 KJlUMama. TaM )l(apKO M cyxo, HecMoTP5I

Ha npe06J1a,LJ,aHMe MopcKoro B03).1,yxa. 3TO 06YCJ10BJ1eHO BJ1M5I-

HMeM X0J10LlHOrO KaflurjJopHUUCK020 me'teHUfl, KOTopoe oXJ1a)l().l,a-

er B03LlYX VI rrpeIl5ITCTByeT cPOpMMpOBaHVlJO LlO)l().l,eBblX 06JIaKoB.

Ha BOCTOKe BbI).I,eJ1SIJOT06JlaCmb 6JlaJICIl020 KJlUMama - )l(apKoro M

BJ1a)I(Horo 6J1arOLlapSI rraccaTaM, KOTopble rrpMHocSIT ).I,O)l().l,M.

06 oco6eHHocTHX cy63KBaTOpVlaJIbHOrO rrOHca Bbi y)l(e 3Ha-

eTe, M3yqMB KJIMMaT ).I,pyrl1X MaTepMKOB.

100 D_ 0

o ~ -10A>l<l>MAMV1V1ACOH

KnHManll4eCKaSiAHarpaMMa..

(!') 3AnOMHI'ITE 1---------------------..."

• EOJIbme Bcero COJ1He'lHOH 3Hepruu nOJIY'lalOT IO)I{Hbie paHOHbl CeBepHOH AMe-

pUKU, n03TOMY TaM TenJIO U JIeTOM, U 3UMOH; MeHbme Bcero - ceBepHble, r)l,e

Ha npOTH)I{eHUU rO)l,a npe06JIa)l,alOT oTpuu.aTeJIbHble TeMnepaTYpbl.

• BnepeMell.l,eHHU B03)l,ylliHb1X Macc rJlaBHYIO POJIburpalOT ceBepo- BOCTO'lHble nOJIHp-

Hble BeTpbl, 3ana)l,Hble BeTPbl YMepeHHblX IUHpOT U ceBepO-BOCTO'IHble naCCaTbI.

• CeBepHaH AMepUKa JIe)l{UT B mecTU KJIUMaTU'IeCKUX nOSlcax CeBepHoro

nOJIymapUH.

BonpOCbl 1'13AAAHI'ISI1.KaKlI1e paVloHbl CeBepHoVi AMepll1KII1 nOJlyyalOT Hall160JlbWee KOJlll1yeCTBO COnHey-

HOVl3Heprll1l11, a KaKlI1e - Hall1MeHbwee? nOYeMy?

2. KaKlI1e B03,LJ,ywHble MaCCbl epOpMlI1pylOT KJlIl1MaT CeBepHoVi AMepIl1KII1?

3. KaK Ha lJ,lI1pKyJlS'llJ,1I11OB03,LJ,YWHbIXMacc BJlIl1S'lIOTKpynHble epOPMbl peJlbeepa?

4. B KaKII1XpaVloHax CeBepHoVi AMepll1KII1 MOryT B03HII1KaTb TpOm1yeCKII1e lJ,II1KJlOHbl?

5. KaKoBbl epaKTOpbl epOpMlI1pOBaHII1S'lKJlIl1MaTlI1yeCKII1Xo6JlacTeVi B npe,LJ,eJlax O,LJ,HOro

KJlIl1MaTlI1yeCKOrO nOS'lca?

rEorPAcJ>W-IECKASl3AAA'"IA

Ha WlI1pOTe nOJlyoCTpoBa ¢Jlopll1,LJ,a 6blBalOT JleTHlI1e 3aMOp03KII1, YTOMO>KeTnpll1BeCTII1

K BblMep3aH 11110nJlO,LJ,OBbIX,LJ,epeBbeB. CJlyyaIOTCS'l 111JlIl1BH111,con pOBO>K,LJ.alOUJ,lI1eCS'lHa-

BO,LJ,HeHII1S'lMII1Ha peKax. KaKlI1e KJlIl1MaTlI1yeCKlI1eepaKTOpbl 06YCJlOBJlll1BalOT 3TII1S'lBJleHII1S'l?

~.•

BcnOMHV1Te, 4TO Ha3blBalOT pe4HOL'l CV1CTeMOL'l.

K 6aCCeL'lHaM KaKV1XOKeaHOB OTHOC5HC51peKV1 CeBepHOL'lAMepV1KV1?

PEKlf. CaMbIe )J)Tl1HHbTe H nOJ1HOBO,lJHbTepeKH CeBepHOH AMe-

pHKH IIpHHa)JJle)KaT K 6acceHHy ATJ1aHTWreCKOfO OKeaHa. OHH

------- -fJ. "'.... HMelOT lllHpOKHe ,lJOJ1HHbT,paBHHHHbTH xapaK-nyreWeCTBMe B cnOBO /7... Tep H CMelllaHHoe nHTaHHe (,lJO)K)JeBOe, CHe-

fOBoe H nO,lJ3eMHbIMH BO,lJaMH).

OCHOBHa5I peKa CeBepHOH AMepJ1KT1 J1O,1JHa

H3 caMbIX KpynHbIX Ha TIJlaHeTe - Muccucunu(pHC. 197). Ee )JJll1Ha BMeCTe C IIpHTOKOM M HC-

CypH COCTaBJ15reT6 420 KM. £epeT HalJallO Ha ce-

BepO-3ana,lJe lJ,eHTpallbHbIX paBHl1H. Bna,lJa5I B

MeKCl1KaHCKl1H3allJ1B, 06pa3yeT ,lJeJ1bTY- O,lJHy

113KpynHeHlllHX Ha 3eMHOM lllape, npl1lJeM e)Kero,lJHO OHa BbI,lJBH-

faeTC5I B 3aJll1B nOlJTI1 Ha 100 M. KOf,lJa B fopax TaeT CHer I1J1I1l1,lJyT

,lJO)K,lJH, M HCCHCHIIH BbTXO,lJl1T H3 6eperOB. ,l],J15I 3aIJ]HTbT OT

HaBO,lJHeHJ1H Ha peKe B03Be,lJeHbI ,lJaM6bT H OTBO,lJHbIe KaHallbI.

BMeCTC co CBOHMH MHOrOlJHCJ1eHHhIMJ1 IIpJ1TOKaMH MHCCl1CH-

rrl1 06pa3yeT 06111J1PHYlOpelJHyro CHCTCMy.

TIpaBhIe npl1TOKl1 MJ1CCHCHIIH, IIepeCeKa5I 3aCYlllJ1J1Bhle Tep-

pHTOpHI1:, IIpHHOC5IT MallO BO,lJbI. Ha1160J1bWI1H113 HHX - Muccypu(pHC. 198). PeKa )JJ1l1HHee Ml1CCl1CHIIH, XOT5IHe TaK nOJ1HOBO,lJHa:

OCHOBHyro POJ1hB ee rrHTaHHH l1fpalOT J1HBHeBhle ,lJ0)K)J11,OIIpe,lJe-

J1eHHOC3HalJCHHC I1MCCT11CHef, BhlIIa,lJalOIJ]HH B fopax. TI03TOMY

BeCHOH H J1eTOM6hTBalOT Cl1J1hHble HaBO,1JHeHl15I,3aTeM Ml1CcypH

MeJ1eeT. ITpoTeKa5I C ceBepa Ha lOr, peKa pa3MhIBaeT fJ1l1HHCThIC

nOp0,lJbI. BCJ1e,lJCTBHe3TOro ce BO,lJbICTaHOB5ITC5Irp5I3HO-)KeJ1ThI-

MJ1. AMepl1KaHU:hT B lllYTKY Ha3hTBalOT peKY «TOJ1CTOHrp5I3HYJ1eti».

JIeBhTe npHTOKl1 MJ1CCHCHIIH nOJ1HOBO,lJHhl KpyfJ1hIH fO,lJ.

Ha3BaHI1151peKaM CeBepHoVi AMe-

pili KillA8B8nlll lIIHAeVicKlIIe nneMeHa,

)f(lIIBWlIIe Ha lIIX 6eper8x. TaK,

Mvrccvrclllnvr B nepeBoAe 03H8LJ8-

eT 50flbW8R peK8, Mvrccypvr -50flbW8R MyTH8R peK8, OraMo -npeKp8CH8R peK8.

nyrewecTBMe B enOBO

PeKa MaKKeH3U Ha3BaHa B 4eCTb

WOTnaHACKOrO nyTewecTBeHHII1Ka-

II1CCneAOBaTeml AneKCaH.D.pa MaK-KeH3/11. B 1789 r. OH nepBblM 1113

eBpOne~lJ,eB nponnbin no He~ Ha

KaH03.PIIIC. 199. AenbTa peKIII MaKKeH3111

rJIaBHbIH H3 HHX - 02auo - Hay.HHaeTC5I B AnnaJIay.ax 11nepece-

KaeT CBOCTOKa Ha 3ana.n: LI,eHTpaJIbHble paBHHHbl. PeKa yBeJIHy'I1-

BaeT KOJIWIeCTBO BO).lbI B M HCCHCHnH nOy.TH B 1,5 pa3a, oc06eHHo

BO BpeM51JIeTHHX MyCCOHHbIX ).lO)l()l,eH.

~KKe~~!L;;;:..KpY..IlHeHlllaH peKa-6acceJ1 Ha-Ce.BepJ::lOf..v Jle-

)J,OBHTOfO OKeaHa. B BepXHeM Tey.eHHH OHa nopmKHCTa5I, HMeeT.,;..------ --- - -" -rOpHbIH xapaKTep, a B HH)J(HeM - paBHHHHbIH. TIHTaHHe

np.eI4M¥ eCTBeHHO CHerOBoe. 3HMOH 3aMep3aeT. Bna.n:a5I B Mope,

c;6pa3yeT 06WHpHYIO )J,eJIbTy (pHC. 199).PeKH 6acceMHa THXOro OKeaHa 6YPHble H KopOTKHe. OHH 6e-

pyr Hay.aJIO Ha BOCTOY.HbIXCKJIOHaXKop)J,HJIbep, nepeceKaIOT BHyT-

peHHHe nJIOCKOrOpb5I, r)J,e 06pa3YIOT my60KHe KaHbOHbl, CHOBa

npeO)J,OJIeBaIOTropHble xpe6TbI H Bna.n:aIOTB OKeaH. TIOJIHOBO)J,Ha5I

KOflyM6Ufl HMeeT JIe)J,HHKOBoe nHTaHHe H roPHbIH, Oy.eHb 6YPHbIH

xapaKTep. PeKa KOJlOpaoo, nepeCeKa5I O).lHOHMeHHoe nJIaTO, 06pa-

3yeT O)J,HH113caMbIX fJIy60KHX B Ml1pe KaHbOHOB (pHC. 200).03EPA. B CeBepHOH.AMepl1Ke MHoro KpynHbIX03ep.l1x KOTJIO-

Bl1HbI l1MeIOT pa3Hoe npOl1CXO)l()l,eHl1e.

Ha ceBepe 03epa B03HHKJIH B pa3JIOMaX 3eMHOH KOpbI,

yrJIy6JIeHHbIX )J,peBHHM JIe).lHI1KOM. CaMble 60JIbWHe 113 Hl1X-

PI1C. 200. 60nbWOv. KaHboH - pe3ynbTaTpa3pYWI1TenbHOv. pa60Tbl peKI1 KonopaAo

60nbWOv. KaHboH KonopaAo3TO OAHa 1113caMblX rny6oKlI1x pe4-

HblX AOnll1H B MlI1pe. 60nee10 MnH neT Ha3aA BcneACTBlI1e ABII1-

)KeHII1~ 3eMHO~ KOpbl 4aCTb cywlI1

Ha4ana nOAHII1MaTbC51,a peKa Kono-

paAo, npOTeKaBWa51 TaM, CTana aK-

TII1BHOpa3MbiBaTb CBOIO Aonll1Hy. BTonw,ax 1I13BeCTH51KOB,neC4aHlI1KOB 111

CnaHlJ,eB 06pa30BanC51 rll1raHTCKII1~

KaHbOH - AOnll1Ha AnIl1HO~ 60nee300 KM 111rny6l11Ho~ 1800 M. KpYTble,

n04TlI1 BepTII1KanbHble CKnOHbl Aonll1-

Hbl o6pa3YlOT yCTynbl pa3Ho~ epop-

Mbl. B 1919 r. 3AeCb 6bln C03AaH Ha-

lJ,1I10HanbHbl~napK "fpaHA-KaHboH»,

KOTOPbl~ CBOIl1MKOnOpll1TOM npll1-

BneKaeT MHOr04l11CneHHbiX

TypIl1CTOB.

BeJlUKUe 03iipa. OHM OnpaB,llblBaIOT CBoe Ha3Ba-

HMe, nOCKOJIbKYOTHOC51TC51K KpyrrHetiwMM npe-

CHOBO,llHbTM03epaM Ml1pa. BeJII1Kl1e 03epa - 3TO

CMCTeMa 113n51TM 03ep, COe,llMHeHHbTX KOpOT-

KI1MM, HO WMpOKMMI1 peKaMM-npOJIMBaMI1

(Pl1c. 201). BepXHee - Hal160JIbWee (82 TbIC. KM2)

npeCHOBO,llHOe 03epo 3eMHoro wapa M caMoe

my60Koe (397 M). KOpOTKa51 peKa (121 KM)

COe,llHH51eTero C 03epOM FYPOH - TpeTbl1M no

nJIOmanl1 (60 TbIC. KM2) npeCHOBO,llHbIM 03epOM

MMpa. B CBOIO Ol.[epe,llb, rypoH co06maeTC51 C

,llByM51 03epaMl1 - MI1l.[MraH 11 3pM. 03epoMU'1UZaH TaIOKe COe,lll1H51eTC5ICY,llOXO,llHbIMI1

KaHaJIaMI1 C pel.[Hoti CI1CTeMoti Ml1CCMCMnll.

03epo 3pu l.[epe3 peKY Huozapy CB513aHO C

OHmapuo - Hal1MeHbWllM Cpe,llll BeJ1I1KMX03ep.

Hl1arapa, 06pywl1Ba51Cb C yCTyna WMpMHOti

1200 M II BblCOTOti 50 M, 06pa3yeT BceMMpHO

M3BecTHbTti uazopcKuU eoaonaa (Pl1c. 202). BeJ1MKMe 03epa

ITMTaIOTC5IBO,llaMI1 BnanalOmMX B HI1X peK, a no peKe Ce51mOZOJIaepeHmU51 MMelOT CTOKB ATJIaHTI1l.[eCKMM OKeaH.

KpynHetiwee 03epo TeKTOHI1l.[eCKOrO npOMCXO)[(,lleHI151 B

CeBepHoti AMepMKe - HUKapazya, paCITOJIO)KeHHOe Ha lOre

MaTepMKa. 03epo 06pa30BaJIOCb Ha MeCTe 3aJIMBa, OT,lleJ1MBWe-

Ha3BaHIi151 Benli1KIi1M o38paM Aanli1

Ii1HAe~CKli1enneMeHaanrOHKIi1HOBIi1

Ii1pOKe30B. MIII'IlIIraH B nepeBoAe

03Ha'-laeT 50flbwoe o3epo; OHTa-plllO - npeKpacHoe o3epo; rypoH

Ii13pIII - :no Ha3BaHIi151Ii1POK83CKIi1X

nn8M8H.

rpOXO<4YL14aSl BOAaTaK C Ii1HAe~CKoro nepeBOAIi1TC51

"Hli1arapa». ,ll,e~CTBIi1TenbHO, rpoxoT

Hli1arapCKoro BOAOnaAa cnblWHO Ha

paCCT051HIi1Ii17 KM. Ha yCTyne BOAO-

naAa eCTb He6onbwo~ K031i1~ OCT-

POB, pa3Aen5llow,li1~ BOAonaA Ha ABe

'-IaCTIi1:y3KylO (300 M), KOTOpa51npli1-

HaAne)l(li1T CWA, Ii160nee Wli1pOKylO

(900 M), pacnono)l(eHHYIO B npeAe-

nax KaHaAbl. AMepIi1KaHCKa51 '-IaCTb

BOAonaAa )I(Ii1BOnIi1CHee, HO KaHaA-

CKa51- 60nee Mow,Ha51. ,ll,n51Typli1C-

TOB, npli1e3)1(alOw,Ii1X nonlO6oBaTbC51

3TIi1M '-IYAOM npli1pOAbl, 3a cTeHo~

naAalOw,e~ BOAbl B CKanli1CTOM yCTy-

ne CAenaHbl npOXOAbl, HaA peKo~

nepeKIi1HYTbl BIi1C51'-lli1eMOCTbl, HO'-lblO

MOW,Hbl~ nOTOK oCBew,aeTC51

pa3HOlJ,BeTHbIMIi1

npO)l(8KTOpaMIi1.'.

Plllc.202.BceMlllpHo

1113BecTHbliiiBOAonaA Ha

peKe Hlllarape

rOC51OT OKeaHa BCJIe,LI.CTBJilenO,LI.H5ITJil513eMHOVtKOpbr. B KOp,LI.JilJIbepaX MHOrO 03ep JIe,LI.HJilKO-Boro JilByJIKaHWreCKoro npOJilCXmK,lleHJil5l. ECTbMeJIKOBO,LI.Hble OCTaTOlJHble 03epa - lJaCTJil60JIbUlJilX BO,llOeMOB, cyr..ueCTBOBaBWJilX 3,L1.eCbB,LI.aJTeKOMnpOUlJIOM BO BJImKHOM KJIJilMaTe. Ta-KI1M 5IBJI51eTC5IEOflbUlOe COfleHoe 03epo, 6ec-CTOlJHOe 11 HerJIy60Koe, ero nJIor..ua,LI.b JilCOJIeHOCTb 113MeH5IIOTC5IB 3aBJilCJilMOCTl1OT KO-JlWleCTBa aTMoc¢epHbIX OCa,LJ,KOB.

PeKJilI1 03e a CeBepHOVt AMepJilKJil JilCnOJIb3Y-

1O~5I £Y,LI.oxQ)!C.T1Eb..JIR.BO,LI.:2!__ eo6xnn11MbIMHOrOlJJilCJIeHHblM n OMbllllJleHHbIM npe,LI.npJil-

51~.YLAJl51 opowt;.~Yl5I ~e¥t;..!).b.'~tQRi~e l~~11Me lOT 3Ha lJI1I.eJlbHhle..D11lP03 J:l e renfl-l eCKJilepeCYPCbl~ H~ HJilX c..OOp)l)Keflbl flJTOTI1HW--H"m,U-

. P03JIeKTPOC~a~lJ,HI1SQ~aJ;:I.I;>I.B0,uQX'''·iuiM}U1fua.

03epo C BynKaHaMIII III aKynaMIII

03epo HVlKaparya VlHTepecHo TeM,

YTO B HeM 06V1TalOT MopCKVle Pbi6bl

(aKynbl, MeY-pbl6a VI gp.). OHO 06-

pa30BanOCb Ha MeCTe MopCKoro 3a-

nVlBa VI nOCTeneHHO OnpeCH51nOCb

BogaMVI peK. Pbl6bl npVlcnoc06V1-

nVlCb K HOBblM ycnOBVl51M. B 03epe

60nee 300 OCTpOBOB C nOTyxwVlMVI

VIgei1CTBYIOU\VlMVI

BynKaHaMVI.

n eweCTBlle B cnOBO

6onbwoe ConeHoe o3epo Hecnyyai1Ho nonYYVlno TaKoe Ha3Ba-

HVle. ConeHOCTb era BOgbl B 9 pa3

npeBblwaeT MOpCKylO. Ee MO>KHO

cpaBHVlTb C coneHocTblO BOgbl B

TpeXnLtnpoBoi1 6aHKe, B KOTOpylO

BblCbmanVl 1 Kr conVl .••(!') 3AnOMH~TE ]1------------------------..

• B CeBepHOH AMepHKe MHoro 60JlbIDHX 03ep H nOJlHOBO,LI.HbIXpeK, HO HX pa3Me-

lIIeHHe no TeppHTopHH HepaBHOMepHoe.

• DOJlbIDHHCTBO KpynHblX peK OTHOCSlTCSIK 6acceHHy ATJlaHTH'IeCKOrO OKeaHa.

• 03epa HMelOT KOTJlOBHHbl pa3Horo npOHCXO)K)J,eHHSI, COCpe,LI.OTO'leHbl npeHMy-

lIIeCTBeHHO Ha ceBepe MaTepHKa.

BonpOCbl ~ 3AAAH~SI

1. Om1wVlTe peYHylO cVlcTeMY peKVI MVlccVlcVlnVl.

2. nOyeMY peKVI 6acceVlHa TVixoro OKeaHa 06blYHO KopoTKVle Vl6YPHble?3. KaKOe npOVlCXO>KAeHVleo3epHbix KOTnOBVlHKpynHeVlwVlx o3ep CeBepHoVi AMepVlKVI?4. ,l],oKa>KVlTe,YTO BenVlKVle o3epa - 3TO eAVlHa5l CVlCTeMa BOAoeMoB.

rEorPAet>W-IECKASI 3AAA"tA

nonb3Y5lCb KapToVl, onpeAenVlTe, rAe npOXOA5lT BOAopa3Aenbi Me>KAY6acceVlHaMVIpeK CeBepHoro neAoBVIToro, ATnaHTVlyeCKOrO VITVixoro OKeaHOB. CpaBHItlTe pe>KVlMVIxapaKTep TeyeHVl5l peK pa3Hbix peYHblX 6acceVlHoB.

nPAKT~"tECKASI PA60TA

OxapaKTepVl3yVlTe OAHy Vl3 peK CeBepHoVi AMepVlKVI no cneAylOLlJ,eMy nnaHy.

1. B KaKoVi yaCTVI MaTepltlKa npoTeKaeT?

2. fAe 6epeT HayanO Itl KYAa BnaAaeT?3. HanpaBneHVle TeyeHVl5l.

4. 3aBItlCItlMOCTb xapaKTepa TeyeHItl5l OT penbe¢a.5. V1CTOYHItlKItlnItlTaHItl5l.

6. Pe>KItlM peKItl Itl ero 3aBItlCItlMOCTb OT KnltlMaTa.

~ • BCnOMHlI1T8, KaKoMy 3aKoHy nO,l:\l.jll1HH8TCH paCnpOCTpaHeH1I18'W npll1pO,l:\HblX 30H.

MaH CeBepHaH npJ.1pO,ll,HaH 30Ha 3eMHOrO wapa.

OHa OXBaTbIBaeT TpeHJlaHOWOJ.1KaHaoClwu ApK-mUlfeCKuu apxuneflaz. KJII1MaT apKTJ.1lIeCKJ.1ti,

Oy.eHb CYPOBblti. OCTpOBa nOKpblTbl CHerOM J.1

JIb,ll,aMJ.1.TaM, r,ll,e CHer JIeTOM ycneBaeT paCTa-

HTb, Ha KaMeHJ.1CToti nOBepXHOCTJ.1 pacTYT MXJ.1J.1

JIJ.1111atiHI1Kl1.)l(J.13Hb 60JIbWl1HCTBa )I(J1BOTHbIX -

6eJIoro Me,ll,Be,ll,H,TlOJIeHeti, MOp)l(eti, nTJ.1U- CBH-

3aHa C MopeM. A JIeMMJ.1Hr - He60JIbliioti rpbI3YH

C nYWJ.1CTbIM MeXOM - 3J.1MOti 06J.1TaeT no,ll, CHe-

roM, npOKJIa,LJ,bIBaH MHoroy.J.1CJIeHHble XO,ll,bI. Ha

Hero OXOTHTC51nOJI51pHblti BOJIK 11neceu, (pJ.1c. 204).30HA TYH,llPhI H JIECOTYH,1l,PhI. TyH,lJ,pa - 6e3JIeCHble

npOCTopbI apKTJ.1y.eCKoro J.1cy6apKTJ.1lJecKoro n051COB - 3aHJ.1Ma-

eT ceBepHoe n06epe)l(be MaTepl1Ka J.1npI1JIermow.J.1e OCTpOBa. B

CypOBOM KJII1MaTe pacnpOCTpaHeHa MHoroJIeTHIDI Mep3JIOTa, Kor-

,ll,a nOBepxHocTHblti CJIoti CI1JIbHO npOMep3aeT, 11B ropHbIX nopo-

,ll,ax,ll,O my6J.1Hbl 400 M CO,ll,ep)l(I1TC51JIe,ll,. Mep3JIOTa coxpalliIeTCH

Ha npOTH)I(eHI1J.1 TbIC5lY.eJIeTJ.1ti, OTTaI1Ba51 TOJIbKO JIeTOM J.1TOJIb-

KO Ha nOBepXHOCTJ.1. BO,ll,a I1CnapHeTC51 MaJIO, a Mep3JIblti CJIoti

3a,LJ,ep)l(I1BaeT ee I1 He ,ll,aeT B03MO)l(HOCTl1 npOCa4J.1BaTbC51 BrJIy6b.

/----- ~~,.-k----' 't);~

.~ "/'1\-~ ~.". c 'l:! : ~-:so. TP 0 - --'/¢l"Y?{

_.---------- ------------------;YJ;3~~ ~:;fJJnp~PO.!lHbIE 30Hblo ApKTL1l.ieCKL1e nYCTblHL1 0 Crenlll

o TyHApa DCaaaHHbl L1peAKoneCb51o ne~CTYHAPa D nonynYCTblHL1 III nycTblHL1o TaL1ra Cy6rpOnlo1"leCK\o1e::t<eCTKOJ1i1CTHble

• ~ CMewaHble neca neca VIKYCTapHL1JU.1

Q Wlt1pOKOm1CTBeHHbl€ neca 0 nepeMeHHO-BJla:+:Hble necao J1eCQCTenL1L1npepL1\.1 D30HbI BblCOTHOi1n05lCHOCTlol

PIIIC. 203. KapTa

nplllpOAHblX 30H

CeBepHoiii

AMeplIIKIII

~1~~,,~f)~CaMblH KpynHblH XHU{HHK

~ljlfilVV.q Ha 3eMne - 6enblVl MeABeAb;era Anll1Ha - 2,5 M, a Macca - 450 Kr.OH npeKpacHo nnaBaeT III, B OTnlll-l.jllle OT CBoero 6ypora pOAcTBeHHIII-Ka, BeAeT aKTIIIBHblVl o6pa3 >K1II3HIIIKpyrnblVl raA. fyCTOVI Mex, nOKpblBa-1OUJ,1IIV1Aa>Ke nOAOWBbl, III 10-caHTIII-MeTpoBblVl cnoVl >Klllpa 3aUJ,lIIw,aIOTMeABeAs:l OT xonOAa. >KIIIBoTHoe 3a-HeceHO B KpacHYIO KHIIIry.

Pa3MemeHJ.1e npJ.1p0,ll,HbIX 30H B CeBepHOH

AMepJ.1Ke J.1MeeT CBOJ.1oc06eHHOCTJ.1. ComaCHO

3aKoHy 30HaJIbHOCTJ.1 B ceBepHoti 4aCTl1 MaTepJ.1-

Ka OHJ.1J.13MeH51IOTC51B HanpaBJIeHliIliI C ceBepa Ha

lOr, B ueHTPaJIbHOH J.1IO)l(HOti - C BOCTOKa Ha 3a-

Oa,LJ,(pJ.1c. 203). npe>K,ll,e Bcem, 3TO CB513aHOCBJIl1-

5lHJ.1eMpeJIbect>a (KOp,ll,l1JIbep) Ha pacope,ll,eJIeHl1e

BJIafJ.1 Ha MaTepl1Ke.

30HA APKTWIECKlIX IIYCThIHh. 31'0 ca-

5enblVl MeABeAb neceu, neMMIIIHr

PIIIC. 204. )I(IIIBoTHbie apKTw-lecKlllx nycTblHb

3HAeML1'"1Hblii1 oBI.\e6blK

OBl..\e6bIKV1 - 3TO KpynHble TpaBO~A-

Hble )l(V1BOTHble, COXpaHV1BWV1eC~ B

TyHApe C neAHV1KOBOrO nepV10Aa.

>KV1ByT OHV1 cTaAaMV1 V1COBMeCTHO

3aUJ,V1UJ,aIOTC~ OT BOnKOB. YBV1AeB

XV1UJ,HV1Ka,oBl..\e6bIKV1 3aHV1MaIOT Kpy-

roBylO 060pOHy - rOnOBO~ Hapy)l(y, a

Ten~T co6V1palOT B l..\eHTpe. HanaAa-

1OUJ,V1XBonKOB OHV1 oT6paCblBalOT

poraMV1 V1TonyYT KonbITaMV1. Ho ne-

peA BoopY)l(eHHbiM '-tenOBeKOM OBl..\e-

6b1KV1OKa3anV1Cb 6e33aUJ,V1THbIMV1V1

MaCCOBO V1cTpe6n~nV1cb. HblHe

3TV1 )l(V1BOTHble

oxpaH~IOTc~.

003TOMY JIeTOM B TyH,Upe MHoro 60JlOT. TaM

C$OPMHPOBaJII1Cb 6e,UHble mYHopo60-6oJlOmHble

nOll6bl. Ha HI1X pacTyT MXH, JII1WaMHI1KI1, He-

MHorol.J.I1CJIeHHble TpaBbl (nOJI5IpHbIH MaK, pa3-

Hble BI1,UbI OCOKI1), 51ro,UHble KycTapH114Kl1 (l.J.epHHKa,

6pYCHI1Ka, roJIy6I1Ka). BCTpe4aIOTC5I KapJlI1KOBble MBa I1 6epe3a,

KOTopble CTeJl5lTC5I no 3eMJIe, npH)J(aTbJe CI1JIbHblMI1 BeTpaMI1 .

.>KHBOTHbIH MHp 6e,UHbIH. JlHwaHHI1KaMH I1 OCOKOH nI1TaIOTC5I

ceBepHble OJIeHI1 KapH6y H oBue6bIKl1 - KpynHble )J(I1BOTHble C

rycToH ,UJIMHHOH wepcTbIO, 3aw,Hw,alOw,eH HX OT XOJIo,Ua. BO,U5IT-

C5IBOJIK, neceu, ropHocTaM, JleMMHHr, 113nTHU - nOJI5IpHa51 COBa

I1 6eJIa51 KypOnaTKa.

IO)J(Hee TYH,Upa nepexo,UI1T B peJlKOJIeCbe - JleCoTyH,Upy,

r,Ue B ,UOJII1HaX peK n05lBJI5IIOTC5I XBoHHble ,UepeBb5l.

30HA XBOHHhlX JIECOB. XBoHHble JIeca yMepeHHoro n05lca

Ha3bJBaIOT TaHfoH. B YCJlOBI15IXCYPOBOH CHe)J(HOH3I1Mbll1 npo-

XJ1MHOrO JIeTa cP0PMI1PYIOTC5In0030JlUCmble nO.,6bl. MHOrOJIeTH5I5I

Mep3JIOTa o6yCJIOBJll1BaeT 3Ha'Il1TeJIbHOe 3a6oJIa4l1BaHl1e TeppH-

TOpI1H. B aMepl1KaHCKOH TaHre pacTYT l.JepHa51 I1 6eJIa51 eJII1,

6aJIb3aMI1l.J.eCKM nl1XTa, aMepHKaHCKa51 JlI1CTBeHHHua, rHraHTC-

Ka51TY5l, pa3Hble BI1,UbI COCHbI. vl3 MeJIKOJIHCTBeHHbIX nopoJl -

6epe3a, oCHHa, TOnOJIb. )J(I1BOTHbIH Ml1p TaHrl1 3Ha4l1TeJIbHO

6ora4e, 'leM TYH,UpbI. X0351I1HOM JIeca 51BJI5leTC5Irpl13JI11 - aMepl1-

KaHCKl1H 6YPbIH Me,UBe,Ub, KOTOpbli1 OTJIWlaeTC5I cBHpenocTblO.

Tl1nl1l.J.Hble 06l1TaTeJIl1 Tai1rl1: J10Cb, BOJIK, pbICb, JlI1CHua, CKyHC,

KyHHua, HopKa, JlaCKa, eHoT, 606ep.

30HA CMElIIAHHbIX JIECOB. 3Ta 30Ha 51BJI5IeTC5Inepexo,U-

HOH OTTaHfl1 KlUI1POKOJIHCTBeHHbJMJIeCaM. Hap5l,UYCXBOHHbIMI1

3,Uecb pacTyT JlI1CTBeHHbJe nopo,UbI ,UepeBbeB. npeo6JIMalOTCaxap-

HbIH KJleH, 5ICeHb, B5I3, JIl1na, 6YK, OCI1Ha, 6epe3a. B YCJIOBH5IX

60JIee TenJIoro, no cpaBHeHl1lO C Tai1roH, yMepeHHo KOHTHHeH-

TaJIbHOrO KJlHMaTa C$OpMHpOBaJII1Cb oepHo6o-n0030JlUCmble

nOll6bl. OHH nJIO,Uopo,UHee, l.J.eMnO'lBbI Tai1fl1, n03ToMY B 3TOH

30He 3Hal.J.HTeJIbHble nJlow,a,UH JIeca YHI1l.J.TO)l(eHbI, a 3eMJIH

.HCnOJIb3YlOT KaK CeJIbCKOX035IHCTBeHHbie yrO,Ub5l.

>KL1BOTHble

Taii1rL1

30HA illlfPOKOJIlfCTBEHHbIX JIECOB. 30Ha paCIlOJIara-eTCH Ha BOCTOKe MaTepl1Ka, JO)KHee CMewaHHbIX JIeCOB. TaMyMepeHHbIH MHfKl1H 11BJIa)KHbIMKJI11MaT. Ha 6YPbIX JleCHblX no-

"l6ax pacTyT pa3Ho06pa3Hhle BI1LI.bILI.y6a, KJIeHa, JIIHlbI, 6YKa.BCTpe4alOTCH nJIaTaH, KaliITaH 11TenJIoJIJ06l1BOe TlOJIhnaHHOeLI.epeBO, uBeTbI KOToporo nOXmKI1 Ha TJOJIhnaHbI. 3LI.eCb06l1TaJOTOJIeHb Banl1TI1, 4epHhIl1 MeLI.BeLI.h6ap116aJI, pbICb, pOCOMaxa,KYHl1ua, BOJIK, JIl1Cl1ua, 6apcyK, BbILI.pa, eLI.l1HCTBeHHbIH BI1LI.CYMl.JaTbIX- onoccyM. HhIHe 11ll1POKOJII1CTBeHHbleJIeCaBce 60JIb-we YCTYnaJOTMeCTOnaXOTHbIM 3eMJIHM.

30HAJIECOCTEIIEH If CTEIIEH. 3TY 30Hy BCeBepHOH AMe-pl1Ke Ha3bIBaJOT npepIDIMH. ITpoCTl1paJOTCH OHl1 He C 3anaLI.a HaBOCTOK,acceBepa Ha JOf. JIecocTenH 3aHl1MalOT npOMe)KYT04-HyJOnOJIOcy Me)[()JyJIeCaMl1l1 CTemlMl1. IT04BbI - CepbleJleCHble 11On0030JleHHble "lepH03eMbl. B JIeCHbIX MaCCl1BaX pacTyT npel1MY-llI,eCTBeHHOOCl1Ha 116epe3a.

CTenH - paBHl1HHble npOCTophI, nOKpbIThle TpaBHHl1CTOHpaCTl1TeJIbHOCTbJO. 3LI.eCbXOJIOLI.Ha51MaJIOCHe)J(HaH 3l1Ma 11)I(ap-Koe JIeTO, 4aCTO 6blBaJOT 3aCYXI1, KOTophle COnpOBO)l(LI.aJOTCHnblJIbHhIMl1 6YP51Ml1. B paCTl1TeJIbHOM nOKpOBe npe06JIaLI.aJOTH113KOpOCJIble TpaBhI: KOBbIJIb, 60poLI.al.J, 6l130Hb51 TpaBa. TaMCcPOPMl1POBaJIl1CbnJIOLI.OpOLI.Hble"lepHo3iiMbl 11KatumaH06ble no-

"l6bl. ITpepl1l1 - 3TO OCHOBHa51nOJIOca 3eMJJeLI.eJIl15I,n03ToMYeCTeCTBeHHa5IpaCTl1TeJIbHOCTb nOBceMeCTHO 113MeHeHa. 3TO CKa-3aJIOCb 11Ha )I(l1BOTHOMMl1pe. IT04Tl1 I1C4e3JIl1 6l130HbI, MeHhweCTano KOHOTOB(CTenHbIX BOJIKOB),JIl1Cl1u. MHoroLJI1CJIeHHbIMM3LI.eCbOCTaJOTC5IrpbI3YHbl - cypKl1, cYCJIl1Kl1,MhIWI1, JIYfoBble CO-6a4Kl1. vb npeCMbIKaJOllI,l1XC51BOLI.51TCHrpeMyYl1e 3Mel1, TaLI.lOKl1.

30HAIIOJIYIIYCfbIHb 11IIYCThIHb. B CeBepHoM AMepl1KenOJIYITYCTblHl1l1 nyCTblHI1 pacnpOCTPaHeHbI B YMepeHHOM, cy6-TpOnl1LJeCKOMl1 TpOnMlJeCKOM n05Icax 11He 06pa3YJOT CnJIOlllHOHnOJIOCbI. HeKOTopble l13 Hl1XCcP0PMl1POBaJIl1ChHa n06epe)l(be TI1-

xoro OKeaHa, LI.pyrl1e - Ha BHYTpeHHl1XnJIaTO l1nJIOCKOfOPb51X, B TaK Ha3bIBaeMOH LI.O)I(LJ.eBOH

OnoccyM

>KIiIBoTHble

wlilpoKonlilcT-

BeHHblX neCOB

CnaceHHble 61i130Hbi

B npownoM 611130Hbl BOA1I1n1l1Cbno-

BceMeCTHO B u,eHTpanbHblx paii10Hax

MaTep1l1Ka, BeAb eCTeCTBeHHblX Bpa-

roB y H1I1XHe 6blno. B Ha4ane XVIII B.

B npep1l1~x 6blno OKono 600 MnH 6111-

30HOB. Ho BapBapcKa~ OXOTa paA1I1

M~ca 111pa3Bne4eH1I1~ np1l1Ben1l1 no-

4T1I1K nonHoMy YH1I14TO>KeH11110>KillBOT-

HbIX. III TonbKO CP04HO np1l1H~Tble

Mepbl Aan1l1 B03MO>KHOCTb coxpa-+H1I1Tb611130HOB. HblHe 1I1Xoc-

TanOCb OKono 30 TbIC~4.·.$·:~ "...",.,... -

TeHM KOPLlHJIbep. HanpMMep, OLlHaM3CaMbIX3a-

CyWJIMBblX M )KapKl1X nYCTblHb MHpa C KpaCHO-

pe4HBblM Ha3BaHHeM jI,OflUHQ CMepmU JIe:>l\.'JiITB

He60JIblllOH no nJIOmMM, HO rJIy60KOH Me)KrOp-

HOHBnanHHe (-85 M) (pHC. 207). K.JIHMaTnycTblHb

3acYlllJIMBbIH. Ha cepo-6YPblX nOll6ax paCTeT

HeBblcoKHH KycTapHHK - l.lepHa51 nOJIblHb. B

nOHIDKem15lX focnoLlcTByeT Jle6eLla. OHa 06pa-

3yeT cBoe06pa3Hbie «noLlYlllKYI», nOLl KOTOpblMM

JIy4111e COXpaH5IeTC5I BJIara. PacnpocTpaHeHbl

COJIOHl.laKM, fLle paCTYT TOJIbKO COllilHKYI H Ta-

MapHCK. BCTpel.laeTC5I 3HLleMM4Hoe CaJlbHOe

LlepeBO - KOJIIOl.lMH wapo06pa3HblH KyCTapHHK

C TeMHO-3eJIeHbIMH JIOCH5IW.HMHC5I, CJIOBHO

CMa3aHHblMH )KMpOM, JIHCTb5lMH.

B nYCTblHHblX paHoHax MeKcHKaHcKoro

HafOpb51 pacTyT pa3Ho06pa3Hbie KaKTycbl,

IOKKYI, araBbl (pHC. 208). 113)KMBOTHbIX pacnpo-

CTpaHeHbl XOM5IK, CYCJIHK, KpOJIHK. MHOfO

51w.epMlI" rpeMyqHx 3MeH. BCTpe4a1OTc5I aHTH-

JIOrra-Bl1JIOpOf, KOHOT, rryMa.

30HA )l(ECTKOJIIICTHhIX BEQH03EJIE-HhIX JIECOB II KYCTAPHIIKOB. 3Ta 30Ha

oXBaTbIBaeT Y3KYIO nOJIOcy 3ananHoro n06epe-

)l(b51MaTepHKa. 3HMa 3LleCb TenJIa5l, C 06MJIbHbI-

MH OCanKaMl1, HO JIeTO npOXJlanHoe. Ha ceBepe

30Hbl Ha KopUIlHe6btX nOll6ax pacTyr JIeca H3 ceK-

BOHM, rrMXTbl, 3eMlliIHH4Horo LlepeBa. Ha lOre,

fLle KJlHMaTcywe, pacnpOCTpaHeHbl Bel.lH03eJIe-

Hble peLlKOJIeCb51H KYCTapHl1KM. Ha 3Ha4HTeJIb-

HOH nJIow.anH KYCTapHMKH 6blJIH BbDIOKeHbl,

Tenepb 3LleCb pacTyr <PPYKToBble Canbl.

30HA MYCCOHHhIX H IIEPEMEHHO-BJIAXHhIX JIECOB. MyccoHHbleCMernaHHble Jleca pacnpoCTpaHeHblHaIlpH-

MeKCHKaHCKOH M rIpHaTJIaHTl1l.leCKOH H113MeH-

HOCT5IX, nOJIyocTpoBe <DJIOpHLla. KrrHMaT TaM

cy6TpOnHl.leCKMH MyCCOHHblH C 60JIblllHM

KOJIH4eCTBOM OCanKOB. BJIecax Ha :JICe.!lmo3iiMaxH KpacHo3iiMax pacTyr MHOrOl.lHCJIeHHbIe BHLlbI

COCHbl (CKMrrHLlapHa5l, KOpOTKoXBOHHa5l, 60-

.10THa5l, 03epHa5l, Kap116cKa5l), 113JIHCTBeHHbIX

nopOLl - Lly6, TIOJIbnaHHOe LlepeBO, MarHOJIH5I,

60JIOTHbIH KHrrapHC. BJIecax BOLl5lTC5I6apH6aJl,

pblCb, onOCCYM, B03JIe BOLloeMOB - BblLlpa,

Pa3Aell11 )

POA~Ha KaKTycoBB AMep~Ke paCTYT COTH~ B~AOB KaK-

TyCOB caMO~ np~4YAJl~BO~ epOPMbl.

CpeA~ H~X - orpOMHble KOn104~e

wapbl - 3X~HOKaKTYCbl; 3eneHbie ~

nnocK~e, 6YATO onaAb~, onYHLJ,~~;

KaKTYCbl-«nOAywKw>; B B~Ae KonOHH

~n~ nOAcBe4H~KoB. KaKTycbl np~-

cnoco6~n~Cb K>K~3H~ B nycTblHe: ~X

KOpHeBa51 C~CTeMa c~nbHO pa3BeT-

BneHa, a B cTe6ne HaKann~BaeTC51

Bnara. KpynHble KaKTycbl (BbICOTO~

60nee 10M) MoryT 3anacaTb AO

3000 n BOAbl ~ 06XOA~TbC51 3T~M 3a-

naCOM 60nee rOAa. HeKoTopble

KaKTycbl >K~BYT

AO 300 neT.

P~C. 208. AMep~Ka -pOA~Ha KaKTycoB

A~a3Aen II MATEPV1KV1~09 Af~--------------------------------

q,'" ",;.J>- ~11.· •..

~ ·.LU~.x--i:a~ _ .~ O"t CaMOe SblCOKOe VIsenVl-

~t;l1n:'t-<l'1eCTSeHHOe ~epeso Ha3eMne - ceKBo(;151,pacTyw,a51 B 30He

)KeCTKOnll1CTHbIX BeYH03eneHbiX

neCOB. OHa BblpaCTaeT AO 100 M 1I1

AOCTlI1raeT 10 M B AlI1aMeTpe. 3TO

AepeBo-Aonro)KlI1Tenb - 1I13BeCTHbi

AepeBb51, B03pacT KOTOpblX

4000 neT. V1HTepeCHO, YTO Kopa

ceKBo(;1l116blBaeT Tonw,lI1Ho(;1 AO no-

nyMeTpa 1I1He rOpll1T B orHe.

rlilraHTCKaSiceKBoii1S1

(B03paCT -

2200 neT,

BblCOTa - 83 M)

C 3AnOMH~TE•

OH,ll,aTpa, eHOT. Ha lOre BCTpel.IaIOTC5I 60JIbWJ1.e

lJepenaxl!I H KpOKO,ll,HJ1bI-aJIJIl!IraTOpbI.

nepeMeHHO-BJIa:tKHble JIeca 3aHHMalOT

IO)((HYJO lJaCTb MaTepHKa - BeCb IJ,eHTpaJIbHO-

AMepl!lKaHCKHM nepeweeK. B Hl1X B HeCKOJ1bKO

51pycOB pacTYT KaK BelJH03eJIeHble, TaK J1.JIJ1.CTO-

na,ll,Hble ,ll,epeBb5l, c6paCbIBalOUll!le J1HCTb51 B

CyxOM ce30H. Cpe,ll,H HI1X - ceM6a, 6pa3HJ1bCKOe

,ll,epeBO, 6aJIbca. ITOl.JBbI - KpacHble. Cpe,ll,H )I(J1.'-

BOTHbIX npeo6J1a.naIOT 51ryap, TanHp, 6pOHeHO-

cell, Wl!IpOKOHOcble 06e3b5lHbI, 1!I3nTl!IU -ryKaH.

ITJIOUla.nb JIeCOB3Hal.JHTeJIbHO COKpaTI1J1aCb,Tenepb Ha HX MeCTe -

nJIaHTaUl111 XJIOnlJaTHI1Ka, Ta6aKa, caxapHoro TPOCTHI1Ka.

B ropax (KOp,ll,HJ1bepaX 11AnnaJIalJax) 51pKO Bblpa)J(eHa B bl-

COTHaH nOHCHOCTb.

OXPAHA llPIIPO,It:bI. X0351McTBeHHa51 ,ll,e5lTeJIbHOCTblJeJIOBeKa

OTpa311JIaCb Ha Bcex KOMnOHeHTax npl1pO,ll,bI. Oco6eHHo nocTpa-

,ll,aJIJ1.nOlJBbI, paCTI1TeJIbHOCTb 1!I)J(l!IBOTHbIM MHp. fop0,ll,a 1!IaBTO-

MafJ.1CTpaJIl!I nOBceMeCTHO HacrynalOT Ha npl1po,ll,Y. AKTI1BHOe ee

npeo6pa30BaHl!Ie npl!lBO,ll,J1.TK pa3BI1TI11OHe6J1aronp1!l5ITHbIX 51BJIe-

HI1M npl!lpO,ll,bI - nbIJIbHbIX 6ypb, HaBO,ll,HeHl!IM.

B cTpaHax CeBepHoti AMepl1KI1 npl1H5ITbI 3aKOHbI, HanpaB-

JIeHHble Ha oxpaHy npHpO,ll,bI, B0306HOBJI5IIOTC5I JIeca, Ol.JI1Ula-

IOTC5I 03epa. Ha MaTepl1Ke C03,ll,aHbI MHOrOl.JI1CJIeHHble

3anOBe,ll,Hl!IKl!I J1.Halll10HaJIbHble napKI1. B caMOM KpynHoM Ha-

/1UOHaJlbHOM napKe Bya-Earj)(jJaflO, pacnOJIO)J(eHHOM Ha ceBepe

MaTepHKa, OXpaH5IeTC5I Hal160JIbWee cTan:o 61130HOB. B Jfoce-MumCKOM Ha/1UOHaflbHOM napKe, C03,ll,aHHOM eUle B 1864 r., no,ll,

oxpaHoti Haxon:51TC5I JIeca 113 rHraHTCKI1X TbICWleJIeTHI1X ceK-

BOti, BO,ll,Ona,ll,bI 11pa3Hoo6pa3Hblti )J(I1BOTHbIM MHp.

• Ha pa3MemeHHe npHpO,lJ.HbiX 30H CeBepHOH AMepHKH cymecTBeHHO BJIHHeT

peJIbecll·

• HaH60JIbUlHe nJIOma,ll,H Ha MaTepHKe 3aHHMalOT npHpO,lJ,Hble 30HbI YMepeHHoro

nOHca - TaHra, CMeUlaHHble H U1HpOKOJIHCTBeHHbleJIeca, JIeCOCTenHH cTenu.

BonpOCbl ~ 3AAAH~SI

1. nonb3y~cb pV1C.203 Ha c. 190, BbI5lCHV1Te,KaKltle npll1pO,lJ,Hble30Hbl npOCTltlpalOT-

C~ B WltlpOTHOM HanpaBneHV1l11, a KaKlI1e- B Mepll1,lJ,1I10HanbHoM.

2. KaKltle npltlpO,lJ,Hble 30Hbl CeBepHoVi AMepltlKV1 OTCYTCTBylOTB fO)\(HOVIAMepV1Ke?

3. nOyeMY paCTltlTenbHOCTb ltl )\(ltlBOTHbIViMltlp TyH,lJ,pbl6e,lJ,Hble?

4. YTO TaKoe npepll1ltl? KaKoBbl npltlpO,lJ,Hble oco6eHHOCTltl 3ToVi 30Hbl?

5. YeM CMewaHHble neca OTnltlYaIOTC~ OT WlI1pOKOnltlCTBeHHblx?

6. KaKV1enpll1po,lJ,OOXpaHHble MepOnpV1mltl~ ocyw,ecTBn~IOTc~ Ha MaTepltlKe?

• BCnOMHVlTe, KOr,lJ,aHayanaCb KOnoHVl3au,VlSlCeBepHoi1 AMepVlKVl.

• Koro Ha3blBalOT MeTVlCaMVl VlMynaTaMVl?

3ACEJIEHME CEBEPHOH AMEPMKlI. Yy:eHble n onara lOT,

'ITO nepBble JIIODYI npMlllJII1 B CeBepHylO AMepMKY M3 A3MM no

yxonyrHoMy «MOCTy», KOTOpbl11 HeCKOJIbKO TbIC5JlfeJIeTMI1 Ha-

Ja:l CYllleCTBOBaJI Ha MeCTe nepMHrOBa npOJII1- 3aMeTKII1 KonyM6aEa. CJle)),OBaTeJlbHO, KopeHHble HapO)),bl- UltOeUlI,bl «... CTaTH ble n 1OiJ,1I1,KpaClI1Bbl€ Te-

Ii 3CKUMOCbl- OTHOC5ITC5I K MOHrOJIOH)),Hoit: nOM 111npll1s:1THblenll1lJ,OM,BonOCbl y

pa ce. )J,OKa3aTeJIbCTBOM Toro, LITOnpapo.uMHOI1 HlI1XKOpOTKlI1e111rYCTble, KaK nowa-

IlH.Uel1ueB 6blJ1a A31151,5IBJl5leTC5II1XBHelllHOCTb: iJ,lI1Has:lrpll1Ba. OHlI1He yepHble 111He

T'\IHa51 KQ)Ka C KpaCHOBaTblM OTTeHKOM, )J(eCT- 6enble». 3TO BneyaTneHlI1e 0 KopeH-HblX >KlI1Tens:lXOCTpOBOBKap1l16cKO-

- Ie np5lMble BOJIOCbl, TeMHble fJIa3a, lllMpOKoero MOp51XPll1CTO<j:>OPKonYM6 3anll1-

.1HUO (pMC. 210). MHoroLIMCJIeHHble I1H.ueI1CKl1e can B CBoeM 60pTOBOM >KypHane.

~l.leMeHa rOBOpMJIM Ha pa3HblX 513bIKax. OHM 3a- MopennaBaTenb 6bln y6e>KiJ,eH,YTO

HI1~1aJII1Cb M pa3H0l1 X0351ticTBeHH0I1 .ue5lTeJIb- V1HiJ,lI1Sly>Ke COBceM 6n1l13KO,+.HOCTblO: 3CKI1MOCbI Ha ceBepe - OXOTOti Ha n03TOMY Ha3Ban lI1X .. ,

~ <'iJ .IOpCKor03Bep5l, pbI60JIOBCTBOM, pa3Be.ueHMeM «lI1HiJ,ell1lJ,aMlI1». ....

o.leHeti, 3aroToBKoti nYlllHMHbl; I1H.uetfUbl B JIeCaX - OXOTOtf M . ~

bI60110BCTBOM, a Ha lOre - 3eMJIe.uellMeM, CKOTOBO.uCTBOM, pe-

leC.laMM. l1H.ueticKl1e nJIeMeHa npO)J(l!JBaJIM npeMMYmeCTBeHHO

B ~leKcl1Ke (Mal151, aUTeKM), r.ue 06pa30BaJIMCb KpynHble rocy-

.:IapCTBa C OTHOCI1TeJIbHO pa3BMTblM X0351MCTBOM M KYJIbTYPOti.

C XV B., nOCJIe OTKpbITM5I AMepMKM X. KOJIYM60M, Ha MaTepMK

HaLIaJIl1 npM6bIBaTb nepecelleHUbI. 3T0 6blllO HalJaJIO KOJIOHH3a-

;nUl MaTepMKa ucnaulI,llMU, aU2IlUlfaltllMU, rjJpaltllJ'3llMU - npe)),CTa-

BIITe1l51MH e B p 0 n e 0 H)),H 0 it: pac hI . OCBoeHMe HOBblX 3eMeJIb, KaK

II Ha .upyfl1x MaTepMKax, conpOBO)J()J,aJIOCh YHMlJTO)J(eHHeM KopeH-

Horo HaCeJIeHH5I llH60 BblTeCHeHl1eM ero Ha MaJIOnpHrO)),Hble,UJl51

A\J13HI1 3eMllM. TIpe)),CTaBMTeJIetf HerpOH)),Hoit: paChl - a¢pl1-

KaHueB - BXV1- XVIII BB. npI1B03HJIMH3A¢PMKM KaKpa60B,UJl51

pa60Tbi Ha nllaHTaUM5IX.

COBPEMEHHOE HACRJIEHME. HblHe B CeBepHOH AMepl1Ke

npo)J(J.1BalOT 460 MJIH lJellOBeK. 113 pa3HbIX HapO)),OB M pac C¢OPMM-

poBaJIHCb HOBbIe HaUHH CO CBOMMM TPMMlI,H5IMM - llMepUKaltll,bl

CTaTY3TKapa60TbJ

MaCTepOB Mai1SJ

nyrewecTBHe B CnOBO

3CKVlMOC B nepeBOAe C OAHOrO \113

\IIHAellicK\IIx 513bIKOB03Ha4aeT: TOT,KTO eCT Cblpoe MfiCO. Ho CaM\II 3C-

K\IIMOCbl C4\11TalOT 3TO Ha3BaH\IIe

06\11AHbiM \II Ha3blBalOT ce651 lI/HYli/-

Tbl, TO eCTb nlDAli/.

Hrny 1-13 CHera)K\IIn \IIw,e-\II rny A\IIaMeTpOM 7 M \IIBbl-

COTolli 3 M ABa 4enOBeKa MOrYT no-

CTPO\llTb 3a 2 4aca. «K\IIpn\ll4\11» \113 CIlIA, aHi'.JlO-KaHai)u,bll1 ,1lp. Cpe,U11 HI1X npeo6-

CHera CKnaAblBalOT B epopMe Kyno- JI3,ll,aIOTnOTOMKI1 nepeCeJIeHL\eB 113EBponbI:na, CTeHbl 06n\llBalOT /I13HYTP\llBOAolli B ClllA _ BbIXO,UllbI npel1MYIUeCTBeHHO 113Be-\II BnycKalOT xonOAHbl1li B03AYX. 06-pa3yeTc51 neA51Ha51 KOpKa. BHyTp\ll flUKo6pumaHUU, B KaH3,ll,e - 113BeJlUK06pumaHUUpa3)1(\IIralOT KOCTep, neA nOCTeneH- 11 C/JpaH«UU, Ha lOre MaTeplilKa - 1i13Jf.cnaHUU.HO TaeT, \II CTeHbJ CTaHOB51TC51He- n03TOMY B cTpaHax KOHTI1HeHTa rocy,UapCTBeH-

npOH\IIl\aeMblM/I1 ):\n51 xonOAa. BXOA HbIMI1 51BJI5IIOTC5I aHrJII1MCKI1H, ¢paHUY3CKI1M,

B \limy HaXOA\IITC51 H\II)I(e YPOBH+ I1CnaHCKI1M 513blKl1. B XIX - XX BB. B nOI1CKaXnona, 4T06bl YAep)l(\IIBaTb Tenno,

HOBbIX 3eMeJIb 11JIyYWeM )l(113HI1 B CeBepHoMecn\ll CHapY)I(\II MOp03 ."

Aa)l(e - 50·C.' If;: AMepl1Ke nOCeJIl1JIOCbMHOro YKpal1HlleB. ,ll,o CI1X

I nop Ha MaTepl1K e)l(ero,nHO npl1e3)l(alOT OKOJIO

nOJIYMl1JIJII10Ha y:eJIOBeK co Bcex KOHUOB CBeTa.

KopeHHble )l{HTeJIH COCTaBJI5fIOTOKOJIO1% HaCeJIeHl15I. HH-i)eUl(bl )l(J1ByrnpelilMYIUecTBeHHo B MeKcuKe 11cTpaHax ljeHmpGflb-HOU AMepuKu, 3CKUMOCbl - Ha n06epeJICbe CeeepHoco JIeooeumocoOKeaHa I1lOre TpeHJlaHOUU(Pl1c. 211). KopeHHoe HaCeJIeHl1e Pa3ro-

Bapl1BaeT Ha MHOfl1X 5I3bIKax. KpoMe TOro, B CeBepHoM AMepl1Ke

np0)l(I1BalOT Ml1JIJII10Hbl nOTOMKOB pa3HbIX Hapo,nOB A¢pl1Kl1 -

appOllMepUKaHlI,bl. B pe3YJIbTaTe CMewaHHblX 6paKoB n05lBl1JII1Cb

MemUCbl iii MyJlambl. CJIe,UoBaTeJIbHO, HaCeJIeHl1e CeBepHoM AMe-

pl1Kl1 C¢OPMI1POBaJIOCb 113npe,nCTaBI1TeJIeM Bcex Tpex OCHOBHbiX

pac qeJIOBey:eCTBa.

Pa3MeIUaeTC5I HaCeJIeHl1e Ha MaTepl1Ke Kpat:lHe HepaBHOMep-

HO. 3TO o6yCJIOBJIeHO I1CTOpl1yeCKl1MI1 oco6eHHOCT5IMI1 3aCeJIe-

HI151 11 npl1po,nHbIMI1 YCJIOBI15fMI1. Hal16oJIbWa51 IlJlOTHOCTb

HaCeJIeHI151 Ha lOre MaTepl1Ka 11BocToKe, r,ne 060CHOBaJIl1Cb nep-

Bble nepeCeJIeHlJ,bI 113EBpOnbI. Hal1MeHbWa5I - B fpeHJIaH,UIiII1,

ceBepHblX 113an3,ll,HbiX nyCTblHHbIX paMOHax, MaJIOrrpl1rO,UHblx

,UJI51)l(J13HI1. CeBepHYlO AMepl1KY Ha3bIBalOT «MaTepI1KOM ropo-

,UOB», nOCKOJIbKY B Hl1X cocpe,noTOYeHO 3/4 HaCeJIeHl15I.

nOJUITIlqECKMI KAPTA. B CeBepHOH AMepl1Ke pacnoJIara-

eTC5f O,UHa 113Hal160JIee BblcoKOpa3Bl1TbIX crpaH Mlilpa - Coeou-HeHHble lllmambl AMepUKU. BbICOKI1M ypoBHeM pa3BI1TI151

OTJIl1yaeTC51 KaHaOa. )J.pyme rocy,UapcTBa OTHOC5ITC5IK pa3BI1Ba-

IOIUIiIMC5I cTpaHaM. Cpe,n11 HI1X BbI,neJI5feTC51MeKCUKG. Ha OCTPO-

• aKlIle KpynHble no~ilow,aAV1 CTpaHbl pacno-_-mKeHbl B CeBepHOL1- epV1Ke?

2. KaKoMy rocYAapCTBy-P\i1 aAJle>KV1T CaMblL15oJlbWOL1 OCTpOB CeBepHOL1· '..1epV1KV1?

3. Ha30BV1Te OCTpOBHble-paHbl KapV16cKoro MOp~ .

• KaKV1e CTpaHbl OMbIBa-:OTC~ BOAaMV1 Tpex OKea-.-lOB?

5. OxapaKTepV13YL1Te-eorpa<pV14ecKoe nOJlO>Ke-Hille KaHaAbl.

BaX KapH6cKoro MOp51- MHOrOYl1CJleHHble OCTpOBHble rocY.ll,ap-

CTBa, B yaCTHOCTl1 Ky6a H raumu, a TaK)Ke 3aBJ.1Cl1Mble Teppl1TO-

In1 CiliA, BeJIl1K06pJ.1TaHl1H, HH.ll,epJlaH.ll,OB.

CTpaHbl UeHTpaJlbHOM l1 lO>KHoH AMepJ.1Kl1 - 3TO pemOH,

'OTOPbIM Ha3b1BaeTC51 JIamuHCTwii AMepuKoii. HaCeJleHJ.1e TaM

rOBOpl1T npel1Myw,eCTBeHHO Ha l1CnaHCKOM J.1nopTyraJlbCKOM

5l3b1KaX, KOTopble J.1MeJOTJlaTHHCKoe npOl1CXO)K.ll,eHl1e.

PlIlc.212.nOIlIllTlIl'~eCKaSl

KapTaCeBepHOv.AMeplllKIIl

3AnOMHHTE• HaCeJleHHe CeBepHOH AMepHKH COCTOHT H3 npe)J.CTaBHTeJleH pa3HbIX pac, 3a-

CeJlHBIllHX MaTepHK Ha pa3Hblx 3Tanax ero HCTOpHH.

• KopeHHble MHTeJlH MaTepHKa - HH,iJ,eHIIbI H 3CKHMOCbI - OTHOC51TC51K MOHro-JlOH)J.HOHpace.

• B CeBepHOH AMepHKe pacnOJIaralOTC51 CIlIA - o)J.Ha H3 KpynHeHIllHx BbICOKO-pa3BHTblX CTpaH MHpa, KaHa,iJ,a, MeKCHKa H )J.pyrHe CTpaHbl.

(> BOnpOCbl H 3AAAHHS1)~---------------

1.KaKV1e HapoAbl 51BmllOTC51 KopeHHblMV1 )KV1Ten51MV1CeBepHoVi AMepV1KV1?

2. HapoAbl KaKV1Xpac npeAcTaBn51IOT npV1wnoe HaceneHV1e MaTepV1Ka?

3. Ha30BV1Te npW-JV1Hbl,OT KOTOpblX 3aBV1CV1Tpa3Mew,eHV1e HaceneHV151 Ha MaTepV1Ke.

4. KaKV1e KpynHble cTpaHbl pacnOnO>KeHbl B CeBepHoVi AMepV1Ke?

COEA~HEHHbIEWTATbl

AMEP~K~

• 9,6 MJ1H KM2

t 281 MJ1HlfeJ1.

@ BaWIIlHrTOH

§ 43. CTPAHbI

~• BCnOMHli1T8, KaKli1e KpynHble pa3Bli1Tble CTpaHbl pacnOnO>KeHbl

B CeBepHoC'l AMepli1Ke.

• KaKli1e KopeHHble li1npli1Wnble HapO,D,bl>Kli1ByTHa MaTepli1Ke?

COE,l:.J:HHEHHbIE IIITATbIAMEPHKH. CiliA - 31'0 B1'opaH

no nJIOl.Ua,nH C1'paHa CeBepHott AMepHKI1. OHa 3aHI1Mae1' lJ,eH1'-

paJlbHOe nOJlO.>K.eHl1e Ha Ma1'epHKe, Ha ceBepe rpaHWIHT C

Kmwaou, Ha lOre - C MeKCUKOU.np H P O,IJ, a CTpaHbIOTJIWlae1'C516oJIbWHM pa3Hoo6pa3HeM. Ha

3ana,ne B03BbllllalO1'C51 20Pbl KOpaWlbepbl, Ha BOC1'OKe- AnnaJlattu.EOJIbWe HHf,[(e B Ml1pe He1' TaKl1X 06WHpHbiX paBHI1HHblX npo-

CTOpOBC6JlarOnpH51THbIM )lJI51.>K.H3HHH X0351HC1'BeHHoti ,lleH1'eJlb-

HOC1'H KJIHMa1'OM, KaK B CiliA. C1'paHa I1Mee1' 3Hal.JHTeJlbHble

3anaCbl yfJlH, HecP1'l1H npHpO,llHOrO ra3a, .>K.eJIe3Hb1X11MapraHlle-

BblX PY,ll, Me,ll11H 11I1HKa, a TaIOKe ,llpeBeCI1Hbl.

00 KOJIWleC1'BY Hace.aeHHS CiliA 3aHHMalO1' TPeTbe MeC1'OB

Ml1pe. DOJIbWaH l-IaC1'bHaCeJIeHI151- 31'0 n01'OMKI1 nepeCeJleHlleB

H3 EBpOnbI. MHoro acPPoaMepl1KaHlleB - BbIXO,lllleB 113AcPPHKI1.

OHH C,lleJlCUUl60JIbWoti BKJIa,UB cPOpMl1pOBaHHe aMepl1KaHCKOH

KyJIb1'ypbl. TOJlbKO 0,6 % HaCeJIeHHH 5lBJlHI01'CH n01'OMKaMH

KopeHHoro HaCeJIem15l (l1H,lleHllbl, 3CKHMOCbl, aJIeyTbl, raBatillbl).

CllIA cpaBHHBalO1' C KOTJIOM, B K01'OpOM JIIO,ll11 pa3HblX

Halll10HaJlbHOCTeH 11 KOH1'l1HeH1'OB «cnJIaBHJlHCb» B e,llI1HylO

Halll1lO, - aMepHKaHllbI CiliA. [ocY,llapCTBeHHbTM 513bTKOM

5lBJlHe1'CH aHrJlHHCKI1H. DOJlee 50 % .>K.HBy1'B «oilH031'a.>K.HoH»

AMepHKe - KOTTe,ll.>K.aX,pacnOJlO.>K.eHHblX B npHropO,llHOH 30He.

KpynHble ropO,lla - HblO-f!OPK, }]OC-AliaJ/ceJlec, l{uKa2o 11

,llpyrHe - cOCpe,llOTOl.JeHbT B,llOJIb n06epe.>K.HH OKeaHOB H Ha

6eperax BeJlHKJ1X 03ep.

Pa3Ho06pa3Hble npHp0,llHble YCJlOBI1H, 60ra1'ble npl1p0,llHble

pecypcbI 11npe,llnpHHHMaTeJlbCKHH TaJIaHT nepBblX nepeCeJleH-

OCTPOB 3a 24 AOJ1J1apaKOr,Ll,a-TO 6enble nepeCeneHl\bl Bbl-

Kynli1nli1 y li1H,Ll,eC1l\eBOCTpOB, npOCTli1-

palOUJ,li1C1cs:l Ha 21 KM, 3a TOBapbl

CTOli1MOCTblO 24,Ll,onnapa. HblHe Ha

oCTpoBe MaHxanaH (li1Ha'-le - MaH-

xeneH), KOTOpblC1 s:lBns:leTCs:l'-IaCTblO

HblO-VlopKa li1 KOTOPblC1nepeeeKaeT

li13BeeTHblC1 BeeM 6pO,Ll,BeC1, B03Bbl-

WaIOTCs:l3HaMeHli1Tble aMepli1KaHCKli1e

He6ocKpe6bl, HaXO,Ll,s:lTCs:lMY3eC1~ ..MeTpOnOnli1TeH, LJ,eHTpanbHblC1

napK, 300napK li1T. ,Ll,',<\)' ,

~

:leB cnoc06CTBOBaJU1 TOMy, YTO CiliA3a cpaBmneJIbHO KOPOTKl1H

nepl10ll, CTaJIl1 MOI-UHetIUIl1M rocy,UapCTBOM Ml1pa. 3TO CTpaHa C

BblCOKOpa3BI1Toti n po M bl illJI e HH 0 CTb 10. Bell,YIlll1MI1 OTpaCJI5IMI1

HB.:15IIOTC51YepHa5I 11ll,BeTHa51MeTaJIJIypm5I. CTpaHa OTHOCI1TC51K

'pynHetIllll1M MI1POBblM np0113BOll,l1TeJI5IM npO,lJ,yKll,l1l1

_lalllI1HOCTpOeHI15I. Hall,110HaJIbHa5I rOpll,OCTb aMepl1KaHueB -

BTOM06l1JIeCTpOeHl1e. 3aBOll,bl «~)J(eHepaJI MOTOPC», «cJ)0P,U» 11

Kpat'IcJlep» 113BeCTHbiBOBceM Ml1pe. CiliA - Jll1ll,ep no np0I13BOll, - I

ITBy aBl1aU110HHoti (KoMnaHl151 «Eol1Hr») 11paKeTHO-KOCMl1YeCKot'I

-eXHI1Kl1. K Be,Uyml1M oTpaCJI5IM OTHOC51TC51npl160pOCTpoeHl1e,

3.1eKTpOTeXHl1YeCKa5I, np0113BOll,CTBO KOMnblOTepHoti TeXHI1Kl1

<,A 11- EM-3M», «3nJI-MaKl1HTolll») 11pa3pa60TKa KOMnblOTep-

HblX nporpaMM (<<MatIKpococPT»). Pa3BI1Tbl TaK)J(e ::lJleKTp03Hep-

reTI1Ka, Xl1Ml1yeCKa51, nl1meBa51, JlerKa51 npOMbllllJIeHHOCTb.

CeJIbCKOe X0351HCTBO MHorOOTpaCJleBOe 11 BbICOKO-

npOlIYKTl1BHoe. <DepMepCKl1e X035ItIcTBa 06eCneYl1BalOT CTpaHy

:lpolIyKTaMl1 nl1TaHl15I. PaCTeHl1eBO,lJ,CTBOcnell,l1aJI11311pyeTC51Ha

Bblpaml1BaHl1l1 KyKYPy3bl, nllleHl111,bl, COl1, apaXl1ca, nOll,COJIHey-

HHKa, caxapHoti CBeKJlbl 11caxapHoro TPOCTHI1Ka, XJlOnyaTHHKa,

-ra6aKa. Dopa)J(alOT 11MaclllTa6bl )J(l1BOTHOBOll,CTBa.OyeHb MHO-

ro pa3BOll,51T KpynHoro poraToro CKOTa, CBI1HetI, OBell" nTl1UbI.

Pa3Bl1T MOpCKOt'I Pbl6HbltI npOMblCeJl.

06eCneyeHHOCTbCTpaHbl TpaHcnopTHOH ceTblO (aBTOMa-

mCTpaJIl1, )J(eJle3Hble ll,opom 11peYHble nYTl1) OyeHb BbICOKa51,

npe06Jlall,alOT COBpeMeHHble CKOpOCTHble ,lJ,oporl1 C MHOroypOB-

HeBbIMI1 TpaHcnopTHbIMl1 pa3B513KaMl1. Pa3Bl1T aBl1aU110HHblH 11

Tpy60npOBOll,Hblti TpaHcnopT. Cpell,l1 npOll,yKll,l1l1, 0pl1eHTl1pO-

BaHHoti Ha BbIB03 (3KcnopT), - aBTOM0611JlI1, CaMOJleTbl, Xl1Ml1-

4eCKa5I 11 3JleKTpOHl1Ka, 3epHO, coeBbIe 606bI, M51CO.YKpal1Ha

npOll,aeT CiliA yYrYH, CTaJIb, np0,lJ,YKUl1lO XI1Ml1yeCKoti npOMblW-

_leHHOCTl1. B CiliA «P0,U/liJI/IICb» /II pacnpocTpaHI1JI/liCb no BceMy

.\II1PY raM6yprepbl, ll,)J(/IIHCbI, ll,)Ka30Ba51 MY3bIKa, KOB60tIcKl1e

qmJIbMbI.

PIilC. 214. MocT 30110Tble BopoTa -

CIIlMBOl1 ropoAaCaH-e:PpaHIlIllCKO

CHRYSLER",e:.._:::;~ __'""_.t'.?

ToprOBble 3HaKlil

1Il3BeCTHbiX

np01ll3BOAIIlTel1ev.

CWA

rOl1l1 IIIBYA3TOT ropOAOK

pacnOJlO>KeH 6J1L'13nOC-AHA)KeJleca.

3Aecb cocpeAOT04eHbi 3HaMeHIII-

Tble aMeplIIKaHCKllle KIIIHOCTYAIIIIII. B1928 r. Yom ,l],lIIcHeVi nplIIAYMaJl 3a-

6aBHoro MblWOHKa MIIIKKIII Mayca. CTex nop B rOJlJlIIIBYAe CH~JlIII MyJlbT-

eplllJlbMbl 0 PycaJl04Ke 1116eJlOCHe>K-

Ke, 0 pbl6Ke HeMO 111MHoro APyrIllX.

B pa3HbiX CTpaHax Mlllpa C03AaIOT-

C~ napKIII pa3BJle4eHIIIVI, HO caMbIVl•...caMblVi 6oJlbwOVI - ,l],lIIcHeVlJleHA .

_._ B nOC-AHA)KeJlece. .~"'.,'--......... . - I

KAHA,l.(A. 3TO BTOpa5I rro nJlow,a,I:I,H CTpaHa MHpa, 3aHMMalOw,a5I

60JlbWYlO '-laCTb CeBepHOH AMepI1KH. EnHHCTBeHHbIH cocen

KaHanbI - CoeOUlie'Hllbie llimambl AMepUlCU.TIpHpO,lJ,a KaHa,I:I,bI, KaKM CIlIA, OTJlMyaeTC5I pa3Ho06pa311-

eM: paBHMHHa51 Teppl1TOpH5I Ha BOCTOKe H BblCOKMe KOpOUJlbepblHa 3alla,I:l,e, XBOHHble, CMewaHHble Jleca H He0603pMMble CTerrH.

CYPOBbIH KJlI1MaT apKTl1yeCKMX nyCTblHb M TyHnpbl, MHOrOJIeT-

H5I5I Mep3JIOTa B ceBepHbIX paHOHax llpen5lTCTBYlOT X035IM-

CTBeHHOH ne5lTeJlbHOCTl1. no KOJlI1'-leCTBy peK 1103ep KaHana

3aHI1MaeT nepBoe MeCTO B MMpe. Henpa 60raTbi HecPTblO H

rrpl1pOnHbIM ra30M, ymeM, pynaMI1 yepHbIX H ll.BeTHblX MeTaJI-

JlOB (aJIlOMl1Hl1eBbIMM, MenHbIMH, CBl1Hll.OBbIMI1, lJ,HHKOBbIMI1,

cepe6poM H 30JlOTOM).

CpenM HaCeJIeHH5I npe06JIa,I:I,alOT aHrJIO- M cPpaHKO-KaHa,I:I,-

lJ,bI. n03TOMY B cTpaHe nBa rocynapcTBeHHblx 513blKa - aHrJIHM-

-'l CKHM H cPpaHll.Y3CKl1M. KopeHHble )KMTeJIH --n-yr-e-w-e-cr-B-Me-B-c-no-B-o-----, MHneHll.bI113CKI1MOCbI - COCTaBJI5IlOTHe3HaYH-

TeJIbHYlO nOJllO. KpoMe Toro, )[(l1ByT HeMll.bI,

MTaJIb5IHlJ,bI, KHTaHll.bI, rrOJI5IKH, pyccKMe M

yKpaHHlJ,bI. KaHana - OnHa 113 HaHMeHee

HaCeJIeHHbfX CTpaH Ml1pa. CpenH5I5I rrJIOTHOCTb

HaCeJleHl15I COCTaBJl5IeT3 YeJI.jKM2. 3TO 06b5lC-

H5IeTC5ICypOBbIMM rrpl1pOnHbIMH YCJlOBM5IMHHa

3HaYMTeJlbHOH yaCTM TeppMTOpl1l1. HaCeJIeHMe

cocpenOTOLleHO Ha lOre CTpaHbI, llpeMMyw,e-

CTBeHHO B roponax. KpyrrHeHwHe - Topolimo,MOlipeaflb, Ommaea.

KaHa,I:I,a - BbICOKopa3BMTa5I CTpaHa MMpa, C

cOBpeMeHHoH MHorOOTpaCJIeBOH n po MbI ill-

JIeHHOCTbIO. Cpenl1 OCHOBHblX OTpaCJIeM-

ropHon06bIBalOw,a5I, n03TOMY CTpaHa 3aHHMaeT

Benyw,ee MeCTO B Ml1pe rro llpOna)Ke M Ime-

paJlbHOrO Cblpb5I. OyeHb MOW,HOH 51BJI5IeTC5I

3JIeKTp03HepreTI1Ka, KOTOpa51 6a3HpyeTC5I Ha

C06CTBeHHbIX pecypcax HecPTH, llpMpOnHoro

ra3a H YrJI5I, rMnpopecypcax. Pa3B11Ta YepHa5I H

ll.BeTHa5I MeTaJIJIypm5I: KCl;Ha,I:I,a- KpyrrHeHwl1M

BMHpe llpOH3BOnHTeJIb ll.MHKa, HMKeJl5l, aJIlOMH-

Hl15I, MOJIH6neHa. BblCOKHM ypoBHeM pa3BMTl15I

OTJIMyaeTC5I Xl1MHyeCKa51 rrpoMblwJreHHOCTb.

MHpoBoe 3HayeHMe l1MelOT nepeBo06pa6aTbfBa-

1OW,a5I11ll.eJlJllOJI03Ho-6YM(l)I(Ha5I OTpaCJIM.

B CeJIbC KOM X035IHCTBe npe'o6Jla,I:l,aeT

)[(I1BOTHOBOnCTBO. 3TOMy clloc06cTBylOT 3Ha-

LIHTeJIbHble nJlow,a,I:I,H eCTeCTBeHHblX rracT6Hw,.

9,97 MllH KM2

t 32 MllH '4ell.

@QTTaBa

KaHap,a Ha ~3blKe I-1Hgeiiil.l,eB-l-1pO-Ke30B 03HalJaeT nocefleHMe, He-

CKOflbKO XM>KMH.

KneHoBbliil CIIIMBOll

CaxapHbliii Kn8H - gepeBo BblCOTOiiigo 40 M - CI-1MBOnKaHagbl. KneHo-Bbliii nl-1CTOK1-1306pa)f(8HHa rocygap-CTBeHHOM ¢nare CTpaHbl. OceHblO,Korga nl-1CTBa Kn8HoB OKpaWI-1BaeT-C~ B 6arp~Hble TOHa, OHI-1CTaHOB~T-C~ yKpaweHl-1eM KaHagcKl-1x neCOB.B MapTe, gena~ HaCelJKI-1Ha CTBO-nax, 1-13HI-1Xgo6blBalOT COK, B KOTO-pOM cogep)f(I-1TC~ 4% caxapa. 1113Hero 1-13rOTOBn~IOTcBoeo6pa3HbliiiHa BKyC KneHOBbliii cl-1pon. YTo6blCBapl-1Tb 1 n cL1pona, nOHago61-1Tc40 n COKa. KaHaga BblnycKaeT 75 %

Ml-1pOBOro np01-13BogcTBa

_ ..;..!~:~o~_o!.~ c~pona. _

PIIIC. 215. CaMaSi BblCOKaSi

B Mlllpe TeneBIII31110HHaSi6awHSI -

CIIIMBon TOpOHTO

JPa3BO)],5I.T KpynHblM pOraTblM CKOT, CBI1HeM,

filmy. Be)],YIUl1e n03l1Ul1l1 B paCTeHMeBO)],CTBe

3aHl1MaIOT 3epHOBble KyJlbTypbI: nIUeHMua,

5J.1-!MeHb,OBec. Pa3BMTbI nymHoM npOMbICeJl 11

PbI60JlOBCTBO. KaHa)J,a H3BeCTHa Ha Ml1pOBOM

pbIHKe KaK nOCTaBIUMK MopO)J(eHOH pbI.6bI.

TpaHcnopT KaHa.nbI - 3TO CKOpOCTHble

aBTOMafMCTpaJIH, nepeceKaIOIUMe BCIO cTpaHy,

H pa3BeTBJleHHa51. ceTb )J(eJle3HbIX .nopor.

bOJlbWOe 3Ha'leHMe MMeeT B03.nYWHbIM TpaHC-

nopT. B nepeB03Kax nacca)J(MpOB H rpy30B 3aMeT-

HyIO POJlb MrpaeTpeqHOH M 03epHbIM TpaHcnopT(BeJlMKMe 03epa).

KaHa)],a - 3TO KpynHeMwa51. MOpCKa51. )],ep)J(aBa C MOW,HbIM

ToprOBbIM Q:>JlOTOM.

KaHa)J,a nOMep)J(I1BaeT C YKpaMHOH TeCHble ToprOBble CB5I.3M.

B Hawy CTpaHy nOCTaBJl5l.IOTC51CTaHKM, 3JleKTponpl160pbI, aBTO-

TpaHcnopTHble cpe)],CTBa, Me)],MUMHCKMe npenapaTbI, pbI6a. A B

YKpaMHe KaHa)J,a nOKynaeT qyryH M CTaJIb, H3)],eJl115IM3 MeTaJIJla,

npo.nyKUMIO XMMM'leCKOM npOMbIWJleHHOCTH, 06yBb.

;\lEKCI1KA. 3TO TpeTb51 no nJloW,a)J,H CTpaHa CeBepHoM AMepM-

KH. OHa pacnOJlaraeTC5I. Ha lOre MaTepMKa. Ha ceBepe rpaHH'lI1T C

CiliA, Ha lOre - C FeameMaJlOU M 5eflu30M.

np H po)], a MeKCHKM cBoe06pa3Ha: npe06Jla)J,alOT nJlOCKOrO-

pb51, nJlaTO, ropHble xpe6TbI, a HH3MeHHOCTH 3aHMMalOT TOJlbKO

Y3KMe npM6pe)J(Hble yqacTKH. XapaKTepHoM oc06eHHocTblO 5lB-

iI5I.eTC5I.BbICOKa51CeMCMH'leCKa51 aKTMBHOCTb 11MHoroY:MCJleHHble

.neHcTByIOIUMe BYJlKaHbJ. n03TOMY B MeKcMKe y:aCTO 6bIBaIOT

3eMJleTp5l.CeHI151. Ha 3HaY:I1TeJlbHOH TeppMTOpl1M npe06Jla)J,aeT

)J(apKHM 11CyxOM KJlI1MaT. He)],pa CTpaHbI 60raTbi py.naMM y:epHblx

11UBeTHblX MeTaJIJlOB (Me.nHbIMM, CBMHUOBbIMH, UI1HKOBbIMM,

OJlOB5I.HHbIMM, BOJlbQ:>paMoBbIMI1, 30JlOTOM M nJIaTI1HoM). no )],0-

6bI':Ie cepe6pa I1 rpaQ:>MTaMeKCI1Ka 5I.BJl5l.eTC51MMPOBbIM JlM.nepOM.

HbIHe MHOro )],06bIBaIOT HeQ:>Tl1M npHpo.nHOro raJa (n06epe)J(be

MeKcUlwHcK020 3Cl.1lUea).

POAIIIHa XOKKeSiII1MeHHo B KaHaAe nOHBVlnCH XOKKeiii

.C waiii6oiii. Hal\V10Han bHaH c60pHaH

KaHaAbl - MHoroKpaTHbliii l.leMm10H

MVipa. B TOPOHTO C03AaH 3an XOK-

KeiiiHoiii cnaBbl, rAe, B l.laCTHOCTVI,

3KcnoHVlpYlOTCH nopTpeTbl BceMVlp-

HO Vl3BeCTHbiX XOKKeVlCTOB. B KaHa-

Ae HeoAHoKpaTHO npoBoAVlnVlcb

OnVlMnVliiicKVle Vlrpbl VIl.leMnVlOHa-

Tbl MVlpa no 3V1MHVlM

BVlAaM cnopTa.

MEKCHKAHCKHECOEAHHEHHblE

WTATbl

1,96 MnH KM2

t 105 MnH •.•en.

C!) MexlIIKo

Cpe,ll,l1 HaC e JIe HHjI npe06Jl3,ll,alOT MeTl1CbI>KeMlIY>IOIHa MeKclilKIil

TYPlt13M - Ba)KHa514aCTb 3KOHOMlt1Klt1 1111H,ll,etilJ,bl.B OTJll1l.IHeOTCiliA 11KaH3,ll,bI,ll,omrMeKClt1Klt1. nonyocTpoB IOKaTaH - eBponetiueB He60Jlbllla5I. [ocY,ll,apCTBeHHbIi1)KeM4Y)Klt1Ha CTpaHbl. BMeCTe C na- 5I3bIK - l1CnaHCKl1i1, HO MHOrl1e MeKCl1KaHlJ,bIM51THlt1KaMlt1ApeBHeVll\lt1Blt1nlt13al\lt1lt1 BJla,ll,eIOTpa3HblMl1 l1H,ll,ei1cKl1Ml1Hapel.Jl15IMl1.MaVl51TYPlt1CTOBnplt1BneKalOTTennble fIJ10THOCTb HaCeJ1eHl15IB MeKCl1Ke 3Hal.Jl1TeJlb-MOpCKlt1e BOAbl lt1 neC4aHbie nn51)Klt1 6 50 / 2 Ore 6BCeMlt1pHO lt13BeCTHoro KYPopTa Ha5I - o~ee l.JeJ1. KM. YTCTBl1epa OTbI ~AKanynbK.o. r:naBHble TYPlt1CTlt14ec~. ... CeJ1bCKOI1 MeCTHOCTl1 BblHy)[(,ll,aeT J11O,ll,el1

Klt1e o6beKTbi - ApeBHlt1e ro- nepee3)[(aTb B 60J1bllIl1e ropo,ll,a. fI03TOMy"y0Aa MaVl51 lt1al\TeKOB. .@:'" 60J1 bill l1HCTBO )[(l1TeJ1ei1 COCpe,ll,OTOl.leH bI B;...,...,;. ~ - - - - -t ropo,ll,ax. KpynHei1Illl1e 113 Hl1X - MeXUKO,

F6aaaJlaxapa, MOHmeppeu.MeKCl1Ka OTHOCl1TC5IK pa3Bl1TblM CTpaHaM JIaTl1HCKoi1 AMe-

pl1Kl1. Be)l,yml1e OTpaCll11 npOMbllliJleHHOCTH: QepHa5I 11UBeT-Ha5I MeTaJ1Jlyprl15I, Xl1Ml1l.JeCKa5I11 He¢TeXl1Ml1Y:eCKa5I, Mallll1HO-CTpoem1e, JlerKa5I 11 nl1meBa5I. HaJ1a)[(eHO np0113BO,ll,CTBOaBTOM0611J1eti, KOMnbIOTepOB, 6bITOBOti 3JleKTpOTeXHl1Kl1.

B CeJlbCKOM X03j1HCTBe ,ll,OMl1Hl1pyeTpaCTeHl1eBO,ll,CTBO.OCHOBHbIe KyJ1bTYPbl - KYKypY3a, C05I, nllleHl1ua, XJ10fl'-laTHl1K,Ko¢e, caxapHbIi1 TPOCTHI1K. B MeKCl1Ke Bblpaml1BalOT araBy, 113KOTOPOi1nOJ1YY:alOTrpy60e B0J10KHO- CbIpbe ,ll,J15I113rOTOBJleHl15I6YMam, BepeBOK, KaHaTOB. Ha Ml1pOBOMpblHKe nOJlb3YIOTC5Icnpo-COMlJ,V1TpYCOBble,6aHaHbl, aHaHaCbl, MaHro, nanai15I. )[(}lBOTHO-BO,ll,CTBOnpel1MymecTBeHHO M5ICHOro HanpaBlleHl15I. Pa3BO,ll,5ITKpynHhli1 poraTbli1 CKOT,OBeu, OCJ10B,J10w3,ll,ei1, nTl1IJ,y. Pa3Bl1TOPb160JlOBCTBO.

AraBa CTpaHa l1MeeT pa3Bl1TbIi1 TpaHcnopT (aBTOM0611J1bHbIM,)KeJ1e3HO,ll,0pO)[(Hbli1, MOPCKOti, aBl1aUI10HHbIH). Ha Ml1pOBOMpbIHKe MeKCl1Ka npO,ll,aeT UBeTHble MeTaJ1Jlbl, He¢Tb 11He¢Tenpo-,ll,YKTbI,aBTOM0611Jll1, XJ10nOK, Ko¢e, ¢PYKTbI 11OBOml1, M5ICO,

•.. wepCTh, IllKypbI.

(!>3AnOMH~TE ~r-----------------------....• CIlIA - BbiCOKopa3BHTaji CTpaHa, 3aHHMalOlllaji nepe,ll,OBble n03HUHH B

MHpOBOMX03j1HCTBe.

• KaHMa - BbiCOKopa3BHTaji CTpaHa CorpOMHblM 3KOHOMWleCKHM nOTeHUHaJIOM.

• MeKCHKa - HaH60Jlee pa3BHTaji CTpaHa QeHTpaJlbHOH AMepHKH.

BonpOCbl ~ 3AAAH~SI

1. On 111 W IIlTe reorpa¢V14ecKoe nOnO>KeHV1e CWA.2. ,l],oKa>KV1Te, 4TO CWA - BblcoKopa3BV1TaS'l cTpaHa MV1pa.

3. KaK B KaHap,e V1CnOJlb3YIOTCS'IMeCTOpO>KAeHV1S'1nOJle3HbiX V1cKonaeMblx?

4. KaKV1e BV1p,blTpaHcnopTa pa3BV1Tbl B KaHap,e?

5. rp,e pacnOJlaraeTCS'I MeKcV1Ka? B 48M 3aKJlI04aIOTCS'I oc06eHHocTV1 ee npV1pop,bl? J

6. KaKV1e OTpacnV1 cenbCKoro X03S'1l11CTBapa3BV1Tbl B MeKcV1Ke?

(I YPOBeHb)

1. Ha BOCTOKe CeBepHOH AMepllKII paCrrOJIOmeH rrOJIyocTpOB:a) <PJIOpIf,ll;a; 6) KaJIIfepopHIf.H.

2. ArrrraJIa'l1l rrpOCTlIpalOTC.H B,IJ;OJIbno6epembH MaTepllKa:a) 3arra,ll;Horo; 6) BOCTOqHOrO; B) ceBepHoro.

3. MlIcclIclIrrll Brra,IJ;aeT B:a) MeKClmaHCKIfM 3amIB; 6) TIfXIfH OKeaH;B) CeBepHhIM Jle,ll;oBIfThIM OKeaH.

4. B CIICTeMe BeJIIIKIIX o3ep KpyrrHeHmee 03epo:a) rYPOH; 6) OHTapIfo; B) 8PIf; r) BepxHee; ,IJ;)MIfqIfraH.

5. IIpepllll B CeBepHoH AMepllKe - no:a) CTerrIf; 6) JleCa; B) rrycThIHIf.

6. KopeHHbIe mllTeJIII CeBepHoH AMepIlKII:a) aHrJIIfqaHe; 6) :3CKIfMOChI; B) IfH,ll;eMIl,hI;r) MeTIfChI; ,IJ;)aeppoaMepIfKaHIl,hI.

7. KJIeHOBbIH JIIICTOK - :3TOCIIMBOJI:a) MeKcIflm; 6) CIIIA; B) KaHa,ll;hI; r) Bpa3IfJIIfIf.

8. CTOJIlUl;a CillA - no:a) HhlO- HOPI~; 0) BallIHHrTOH; B) l.bmaro.

(II ypoBeHb )

9. Ha30BIfTe caMhIe 60JIhllIIfe peKIf CeBepHOH AMepIfKIf oacceMHaATJIaHTIfqeCKOrO OKeaHa.

10. r,ll;e B CeBepHoM AMepIfKe 6hIBalOT 3eMJIeTp.HCeHIf.H?11. KaK Ha epOpMIfpoBaHIfe KJIIfMaTa BJIIf.HIOT KOp,ll;IfJIhephI?12. KaKIfe q)aKTOphI BJIIf.HIOT Ha IlIIfpOTHoe rrpOCTIfpaHIfe rrpIfpO,ll;HhIX

30H B CeBepHoM AMepIfKe?13. Ha30BIfTe caMhIe 60JIhllIIfe rro rrJIOlIl,a,ll;If If BhICOKopa3BIfThIe CTpaHhI

CeBepHOM AMepIfKIf.14. KaKIfe OTpaCJIIf X03.HMCTBa pa3BIfThI B CIIIA?

(III ypoBeHb )

15. )J;oKamIfTe, qTO AllrraJIaqIf - CTaphIe rOphI.16. KaK rrpOT.HmeHHOCTh CeBepHoM AMepIfKIf C ceBepa Ha lOr BJIIf.HeT Ha

oco6eHHocTIf ee rrpIfpO,ll;hI?17. KaKIfe paChI If Hapo,ll;hI HaCeJI.HIOT CeBepHylO AMepIfKy?18. IloqeMy B KaHa,ll;e ,ll;Ba rOCY,ll;apCTBeHHhIX .H3hma?

(IV ypoBeHb )

19. CpaBHIfTe reorpaepIfqeCKOe rrOJIOmeHIfe CeBepHoM If IOmHoM AMepIfKIf.20. CpaBHIfTe reorpaepIfqeCKOe rrOJIOmeHIfe KaHa,ll;hI If CIIIA.

nnow,a,D,b - 53,4 MnH KM2

HaceneHVle - 4,2 Mnp,D, '-lenOBeK

Cpe,D,Hs:Is:IBbICOTa: EBponbl - 300 M, A3V1V1 - 950 M

HaVlBblcwas:l TO'-lKa Ha,D,y. M.-

r. ,l],)f(OMonyHrMa, V1HVI3BepecT (8 850 M)

§ 44. fEOfPAMqECKOE IIOJIO)KEHME

~.•

BcnOMHVlTe, KaKVle'-IaCTVICBeTa Bbl,o,ens:llOTB EBpa3V1V1.

CpaBHVlTe pa3Mepbl EBpa3V1V1c ,o,pyrVlMVIMaTepVlKaMVI .

Pa.1c.217.<l>a.13a.111eCKaSl

KapTa EBpa3a.1a.1

fEOrPAlNECKOE IIOJIOiKEHHE. EBpa3I15I - MaTepI1K, Ha

KOTOpOM MbI )l(Jl[BeM. 3T0 CaMbIH 60JIbWdtl KOHTHHeHT HaWeH nJIa~

HeTbI. Ero rurOIl.(aLJ.bCOCTaBJl5IeTnOllTM TpeTb nJIow,aLJ.H CyWH 3eM-

JIM. EBpa3M5I - eD.HHCTBeHHbIH MaTepHK, KOTOpbIH OMblBaeTC5I

BceMM OKeaHaMM. 3HallMTeJIbHa5I npOT5I)/(eHHOCTb ero C ceBepa Ha

lOr (8 500 KM) o6yCJIOBMJIa pacnOJTo)/(emre BO Bcex reorpaqmllecKMx

'"' 20·-If'1c.,

~>J~,~o

'h- :

WKAJlA mY6~H ~ BblCOT B METPAXrny6~e 8000 6000 4000 2000 200 0 200 500 1000 2000 3000 5000 'blwe

11I1 t 171 I I I 1 1I:::oJi

n051cax Ce6epftOcO nOJlyUlapUfl. Ew.e 60JIbWe npo-

T5DKeHHOCTb C 3an3,Ll,a Ha BOCTOK - 16000 KM.

3THM 06b51CH51eTC51HeBep051THOe pa3H006pa3He

npHpO,llHbiX YCJIOBHH. KpaHHHe T04](J1 EBpa3HH:

CeBepHaH - MblC lfeJllOCKUft, lO)[(HaH - MblC [Juau,3an3,Ll,HaH- MblC POKa, BOCTOl.lHaH- MblcjI,eJICftiiea.

Bbl ~e 3HaeTe, '-ITOB EBpa3J1IH Bbl,lleJI51lOT,llBe

4aCTH CBeTa - Eepony H A3UIO. ITpe,llCTaBJIeHHe 0

HVIXKaK 0 pa3HbiX 4aCTHX CBeTa CJIO:>KHJlOCbew.e B

,llpeBHOCTI1, 3Ha4HTeJlbHO paHbwe, 4eM JIlO,ll11

Y3HMH 06 I1CTHHHblX pa3Mepax MaTepJlIKa. rlo-

3TOMY TaKoe ,lleJleHJlIe 5lBJl51eTCHHe reorpa<t>JII4eCKI1M, a TOJIbKO

JlICTOpW-reCKHM. YCJlOBHa51rpaHHlJ,a Me)K).l,yEBponOH I1A3l1eH npo-

XO,llI1T no CJle,llYIOw.HM 06beKTaM: BOCT04Hoe nO,llHO:>KHe YpanbC-'KUX~Op~1JeKa 3M6a ~ ceBepHoe rr06epe)j(be Kacnuuc/(,ocO MOpfl.-KyMO:..Mtlftbt'1CKGfl enaiJUfta - A30eCKoe H lfepftoe MOpfl - npOflueblEocrjJop H jI,apiJafteJlJlbl. A3J1IaTCKa514aCTb MaTepHKa 3Ha4HTeJIbHO

npeBblwaeT no nJlow.3,Ll,H eBpOrreHCKYIO, KOTOpaH K<DKeTC5160Jlb-

WHM nOJlYOCTPOBOM A3HH. BHYTpeHHHe

paHOHbl A3J1IH OT,llMeHbI OT MopeH, KaK

Hl1r,lle Ha 3eMHOM wape (1500 KM). A B

EBpol1e paCCTOHHHe,110 MOpCKOro n06e-

pe)l(b51 He npeBblwaeT 600 KM.

OJIH)KaHWHM COCe,llOM EBpa3J1IH HB-

JIneTC51 A<})pHKa. l1x pa3,lleJlHIOT Y3KHH\1

fu6panmapGKuU.-npOflue, KpaeHOe--MOpe H '

PYKOTBOPHblH CY:'!U,KUUKaftan. Or CeBep-

HOH AMepJlIKl1 EBPa3HIO OT,lleJI5IeTY3Kl1H

-EepUftc06 npOflue,-OT APymx MaTepHKOB -

06wHpHble npOCTpaHCTBa OKeaHOB.

6EPEfOBMI JIHHlUI. oepera EBpa-

3HH CHJlbHO paClfJIeHeHHble. Ha 3an3,Ll,e

Mopn ATJIaHTWreCKoro OKeaHa rny60Ko

B,llalOTCn B cywy. CpeAH HHX BHYTpeH-

HHe - EanmuuCKoe, CpeiJU3eMftOe, lfepftoe,A30ecKoe. Aecb BblAeJIHIOT CKaHiJUftaeJ,9WU; -up-eHeUCIf-UU, An-ertR1lllCKVit;-SttIlIWlfCKfiu, Kpbl:MCKUU H Apyme nony-

oCTpoBa. TaK)Ke ,llMeKO B,llaIOTC51B MaTe-

pHK KpyrrHble 3Ml1Bbi - EueJfGUGK-UU,EomftUUecKuu. bJIl13 rlO6epe)J(bn JIe)KaT

ocmpoea BefluK06pumaftUfl, JJjJ1laniJufl,GUb(UJllJfl(pHC. 217).

OKpaJlIHHble Mopn CeBepHoro

J1e,llOBHTOro OKeaHa (Eapeftu,eeo H

1. Ha30Bv1Te nonyocT-

pOBa, Ha KOTOpblX

ne>KaT KpaL1Hllle T04KIII

EBpa3111111.

2. On pe,lJ,enIIITe, B Ka-

KOL1 4aCTIII MaTeplllKa '

6eperoBa~ nlllHIII~ Halll-

60nee pac4neHeHa.

3. KaKOL1 nponlllB OTAe-

ns:leT OCTPOB BenlllKo-

6p1IITaHIIIs:l OT no6epe-

>Kbs:lEBponbl?

4. KaKOL1 nponV1B pa3-

Aen~eT s:lnoHcKV1e OCT-

pOBa 111CaxanlllH?

5. KaKIIIMIII MOPs:lMIII

OMbIBaIOTCs:l ceBepHble

6epera EBpa3111111?

6. Ha30BV1Te KpynHble

o6beKTbl6eperoB0L1 nlll-

HIIIIII Ha lOre MaTeplllKa.

7. KaKllle BOAHble

o6beKTbi OT,lJ,ens:lIOT

EBpa311110OT A¢PIIIKIII 111

CeBepHoVi AMepV1KIII?

nyrewecTBile B CIIOBO

Ha3BaHV1e Espona npOV1CXO,lJ,IIITOT

¢IIIHIIIKIIIL1CKOrO cnOBa spe6 - 3a-

na,LJ"A3HSI- OT acclllplllVicKoro cnOBa

acy - BOCTOK.

Pi1c.218.npOI1i1B 6ocoppa3AemieTEBpony i1 A3i11O

• --M"""'I II+O'lAblAf"?

tt' ~..-.{~; ~>>1"\ ~;(~?06U(aR n'!OTRJKeHHOCTb

~J1lin'lV.<l 6eperOSOH nHHHH Espa-3111111- OKono 100000 KM, 1113HII1XHaEspony npll1XOAII1TCfI38 %. Espona -Hall160nee paclIneHeHHaR lIaCTb

cseTa, nOCKonbKY oCTposa .1 nony-oCTposa 3aHlI1MalOT TpeTb eennow,aAII1· Pille. 219. 3anaAHbie 6epera EBpa3111111(nOpTyranll1f1)

BocmOLfHo-Cu6upCKoe) He3Hal.II1TeJIbHO yrJIy6JI5IlOTC5I B CYwy.

KpynHet'rWHe nOJIyocTpoBa Ha ceBepe EBpa3HI1 - TaUMblp H

lfyKomCKUU. Ha HeKOTopOM paCCT05IHHH OT n06epe)\(b5I pa36po-

caHbl MHorol.JHCJIeHHble OCTpOBa 11 apxl1neJIarl1 - llInut(6ep2eH,3eMJlfl (/JpaHt(a-l1ocurjJa, Hoe05l 3eMjlfl 11,Up.

C11JIbHO paCl.JJIeHeHbI 6epera EBpa311H 11Ha BOCTOKe. OKpaHH-

Hble MOp5I EepUH20eo, OxomClwe, flnoHcKoe, )J(eflmoe, BocmoLfHo-KumaucKoe, JOJlcHo-KumaucKoe OT T11xoro OKeaHa OT,UeJI5IlOTC5I

nOJIyocTpoBaM11 (KaMLfamKa, KopeR) 11 IJ,enOlJKaMI1 OCTpOBOB

(CaXQ/lUH, flnoHcKue). B03JIe lOro-BOCTOl.JHbIX 6eperOB MaTep11Ka

JIe)\(aT (/Juflu~nuHCKue, Maflble 30HaCKue H EOflbUlue 30HaCKue(KafluMaHmaH, CyMampa, flea) ocmpoea. OT nOJIyocTpoBa Ma-

JIaKKa OCTpOB CyMaTpa OT,UeJI5IeTC5I MaflaKKcKuM npoflueoM, OT

oCTpoBa 51Ba - 30HaCKUM npoflueoJl1.Ha lOre EBpa311H CB011MH pa3MepaMM Bbl,UeJI5IlOTC5I nOflyocm-

poea ApaeUUCKUU, l1HaoKumau, IfHaOcmaH, MaflaKKa. [JIy60KO

BJlalOTC5I B MaTepMK 60JIbWHe 3aJI11BbI (CuaMCKUU, EeH2aflbCKUU,JIepcuaCKUU, AaeHCKUU) M OKpaMHHoe ApaeUUCKoe Mope.

(! 3AnOMHlIITE

• EBpa3HH - caMblH 60JIbmOH KOHTHHeHT 3eMJIH, KOTOpblH OMbIBaeTCH BceMH

OKeaHaMH HameH nJIaHeTbl.

• 3HaqHTeJIbHaH npOTHMeHHOCTb EBpa3HH C ceBepa ua lOr H c 3ana)l.a Ha BOCTOJ{

06yCJIOBJIHBaeT Qpe3BblQaHHOe pa3Hoo6pa3He npHpOJlUblX yCJIOBHH.

• BeperOBaH JIHHHH EBpa3HH CHJIbUO paCQJIeHeua.

BonpOCbllll 3AAAHlIISi

1. CpaBHLi1Te pacnOnO)l(eHLi1e EBpa3Li1Li1Li1CeBepHoVi AMepLi1KLi1. LjTO o6w,ero Li1pa3-

nLi14Horo B Li1XreorpaepLi1lJeCKOM nOnO)l(eHLi1Li1?

2. ,lJ,oKa>KLi1Te,4TO 6eperoBaS'l nLi1HLi1S'1EBpa3Li1Li1CLi1nbHO paC4neHeHa.

3. KaKLi1e MaTepLi1KLi1S'lBnS'lIOTCS'l6nLi1)1(aViwLi1MLi1«COCe,D,S'lMLi1»EBpa3Li1Li1?

4. f,D,e npOXO,D,Li1TrpaHLi1LJ,a Me)l(,D,Y EBponoVi Li1A3Li1eVi?

nPAKTlII~ECKASI PA60TAOnpe,D,enLi1Te KOOp,D,VlHaTbl KpaViHLi1XT04eK EBpa3Li1Li1.Ha KOHTYPHOVi KapTe nO,D,nLi1wLi1-

TeHa3BaHLi1S'1KpaViHLi1XT04eKEBpa3Li1Li1,nonyocTpoBOB,OCTpOBOB,MOpeVi,3anLi1BOB

Li1npOnLi1BOB, Ha3BaHLi1S'1KOTOpblxYKa3aHbi B naparpaepe.

./

5. HCTOPIDI OTKPbITIDI H HCCJIE,UOBAHHEOT,UEJIbHbIX PEfHOHOB EBPA3HH

• BCnOMHl-1T8, B KaKl-1XcTpaHax l-138MnS1Xn06blBanl-1 nyr8w8cTB8HHl-1Kl-1CP8,D,H8B8KOBbS1- l-1TanbS1H8u,MapKO nono l-1MapoKKaH8u, V16H 6arryra.

CCnE,I.I,OBAHMEEBPOIIbl. reorpaq:H1lJeCKl1e CBe.uemUI 0

eLII13eMHOMopCKOM n06epe)[(be EBponbI 0606ll.1YIJII1I1.uOHec-

.TH .uo Hallll1X .uHeM .upeBHl1e rpeKH. 113BeCTHbIM BaM I1CTOPI1K

IepoiJom, )[(I1BIllI1M BY B. .uo H. 3., B CBOI1X Tpy.uax Ol1l1CaJI Bce

13BeCTHbIe B Te BpeMeHa 3eMJlI1. B IV B. .uo H. 3. rpelJeCKI1M

lOpel1JIaBaTeJlb IIuljJeii. OTl1paBHJlC5I Ha 110l1CKI1 3ana,D,HbIX

_. aHI1U 113BecTHoro eBponeMuaM Ml1pa. Dpe,D,nOJIO)[(J1TeJlbHO,

OH ocymeCTBHJll1JlaBaH He BOKpyr IIupeHeUCK020 nOflyocmpoea ,D,O

3a11a,D,HOrO1106epe)[(b5I ocmpoea BeflUKo6pumaHUfl 11, B03MO)[(-

HO, .uocTHr )1cflaHaUU. tI.peBHHe rpeKI1 c.ueJIaJIH MHoro OTKpbr-

mM B !O)[(HOH EBpOl1e, I1JlaBaJIl1 no l.JepHoMy MOplO.

B cpe.uHl1e BeKa aKTI1BHO OCBal1BaJIOCb ceBepHoe 1106epe)[(be

EBPOl1bI. OOMOpbI, BbIXO,D,UbI 113,D,peBHero HOBrOpO,D,a, B X -IBB. ,D,OIllJII1 .uo CmyaeHo2o (Tenepb ero Ha3bIBaIOT EeflblM) H

EapeHl~eeaMopeu. OHI1 pacceJlI1JlI1Cb Ha n06epe)[(be, 3aHI1MaJll1Cb

npOMbICJlOM MopcKoro 3Bep5I, pbr6HOM JIOBJIeM. OOMOpbI OTKpbI-

.lli MHome oCTpoBa CeBepHoro JIe,D,OBHToro OKeaHa.

CTOPMH OTKPblTIDI CEBEPHOM A3MH. BCJle.ucTBl1e

YPOBbIX npl1pO,D,HbIX YCJIOBI1MceBepHbre paMOHbI A31111- CI16I1Pb,

J,anbHI1M BOCTOK, KaM'IaTKa - ,D,OJlTOeBpeM5I OCTaBaJll1Cb HeI1C-

.1e.uOBaHHbIMI1. C XVI B. orpOMHbre Teppl1TOpHI1 OT YPaJlbCKUX20P .uo TUX020 OKeaHa npOIIIJlH POCCI15IHe-3eMJlel1pOXO,D,UbI.

Cpe.u11nepBbIX I1CCJIe,D,OBaTeJIeMCI1611pH 6bIJl EpMaK TllMoljJee6ulf.B XVII B. 3eMJIenpOXO,D,UbI ,D,OCTl1rJII1j(aJlbHe20 BocmoKa: H6au

il{ocK6umuu co CBOHM OTp5I.uOM Bblll.lJlI1 K 6eperaM OxomCK020.~1OPfl,a BacUJluii. IIoflpKo6 11EpoljJeii. Xa6apo6 - K peKe AMyp.1JAaiJu-MUp Am/laC06 BnepBbIe B.uOJIb11110l1epeK I1pOllleJl.uaJleKl1e 3eMJlH

KaM'1.amKU (Pl1c. 220). OH I1CCJle.uOBaJI ee MHOrOYI1CJleHHbIe

Pl-1C. 220. nepBble nOCeneHl-1Sl PYCCKl-1X Ha KaMlfaTKe(neTponaBnoBCK-KaMYaTCK~~)

EpMaKTl-1Moct>eeBl-11f

(7-1585)

Epoct>eli1Xa6apOB

(OK. 1610 - 1667)

BnaAl-1Ml-1pATnaCOB

(OK. 1661-1711)

CeMeH Ae)l{HeB(OK. 1605-1673)

BL-1TYC6epl.1Hr(1680-1741 )

Pl.1c.221.nYTeWeCTBl.1eMapKo nono

B KI.1TaH (XIII B.)

OrHe,llbIwaWJfe BYJlKaHbi. Ce.Meuy J(eJICUe6Y, KOTOpbIl1 OTnpaBHJ1-

C5I OT yCTb5I peKU KOflblMbl B nJ1aBaHJ.1e CeBepHhIM Jle,llOBHTbI~l

OKeaHOM B,llOJ1b 6eperoB MaTepHKa, y,llaJIOCb ,llOCTJ.1lIb Kpa5I CH-

6HPCKOH 3eMJlH - 60cmOlfH020 Mblca A3UU, n03,llHee Ha3BaHHoro

ero J.1MeHeM. CeMeH ).l,e)J<HeB BbI5ICHJ.1Jl, qTO A3J.1IO J.1CeBepHYIO

AMepHKY pa3LleJl5IeT npOJlJ.1B, KOTOpbIH BnOCJle,llCTBJ.1J.1 6bI.l

Ha3BaH 5epUH206b1M.B 1728 r. no yKa3y neTpa I )lJ15IJ.1CCJle,llOBaHH5I6eperoB CeBep-

HOro Jle,llOBJ.1Toro J.1TI1XOro OKeaHOB CHapMJ.1JlJ.1 Be.IlUKYIOCe6ep-UYIO 3KcneiJuu,ulO. nO,ll pyKOBO,llCTBOM Bumyca Eepuuza B

3KCne,llMUJ.1J.1 YlIaCTBOBaJIM COTHJ.1 MCCJle,llOBaTeJIeH. OHa 6bIJ1a

caMOM 60JIbiliOH J.1no KOJ1WleCTBY yqaCTHMKOB, J.1no )lJ1HTeJ1b-

HOCTH, J.1no oXBaTy J.1CCJ1e,llyeMoM TeppJ.1TOpJ.1J.1.

,Il,o XIX B. POCCM5IHe J.fCCJ1eLlOBaJ1J.fJ.f«nOCTaBJ.1JIJ.1no,ll BbICOKYIO

pyKy» POCCJ.1J.10rpoMHhIeTepPHTOpJ.fJ.f CeeepHOLtJ.1Ceeepo-Bocmo'f-HOLtA3UU. 3TJ.f OTKPbITJ.f5I 6bIJIJ.1 CB5I3aHbI C nOJ.1CKaMJ.1 3eMeJ1b.

60raTbIx Ha nywHhIX 3BepeH, a n03LlHee - C pa3Be,llKOH n0J1e3HbIX

J.1CKOnaeMbIX. I1cCJle,llOBaHH5I POCCH5IH eBpOneHCKJ.1e reorpacj:JbI

BnOCJ1e,llCTBHH HCnOJIb30BaJ1J.f npJ.1 COCTaBJIemfM KapT A3HJ.1.

1I3YQEHIIE UEHTPAJIbHOH II IO,KHOH A31I1I. TaIOKeaKTI1BHO J.13ytIaJIJ.1MaTepMK a3l1aTCKMe yqeHbIe. Ew.e B rny60Koll

,llpeBHOCTI1 KJ.fTaHUhI, I1H,llI1MUbI, BaBJ.1JlOH5IHe C06J.1paJIJ.1reorpa-

cj:JMqeCKl1e CBe,lleHJ.15I0 npJ.1p0,lle 11HaCeJleHJ.1J.1A3J.1J.f.BIB.,llo H. 3.

KMTaHCKMH nYTeIlleCTBeHHJ.1K ]JRUb %Icau OTKpbIJI 20Pbl flaMUpM TflHb-IlJaHb. DbIJI OCBoeH MapwpYT J.13IutTa5I Ha3arra.u - Be.Ilu-Kuii lUeJlK06blii nymb, no KOTOpOMy Ha npOTIDKeHl111 CTOJIentll

KYnUbI nepeB03J.1JlJ.1 TOBaphi.

EBporreHUhI nepBble CBe,lleHI15I 0 UeHTpaJIbHOH M IO)J(Hoi!

A3J.1M, KaK BbI nOMHMTe, nOJIyqJ.1JII1 B XIII B. 6JIaroLlap5I CTpaH-

CTBJ.15IMJ.1TaJIb5IHCKOro KYITua MapKo IIoJlo (pMC. 221). TI03,llHee. B

XV B., B MH,llMM n06hIBaJI PYCCKJ.1HKYITeu ArjJauacuii HUKumUH.KOTOpbIJ1 npO)J(J.1JITaM 60JIee ,llBYX J1eT. CBOM Ha6mo,lleHJ.15I 0 npJ.1-

pOlle, ropO.llax 11HaCeJIeHl111::HOHCTPaHbI nyrewecTBeHHI1K 113JIO-AGfJIB BI1.lle3aMeTOK no.ll Ha3BaHI1eM «XmKll.eHl1e 3a Tpl1 MOP5I».

TpYll.HOllocTynHyIO, C BbICOKI1MI1 ropaMI1 11 6e3BOllHbIMI1rryCTbIH5IMI1aeHmpaJlbHylO A3UIO BceCTopOHHe Ha4aJII1 113Y4aTbTOJIbKOBXIX B.,ll,a)l(e .llaJIeryIO ABCTpaJIl1IOBTOBpeM5Iy)l(e 3HaJII1

-TY'lwe. POCCI1HCKl1HnYTeWeCTBeHHI1K 11reorpa<p nemp CeMe-H08- TJlIl-llIaIlCKuii OCYIlI,eCTBI1JIllBa nYTeWeCTBI15IB TffHb-llJaHb-nrraHTCKYIO ropHyJO CI1CTeMYA31111.OH BnepBble COCTaBI1JIcxeMye peJIbe<pa 11BbICOTHOHn05ICHOCTH, OTKpbIJI ropHble JIellHI1KH,

IICCJIellOBaJIBblCOKoropHoe 03epo I1CCbIK-KyJlb. B 3HaK npl13HaHI15IBOI1X 3aCJIyr Y4eHbIH nOJIy411JI npaBO Ha3blBaTbC5I

T5IH-llIaHCKI1M.feorpa<p HUKOJlaii IIpJlce80JlbcKuii OCYIlI,eCTBI1JIn51Tb3KCnelll1-

UI1H B 1867 - 1885 rr. B aeHmpaJlbHylO A3UIO, rlle I1CCJIellOBaJITeppl1TOpl1IO, no nJIOIlI,alll1 n04TI1 paBHyIO ABCTpaJII1I1. OHnepBblM OnHCaJI 11 HaHec Ha KapTy ropHble xpe6Tbl, Tu6emcKoeHa2opbe, nYCTbIHI1, 03epa, I1CTOKH KpynHeHwl1x peK A31111-XyaHX3 11 flHLl,3bl. Bo BpeM5I nyTewecTBI1H YlleHblH npOBO.llI1JI~leTeOpOJIOrHlleCKI1e Ha6JIIO.lleHI151. OH OTKpblJI COTHI1 BI1,ll,OBpaCTeHI1H 11 )I(l1BOTHblX (B 4aCTHOCTI1, 11I1KOrO a3I1aTCKOro HIiIKonaiiiBep6JI1o.lla, ll.I1ryIO JIOWa,llb, H3BeCTHYJOKaK JlOWa,llb np)l(eBaJIb- np>KeBanbCKllliii

Koro), c06paJI 60raTble KOJlJleKI.I:I1HpaCTeHI1H 11ropHbIX nopo,ll,. (1839-1888)Bce yBH,ll,eHHOe YlleHblH onI1caJI B CBOI1Xpa60Tax, oc06eHHo 4"~Af\nOllp06HO 115IpKO- 6blT MeCTHoro HaCeJIeHI151. _ ..••.•.~---~~---=l /~~-~~

HbIHe I1CCJIe,ll,OBaTb EBpa3I1IO nOMoraIOT nepBblMIII B30WRIII Ha ~" '..ot:t<pOTOCHI1MKI1C KOCMH4eCKHXCITYTHI1KOB.Ha HalllBblcwylO BepwlIIHY MIII-~Jil1n?t-<l

pa - r. A>t<oMonyHrMy (3BepeCT) -- IHO[ollI1CJIeHHbIX HaYllHblx CTaH lJ,1151X anbm1HV1CT V13HOBOVt 3enaHAV1V1 3A-npOBO.ll5lTC5I peryJI5IpHble Ha6JIIO,ll,eHI151 3a MyHA XV1nnapV1 V1ero HenanbCKV1Vt

OCT05lHI1eM npl1pO,ll,bI. npoBoAHV1K HopreVt TeHlJ,V1HrB 1953 r.

TeMa 6. EBPA3V171(

nEhp CeMeHoB-TSlH-WaHcKllliii(1827-1914)

3AnOMH~TE

• feorpa4>HQeCKHe CBe,lJ,eHHH0 EBpone 0606mHJlH eme ,lJ,peBHHe rpeKH.

• HaqHHaH C XVI B. ceBepHble H BOCTOqHble paHoHbI A3HH HCCJle,lJ,OBaJlH

pOCCHHHe - 3eMJlenpOXO,lJ,Ubl H MOpenJlaBaTeJlH.

• TpY,lJ,HO,lJ,OCTYDHblepaHoHbl U:eHTpaJIbHOH A3HH HaqaJIH H3yqaTb TOJlbKO B XIX B.

(!BonpOCbl ~ 3AAAH~SI )~---------------

1.n04eMY He06b51THble npocTopbl A3 IIIIII,LJ,OJlroeSpeM51 OCT3S3JllllCb HeIllCCJle,LJ,Os3H-

HbIMIIl?

2. K3KlIle P3ii1oHbIIllCCJle,LJ,OS3JlIll pOCCIIls:lHe-3eMJlenpOXO,LJ,lJ,bl?

3. K3KOS SKJla,LJ,neTp3 CeMeHos3- T51H-W3HCKOfO S 1Il3Y4eHlIle A311l1ll?

4. K3KlIle IIlCCJle,LJ,OS3HIIl511llf,LJ,enposo,LJ,IIlJl HIIlKOJl3ii1 np>t<eS3JlbCKIIlii1?

5. Haii1,LJ,IIlTeH3 K3pTe (pIllC. 217 Ha c. 204) 06beKTbl, H33B3HHbie B 4eCTb IIlCCJle,LJ,OB3-

Teneii1 EBp3311l1ll.

§ 46. fEOJIOfHqECKOE CTPOEHHE H PEJIhE~. BCnOMHlt1Te, KaKlt1eceli1cMW'leCKlt1e nO$lca C¢OPMlt1POBaJllt1Cb

B npeAenax EBpa3lt1lt1.

• KaKlt1epaBHlt1Hbllt1ropbl B EBpa3lt1lt1Bbl3HaeTe?

fEOJIOf.WIECKOE CTPOEHlIE. KaK M CeBepHa5I AMepMKa,*"oI'Ah'Af~

q."'~-o EBpa3115I Ml1JIJIl10Hhl JIeT Ha3a,Il 6bIJla qaCThlO ,ll,peBHero MamepUKaI < .•>. t'0~.o\J'----------- JIaepG3Uu. Cpe,ll,M ,ll,pymx KOHTMHeHTOB 3eMHO-% .....'·'fi.~ CaMoe HH3Koe MeCTO Ha'?~lfirii-(pcywe Ha 3eMne _ KOTnOBI-1- ro mapa EBpa3M5I OTJIMQaeTC5I Ol.J:eHhCJIO:>KHhIM

Ha MepTBoro MOpH (-395 M), OHa CTpOeHl1eM 3eMHOH KOPhI. 3TO pe3YJIhTaT

HBnHeTC>l npOAOmKeHl-1eM plt1qnoB- ,LJ)IMTeJIhHOHreOJIOrl1QeCKOH MCTOpl111Pa3BMTlliI.

pa3nOMOB BOCTOYHOVtA<j)PI-1KI-1. rl1raHTCKa5I ITOpa3MepaM EBpa3l15I 3aHl1MaeT

He TOJIhKO EepG3UUcKylO /lumocrjJepHylO f1Jlumy, HO I1 QaCTh lfHaO-Aecmpa/lUUCKOU (Pl1c. 222). B,ll,OJIh JII1HI1I1 I1X CTOJIKHOBeHl15I

3eMHa5I Kopa CMI1HaJIaCh B CKJIa,IlKl1, a BITOCJIe,ll,CTBI1I1TaM c¢op-

Ml1POBaJIC5I MbnUUCKO-FuMaflaUCKUU CJCJlaattamblU nORConO::HOMY

Plllc.222.KapTaCTpoeHIIISI

3eMHO~ KOpbl

EBpa3111111

TEKTOHV1YECKV1E 05JlACTV1

D ~~~~t3~eM6P""CK"X0 ~R~;~o~a.:;eo30"CK"Xo ~R~;~o~o,:eM6P""CK"X0 ~~,:"r:T~C;~030"CKO"

1 c:J ~~~'lTa~gg~:anbCKO~fh:J ~R:;~ri~~3030~CK~XI [[:=J ~~~C,T:T~~~AOHCKO~ CJ ~~;'lr:T~~:~030~CKO~

06nacn1 repLt\o1HCKO~CKJlaA"laTOCT~ , O'

ropbI B03HI1KJII1 He Ha OKpaI1HaX, B,llOJIb n06epe-

ACb5l, KaK Ha ,llpymx MaTepJ1KaX, a'B IO)KHOM J1

BHYTPeHHeM y.aCT5IXEBpa311I1. BOCTOlfHoe n06e-

pe)Khe MaTepl1Ka OKaMMJI5feT,llpyroM ClCflaa'1amblUnOHC- TUXOOKeaHCKUU,JIe)\(a'-UJ1M HaCTbiKec Tu-XOOKeaHCKOUflumocrjJepHOU nflumoU. CKJIa,lly.BTbie

n05lca - 3TO ceMCMWleCKHe 30HbI, r,lle npOI1CXO-

~T I1HTeHCI1BHbie ,llBJ1)\(emUI 3eMHOM KOpbI,

3e:VIJIeTp5fCeHJ15f J1 I13Bep)\(eHI15f ByJIKaHOB.

HaI160JIbIllI1MI1 ,lleMCTBYIOIJ..I.I1MI1ByJIKaHaMI1 B

EBpone B npe,lleJIax CpeaU3eJl1HOJlWpCK020ceuCMU-'leCK020 nOHca 51BJI5lIOTC5IFelCfla, 3mHa J1Be3yeuU..JeMCTBYIOIJ..I.l1eByJIKaHbI A3J1J1- (j>ya3UH.Ma, Kpa-

:amay, KnIO'1eeCKaH ConKa I1 ,llpyrJ1e - BXO,ll5ITB

TUXOOKeaHCKUUCeUc.MU'1eCKUUnORC(PI1C. 223).LJ,peBHI1e ,llOKeM6pJIIMCKJ1e (BoCmO'1HO-

EeponeucKylO, Cu6upCKylO I1 ,llp.) I1 MOJIO,llbIe

(3anaaHO-Cu6upcKylO, TypaHcKylO)nJIaTct>opMbI, JIe)\(a'-UI1e B OCHOBaHJ1J11

EBpa3I1J1, COe,llI1H5IIOT pa3HbIe no B03-

pacTy CKJIa,ll'-1aTbIe 06JIaCTI1. OJIaT-

ct>OPMbI 5IBJI5IIOTC5I OTHOCHTeJIbHO

YCTOMY.I1BbIMH y'IaCTKaMJ1 3eMHOM

KOPbI, HO J13,lleCb Ha6JIIO,llaIOTC5I Me,ll-

JIeHHbIe BepTJIIKaJlbHbIe ,llB(1)((eHJII5I.

B EBpa3HH, KaK J1 B CeBepHoM

AMepJIIKe, B npOllIJIOM 6bIJIO OJIe,lleHe-

HHe. JIe,llHHK co CKaHaUHaecKo2onOflyocmpoea nepeMe'-UaJIC5I Ha lOr. Ero

«5f3bIKJ1» lI,OCTJ1raJIJ1n;a:>KeTeppI1TOpJ1J1

YKpal1HbI. JIen;HHK paCTa5lJI JII1111b

14 TbiC. JIeT Ha3aLI;.

PEJlhE. CJIO:>KHOe reOJIOmlfeCKoe PL1c. 223.Kmo •.•eBcKaSi

CTpOeHJlle MaTepJ1Ka 0TPa3J1JIOCb Ha eraConKa - caMblVi

peJIbect>e. 00 cpaBHeHHIO C ,llpymMJIIBbICOKL1V1,

MaTepJ1KaMJ1 rrOBepXHOCTb EBpa3J1J1 aKTL1BHO

KOHTpaCTHa5I - OT caMblX BbICOKI1X Ha AeVlcTBYIO~L1V1

@3eMJIe rop J1 HarOpJ1M (fH!"1aJIal1, '1 BynKaH EBpa3L1L1

• KaKiI1e nil1Tocepep-

-:>Ie nnil1Tbl ne>KaT B

~ HOBaHiI1i11EBpa3i11i11?

2. Ha30BiI1Te ,lJ,peBHiI1e iI1

nO,lJ,ble nnaTepopMbl,

-:> alL\iI1e B OCHOBaHiI1i11

2.Tepil1Ka.

• KaKiI1e lL\iI1Tbl

=~- li1Knil1Ha BOCT04HO-

==aoneiiicKoiii nnaT-

p ..Ie?

• -L\e CepOpMlt1pOBa-

- -b 06nacTiI1 Mono,lJ,oiii

::"ii030iiicKOiii CKna,lJ,-

-c-OCTiI1?

aKiI1X paiiioHax

==:la3\11\11npOCTlt1palOT-

="=' ceikMiI14eCKIt1e

- _ =ca? Ha30BIt1Te

_ BYIOlL\iI1e BynKaHbl

_ npe,lJ,enax.

<aKli1e none3Hbie

aeMble 06pa30-

~-,'Cb Ha nnaTepop-

- -:- KaKoBo It1X

_- 'cXO>K,lJ,eHiI1e?

I rp03HaSi CL1na BynKaHa

I V13Bep>KeHIt1IO BynKaHa KpaKaTay B

1

1883 r: npe,lJ,WeCTBOBan 04eHb CiI1nb-

Hbliii B3pb1B, KOTOPbliii pa3Hec ropy

, Ha KyCKiI1. B3PblB ycnblwanlt1 ,lJ,a>KeB

I ABCTpanlt1lt1, TO eCTb Ha paCCT05'lHIt1It1It CBblwe 4,5 TbIC. KM! 3Ha4lt1TenbHa5'l

14acTb oCTpoBa B3neTena B B03,lJ,yX.

i B3PblB Bbl3Ban u,yHaMIt1. BblcoTa

i BonH ,lJ,OCTlt1rana 40 M, OHIt1npoHec-

i nlt1Cb TiI1XiI1M, ATnaHTIt14eCKIt1M It1 lIIH-

1,lJ,lt1iiicKIt1MOKeaHaMiI1. 1II3Bep>KeHlt1e

I 6blno HaCTonbKO MOlL\HbIM, 4TO B ,lJ,Ba

! pa3a npeBblwano no ciI1ne 5'l,lJ,epHbliii

I B3pb1B. PaCKaneHHble KaMHiI1 B3ne-

Tanil1 B BblCOTY ,lJ,0 55 KM, BynKaHIt1-

I 4eCKIt1iii nenen 06neTen BCIO 3eMnlO

It1elL\e 10 ,lJ,Heiii Oce,lJ,an Ha

MaTeplt1KaX It1B OKeaHax.

i'/-' I

\i!'~ (,..,.

TH6eT) ,ll0 caMOH rJIy60KOti Ha cywe BrraJIHHbl

(KOTJIOBHHa MepTBora MOP51), B EBpa3HYl paB-

HYlHbI, ITJIOCKOrapbH H rOpbl 3aHYlMalOT rrpYl6.1H-

3HTeJIbHO O,llI1HaKoBylO nJIOllJ,a,llb,

PaBHHHbl, KaK BbI )T)Ke 3HaeTe, JIe)l(aT Ha

nJIanpOpMax, B EBpa3l1Yl OHH YlMelOT orpOMHble

pa3MepbI, rrpOCTHpa51Cb Ha TbICWIH KHJIOMeT-

po B. T aK, Bocmo 'iHO - £8/2.0JJ£.UCKaJL./2tlfll:!J!:!!:P'JIe)[(allJ,a51 Ha BOCTOl.JHO- EBporreticKoti rrJlaT~, 51BJl5IeTCa

0:uHOtl113 KpYTIHe.i:t!J.lax.B.Ml1pe.J pYlC, 124f&peJlbecP CJlO)[(HbIH:

B03BblWeHHOCTH (CpeoHepycCKafll1 ,llp.) l.Jepe,llyIOTC5I C HI13MeH-

HOCT5IMH (JIpU'iepHOMOpCKafl, JIpUKCrtnUUCKafl, KOTOpa51 JIe)[(J1:

HH)l(eypOBH5I MOp5I Ha28 M), Ha peJIbecPeceBepHOHl.JaCTH paBmt-

Hbl OTpa3HJlaCb ,lle5ITeJlbHOCTb ,llpeBHera Jle,llHHKa. OH CrJIaJIlt..1

CKaJIbHbie BblcTynbl, OCTaBI1JI MHOrOl.JHCJIeHHbre BaJlYHbI \I

OTJIO)l(eHH5I H3MeJIbl.JeHHbIX ropHblX rropo,ll.

Ha ceBepe EB a3H~. Ha 3ana,llHO-CH6H CKOH Q!laT~Me ..1e-

~T ana Ho-Cu6upCK(JJl pa8HUHa. Ee rrOBepXHOCTb ]i(MeeT BOfHy-

TYIO, KaK 6JllO,lllle, cPOPMY. TI03TOMY paBHHHa CHJIbHO3a60Jlol.JeHa.

CpeoHecu6upCKoe I1JlOCK020pbe,CcPOpM]i(pOBaBWeeCH Ha CH6HpCKOII

ITJIaTcPopMe, 5IBJlHeTC5IBblCOKOMpaBHHHotl, Ha rrOBepXHOCTH KOTo-

POM BOBpeM5I ,llpeBHlIX BYJlKaH]i(l.JeCKHX113Bep)[(eHHM rrOTOKH JlaBbi

06Pa30BaJlH cryneHl.JaTble ITJIaTO,Ha lOre MaTe ..!'lli1!~Ha TaMCKO-

KOP~MCKOM ITJI~TcpopMe, JIe2J.(}U.Be.auKM KUI:J1aucK,.qJLl28HUtta, a Ha

l'!EnocTaHcK~~1WOCKQ.?0l2pe.geKfLH, nOKpblTOe 6a3aJlbTOBOI

JIaBOM ,llpeBHlIX BYJIKaHHl.JeCKlIX H3Bep)[(eHI1M. l1Hoo- FaH2CKYlO I'

MeconomOMcKYIO HU3MeHHocmu CJIaralOT HaHOChl peK, MOllJ,HO~

KO 0 a OT)IenbHbiX yqacTKax ,llOCTHraeT TblC5Il.JMeTPOB,

r0 p hi EBpa3Hl1 CcP0PMHPOBaJlHCb B pa3Hbie 3nOXH ropoo5-

pa30BaHH5I, rr03TOMY OTJIHl.JaIOTC5Ino BblCOTe l1 cPopMe rrOBepx-

HOCTI1. C 3arra,lla Ha BOCTOK Qepe3 BeCb MaTepYlK npOCTl1paeT 9.:

mraHTCKHH, caMblM llpOT5I)[(eHHhIM Ha ITJIaHeTe AJIbrrHHcKO- r\1-

MaJlaHCKHM TIOHC MOJlO,llbIX CKJla,lll.JaTbIX rap (TIl1peHel1, AJIbITbl:.

ArreHHI1Hbl, KapnaTbl, KPbIMCKl1e, KaBKa3CKHe, fl1MaJlalL

TH6eTCKoe Haropbe). OHI1 06pa30BaJl]i(Cb B rrOCJI 1O1O,aJlb 1-CK)TIO, 3110xy ropo06pa30BaHI15I, rr03ToMY, K rrpaBHJlO, BblC

Pillc.224.BOCTO~HO-

EBponeVicKaSlpaBHiIIHa

Pillc.225.npo<1>iIInbpenbe<1>aEBpa3i11i11

(no 90' B. A.)

M90007500 CIl

Q.

6000 0:s4500 CIl

0llc

3000 t)Q.

1500 C1l:.::0

~

212

KHe H MOlUHble, C KpyTblMH CKJIOHaMH H

OCTpbIMH Bepllll1HaMl1-TTHKaMl1.

Atz.-bfl.bl - KpYTTHeHllla51 11Hal1BblCllla51 ropHa51

HCTeMa EBpOTTbl (Pl1c. 226). I1x OCTpble rpe6Hl1

nonHMMaIOTC51 Bblille 4000 M (c. MOH6flaH,4807 M). [JupeHeu HeCKOJIbKI1MM napaJlJleJIbHbl-

~111xpe6TaMM B03BbIWaIOTC51 Ha nMpeHeHcKoM

nOJIyocTpOBe. CpenHeBblcoTHble AneHHuHblnepeceKaIOT AneHHMHcKHH TTOJIyOCTpOB.Kapna-lnbl TaIOKe Cpe,llHeBbICOTHble rOpbI. I1x CJIaraIOT

He O'-leHb YCTOH'-IMBble K pa3pYllleHMIO ropHble

noponbI (neCl.JaHl1Kl1, fJIMHMCTble CJIaHUbl, 113-

BeCTH5fKH), n03TOMY Bepllll1Hbi MMeIOTOKpYfJIble

O'-lepTaHl15l, a CKJIOHbI 113pe3aHbI pe'-lHbIMl1 ,llO-

.1HHaMI1. Xpe6Tbi KpblMCKUX cOp npOCTl1paJOTC51

B.10JIb IO)l(Horo 6epera KpbIMCKoro nOJIyocTPO-

Ea. OHM HMeIOT BbipOBHeHHble CToJIoo6pa3Hbie

BepWMHbI, KOTopbIe Ha3bIBaIOT HHJIaMU.KGeKQ3CKUecOpbl JIe)\(aT Me)l(,lly qepHblM 11KacmlHCKMM MOp51-

~IH. Cpe,llH l1Xxpe6TOB B03BbIwaIOT KOHyCbl nOTYXWYlXByJIKaHOB-

31b6pyc M KQ36eK. BeJIl1'-1eCTBeHHble M He,n:oCTYTT-

Hble [UMGflGU - Hal1BbICWa51 rOpHa51 CI1CTeMa

3e'-1Horo wapa (Pl1c. 227). CaMoH BblCOKOH YlX

BepWMHOH, KaK Bbl ~e 3HaeTe, 5lBJI5IeTC51copaJJICOMoflYH2Ma (3eepecm), 3aCHe)l(eHHOH nl1pa-

'-IJ1ll0H no,n:Hl1MaJOllla51C51Ha 8850 M. Tu6emCKoeHGcOpbe- 3TO CO'-leTaHl1e BbICOKI1X nJIOCKYlXpaB-

HUH (no 5000 M) 11O'-leHb BbICOKHX (,llO 7000 M)

Ha3BaHIMl rap B nepeBOAe C pa3HbiX

R3~KOB noxo*~ no 3HaYeH~D.

CpaBH~Te: Anbnbl - BbICOKV1eropbl, TflHb-WaHb - He6eCHbieIOpbl, nlllpeHelll - BepwV1Ha, Kap-naTbl - CKana, Ypan - B03BblweH-HOCTb, rlllManalll - 06V1Tenb CHe-lOB, KaSKa3 - 5enOCHe>KHafi IOpa.

nonb3YSlCb KapTO~ Ha c. 210,BbmonHlne 3aAaH~S1

1. Ha30B~Te paBH~Hbl EBpa3~~.

CpaBH~Te ~x C pa3MepaM~

paBH~H Ha APyr~x MaTep~Kax.

2. KaKlI1e ropbl nOAHlI1MaDTCs:l B

npeAenax Anbnll1i1lcKo-llI1Manaill-

CKoro CKnaAyaTOrO nOs:lca?

3.0npeAenll1Te, KaKlI1e rop~

EBpa3111111pacnono*eHbl 3a

npeAenaMlI1 nORca MonOAblX

CKnaAyaTblX rap.

4. CpaBHlI1Te BblCOTY Anbn,

KapnaT, KaBKa3a 1I1TRHb-WaHR .

Ha30BlI1Te ropbl B nopRAKe

B03paCTaHlI1s:l lI1XBblCOTbl.

Hall1BblCWYD ropy nnaHeTbl - Bep-

WlI1HY I~ManaeB, KOTOpas:l B03Bbl-

waeTCR Ha rpaHlI1lJ,e Henana 1I1

KlI1TaR, HenanblJ,bl Ha3blBaDT

,CarapMaTxa - BnacTenV1H He6a, aT1I16eTlJ,bl - IJ,)KOMonyHrMa -50,V1HfI-MaTb MV1pa. iI1HTepecHo,

YTO MeCTHble *~Tenll1 o6o*ecTBns:l-

nll1 BepWlI1Hy, Aa*e He 3Has:l, YTO

OHa - CaMas:l BbICOKas:l Ha 3eMne.

06 STOM yenOBeyeCTBO Y3Hano

TonbKO B 1852 r., KorAa pa60THlI1KlI1

Tonorpaepll1YeCKOill cny*6bl iI1HAlI1~

onpeAenll1nll1 ee BbICOry. OH~ Ha3Ba-

nll1 ropy 3sepecT B yeCTb j1,>KOp,a-)/(a 3BepeCTa, KOTOPblill PYKOBOA~n

STlI1M BeAOMCTBOM.

213 'I-~t:

rOpbl pacTyT rapHhIX Xpe6TOB. nOnHI1Ma5lCh OnHOBpeMeHHO

CKlla,D,4aTble roPbl EBpa3111111npOAOn- C fHMaJla5lMI1, OHO nOCTHfnO peKOpnHOH LJJl5l)f(alOT nOAHII1MaTbC51: Anbnbl - Ha HarOpHH BhICOThI.

i 1 MM B rOA, KapnaTbl, fll1Manall1, na- CTaphle raphl, npJ1ypO'-leHHhle K 06JIaCT5Ii\1

MlI1p - Ha 10 MM B roA· 3TO AOKa3a+- npeBHeH CKJI3,)l'-laTOCTH, COXpaHI1JIHCb MeHbllle.TenbCTBO II1XMonoAoro B03pacTa

111AanbHeViwero cD0PMII1- 06bll.J.HO OHJ1 HeBbICOKl1e, co CrJIa)[(eHHbIMI1

-.-..... pOBaHII151. • <'fJ;\ Bepllll1HaMH_ TaK, nJIOCKOBepXl1e Cpe)lHeBhICOT-

~ I Hhle CKaHaUHaeCKue 20Pbl CJ1JIbHOpa3pYllleHbl.

YpGJIbCKUe 20pbl, npOCTl1palOIll,l1eC5I C ceBepa Ha lOf, TO)[(e O'-leHb

pa3pYllleHHble, n03TOMY HeBbICOKI1C. CTapblC 20Pbl 7flHb-llJaHb flpl1

O'-lepenHhlX ropoo6pa30BaHl15IX CHOBa I1CflblTaJIJ1 flOLIH5ITl1e. H bIHe

OHI1 O'-leHb BbICOKl1e, C KPYTbIMJ1 CKJIOHaMH, HO nJIOCKI1MH Bep-

WI1HaMl1. TaKl1e ropbl Ha3blBalOT B03pmK,lJ,eHHbIMH.

IIOJIE3HhIE I1CKOIIAEMhIE. CJIO)[(HOe reOJIOfl1'-1eCKOe

CTpoeHHe MaTepl1Ka 06yCJIOBJII1BaeT pa3HOo6pa3l1e nOJIe3HbLX

I1CKOflaeMbIX. Ha orpOMHOH TeppJ1TOpl1H EBpa3l1H eCTb B e

113BeCTHble B npHpOne l1X BHLIbl, HO pa3MeIll,eHbI OHl1 HepaBHO-

MepHO. B 3TOM npOCJIe)[(I1BaeTC5I Ta )[(e 3aKOHOMepHOCTb, '-ITO I

HanpYfl1X MaTepHKax, - CB5I3bC peJIbe¢OM 11YCJIOBl15IMHera ¢op-

Ml1pOBaHI151. MeCTOp0)[(LleHH5I py)l CB5I3aHbl C MarMaTWleCKHMU

nOpO)laMJ1, n03TOMY HaXOll5ITC5I B MecTax l1X BblXOna Ha 3eMH}TJO

nOBepXHOCTb (Ha 1.ll,l1Tax). PYllaMI1 MeTaJIJIOB 60raTbi TaK)[(e rOpbl.

3aJIe)[(11 yrJI5I, CB5I3aHHhle C OC3,)lOl.J.HbIM'-IeXJIOM nJIaT¢Op\1.

cocpenOTOl.J.eHbl Ha paBHl1Hax. KpYflHeHWl1e B Ml1pe MeCTOpO)[(-

neHH5I He¢Ti'r H flpHpO)lHOrO ra3a cocpenOTO'-leHbI KaK B Ocano'-l-

HOM '-IeXJIe nJIaT¢OpM (3anaaI-LO- Cu6UPC/((lfl nflamrjJopMa), TaK II

Ha WeJIh¢e MopeH (CeeepHoe H KacnuUCKoe MOpfl, [JepCUaCKUli3aflue). DOJIhWe 0 MeCTOpO)[()leHI151X flOJIe3HbIX I1CKonaeMblX Bbl

Y3HaeTe npl1 113Yl.J.eHI1HOTlleJIbHblX cTpaH EBpa3HH.

(! 3AnOMHHTE• B OCHOBaHHH EBpa3HH JIeJKHT He OnHa, a HeCKOJIbKO ,lJ,peBHHXH MOJIO,lJ,blXnJIaT-

<l>OpM, KOTopbIe 06'be,lJ,HHSIIOTCSIpa3HbIMH no reOJIOrH'IecKoMy B03pacTy CKJIaLf-

'IaTbIMH 06JIaCTSIMH.

• PeJIbe<l> EBpa3HH xapaKTepH3yeTcSI pa3Hoo6pa3HeM H pe3KHMH KOHTpaCTaMH.

• Ha orpOMHOH TeppHTopHH EBpa3HH eCTb Bce H3BeCTHbIe BH,lJ,bInOJIe3HbIX HC-

KonaeMbIX.

BonpOCbl H 3A,D,AHHSI

1. B KaKIo1XMeCTax EB pa3 101101, C reonorw-lecKoill T04Klo13peHIo1s:l,o6pa30Banlo1cb CKna)l-

4aTbie nOs:lca?

2. KaKlo1e¢OPMbl penbe¢a cooTBeTcTBylOT cKnaAljaTl:~IM nOs:lCaM?

3. nplo1BeAIo1Tenplo1Mepbl COOTBeTCTBIo1s:lpaBHIo1HApeBHIo1M Io1nlo1MonOAblM nnaT¢OpMal •.

• BCnOMHl.1Te, KaKOBbl OC06eHHOCTl.1 MyCCOHOB.

• KaK l.13MeHSleTCSlKOnl.14eCTBOCOnHe4HO~ 3Heprl.1l.1, nocTynal0w,e~ Ha 3eMHy10nOBepXHOCTb, B HanpaBneHl.1l.1 OT 3KBaTOpa Ha CeBep?

KJIHMATOOIiPA3YIOIIl,HE <IlAKTOPhI. Pa3HOo6pa311e

KJlI1MaTI1QeCKI1X YCJlOBI1H EBpa31111 CB5I3aHO C 60JlbWOM npOT5I-

:>KeHHOCTblO MaTepl1Ka. Ha CeBepe 11lOre, B 3anaJJ.HoH, ueHTpaJlb-

HOM 11 BOCTOQHOM QaCT5IX KJlI1MaTWleCKl1e YCJ10BI15I 3aMeTHO

OTJ1I1QaIOTC5I. 3TO CB5I3aHO C oco6eHHOCT5IMI1 B03,lJ,eHCTBI15I

OCHOBHbIX KJll1MaTOo6pa3YlOml1X ¢aKTopOB.

Plllc.228.KnlllMaTlII'ieCKaSiKapTaEspa3111111

CPE,llHEro.l\OBOE KOIlHYECTBO OCA.l\KOBB MHIlIlHMETPAX

o 100 200 400 600 1000 2000 2600 60neeI I I I I I I r-I

1. Onpep,enli1Te, KaK~3MeHSlIOTCSlTeMne-paTypbl B03p,yxa BHanpaBneH~~ CceBepa Ha lOr.

2. fp,e Ha6nlOp,aIOT-CSlcaMble H~3K~eTeMnepaTypblB03p,yxa?

3. fp,e Bblnap,aeTMeHbwe Bcerooca,o,KOB,a rp,e-60nbwe Bcem?

4. KaK~e BeTpbl npeo6na-p,alOTB np~6pe)f(HbIX paillo-Hax Ha BOCTOKeA3~~?

Pa3Aen IIOI'AblAf.

1~2~~,-:-------~---~,,;:_, )!acft CaMble HH3KHe TeMne-

~JjiiOl'V.~parypbl B03,qyxa (,D,O -72°C)3aperll1CTpll1pOBaHbi B HaCeneHHOM

nyHKTe OViM>lKOH (POCClI1>l), Ha ce-

BepO-BOCTOKe EBpa3111111.Ero Ha3blBa-

lOT «nOnIOCOM XOnO,D,a» CeBepHOrO

nonywapll1>l.

Oi1MHKOH -nonlOc XOnOAa

CeSepHOrOnonywapliIH

KO~HqeCTBO CO~HeqHOH 3HeprHH,

KOTOpylO nOJly'-laeT 3eMHa51. nOBepXHOCTb,

YMeHbWaeTC5I. OT 3KBaTOpa K nOJllOCaM. BCJleLl,-

CTBHe 3HallHTeJlbHOH npOT5I.)I(eHHOCTH EBpa3l1H

C CeBepa Ha lOr ceBepHble paHOHbI rrOJlyqalOT B

TpH pa3a MeHbwe COJlHellHOH 3Heprl1H, lleM

lO)I(Hble. 3TO 0TPa)I(aeTC5I. Ha pacrrpeLl,eJleHHH

TeMnepaTypbI B03L1,yxa. HanpHMep, eCJlH cpeLl,-

H5l5I TeMrrepaTYpa 5I.HBap51.Ha apKTI111eCKHX OCTpOBax COCTaBJl5IeT

- 30 °C, TO HaApaBI1HCKOM nOJlyoCTPOBe +25 °C (pHC. 228 Ha c. 2 15).Il,Hp Ky ~HU,H 10 B03L1,YIIIH blX Macc onpeLl,eJl5l.lOT npe06Jla-

Ll,alOllI,l1e B03LI,yWHble MaCCbI H BeTPbI. nOCKOJlbKY orpOMHa51. Tep-

pHTOpl151.EBPa3HH npOCTHpaeTC5I BO Bcex KJlHMaTJ1LIeCKl1X n05Icax

CeBepHoro rrOJlylllapH51, TO KJlHMaTI111eCKHe YCJlOBl15I cPOPMI1PY-

lOTC5I.noLI, BJlH5I.Hl1eM XOJlOLl,HbIX11CyxHX apKTHlleCKHX, MOpCKl1X H

KOHTH HeHTMbH bIX yMepeHHbIX, )I(apKHX H nOCT05l.HHO Cyxl1X TPO-

nH'-IeCKl1X, )I(apKl1X H BJla)I(HbIX 3KBaTopHMbHbIX B03LI,yWHbIX Macc.

l.JacTb MaTepl1Ka, pacnOJlO)I(eHHa>J B yMepeHHOM KJlI1MaTH'-Ie-

CKOM n05Ice, HaXOLl,I1TC>JnOll BJlH5IHHeM rrOCT05IHHbIX 3anai)ublX6emp06. OHH rrepeHOC5I.T BJla)I(HbIe MopCKHe B03LI,ylllHble MaCCbI,

CcPOpMHpOBaBWl1eC5I. Ha.n ATJlaHTHlleCKHM OKeaHOM, Ll,MbWe Ha

KOHTHHeHT. C rrp0Ll,BJ1)I(eHl1eM Ha BOCTOK, B my6b EBpa3HH, OHH

TpaHcopMHPYlOTC5I, TO eCTb rrpe06pa3ylOTC5I, I1X CBOHCTBa 113Me-

H5I.lOTC5I.:H3 BJla)I(HbIX OHI1 rrpeBpallI,mOTC>J B cyxHe, H3 TerrJlbIX 3H-

MOH - BXOJlOLl,Hble, 113rrpOXJla.nHbIXJ1eTOM - B)I(apKHe. Ha BOCTOKe

H lOre EBpa3HHLI,ylOT MyCCOUbl, cP0PMHPYIOllI,HeC5I BCJleLl,CTBHepa3-

HHlIbI aTMoccPepHoroLl,aBJleHH5I. Ha.n OKeaHOM H cyweH. 3HMOH MyC-

COH, llYIOllI,HH C CYlllH, 06YCJlOBJlHBaeT TenJlylO, CyxylO rroroLl,Y.

JIeTHI1H MyCCOH C OKeaHa cPopMHpyeT )I(apKYlO H BJla%HylO noro-

llY, npHHOCHT Ha MaTepHK rp03bl, lllTOpMOBble BeTpbI H 06HJlbHbIe

OCMKH. DOJlbllle Bcero - CBblwe 1000 MM B roLl, - HX Bbma.naeT

HMeHHO Ha lOro-BocToKe (CM. pHC. 228). EBpa3H>J HaXOLl,HTC5I.rroLl,

B03lleHcTBHeM lJ,HKJlOHOB H aHTHlJ,I1KJlOHOB.

I10Ll,CTH~alOlIlaSl nOBepXHOCTb BJll15IeTHa

CBOHCTBa B03llYlllHbIX Macc H I1X nepeMellI,eHHe.

B03llywHbie MaCCbI, cPOpMHpy>JCb HM ATJlaH-

THlleCKHM HJ111THXHM OKeaHOM, HaCbIllI,alOTC5I. vBJlarOH H npHHOC5IT Ha MaTepHK OCMKH. ATJlaH-

TH'-leCKl1e B03L1,YlllHble MaCCbl, KOTOpbJe 06pa3Y-

lOTC>J Hall TenJlbIM CeeepO-AmflQHmUtteCKUM

metteHUeM, 060rpeBalOT 3HMOH npl16pe)I(HbJe

paHOHbI EBpOnbI. THXOOKeaHCKHe B03llYlllHble

MaCCbI, CcPOpMHpOBaBlllHeC5I HaLl, XOJlOLl,HblM

KYPUflbCKUM metteHUeM, HanpOTHB, OXJla)I(Ll,alOT

npH6pe)I(Hble paHOHbI A31111.nOJ1blllOe BJll15IHl1e

Mbl TepHeM 31i1MyHa4ano 3111Mbi2007 r. 6blno caMblM

TennblM 3a nOCne,D,HlI1e 500 neT. B

EBpone B ,D,eKa6pe TaK 1I1He Bblnan

CHer. B 3TO BpeM>l B JloH,D,OHe (Be-

nll1Ko6pll1TaHlI1>l) pacnYCTlI1nll1Cb

p03bl, a B YKpall1He, B KpbIMY, nO>lBlI1-

nll1Cb BeCeHHlI1e lJ,BeTbl - npOneCKlI1 1I1

nO,D,CHe>KHlI1KlI1.3111Ma He nOpa,D,OBa-

na 1I1B >lHBape. B KapnaTax 6YPbleMe,D,Be,D,lI1«3a6blnll1» 0 3111MHeViCn>l4-

Ke 1I1np0>lBn>lnll1 aKTlI1BHOCTb. TaKlI1et

aHOManll1l11 Y4eHbie 06b>lCH>llOT 1rno6anbHbiM nOTenneHlI1- ahl

eM Knll1MaTa. ~yi\

Pa3Aen Ybl+O? .1t~~"'f.'m~____________ {-'1lf_~,; ~

CaMOe ysna)KHeHHOe %\".')&'~~MeCTO Ha 3eMne HaXOAI.'1TCt~~n~"'~O

6nll13 CeneHII1~ LjeppanyHA>f<II1, y IOro-

BOCTOYHOro nOAHO>KII1~rll1ManaeB. BCpeAHeM 3AeCb B~naA8eT AO

12000 MM OCaAKOB B rOA, 838perll1-

CTpll1pOB8HHoe MaKClI1M8nbHOe KO-

nWJeCTBO CBblwe 23000 MM B roA.

Ha nepeMell.l,emte B03,nYWHbIX MaCC OKa3blBaeT

TaIOKe peJlbe¢. FOPbl Mbnbl, Kae1W3, rUMaJzau,rrpOCntpalOll.l,l1eC5I B l..I,eJlOMC 3ana,na Ha BOCTOK,

rrpen5lTCTBYIOT npOHJ1KHOBeHMIO XOJlO,nHbIX

B03,lJ,yWHbIX Macc Ha lOr. KpoMe Toro, Ha MX Ha-

BeTpeHHblX CKJlOHaX BblITa,naeT MHOro OCa,nKOB.

HanpJ1Mep, IOrO-BOCTOYHOe rro,nHO)KMe rMMa-

JlaeB, nperpa)K)lalOll.l,J1X rrYTb MyccoHaM C OKea-

Ha, - 3TO caMoe YBJlmKHeHHOe MeCTO Ha 3eMHOM wape.

KJUIMATWIECKHE IIOHCA 11 THULl K.JIHMATA. EBPa3M5I

pacnOJTaraeTC5f BO Bcex KJlJ1MaTl1yeCKI1X rr05lcax CeBepHoro rrOJlY-

wapJ151 - OT apKTHYeCKoro,no 3KBaTOpl1aJlbHOro (PJ1c. 229).ApKTHQeCKH" DOSIC BKJlIO'-laeT OCTPOBa CeBepHoro Jle,no-

BI1TOrO OKeaHa J1ceBepHoe rr06epe)Kbe A3J1J1. B TeyeHJ1e ro,na TaM

rocrro,nCTBYIOT XOJlo,nHble J1cyxl1e apKTl1yeCKJ1e B03,nYWHble Mac-

CbI. OHM 06YCJlOBJlJ1BaIOT HM3KMe TeMrrepaTYpbl B03,nyxa, n03TOMY

3J1Ma cypoBa51, a JleTO XOJlOAHoe. KOJlM'-leCTBO OCa,nKOB He npeBbl-

waeT 250 MM B ro,n.

Cy6apKTUQeCKH" DORC OXBaTbIBaeTY3KYlO nOJlOcy HaceBepe

PliIC. 229. KapTa

KnlilMaTliI"IeCKliIX

nOHCOB EBpa3li1li1

1. B KaKII1XKnIl1M8TII1-

ljeCKII1X no~cax ne>KII1T

EBpa3111~?

2. K8K0ll1 Knll1MaTlI1lje-

CKlI1l11no~c EBP83111111

38HlI1MaeT Hall16onb-

wylO nnow,aAb?

3. H830BlI1Te KnIl1MaTII1-

yeCKlI1e o6n8cTII1,

CepOpMlI1pOBaBWll1eC~ B

npeAenax yMepeHHoro

Knll1MaTlI1ljeCKOrO

nO~C8.

4. KaKoBbl oco6eHHo-

CTII1npOCTlI1p8HII1~

TpOnll1ljeCKOrO KnIl1M8-

TlI1yeCKOrO no~c8?

06naCT~ TpOn~"eCKOrOon~MaTaD.J nycTblHHOro CD Bna)l(HOro

5. K8KlI1e Teppll1TOpll1111

OXBaTblBalOT Cy63KB8-

TOpll18nbHblll1 III 3KB8TO-

pll1anbHblll1 KnIl1M8TII1-

ljeCKlI1e no~ca?

06naCT~ cy6TpOn~"eCKoro on_MaTaCD KOHT~HeHTanbHororn cpeA~3eMHOMopCKOroCD MyccoHHoro

MaTepHKa. 3HMOti C CeBepO-BOCT04HblMH BeTPaMH CIO.ll.anocTYrIa-

lOT apKTH4eCKHe B03,1l.YWHble MaCCbI, a J1eTOM 3ana,uHbIe BeTpbI

npI1HOC5IT YMepeHHbIe B03.ll.YWHbIe MaCCbI. 3l1Ma X0J10.ll.Ha5l, OCO-

6eHHO B A3HH, me Ha6J1IO.ll.aIOTC5IcaMble HH3KHe TeMrrepaTYpbI

CeBepHoro rrOJ1ylllapH5I. J1eTo TenJ1ee, 4eM B apKTWIeCKOM n05lce.

YMepeHHblH noSic pacnpOCTpaH5IeTC5I Ha orpOMHble

TeppvnopHH EBpa3HH. Ha npOT5I)[(eHHH rO.ll.a TYT <pOpMHpyIOTC5I

Y.M.e.p.e1iHh~ B03,g,YllIHbIe Ma~f. BCJ1e.ll.CTBHe 3Ha4HTeJ1bHOM

npOT5I)[(eHl-IOCTH n05lca H rrpe06J1a,uaHI15I 3arr@HblX BeIPoB 4eTKO

rrpOCJ1e)[(HBaeTC5I CMeHa THnOB KJlHMaTa C 3ana.ll.a Ha BOCTOK.

BonorA3 fl03TOMy B npeLleJ1aX yMepeHHoro n05lca BbILleJ15IIOT 4eTbIpe

91506MMI 4,8'C,C KJlHMaTWIecKHX 06J1aCTH. If~a,ue, rro eM B03LlYWHbIX

20\"" MaCC 9 ATJ1aHTH4ecKoro OKeaHa, 311Ma M5IrKaH, Cpe.ll.H5I5ITeMrrepa-

TYpa B03.ll.yxa rrpeBbIwaeT O°C, a J1eTOM COCTaBJ15IeTOT + 10°C .ll.0

+ 18°C. OCa,uKOB Bbma,uaeT 60J1ee 1000 MM B ro.ll.. 311MOti 4aCTO

6blBalOT MOpOCb, ,lIJIHTeJ1bHbIe TYMaHbI, a J1eTOM noro.ll.a 06J1a4-

HaH, rracMypHa5l. 3T0 061laCmbMOpcKOZO yMepeuuozo K.rlUMama.BocT04Hee, .ll.0 caMbIX YpMbCKHX rop, <pOpMHpyeTC5I 061laCmb

yMepeuuo KoumUUeUmUJlbUOZO K.rlUMama. 3.ll.eCb BJlI151Hl1eATJ1aHTH-

KI1 nOCTeneHHO OCJ1a6eBaeT. 311Ma CTaHOBHTC5I X0J10.ll.HOMH MO-

R03HOM, a J1eTOTerIJlbIM. Iloro.ll.a , 3 6bIBalOT

o':ITeneJ1l1, J1eT~ I1.ll.YT.ll.Q)KLlH.3a YpMOM, B IJ,eHTpMbHoti

A31111,me rocnO.ll.CTBYIOT KOHTI1HeHTMbHbIe yMepeHHbIe B03.ll.YW-

HbIe MaCCbI, <:j:>opMl1pyeTc5I KoumUUeUmUJlbUblU mun K.rlUMama.311MOti nepeOXJ1Cl)KLleHHa513eMHa51 nOBepXHOCTb OXJla:>K,D.aeTB03-

LlYX.ll.O-500C, aJ1eTOM, HanpOTHB, - Cl1J1bHOHarpeBaeT. OCa,uKH C

aTJ1aHTI14eCKl1MM B03.ll.YlllHbIMI1 MaCCaMI1 CIO.ll.an04TH Ha nocl)'-

nalOT. n03TOMY 3l1MOti CHera MMO, I1 3eMJI5I npOMep3aeT Ha

3Ha4I1TeJ1bHYIO my6HHy. Ha BOCTOKerr05lca K.rlUMamMyccouUblU, C

CyxOM X0J10.ll.HOM3l1MOti H BJla)[(HbIM TenJIblM J1eTOM.

B cy6TponH4eCKOM nOSlce, KaK H B yMepeHHOM,

Ha6J1IO.ll.aeTC5ICMeHa KJlHMaTl14eCKI1X yCJIOBl1ti C 3ana,ua Ha BOC-

TOK. Ha lOre EBponbl K.rlUMam cy6mponulfeCKuii cpeiJU3eMUOMOpCKO-zo muna. 3HMOM oWYll.l,aeTC5I BJ1I151Hl1eBJ13)KHbIX aTJ1aHTWleCKI1X

B03.ll.YWHbIX Macc: LlOCTaT04HO TenJ10 (TeMnepaTYpa BbIwe O°C),

l1)l.yT .ll.O)J(LlH.J1eToM C rrpI1XO.ll.OM TponWleCKJifX Macc yCTaHaBJ1J1-

BaeTC5I)[(apKa51 H cyxa51 noro,1l.a. BJ13)KHOCTb B03.ll.yxa yMeHbwaeT-

C5I C np0.ll.BI1)[(eHl1eM Ha BOCTOK, 11B ueHTpMbHoti 4aCTl1 n05Ica

KJlI1MaTy)[(e cy6mponulfeCKuii KoumUUeUmUJlbUbiU. 3HMa.ll.OCTaT04-

HO XOJIOLlHa5l, a J1eTO)[(apKoe. OCa,uKOB MMO. 3HMoti Ha THXOO-

KeaHCKoe rr06epe)J(be 113 BHyTpeHHHX patioHoB MaTepl1Ka

IlOCTYIlaeT X0J10LlHbIti cyxoti KOHTI1HeHTMbHbIM B03LlYX, l1 TeM-

nepaTypa MO)[(eT CHI1)[(aTbC51LlO O°C. JIeToM HaCbIll.I,eHHble BJ1a-

roti B03LlYWHble MaCCbl C OKeaHa HecYT LlO)J(.Jl.l1.3TO npH3HaKI1

cy6mponulfeCKOZO Myccouuozo K.rlUMama.

J10HAOH

91612 MMI 9,re ;. 'c

MM - - - • - - - " "- 20

-20A5lt!JMAMv1lJIACOH

, -20A~epMAMV1V1ACOH

t'KYTCK,.,'" 192MM -11'C-

'c20

neKI1H

..".1 593MMI 11,5'C .'c20

200 "- - - "If "- 0

100 "- - - -j~~-- -10. ~

o - ~. -20A~epMAMV1V1ACOH

KnlllMan14eCKllle

AlllarpaMMbl

TpOnHqeCKHH noSic He o6pa3yeT cmlOlliHOM nOJIOCbl Ha

MaTepl1Ke, OXBaTbIBa51 JIJIIlllb 3ana,llHyIO 4aCTb lO)KHOM A3Y1J11

(CM. PJIIC. 229 Ha c. 217). 3TO e,llJIIHCTBeHHoe MeCTO Ha 3eMJIe, r,lle

PH,llOM pacnOJIaraIOTC5I ,llBa nepeXO,llHblX n05lca: cy6Tpon JIIyeCKMM

JIIcy63KBaTOpl1aJIbHblM. B TpOnl14eCKOM n051ce, r,lle KpyrJIblM ro,ll

rocnO,llCTByeT CyXOM KOHTJIIHeHTaJIbHbIM B03,llYX, 06bI4HO 6e306-

\JIa'-=IHO. KaK CJIe,llCTBl1e, BbICOKYle TeMnepaTypbl B03D,yxa YI MYlHJII-

MaJIbHOe KOJIJII4eCTBOOCaD,KOB(,llO 100 MM B roD,). J1eToM JIIoceHbIO

HaLLTJIIXYIM OKeaHOM B03HYlKaIOT TaHQlYHhl (OT KMTaMcKoro «TaM

cPYHf» - CI1JIbHbIM BeTep) - TpOnJIIyeCKJlle UI1KJIOHbl yparaHHOM

CI1JIbl. OHM COnpOBO)l(,..fl,aIOTC51JIMBH5lMJII M HaBOD,HeHI15lMYI.

Cy63KBaTOpHaJIbHblH noSic pacnpOCTpaHeH B IO)KHbIX

paMoHax A3I1J11.311MOM TaM npe06JIaLLalOT TPonW-IeCKHe B03,llyru-

HbIe MaCCbI, JIeTOM - 3KBaTOpJllaJIbHbIe. D03TOMY KJIHMaT

nOCT05lHHO )KapKMM H nepeMeHHO BJIa)KHbIM. rpo30Boirt nonlOc:3K BaT 0 p H a JI h H hi H no SI C OXBaTblBaeT nOJlIOCOM rp03bl Ha 3eMJle Ha3blBa-

TOJIbKO nOJIyocTpoBa YIOCTPOBa Ha lOre MaTepH- lOT ropOAOK 6yweH30pre (OCTpOBKa. >KapKMe 11 BJIa)KHbIe 3KBaTOpJllaJIbHbie S1Ba). B cpeAHeM e>KerOAHO TaM 6bl-

B03,llYlllHbIe MaCCbI 06YCJIaBJIHBalOT BbICOKJlle BaeT 322 AH>I C rpo3aMV1, a CV1JlbHbl.TeMnepaTypbI B03,llyxa JII 06J11JIbHble D,O)Kll,YI B . rpo3bl Ha6JlIOAaIOTC>I

_. 800 pa3 B roA. ~.Te4eHYle ro,lla. _ _ _ I

1 •EBpa3WlJIe)KJ1T BTeX)Ke KJIHMaTHYeCKHXn051CaX, 4TO H CeBep-

Ha51AMepJIIKa. Ho Ha cPOpMHpOBaHHe ee KJIJIIMaTa 60JIblile BJII151IOT

Y1YCCOHbI.

3AnOMHl1TE• KJIHMaT EBpa3HH OqeHh pa3Ho06pa3HhlH, OH QlopMHpyeTcSI no,ll BJIHSlHHeM OC-

HOBHblX KJIHMaT006pa3yIOllJ,HX QlaKTopOB (KOJIHqeCTBa COJIHeqHOH 3HeprHH,IIHpKyJISlIIHH B03,ll,ymHblx Macc, xapaKTepa nO,ll,CTHJIaIOllJ,eHnOBepXHOCTH).

• EBpa3HSI JIe)J{HT BO Bcex KJIHMaTHqeCKHX nOSlcax CeBepHoro nOJIymapHSI, Bnpe,ll,eJIax KOTOpblX CQlOpMHpOBaJIHCh pa3Hhie THnbl KJIHMaTa.

BonpOCbl 113AAAHl1S11. 06M1CHlt1Te, KaK r8orpaeplt148CKa51 Wlt1pOTa SJllt1518T Ha epOpMlt1pOSaHlt18 Knlt1MaTa.

2. KaK lt13M8H518TC51 KJllt1MaT S yMep8HHoM KJllt1MaTlt148CKOM n051C8 no Mep8 YAaJl8Hlt151

OT ATnaHTlt148CKOro OKeaHa?

3. KaK Ha KJllt1MaT ESpa3lt1lt1 Snlt1518T p8nb8ep?

4. KaK Ha epOpMlt1pOSaHlt18 KJllt1MaTa sn lt151lOT OK8aHlt148CKlt18 T848Hlt151?

nPAKTW-IECKASI PA601iJ~---------------1.npoaHanlt13lt1PYVlT8 KJllt1MaTlt148cKYIO KapTY (c. 215) lt1KJllt1MaTlt148CKlt18 Alt1arpaM-

Mbl roPOAOS (c. 218).2. HaVlAlt1T8 pa3Jllt14lt151 S KJllt1MaTlt148CKlt1X 06naCT51X YM8p8HHoro n051ca.

3. 06b51CHlt1T8 nplt14lt1Hbllt13M8H8Hlt151 Knlt1MaTa S npeA8nax Knlt1MaTlt148cKOro n051ca.

§ 48. BO,l],bI CYIIIH~ • BcnOMHVlTe, KaK npOVlCXO,L:\VlTnVlTaHVle peK.

"V • KaKVle pa3nW-1alOT BVl,L:\blne,L:\HVlKOB?

EBpa3W5I 60raTa BHyTpeHHwMW BO.LlaMW, HO 3Ha4WTeJIbHble

pa3JIW4WR B KJlWMaTe W peJIbe¢e OT.LleJIbHbIX paMOHOB 06YCJIOB-

JIWBalOT WXHepaBHOMepHoe pa3Mew.eHwe.

PEKH. Hw O.LlWHMaTepWK 3eMJIW He MO)KeT cpaBHWTbC5I c EBpa-

3weH no KOJIW4eCTBYKpynHbTx peK. CBOW BO).T.bIOHW HecYT KO Bce:--l

4eTblpeM OKeaHaM nJIaHeTbl.

KpynHeHume peKW 6acceiiHa AmnaHmU'leCIC020 OlCeaHa- PeHH.

,lJ,yHaM, 3JIb6a, ,lJ,Henp, ,lJ,HeCTp. OHW I1MelOT CMewaHHoe nWTa-

Hl1e: TaJIbIMI1 cHero'BblMW, ).T.O)K.LleBbIMW11nO).T.3eMHbIMW BO.LlaMH.

Peuli 6epeT Ha4aJIO B AJIbnax WBna).T.aeTB CeBcpHoe Mope. B Bep-

XOBb5lX WMeeT y3KylO rJly60KylO ).T.OJlWHY116ypHoe Te'-leHwe. A

BbIXO).T.OM Ha paBHwHy npw06peTaeT cnoKoHHbTH xapaKTep.

PeMH - Ba)KHbIH TpaHcnopTHbIH nYTb 3ananHoH EBpOnbI. BCJIe.J-

CTBwe 3arp5l3HeHWR ero Ha3blBalOT «CT04HOM KaHaBoH EBponbI».

j],YIiGU - BTOpa51no .LlJlWHepeKa EBponbl nocJle BOJIrw. EepeT Ha-

4aJIO B ropax, nepeceKaeT paBHwHbl EBponbl WBnanaeT B qepHCX'

Mope. B YCTbe 06pa3yeT mwpoKylO ).T.eJlbTYc MHOr04WCJIeHHbII-lH

PYKaBaMw W npOTOKaMI1. llyHaH WMeeT 60JlbWOe 3Ha4eHwe KaK

Me)K.LlyHapO,LI,HbIH BO).T.HbIHnYTb. Haw j],lienp - TI1nW4HaR paB-

HI1HHa51 peKa, KOTopaR nepeceKaeT BOCT04HO- EBponeHcKYlO

paBHwHy W Bna).T.aeTB qepHoe Mope.

PeKI1 6acceuHa Ce6epH020 JIeoo6umo2o OlCeaHa 3aMep3alOT Ha

npO).T.OJl)KWTeJIbHOe BpeM5I. fJIaBHblM WCT04HI1KOM WX nWTaHIl5i

RBJlRlOTC5I aTMoc¢epHble OCa,LI,KI1. BeCHOM, BO BpeM5I Ta5lHIIS1

cHera, ypoBeHb BO).T.blB HWX nO).T.HI1MaeTC5IHa 10 - 15 M, 11peK:I

BbIXO).T.51TW3 6eperoB. 06b5lCH5IeTC5l 3TO pa3HbIM BpeMeHe.!

BCKpbITWR peK. TaJIbie BO.LlbI, npw6blBalOw.we c lOra, HaTaJIKJ1Ba-

lOTC5I Ha JIe,LI,5IHbie3aTopbl B YCTbe, 3Ha'-lWTeJlbHO y).T.aJIeHHOM H

ceBep. 3TO 06ycJlOBJIWBaeT 4pe3MepHbIH nO).T.beMypOBH5I BO.Jb _

- - -I peKoti 3TOfO 6accetiHa >IBJ151eTC>I JIeHa- tI60.lbWa>I no nJ10Il.l,a,lJ,H 6accetiHa - 06b

= . a ca'vla>I nOJ1HOBO,lJ,Ha>I- EHuceu. Ha Emlcee

lIlHble fl11lp03J1eKTpOCTaHUI1H (pHC. 231).IUX020 OKeana npHHa)J,J1e:>KaTAMyp, XyaHX3, 51Hu-

- • ITlITalOTC5I OHI1 npel1MywecTBeHHO MyCCOHHblMM

3TO~IY nOJ1HOBO,lJ,HbIJ1eTOM, a Me:>KeHb OTMe'-IaeTC5I

- r.::ra.leTHHe HaBO,lJ,HeHH5InpeBpaIl.l,alOTC5I B HaCTO>IIl.l,YlO

:c.::~Y:TG~.·.TaK. pe3Koe nOBblWeHl1e ypOBH>I BO,lJ,blB XyaHX3 npo-

===I-~ LKlbI B ro..a: BecHoti, Koma TaeT CHef B ropax, J1eTOMBO

HHbIX ..aO)(()leti 11oceHblO, KOf,lJ,a CBl1pencTBylOT Tati-

ITallUbI Ha npOT>I:>KeHHH CTOJ1eTl1ti COOPY:>KaJ1H3aIl.l,I1T-

- . Ho 4aCTO peKa npopbIBaeT I1XH 3aTanJ1HBaeTorpOMHble

I. YHllYTO:>Ka>I 0J10,lJ,OpO,lJ,Hble3eMJ1I1, pa3pywa>I ropo,lJ,a H

- - 3bl - CaMa51 ,lJ,J1HHHa51(6300 KM) H n0J1HOBO,lJ,Ha51peKa

..:.E1:::ai4GI. B BepXHeM 11Cpe,lJ,HeM Te4eHI111 I1MeeT fOPHblti xapaK-

;- I30Bbe MOpCKl1e npl1J111Bbl B TeyeHHe CYTOK 06yCJ10BJ111Ba-

~~I ypOBH51 BO,lJ,bl B HeM Ha 4,5 M (Pl1c. 232). MeKoH2 B

- ':"~ITe4eHI111 paCna,lJ,aeTC51Ha MHOr04I1CJ1eHHble pyKaBa 1106-

;-~ 06WHpHylO 3a60J10'-leHHylO ..aeJ1bTy.

PeKIl 6acceuna HniJuucKocO OKeana nl1TalOTC5I KaK 3a C'-leT

.•' OHHbIX ..aO)(()leM, TaK 11TaJ1bIMI1 CHefOBblMH BO,lJ,aMI1 B fO-

X. CB5IWeHHa5l)J,Jl51 HaCeJ1eHI1>I I1H,lJ,1111peKa FaH2 Ha411HaeTC51

.")15l HCTOKaMI1 B rHMaJ1a51X. ITPI1 Bna,lJ,eHHI1 B beHfaJ1bCKI1M

- TIIB 06pa3yeT BMeCTe C fJ1aBHbIM npl1TOKOM EpaxManympou_".lb TY - O,lJ,HyH3 caMbIX KpynHblx B MHpe. PeKa JfHO 6epeT Ha-

alO B T116eTe. B BepXOBbe nepeceKaeT xpe6TbI rHMaJ1aeB I1 Te-

··T B yIl.l,eJ1b>IX, 06pa3y>I nopofH 11 BO,lJ,Ona,lJ,bI. B Cpe,lJ,HeM 11

3H:>KHeM Te4eH 1111I1H,lJ,- paBHI1HHa>I peKa, 11MeeT 60J1bWOe 3Ha-

qeHl1e ..aJ151opOWeHH51 H cy,lJ,Oxo..acTBa. PaBHI1HHble peKu Ee¢-pam 11 TU2P B 195 KM OT YCTb>I cnHBalOTC51, o6pa3Y51 peKy

lllamm-3Jlb-Apa6 «<peKa apa60B»). TI1fl'J H EB<ppaT BbIHOC51TOf-

m·lHOe K0J1114eCTBO OCa,lJ,O'-lHbIX nopo,lJ" n03TOMY I1X ,lJ,eJ1bTa

BbI.ilBHfaeTC51 B 3aJ111B Ha 4 KM Ka:>K,lJ,ble 100 J1eT. I1CTOpHKI1

B A3111111eCTb HeCKonbKO «pa3HOLl,BeT-

HbIX» peK. HanplllMep, AMYP B ne-

peBOAe C MOHronbcKoro 03Ha4aeT

'--IepHafipeKa, ~H1..(3blB nepeBOAe C

KIIITaVtCKOro - tony6afl, XyaHx3 -)f(enTafi. XyaHx3 pa3MbiBaeT neCCO-

Bble cyrnlllHKIII, 111OHIII OKpaWIIIBalOT

BOAY B >KenTOBaTbIVt L1,BeT.OTclOAa

Ha3BaHllle He TonbKO peKIII, HO 111>Ken-TOro MOp51, B KOTopoe OHa BnaAaeT.

yrBep)J()l,aIOT, l.JTOBIB. 06e peKH Bna,n,aJH1B TIepCI1,lJ,CKJ1H3aJIl1B

OT,D,eJIbHO.

B EBpa3Hl1 06pa30BaJIC5I 06UlHpHbIH6acceUll6llympellllezocmo-«a. K HeMy OTHOCI1TC5ICaMa51 ,lJ,JII1HHa51peKa EBponbI - BOll2a(3531 KM). KaK 11)],Henp, OHa 6epeT Hal.JaJIOHa BaJI,D,aMcKoH B03-

BblweHHOCTl111 Bna,D,aeTB KaCnl1HCKOe Mope. 3l1MOH peKa 3aMep-

3aeT. TII1TaeTC5I npel1MywecTBeHHO TaJIbIMI1 CHerOBbIMI1 BO,D,aMI1,

Il03TOMY I1MeeT BeceHHee nOJIOBO,lJ,be.BOJIra cy,D,OXO,D,Ha,Ha HeH

cOOpJ0KeHbI BOllOXpaHI1JIHwa H fl1,D,p03JIeKTpOCTaHUI1I1.

03EPA. MHOfO 03ep Ha ceBepe EBponbI, f,D,e MHOral.JI1CJIeHHble

KOTJIOBI1HbI 3eMHOH KOPbI 6bIJII1 yfJIy6JIeHbI ,D,peBHI1M JIe,D,HI1-

KOM. TaKl1eJle~HHKOBO-TeKTOHHqeCKHe 03epa I1MelOT

CJIO)/(Hble Ol.JepTaHI151113Hal.JI1TeJIbHYlO my611HY; OHI1 CTOl.JHble

11npeCHble. Hanpl1Mep, JIa()OJiCCKOe- KpYIlHeHlllee 03epo EBpo-

nbl. B Me)l(f0pHbIX 1l0JIl1HaX U,eHTpaJIbHOH EBponbI JIe,D,HI1KI1,

cnycKa5lcb C fOP, 06pa30BaJII1 ,D,OCTaTOl.JHOKpYIlHble H my60Kl1e

Jle~HHKOBble 03epa. Hanpl1Mep, )J(eueeCKoe03epo.KpynHble 03epa A31111cocpellOTOl.JeHbl npel1MymecTBeHHO B

3aCYWJ1I1BbIX, a He BJIa%HbIX 06JIaCT5Ix. 3TO 06YCJIOBJIeHO TeM,

l.JTOcOBpeMeHHble 03epa YHaCJIellOBaJIl1 CBOI1

KOTJIOBHHbI OTApeBHHx, cywecTBoBaBwl1X KOf-

,lJ,a-TO BO BJImKHOM KJII1MaTe, BO,lJ,OeMOB,nJIO-

wa,lJ,b KOTOpblX 6bIJIa 60JIbwe. K TaKI1M

OCTaTOQHblM 03epaM OTHOC5ITC5IKacnuucKoe11ApallbcKoe. Yl.JI1TblBa51 3Hal.JI1TeJIbHbie pa3Me-

pbI, I1X Ha3bIBalOT MOP5lMI1 (Pl1c. 233). 03epoEallxaut B 3ana,n,Hoi1 l.JaCTI1 npeCHoe, a B BOC-

TOl.JHOH- COJIeHoe. 3TO 06b5lCH5IeTC5I TeM, LITO

3anaAHa51 l.JaCTb 03epa OnpeCH5IeTC5I BOAaMI1

MHOrOl.JI1CJIeHHbIX peK.

EaUKall - caMoe fJIy60Koe 03epo 3eMHoro

wapa (1620 M). Ero KOTJIOBHHa I1MeeT TeKTO-

HHQ ec Koe npo H CXO)K~eHH e. 03epo JIe)l(l1T

By3K0i1 Bna,n,I1He3eMHOM KOPbI CKPYTbIMI1 CKJIO-

HaMI1 - rpa6eHe. EaHKaJI YHI1KaJIeH He TOJIbKO

cBoeH rJIy611HoH. Era npeCHa51 BO,D,a- CaMa51

LII1CTa51 Ha nJIaHeTe, CO,D,ep)I(I1T Ol.JeHb MaJIO

MI1HepaJIbHbIX BemeCTB. J1HTepecHo, '-ITO B

03epo BnaAalOT MHOfOYI1CJIeHHbie peKH, a

BbITeKaeT TOJIbKO OAHa - AU2apa. 03epo Mepm-eoe Mope TaK)I(e pa3MewaeTC5I B TeKToHwlecKoH

KOTJIOBI1He. TIJ10Wa,D,bera He60JIbWa5l, HO fJIY-

611Ha 3Hal.JI1TeJIbHa5l. KOTJIOBI1Ha J1e)l(I1T Ha

395 M HI1)I(e ypOBH5I Ml1pOBOra OKeaHa, 3TO ca-

Moe Hl13KOe MeCTO Cywl1.

Apan B onaCHOCTVI

ApanbCKoe Mope m1TalOT ABe Kpyn- I

Hble peKV1 - AMYAapb~ V1CbIPAapb~.Ho V1X BOAbl n04TV1 nonHOCTblO ,,V1cnonb3YIOTc~ An~ opoweHV1~. '

n03TOMY Mope KaTaCTPO<PV14eCKV1~,""MeneeT - 3a nocneAHV1e 50 neT I

era nnow,aAb COKpaTV1- .. '®.

o'lAbiAf. • naCb BABoe..-:y~,,~;o ~ . ~ J'1/." --~:..i:r.y 'Y

- --"~,r." - .::> \: (""'\:-'J :a~~o~ KpynHei!twee 6eccTo",·

~JfHn'l""~ Hoe coneHoe o3epo Ha3eMne - KacnV1l11cKoe Mope. 80BpeM~ wTopMa BonHbl Ha HeM AOC-TV1ralOT 17 M. rny6V1Ha 03epa-Mop~nOpa)f(aeT - CBblwe 1 000 M. Cone-HOCTb BOAbl HeBbICOKa~ - 12 %0, 4TO06b~cH~eTc~ BnaAeHV1eM KpynHblxV1nonHOBOAHb/X peK.

ill MHOrOJIETIDUI MEP3JIO-no fl.10lUaJU1 ropHblx JlellHl1KOB EBpa3l151 3aHl1MaeT rrepBoe

B. mpe. OHl1 rrOKpblBalOT BblCOKl1e BepWHHbIMbn, KaeKa--~Hb-llJaHfl, Fww.a/laee. npOT5I)[(eHHOCTb KpynHeMlUl1X 113

-.1 51TKI1 Kl1JlOMeTpOB. A nOKpOBHble JlellHI1KI1 BCTpelfa-

_. -O.lbKO Ha apKTJ1T-IeCKl1X oCTpoBax.

CiOrmeTH5I5I Mep3JlOTa pacnpocTpaHeHa Ha ceBepe EBpa3l111,

- pli. TOJllUa Mep3JlbLX nOpOll3aJIeraeT B rJly6l1Hy Ha COTHl1

B. npW--II1HOM 3Toro 51BJleHI151 51BJl51IOTC5I XOJlOllHble,

':O.lA\:l1TeJlbHble 11 MaJlOCHe)[(Hble 3HMbI, KopoTKoe 11

:""1a.lHOe JleTO. JleToM BepXHHM CJIOM OTTal1BaeT Ha rJIy6HHY

-I ·001. BCJlellCTBl1e 3TOro B Hemy60KHx rrOHI1)[(eHIDIX o6pa-

•• - 51 \IHOrOYI1CJleHHble 03epa. MHOrOJleTH5I5I Mep3JIOTa,

-. 04Hoe YBJIa)[(HeHl1e 11H113MeHHbIM peJlbe<:j) 06YCJIOBJIl1Ba-

rrpocTpaHeHl1e B CeBepHotiA3l1H 60JIOT. Hanpl1Mep, B TYH-

H.1 COTYHllpe OHl1 3aHHMalOT 2/3 nJIOlllalll1. MHoroJIeTH5l51

_ 3.10Ta YCJIO)[(H5IeT CTpOI1TeJIbCTBO, pa3BHTl1e 3eMJIelleJII151.

filhIE BO,I:J:bl. EBPa3H5I 60raTa nOll-

~2':.O11[ BO.Ja\ll1. Ha paBHl1HaX OHl13aJIeralOT B

==:::Z;lX TO.1wax OCallOl.J.HbIX OTJIO)[(eHHM 11

:::::,::a::ITC5I BbICOKl1M Kay:eCTBOM. [loll3eMHble

'0 I1CnOJIb3YIOTC5I B rycToHaCeJIeH-

=:=::lP21-I<O:Ha\.De peKH 1103epa3arp513HeHbI CTO-

B nYCTbIH5lX rrOll3eMHble BOllbI - 06bIl.J.HO .

-CTBeHHbIM l1CTOYHI1K BOllOCHa6)[(eHH51.

Pa3Aen lAb!--'lAA~------------='i ..j.~~~>\~JiCaMoe coneHoe 03epo ~~o~MVlpa - MepTBoe Mope. CO-~JfHn\''''~neHOCTb BOAbl HaCTonbKO BblCOKa

(AO 400 %0), 4TO ecnVl 6bl Mope ne-

pecoxno, TO Ha AHe oCTanCH 6bl

cnoll1 conVl TOnw,VlHOIl121 M. Ero Ha-

3blBalOT «conOHKOIl1 MVlpa». Opra-

HVl3Mbi B HeM He MOryr 06V1TaTb, OT-

clOAa VI Ha3BaHVle - «MepTBoe».

3AnOMH~TE

B EBpa3HH MHOrO KpynHblx, nOJlHOBO,lJ,HbIX peK, HecyUJ,HX CBOH BO,lJ,blBO BCe

OKeaHbl nJlaHeTbl.

B EBpa3HH HaXO,lJ,5ITCHHaH60JlblliHe no nJlOUJ,a,lJ,H,caMble fJly60KHe H COJleHble

03epa MHpa, 03epHble KOTJlOBHHbl KOTOpblX HMelOT pa3Hoe npOHCXO)K,lJ,eHHe.

• Ha MaTepHKe pacnpOCTpaHeHbl ropHble Jle,lJ,HHKHH MHOrOJleTHHH Mep3J10Ta.

BonpOCbl ~ 3A,l],AH~SI )~----------------

1.KaKoe mnaHVle VlMelOT peKVI 6acceiliHa ATJlaHTVlLJeCKOrOoKeaHa?

2. KaKOili pe)J(VlM VlMelOT peKVI 6acceiliHa TVlxoro oKeaHa?

3. KaKoBbl oco6eHHocTVI peK 6acceiliHa CeBepHoro ne,lJ,OBVlTOro oKeaHa?

4. KaKOe npOVlCXO)J(,lJ,eHVleVlMelOT o3epa-MOp51?

5. nOLJeMy 6aillKan VlMeeT 6onbwylO rny6V1HY?

6. Ha30BVlTe npVlLJVlHblB03HVlKHOBeHVl51MHoroneTHeili Mep3nOTbi B EBpa3V1V1.

rEOrPACI>W-IECKASI 3A,l],AI.fA )~------------_._-

yHaili nepeceKaeT TeppVlTopVlIO ,lJ,eB51TVIcTpaH EBponbl, LJeTblpe Vl3 HVIXHa ero 6e-

perax OCHOBanVl CTOnVllJ,bl. nonb3Y51Cb KapToill, Ha30BVlTe 3TVIcTpaHbl VICTOnVllJ,bl.

§ 49. nPHPO,UHbIE 30HbI

~. BCnOMHlt1T8, KaKlt18 nplt1pOJl,HbI8 30Hbl C¢OpMlt1pOBanlt1Cb B

apKTlt1Y8CKOM lt1cy6apKTlt1Y8CKOM no~cax.

• KaKlt18 n8ca pacnpOCTpaH8Hbi B YM8P8HHOM nO~C8?

PHC. 234. KapTanpHpoAHblX 30H

EBpa3HH

PACIIPOCTPAHEHHE IIPIIPO,nHhIX 30H. Ha OrpOMHOfi

Teppl1TOpl111 EBpa31111 eCTb Bce npl1p0Jl,Hble 30HbI CeBepHOrO

nOJIylllaplur: OT apKTWleCKI1X nycTbIHb Jl,0 BJIa:>KHbIX 3KBaTO-

Pl1aJIbHbIX JIeCOB. I1x 111l1pOTHOe npOCTl1paHYle Hal160JIee '-[eTKO

Ha6JIIOJl,aeTC5I B CeBepHOI1 '-laCTI1 (Pl1c. 234). BCJIeJl,CTBl1e pacnpo-

CTpaHeHI15I rop 111l1pOTHa5I30HaJIbHOCTb YCJIO.:>KH5IeTC5IBbICOTHOfi

n05ICHOCTblO.

EBpa3115I - 3TO MaTepl1K, me y:>KeTbIC5I'-leJIeTI15I H333,lJ,B03HI1K-

JII1 Jl,peBHei1Wl1e [(I1BI1JII133Ll,I1I1, 3 HblHe p33BI1BalOTC5I MOryllle-

CTBeHHble rocyJl,apCTBa Ml1pa. I103TOMY, 113yt-Ia5Inpl1p0Jl,Hble 30Hbi.

He06xoJl,I1MO nOHI1MaTb, '-[TO Ha I1X npl1poJl,e B 3Ha411TeJIbHOfl

CTeneHI1 OTp3311JIaCb Jl,e5ITeJIbHOCTb 4eJIOBeKa. I1pe)l(Jl,e Bcero, 3TO

KaCaeTC51 EBponbI, me OKYJIbTYpeHHble, aKKypaTHo «npH'-feCaH-

Hble» nOJI5I, 4aCTO nepeHaCeJIeHHble ropoJl,a, OrpOMHbIe Kapbepbl

VI MamCTPaJIl1 n04TVI He OCTaBI1JII1 MeCTa Jl,VlKOH npl1pOJl,e. B 3Tofl

'-laCTI1 CBen npaKTH'-feCKM He OCTaJIOCb HepacnaxaHHblx 3eMeJ1b.

Jl,eBCTBeHHbIXJIeCOB 11cTenei1. HeTPOHYTa5I npl1poJl,a COXpaHI1J13Cb

TOJIbKO B OTJl,aJIeHHblX apKTI1'-leCKI1X 11cy6apKTI1'-[ecKI1X pai1oHax.

1. Ha30Blt1Te nplt1pOJl,Hble

30Hbl yMepeHHoro n051ca.

2.npoaHanlt13lt1pY~Te

pacnOnO>KeHlt1e 30H Wlt1-

pOKOnlt1CTBeHHblx lt1 CMe-

waHHblX neCOB. 06b51C-

Hlt1Te, n04eMY nnow,aJl,lt1

i 3Tlt1X neCOB nOCTeneHHO

YMeHbWaIOTC51 C 3anaJl,a

Ha BOCTOK.

3.KaKlt1e nplt1pOJl,H~e

30H~ xapaKTepH~ Jl,n51

cy6TpOnlt14eCKOro n051ca

Ha 3anaJl,HOM lt1 BOCT04-

HOM n06epe>Kb51X EBpa-

3lt1lt1? n04eMY OHlt1

OTnlt14aIOTC51?

4. rJl,e B EBpa3lt1lt1 Hapywa-

eTC51 30HanbHOCTb nplt1-

POJl,HbIX 30H lt1n04eMy?

-r". 3aCYWJII1BbIX rrYCTbIH5IX VI Ha BbICOKOrOpb5lX. B D,pyrVlX

.JHbLX 30HaX eCTeCTBeHHble JIaHD,WaQ:>TbIOCTaJIl1CbTOJIbKO B

-OBe~HIIKaX 11HalJ,I10HaJIbHblX rrapKaX.

Hh APK1WIECKOrO H CYliAPKTWlECKOrO nOSlCOB.::nIl..[eCKVle rryCTbIHI1, TYHD,pa 11JIecOTyHD,pa B EBpa3V111He rrpo-

;:TIlpa1OTC5ITaKllaJIeKO Ha lOr, KaK BCeBepHOM ~repI1Ke. ITPl13TOM

f1 Ilpo.Ja 3TVIX30H Ha 060VIX MaTepl1KaX I1MeeT MHOro o6rnero.

B apKHlqeCKHX nycTbIHHX, KOTopble BKJIlOyalOT oCTpoBa

C~BepHOrO flellOBI1Toro OKeaHa 11ceBepHoe no6epe)l(be MaTepl1Ka,

rocnO.JCTByeT CYPOBbIM apKTl1yeCKVlM KJII1MaT. qacTb Teppl1TOpl111

nOKpblTa nOKpOBHbTMI1 JIeD,HI1KaMI1, n03TOMY pacnpocTpaHeHbl

.1e.J5IHble VI KaMeHI1CTble nYCTbIHVI. B JIeD,51HbIX nYCTbIH5IX He

06pa3~lOTC5I nOYBbT 11He pacTyT paCTeHVl5I, a B KaMeHVlCTbIX - B

Y .10BII5lX MHOrOJIeTHeM Mep3JIOTbT Ha apKmUlfeCKUX nOlf6ax

npIGKlIBaIOTC5l TOJIbKO JII1WaMHI1KI1 VI KOe-rD,e MXVI. HeMHorOLIVlC-

.1eHHble TpaB5lHI1CTbTe paCTeHVl5l - KaMHeJIOMKa, nOJI51pHbIM MaK,

He3a6Y.JKa - npVlcnoco6l1JIVlCb K CypOBbIM YCJIOBI151M.ITpl1cno-

06ll1C5l VI ceBepHblM OJIeHb, KOTOphlM I1MeeT rYCTYJO wepCTb 11

WllpoKl1e KonblTa, LITO06JIef4aeT eMy D,BVI)KeHl1eno cHery. B 3TOM

30He AGIBYT TalOKe 6eJIblM MeD,BeD,b, necelJ" JIeMMI1HL JleToM Ha

n06epe)l(b5lX pacnpocTpaHeHbl nTWlbVl 6a3apbI, rD,e rHe3D,5lTC51

qailKll. qepHOKJIIOBbTe Ka3apKVI l111pyrVle nTVllJ,bI.

311il'Ia B TyH,n;pe CTOJIb )[(e cypoBa5l, KaK B apKTl1qeCKVlX rryc-

TbIH5lX, HO JIeTO HeMHoro TenJIee. Ha myuop06blX 2.Ilee6blXnOlf6ax

.111waiiiHI1KVI 11MXVI 06pa3YIOT nOLITI1 CnJIOWHOM nOKpoB. Cpelll1

OCOK 113JIaKOB pacTYT KYCTI1KI1 6PYCHVlKI111 ro.rry6I1KI1. 3arnl1llia-

5lCb OT CVlJIbHblX BeTpOB, KapJII1KOBble 6epba VI OJIbXa npIDKVIMa-

IOTC5l K 3eMJIe. B TyHllpe o611TalOT ceBepHbTM

OJIeHb, necelJ" JIeMMI1Hr, Ha HI1X OXOTI1TC5lonac-

HbltI Xl1lliHVlK - nOJI5lpHbTtI BOJIK. BOD,5lTC5l

6eJIa51 KyponaTKa, nOJI5IpHa5l COBa. MHoro

BOD,OnJIaBalOlliVIX nTl1lJ, - ryceiii, yTOK, rarap.

B JIeCoTyH,n;pe JIeTOTenJ1ee, n03ToMY no-

5lBJ15lIOTC5lHVl3KOpOCJIble 6epe3bl, COCHbI, emf.

3V1MOMVl3 TyH)lpbT clO)la OTKOQeBbTBalOT ceBep-

HbIM OJIeHb 11necelJ,. A 113TaMrl1 3aXOD,5lTJ10Cb,

6YPbIM MeD,BeD,b, pOCOMaxa. PacnpOCTpaHeH

3a5l1J,-6eJ151K,KOTOpbTM MeH51eT oKpacKy ryCTO-

ro nywl1cToro Mexa B 3aBVlCI1MOCTl1 OT ce30Ha.

JIECHhIE 30HbI YMEPEHHOrO nOHCA.Jleca B EBpa311113aHI1MalOT 3HaLII1TeJ1bHYIO Tep-

pl1TOpl1lO. Hal16oJIbWa5l no nJ10lliaD,11 - T a if r a .

ITo cpaBHeHVlIO CTYHJlPoiii 3D,eCbKJII1MaT TerrJ1ee

1160JI bwe BJIafl;f. Ha n0030JlUCmblXnOlf6ax pacTyT

"iepHoKnlOBaSiKa3apKa

6enOKopaSi KpaCaBi1,-,aCBeTOmo6111BaS11I1MOP030cTo(;iKaS16epe3a e.o.Ba nl-1 He e.o.l-1HCTBeHHoeB Ml-1pe.o.epeBO C KOpO(;i6enoro lJ,Be-Ta, KOTOpylO Ha3blBalOT 6epecToi-1.OHa 3aw,l-1w,aeT .o.epeBO OT >KrYYl-1XCOnHeYHblX nyye(;i. n03TOMY .o.a>KeB 3HO(;i CTBon 6epe3bl Bcer.o.a npo-xna.o.Hbl(;i. HaWl-1M npe.o.KaM 6epec-Ta 3aMeHS1na 6yMary. BCnOMHl-1Te6epeCTS1Hble rpaMOTbl. nerKaS1 l-1npOYHaS1 .o.peBeCl-1Ha 6epe3~lI1cnonb3yeTcS1 .o.nS11I13rOTOBneHlI1S1¢aHepbl l-1Me6enl-1. Oco6eHHO Kpa-Cl-1BaHe>KHO-p030BaS1l11nl-1>KenTOBa-TO-MpaMopHaS1 .o.peBeCl-1HaKapen~ ..

CKO(;i 6epe3bl - TaKoro OTTeHKaHeT Hl-1y o.o.Horo .o.epeBa .. (£1':

------ - ~~

C11611PCKl1i1 Benl1KaH XBOHHble nOp0D.bl - COCHa, eJlb, nl1XTa, JlI1CTBeH-

Cli16li1pCKas:l, li1nli1 KeAPOBas:l, COCHa Hl1ua, CH6HpCKI1H KeD.p. K HI1M npHMeUIHBaeT-

paCTeT OyeHb MeAneHHO, HO 3a C5I 6epe3a. B TaHre >KHByr JlOCb, pblCb, JlHCHua,

500 neT BblpaCTaeT AO 35 - 50 M, a JleCHa51KYHHua, JlaCKa. B fJlYXOH JleCHOH Yaw,eAli1aMeTp CTBona AOCTli1raeT 2 M.

BCTpeyaeTC5I6YPbIH MeD.BeD.b,3HMY OH npOBO,llHTfnaBHoe 6oraTcTBo AepeBa - KeAPo-Bble OpeWKli1. UJ,eAPblV1 ypO>KaV1 6bl- B6epJlore, norpY)l(a5ICb BCn5IYKY· BOJlKH D.ep)l(aT-

BaeT TOnbKO 0Ali1H pa3 B 5 - 6 neT. C5ICTa5lMH, 6JlaroD.ap5I OCTpOMy HIOXY OHH YYIOT

OpeWKli1 COAep>KaT AO 60 % BbICO- D.06bIYY Ha paCCT05IHHH ,llO 1,5 KM. BblCOKO HaKOKayeCTBeHHoro Macna li1no nli1Ta- D.epeBb5lX yCTpaHBaIOT CBOI1 rHe3D.a 6eJlKH.

TenbHOCTli1 He yCTynalOT Ms:lCY· Ke~-. . CpeD.H nTHU - KeD.pOBKa, fJlyxapb, TeTepeB.pOBas:l APeB~eCli1Ha CYli1TaeTCs:l nyy- C M e m a H H bl e JIe Ca BCTpeyaIOTC5I TOJlbKO

weli1 Ans:l li13rOTOBneHli1s:l " v

___ KapaHAaweV1. ,ID,. B3ananHOH yaCTH MaTepHKa. TvlTIHYHbie nOYBbI

- -~ 3,lleCb - iJepHo6o-noiJ30JlllCmble. nOBceMeCTHO

paCTyT XBOHHble (eJlb, COCHa), MeJlKOJlHCTBeHHble (6epe3a, OCH-

Ha) H WHPOKOJlHCTBeHHble (D.y6, 51ceHb, JlHna, 6yK) nOp0D.bl

D.epeBbeB. KpOMe )l(HBOTHbIX, xapaKTepHblx D.Jl5130Hbl TaHrH,

BOD.51TC5IKOCyJl5l, 3a5lu-pycaK. Pa3Hoo6pa3Hee H JleCHbie nTH Ubi -

LUITeJl, CHHHua, 1..1(,1)1(,p5l6LJHK.

IIIHpoKoJIHcTBeHHble JIeca 60Jlee TenJlOJlI06HBble,

n03TOMY pacnpOCTpaHeHbl B OCHOBHOM B 3ana,llHOH EBpone.

THnWIHbleD.peBeCHble nOpOD.bl- D.y6 H 6yK, pacTyrTaK)l(eJlHna,

\ KJleH, B5I3, 51ceHb, rpa6. npe06JlaD.aIOT 6YPble JleCHble nOlf6bl. B

y WHPOKOJlHCTBeHHblX Jlecax 06HTaIOT 6JlarOpOD.HbIH OJleHb,

,llHKHH Ka6aH, KOCyJl5l, 6apcyK, JleCHa51 KYHHua, 3a5lU, 6eJlKa. B

HeKOTopbIX paHoHax A1Ibn H KapnaT BCTpe1..IaeTC5I 6YPbIH

MeD.BeD.b.CpeD.H nTHU - D.5ITeJl, CHHHua, D.P03D., COJlOBeH.

nJlOw,anH JleCOB nOBceMeCTHO COKpaTHJlHCb BCJle,llCTBHe HX

Bblpy6KH. Ha HX MeCTe Bblpaw,HBaIOT CeJlbCKOX035IHCTBeHHble KYJlb-

TypbI. nepB03D.aHHble WHPOKOJlHCTBeHHble Jleca COXpaHHJlHCb

He60JlbWHMH MaCCHBaMH - nyIUaMH. Cpe,llH HHX - Hau,uOHaJlbHbiUnapK EeJlOBe:J/ccKafl JlyU/,a, pacnOJlO)!(eHHbIH Ha TeppHTOpl1H

nOJlbWH H neJlapycH. 3TO O,llHH H3 KpynHeHwHx 3anOBeD.HbIX

JleCHblX MaCCHBOB EBpOnbI. MHOrHe JleCHble )j(I1BOTHble HCTpe6-

JleHbl JlH60 CTaJIH peD.KHMH H HaXOD.51TC5InoD. oxpaHoH. HanpH-

Mep, BXVII B. B EBpone 6blJl YHHYTO)l(eH D.HKHH6blK -TYP, npeD.OK

D.OMaWHHX KOpOB. A B HaYaJIe XX B. B npHpO,lle He CTaJIOD.HKHX

3y6pOB. OT nOJlHoro HCye3HOBeHH5I HX cnaCJlO TO, YTO HeCKOJlbKO

oco6eH COXpaHHJlHCb B 300napKax MHpa. DJlarOD.ap51 YCHJ1H5IM

yYeHblX HX noroJlOBbe 6bIJlO BOCCTaHOBJleHOB neJlOBe)l(CKOH nYl-Ue.

30HbI JIECOCTEnEH II CTEnEH. KJIH"'~aT JleCOCTeneH H

CTeneH yMepeHHO KOHTHHeHTaJIbHblH VI KOHTHHeHTaJIbHblH C

HeD.OCTaTOYHbIM YBJla)l(HeHHeM.

B JIeCOCTenH, KaK Bbl y)l(e 3HaeTe, eCTb paCTeHH5I H Jleca, H

CTeml. Ha 3anane 30Hbl OCTpOBKH Jleca npeD.CTaBJ1eHbl D.y60Bbl-

MH pow,aMH C npHMeCbIO 6epe3bl, JlHnbI H KJleHa, a Ha BOCTOKe -

f0%~OB~-{cft/c \ \}~;

6naropOAHblV1

oneHb

)I(l1BOTHble

neCOB

peJOBbIMYI pOwaMYI. Ha CTem·lblX YLfaCTKaX

1)1 KOBbIJlb, TVln'-IaK, TYlMO¢eeBKa. )l(I1BOT-

"'"'bIn '.1J1P TalOKe npCJICTaBJleH JleCHbIMJ1 VI

.::TenHbIMYI BViJIaMVI:JIOCb, KYHVlIJ,a,JleCI-WH KOT,

- _.lKa, CYCJlYlK,60JlbiUOH TYlllKaWIYIK (3eMJl5l-

HOn 3a51IJ,)VI JIp.

B CTen5lX JlCTOM noroJIa 60JICC )KapKa51 YI

JacyWJlYlBa51, qaCTO 6bIBaI-OT 3acyXYI, CyXOBCYI,

:1bIJlbHbIC 6ypH. npe06JlaJIaI-OT "tepll03eJWllbLenOWJbl, Yl3BeCTHbICCBOI1MnJlOJIOpOJIYlCM.CTCfI-

Ha5IpaCnnCJlbHOCTb - 31'0 3JlaKYI(KOBbIJ1b,TYln-

4aK) YI pa3HOTpaBbC (aCTparaJl, WaJl(pCH,

no.lbIHb). CPClll1 )KYlBOTHbIX MHoro rpbI3yHOB

YCJlYlK,CYPOK, TywKaWII1K). 113 XYlWHI1KOB -

~TenHOH xopeK, 6apcyK, JlHCl1IJ,a, BOJlK. BOJIHTC51

dHTJ1JlOna caHraK. T"IfIWIHble CTenHble nTHIJ,bI - JIpocj:Ja, ccpa51

r...~ponaTKa, )KaBOpOI-IOK, CTenHOH opeJl. CpeJIVI npeCMbIKaJOwYlX-

51caMble pacnpOCTpaHeHHbIC - CTcnHa51raJII-OKaYInOJl03. B XIX B.

IICye3Jla JIi1KcUl JlOWallb TapnaH, KOTOpa51paHbwe BOJIYlJ1aCbB

Ten5lX H JleCOCTen5lX EBponbl. nOCJlCJIHCC )KYlBOTHOC 6blJlO

y6IHO Ha I-Orc YKpaYlHbI.

HbIHC npOCTopbl JleCOCTeneH H CTeneH nO'HH nOJlHOCTbI-O

pacnaxaHbl nOJI CCJlbCKOX0351HCTBCHHbICKyJlbTypbI. B eCTeCTBeH-

HOM COCT051HYlHnpHpOJIHble JlaHJIWaqJTbI B miJIC Hc60JlblllHX

y'lacTKoB coxpaH "!JlvICb JlHWb B 3anOBC)],HHKax.

30HbI IIOJIYTIYCTbIHb II IIYCTbIHb. nOJlynycTbIHI1 H

nYCTblHYI yMepcHHoro n051ca B03HHKJlH B YCJlOBH5IX pe3KO

KOHTYlHeHTaJlbHOrO KJlYlMaTa, C XOJlOJIHOH 311MOH H CYXI1M

.iKapKYlM JleTOM. KOJlWleCTBo OCaJIKOBHC npCBblwaCT 100 MM B

roll. nOCT051HHbIX peK HCT. EYP1Jle YI cepo-6YPble no'mbI 6CJIHbIC.

npe06JlallaI-OT KaMeHHble POCCblflH HJlH CblflYl.fHe neCKH.

PacnpocTpaHeHbl TalOKe COJIOH'IaKH - yYaCTKH, me Ha nOBepx-

HOCTH HaKOnHJlI1Cb COJIH. nYCTbIHH A3HH - KapaKy.Mbl, ro6u,TOKlla-MoKoN - 1l0pa)KaI-OT CBOCt'!6e3)KH3HeHHocTbIO.

B TaKHX YCJlOBH51XpaCTYfTeJIbHblH 1l0KpOB Ol.feHb CKy)],HbIVt.

OTJJ.eJlbHbIMYIll51T1-IaMHpaCTyT f10Jlb1Hb H COJl5IHKI1. K 3acyWJUf-

BbIM YCJIOBH5IMnpliCnOC06HJlHCb Bcp6JlI-O)Kh51KOJlI-O'IKa VI caKca-

YJl, HX O'-IeHb JIJlHHHble KOpHYI JIOCTaIOTJIO rpyHToBbIX BO)],.

BecHoH, Kor)],a BbIIlaJIaeT 60Jlbille BCCro OCaJIKOB,1l0JlynycTbIHYlI1

nycTblHYI nOKpbIB<lIOTC51 CO'n-IOH 3eJleHbI-O nCCl.faI'fOH OCOKI1 H

5lpKHM KOBpOM vI3 TI-OJlbnaHOB. Ho TOJlbKO HeCKOJlbKO HCLI,CJlb

npOJIOJDKaeTC51HX )KH3HCHHbIH IJ,HKJl: OHH 6bICTPO OTl~BtTaIOT,

c6paCbIBaI-OT B3CMJI!OCCMeHa H CHOBa3aMlipalOT nepcLI, 06)KHrmO-

WHM LI,bIXaHI1CMJlCTa. nYCTbIH51 BblropacT, HO )KH3Hb Bce-TaKH

npOLI,0Jl>KaCTC51:B 3apOCJl51X wypwaT rpbI3YHbI (TywKawIHKH,

nepyHoBo AepeBo3TO MoryYee L1BeJWlyeCTBeHHoe ,lJ,e-peBo, >KV1ByuJ,ee 60nee 1 000 neT,pV1Mmme Ha3blBanill "KBepKyC» -KpacaBeu,. ipeKiIl CYiIlTanill era ,lJ,epe-BOM 3eBca. HawL1 npaLiJ,ypbl-CnaB>l-He Ha3blBanill era ,lJ,epeBOM nepYHa -60ra rpOMa ill MonHiIlill. V13 ero nillc-TbeB nnenill BeHKiIl rep051M, a BeTBbHa rep6e raBopillna 0 MoryUJ,eCTBepo,o,a. ,lJ,peBeciIlHa, npOne>KaB MHoroneT B Bo,o,e, npillo6peTaeT He6blsa-nylO npOYHOCTb. Ee iIlCnOJlb3YIOT B

cy,o,OCTpoeHiIlill, iIl3rDTOBn51IOT ~Me6enb, napKeT, 60YKiIl. ;~~

3TO ,o,epeBO - ,o,y6. ;~~3,

>KIIIBoTHbleCTene~

l10waAb np>KeBanbCKOrOKorAa-TO Ha rpaHIIIlJ,e cTeneJli III ny-

CTblHb BOAIIIJlIIICb MHOr04111CJleHHbie

Ta6yHbi 3TIIIX JlOWaAeJli. 3a nOCJleA-

Hee CTOJleTllle OHIII 6~JlIII n04TIII

YHIII4TO)l<eHbl. CnaCTIII IIIX YAaJlOCb

TOJlbKO B 3anOBeAHIIIKe "ACKaHIII51-

HOBa», C03AaHHHOM B YKpalllHe. no ,I],)l<eJlipaH KyJlaH ,l],Byrop6blJli Bep6JllOA

Me)l<AyHapoAHoMy nJlaHY, pa3BO-

AIIITb 3TOT BillA np.eAnOJlaraeTC51+ BMeCTax IIIX eCTeCTBeHHoro

06111TaHIII51- B MOHrOJllII1II .Ii; .

I

Pj.fc.235.)I(j.fBOTHble

nycTblHb WaKaJl nlllCIIIlJ,a KopcaK

CYCJ1I1KI1), Ha HI1X OXOT5ITC5IJ1I1C11IJ,aKopcaK 11 WaKaJIbI. B rrycTbI-

H5lX BOD,mC5ID,Byrop6bIe Bep6J1IOD,bI. ,l],I1KI1H OceJ1KYJ1aH OTJ1l1'-IaeT-

C5I He06bIKHOBeHHoPr BbIHOCJ111BOCTbIO, aHTI1J10rra D,)l(ePrpaH

cnoc06Ha He TOJ1bKOrrpeO)J,OJ1eBaTb 60J1bWl1e paCCT05IH115I B rr011C-

Kax KopMa, HO 11rr11Tb COJ1eHYIO BO)J,y. I1HOrD,a MO)l(HO BCTpeT11Tb

J10liIaD,b np)l(eBaJIbCKoro (p11C. 235). MHOro 5I)J,OBI1TbIX 3Mei1 11

6ecn03BOHOl.JHbIX (¢aJIaHr11, CKOprrI10HbI, KapaKypTbI).

B A31111 nYCTbIHI1 pacrrpOCTpaHeHbI He TOJ1bKO B yMepeHHOM,

HO TaK)l(e B cy6TpOrr11l.JeCKOM 11TpOmll.JeCKOM rr05Icax.

(! 3AnOMHlIITE• Ha OrpOMHOH TeppUTOpUU EBpa3UU eCTb Bce npUp0,lJ,Hble 30HbI CeBepHOfO noJIY-

rnapIDI, OHU UMeIOT qeTKO BblpIDKeHHoe rnupOTHoe npOCTupaHue: B apKTuqeCKOM

nOHce - apKTuqecKUX nyCTbIHb, B cy6apKTuqeCKOM - TYH.uPbl U JIeC0TYH.uPbl, B

YMepeHHOM - TaHfU, CMernaHHblX U rnUpOKOJIUCTBeHHbIX JIeCOB, JIeCOCTeuu U

CTenu, nOJIYDYCTblHb U nyCTblHb.

BonpOCbl 1II3AAAHlIISI

1. n04eMY B apKTVl4ecKVlx nYCTbIHs:1XHe 06pa3y1OTCs:1 n04Bbl, a BVI,D,OBOVICOCTaB pac-

TViTenbHOCTVI VI>KVlBOTHOro MVipa 6e,D,HbIVl?

2. KaKVle paCTeHVls:1VI)l<VlBOTHble pacnpOCTpaHeHbl B TyH,D,pe VInecoTyH,D,pe?

3. KaKVle neca paCTYT B yMepeHHOM nOs:1ceEBpa3V1V1?Ha30BVlTe VlXTVlnVl4HbiX 06V1Ta-

TeneVi.

4. n04eMY eCTeCTBeHHas:1 pacTVlTenbHocTb CTeneVi VInecocTeneVi n04TVI He coxpa-

HVlnacb?

5. PaCCKa>KVlTe 0 nycTblHs:1X VInonynycTblHs:1X yMepeHHoro n051ca.

rEorPA<S>WiECKASI 3AP,A"IAB nycTblHs:1X EBpa3V1V1HeT pacTeHVlVI, 3anacalOUJ,VlX BO,D,yB cTe6ns:1x VlnVl nVlCTKax (Ha-

nO,D,06V1eKaKTycoB VlnVl an03), VlHa4e VlXpa30pBano 6bl. nO,D,yMaVlTe, n04eMy.

Pa3Aen II )

30HA BEQH03EJIEHhlX )KECTKOJIMCTHhIX JIECOB M~YCTAPHMKOB. 3Ta npl1pOD,Ha5l30Ha npOCTI1paeTC5I B lO)J(HOM

EBpOne BD,OJ1bn06epe)l(b51 CpeD,113eMHoro MOp51(pl1c. 234 Hac. 224).OHa C¢OPMl1pOBaJIaCb B npeD,eJ1ax cy6TpOnl1'-leCKOrO n05lca. Ten-

. a5I 11BJ1a)((Ha51311Ma 6J1aronpl151THa D,J151pOCTa BeL[H03eJ1eHhlX D,e-

BbeB 11KyCTapHI1KOB, KOTopble He c6paChIBalOT J1I1CTb51B TelJeHl1e

:-O.1a. PaCTeHI151 XopOWO np11CnOC0611J1I1Cb K )KapKOMY 11CyXOMy

.1eT)'. Y OD,HI1X J1I1CTb516J1eCT5IllI,l1e, C BOCKOBhIM HMhoM, Y D,py-

illX - Y3Kl1e, nOKpbITble B0J10CKaMI1. Bce 3TO YMeHbwaeT I1cnape-

Hlle. Jleca B npeD,eJ1ax 30HbI nOlJTI1 nOJ1HOCTblO Bblpy6J1eHbI. Ha I1X

\leCTe n05lBI1J1i1Cb 3apOCJ111 BeL[H03eJ1eHbIX KyCTapHI1KOB 11HeBbl-

OKi1X D,epeBbeB. CpeD,11 HI1X - ¢l1CTaWKa 11 Ml1pT. KpynHble

apOMaTHble I.J,BeThI Ml1pTa COD,ep)l(aT 3¢l1pHble MaCJ1a, KOTopble

IICnOJIb3YlQTC5I B rrap¢IOMepl1l1. JlaBp 6JIaropOD,HbIM 113BeCTeH '

BOl1MI1 D,YWl1CTbIMl1 JII1CTb5lMI1, l1X npl1MeH5IIOT B KyJIl1Hapl1l1 KaK

np5lHOCTh. CpeLlI1 KyCTapHI1KOB pacryT MafHOJIl111 l1 3eMJ151HI1L[-

Hoe D,epeBO, Ha3BaHHoe TaK 3a He60J1bWl1e cbeD,06Hble nJIOD,bI,

nOXO)l(we Ha 3e.MJI5IHI1Ky. Y np06KOBoro D,y6a CTBOJ1l1BeTKI1 rrOKpbI- MarHom1S1

TbI CJ10eM np06KI1 T0J1111l1HOH 5 CM. np06Ky, KOTOpa51 I1MeeT \lAb' ••+0 '7~

pa3Ho06pa3Hoe npl1MeHeHl1e, cpe3alOT Ka)l(D,ble 10 J1eT. lJ.'" /'1J)'\'?vOCHOBHble nJ10111aD,l1Ha MeCTe Bblpy6J1eHHbIX . ::>';'t~\'Ai

.1eCOB 3aHI1MalOT yroD,b51 rD,e Ha rrJ10D,0pOLlHbIX MarHOnV15'l- caMoe ,qpeB- ~~, _.~o'", ~ Hee ~BeTKOBoe pacTeHllle Jj /of n\l'/\

KOpWl1le6bIX nOJf6QX Bblpalll,l1BalOT CeJ1bCKOX035111- cOBpeMeHHo(;1 <t>nopbl. 3TO ,o,epeBo

CTBeHHble KYJ1bT)'PhI. B CB5I311C BbICOKOM OCBO- C rn5'lHlJ,eBbIMV1nV1CTKaMV1V1KpynHbl-

eHHOCTblO TeppWTOpl1l1 B 3TOH npl1pOD,HOM30He MV16enbIMV1lJ,BeTaMV1.MarHonV1V15'lB-

nOL[TI1HeOCTaJIOChD,I1K11X)Kl1BOTHblX. HaOCTpo- n5'lIOTC5'l yKpaweHV1eM He TonbKO

Bax CpeD,113eMHOMOpb51 BOD,51TC5IJIaHb, rOpHbIM Cpe,o,V13eMHOMOpb51,HO TalOKe nap-

6apaH MY¢J10H D,I1KI1MJ1eCHOMKOT. MHOro 51111e- KOBV1ca,o,OBHa IO>KHOMn06epe>Kbeu ' KpblMa B YKpaV1He.

pl1l.J" 3Mel1, lJepenax. ,. .'

50. IIPIIPO,IJ;HbIE 30HbI (npO,lJ;OJDKeHHe)

• BCnOMHI1T8, KaKI18 npl1pOfl,Hbl8 30Hbl pacnpOCTpaH8HbiB cy6Tponl148CKOM 11TpOnl148CKOM n051cax.

• KaKI18 T8PPl1TOPl111 EBpa31111pacnonaralOTC51 B np8,o,8naxcy63KBaTopl1anbHoro 113KBaTOpl1anbHOro n051COB?

POAOM 1113CpeAII13eMHOMopbSlCpe,o,V13eMHOMopbe - O,o,V1HV13lJ,eHT-POB np0V1CXO>K,o,eHV151KynbTypHblXpacTeHV1(;1. CB8Kna, KanycTa, nYK,4eCH?K, neTpywKa 6blnV1 V13BeCTH+bl.

ew,e ,o,peBHV1MrpeKaM V1WV1pOKO1_ pacnpOCTpaHV1nV1Cb

no BceMy MV1PY. (1)._.

. iPlI1c. 236. >KII1BOTHble Be"lHO-

3eneHbix >KeCTKOnIl1CTHbIX neCOB

Pa3Aen IiovAblA;!v*,,~,,~ .••

'l//':'-::. ~ \v-- ~,..% ""," ~ 6aM6YK - He TonbKO ca-'?~JfIf~<t.°MaR BblCOKaR B MHpe rpa-

Ba (AO 40 M), HO VI peKoPAcMeH no

CKOpOCHl pOCTa. 3a CYTKVI OH Bbl-

pacmeT AO 90 CM! MO>KHO Aa>Ke YC-

nblwaTb, Kal< paCTeT 6aM6yK. 3TO

COnpOBO>K,iJ,aeTCs:JrnyxVlM nOTpeCKVI-

BaHVleM. Era cTe6enb - OlJ,epeBeHeB-

UJas:J, OyeHb npOYHas:J VI rVl6Kas:J co-

nOMVlHa - B A3V1V1WVlpOKO Vlcnonb3Y-

eTCs:J: Vl3 Hero Vl3rOTOBn5'lIOT Me6enb,

MY3blKanbHbie V1HcTpyMeHTbl, nocy-

AY, YAVlnVlw,a. V13 MonOAblX pOCTKOB

roTOBs:JT pa3Hoo6pa3Hbie 6nlOAa.

TI01lbnaHHOe

AepeBO

KaM<popHoe

AepeBO

30HA IJEPEMEHHO- BJIA)KJIbIX (MYCCOHHblX)JIECOB.3Ta npJ.1pOJ1Ha5I30Ha CcjJOPMJ.1POB3JTaCbH3 10ro-BOCTOY:HOM n06e-

pe)KbC EBpa3J.111nOJ1BJII.UIHI1eM MyCCOHOB. n pOCTl1paeTC51 B npCJ1e-

JI3X yMepeHHOrO, cy6TpOnJ.1y:eCKoro 11 cy63KBaTOpl1aJILHOrO

n051COB. B OTJIJ.14VIeOT CpeJ1113eMHOMOpb5I 311M3 3J1eCb CYX3H H

npOXJI3J1H351, 3 JIeTO BJl3>KHOe. n pe06Jl3J13IOWI1e nO'iBbI - JICeJlIno-

3eMbi 11KPllCIl03iiM.bl. B MyCCOHHbIX JleCaX Hap51J1YC XBoi1HbIMI1

(COCH3, fll1XTa, eJlb) H IlJl1POKOJlI1CTBeHHbIMI1 (J1y6, 6YK, KJleH,

HceHb, J1l1n3, opex) Bl1J13MI1yMepeHHblX WI1pOT p3CTyT BeY:H03eJle-

Hble J1epeBb51 cy6TponHKOB (TIOJlbnaHHOe, 1<:11n3pI1C, n3JlbMbl).

lO)I(Hee n051BJl5110TCH cjJI1KYC, J1peBOBHJ1Hble 1l3nOpOTHHKH,

63M6yK (pHC. 237). BCTpe4aeTC51 KaMcjJopHoe J1epeno, KOTOrJOe

COJ1ep)KI1T T3Koe KOJll14eCTBO MaCJl3, 4TO J1peBeCI1HY J13)Ke He

nOBpe)l<)lalOT HaceKOMble. K3McjJopHoe M3CJlO 11ll1pOKO HCIlOJlb3Y-

eTCH B 1'vleJ1J.1UHHe.

BOCT04Ha51A3I1H - OJ1I1HH3 HaH60Jlee HaCeJlCHHblX pemOHOB

MHp3. n03TOMY 60JlblLl3H 43CTb MyCCOHHblX JIeC013Bblpy6JleH3, 3

3eMJlH pacn3X3Hbi. TI04TH 110JlHOCTblO YH114TO>KeHbI JlJ.160 BbI-

TeCHeHbl B MeHee OCBoeHHble P3HOHbi J1l1K[lle )I(J.1BOTHble, cpeJ111

HI1X - XHl1~HbIM Hlrp, )KCJlTbIH JleOn3pJ1, 6aM6yKoBblVt MeJ1BeJ1b

naH)13, eHOT013l1J1HaHc063Ka, 06e3bHHbl, J1HKHI1 K363H (RI1C.)38) .

..~~. C'\~~ -~""''iA,- , . ~'\ ."~ .. l~ \ \' ,. 1 I \\ 'j "

,!{I,'.l I ', I {

EHOToBVI,D,Has:J co6aKa naHAa YccYPllll/icKVlCi TVirp

PI.1C. 238. >KI1BOTHble nepeMeHHO-Blla)f(HbIX lleCOB

AepeBo-nec6aHb51H - 6n1l13KII1ii1«pOACTBeHHII1K»

¢II1Kyca. 3TOAepeBO II1HTepeCHOTeM,

YTO II1MeeT COTHII1 AOnOnHII1TenbHblX

CTBOnOB. OHII1 06pa3YIOTC51 1113B03-

AYWHblX KopHeiil, CnYCKalOLl\II1XC51 C

BeTBeiil. ,lJ,oCTlI1ra51 3eMnll1, KOpHII1

yKopeH51IOTC51, 1111113HII1XBblpaCTalOT

HOBbie CTBOnbl. ,lJ,epeBo TaK pa3pac-

TaeT'C51, YTO 06pa3yeTC51 u,ena51

pOLlIa nnOLl\aAblO HeCKonbKO TbIC51Y

KBaAPaTHblX MeTpOB. 3TO npOAOn>Ka-

eTC51AO Tex nop, nOKa OCTa8TC51 npo-

CTpaHCTBO An51 POCTa AepeBbe~B>KII1B8T 6aHb51H AO ..

.. . 3 TbIC. neT. ',Ii,'"

113 nn-Ill, BO.lI5ITC51cj:la3aHbl, nonyral1, Ha 6eperax 03ep i11peK - uanJII1, neJII1KaHbl, )I(ypaBJII1.

60JIbWI1M cBoe06pa311eM OTJII1l.J.aIOTC5Icy63KBaTOpl1aJIbHbie

rYCTble, 3a60JIol.J.eHHble, nepeBI1Tble JIl1aHaMI1 JIeCa nOJIyocTpo-

BOB J1H.lIOCTaH 11HH.lIOKI1Tai1. 3TO,lJ)KyHfJIH. 3.lIeCb paCTeTTI1KO-

BOe .lIepeBO C ueHHOH .lIpeBeCY1HOH, KOTOpa5I He fHl1eT B BO.lIe.

CaJIOBOe lI,epeBO BbTpaCTaeT 11,0 35 M. Ho TaKl1e, Koma-TO

HenpOXOill-1Mble, JIeca COXpaHI1JII1Cb Ha OT.lIeJIbHbTX Yl.J.aCTKaXB

npe.lIrOpb51X rl1MaJIaeB. Pa3Ho06pa3Hble )KI1BOTHble (CJIOHbl,

HOCOPOrl1, TMrpbI, naHTepbT, Ka6aHbI, OJIeHI1 11.lIp.) 0611TaIOT

npeJ.1Myw,eCTBeHHO B 3anOBe.lIHMKax.

30HA CABAHH II PE,Il.KOJIECIIit B caBaHHax A311M Ha "pac-Ho-6YPblX nOfJ6aX pacTYT BbICOKl1e 3JIaKI1, KYCTapHI1KI1, 30HTWI-

Hble aKaUI1J.1 J.1HeKOTopble BI1.lIbl naJIbM. Ha YBJIa)KHeHHblx

ropH bTXCKJIOHaX npe06JI31J,aIOT TI1KOBoe, CaJIOBOe, CaHlI,aJIOBOe 11

aTJIaCHOe lI,epeBb51, 6aM6YK, 6aHb51H (Pl1c. 239). HeKoTopble lI,e-

peBb51(HanpJ.1Mep, TI1KOBOe 11CaJIOBoe) B CyXOH ce30H Ha 3 - 4 Me- TIr1KOBOe AepeBO

CHua c6pacbIBaIOT JIJ.1CTb51.B caBaHHax MHOfO XI1W,HI1KOB:

nOJIOCaTa51fl1eHa, lllaKaJI, JIeonapll" renapll" JIeB. BO.lI51TC5IaHTJ.1-

JlonbI, 6yHBOJIbI, HOCOpOf, 1I,I1KI1H Ka6aH. HH.lIMHCKI1H CJIOH

HeMHoro MeHbllle CBoero acj:lpl1KaHcKoro Copoll,J.1l.J.a.OH JIerKO

nonOCaTa51 rll1eHa ia BII1an iIlH,LJ,II1ii1cKa51K06pa

Plr1c. 240. >KIr1BOTHble caBaHH Ir1peAlmneclr1V1

Pa3Aen II+O?AblAf+.1)E:S~

\~~ CaMbl;;:' KpynHbl;;:' L(SeTOK~J;l1n?'" iIlMeeT pa<t><t>ne3i1l5'l.3TO pa-

CTeHiIle-napa3i1lT nOCen5'leTC5'I Ha

KOpH5'lX ill cTe6n5'lx APyrillx pacTe-

HiIlVl 3KBaTopillanbHoro neca. Ypa<t><t>ne3i1lill HeT Hill KopHeVl, Hill

cTe6n5'l, 3aTO eCTb 60nbwille M5'lCiIl-

CTbie nillCTKiIl ill orpOMHblVl lJ,BeTOK. B6yToHe lJ,BeTOK nOXO>KHa KO'-laH Ka-

nycTbl. ,l],iIlaMeTp paCKpblBweroC5'I

lJ,BeTKa nO'-lTiIl 1 M, Macca - AO 10 Kr.

" \.. OTnill'-laeTC5'I O'-leHb Henpill5'lTHbiM 3a-

. " naxoM, '-IeM npillBneKaeT HaceKoMblx,

KOTopble pa<t><t>ne3i1llOon bin 5'1lOT.

Mana~CKIllv.MeABeAb

Plllc.241. Plllc.242.Pa<l>ne3111S1 3KBaToplllanbHbl~ nec

npHpylIaeTC5I H BbInOJlH5IeT T5I:>KeJlYIOX0351HCTBeHHYIO pa60Ty.

MHoro 06e3b5lH H JleMypoB, KOTopble HepeLl,KO HaHOC5IT 60JIb-

WOH yw,ep6 CaLI,aM H nOJl5IM. 1-13 nTHU pacnpOcTPaHeHbI pa3Ho-

06pa3HbIe, HpKO OKpaweHHbIe nonyraH, ¢a3aHbl, naBJlHHbl,

uanJlYI. CpeLl,H 3MeH oc06eHHo onaCHbI 5ILI,OBHTble K06pbI. B 80-

Ll,ax raHra BOLl,51TC5IKPOKOLl,HJlbl raBHaJIbI. CpeLl,H MHOrOYJ1CJleH-

HbIX HaceKOMbIX,l..I,JIHLJeJlOBeKarrpeD,CTaBJl5llOT orraCHOCTb KJlew,H,

MOCKHTbl, MaJI5IPHHHbIH KOMap.

30HA BJIA)l(fIbIX 3KBATOP.MAJIbHbIXJIECOB. BJla:>KHbIe

3KBaTOpHaJIbHbie Jleca pacnpOCTpaHeHbI Ha lOre MaTepI1Ka, Ha

nOJIYOCTpOBax 11OCTpOBax. B 3TOH 30He rOCnOD,CTByeT «BeLJHOe

JleTO». B nOCTOHHHO TenJlOM H BJIa:>KHOMKJlI1MaTe pa3BHBaeTC5I

60raTblH opraHWIeCKHH MHp. nOLJBbl- KpaCUO-:JlCeJlmblepepplLll-

JlUmUble. KPOHbl D,epeBbeB rrOLl,HHMaIOTCH B BblCOTY .1.1.071 M.

l.J.eTKo npOCJle)l(l1BaIOTC5I OTD,eJIbHble 51PYCbI: noLI, BblCOKHMI1

D,epeBb5lMH pa3MeLuaIOTC5I 60JIee HI13KHe, 3aTeM - KapJlI1KOBble

naJIbMbl, cPl1KYCbl 11D,peBOBHLI,HbIe rranOpOTHI1KH. TpaB nOLJTI1

HeT. MHOro 3HLI,eMHl.IHbIX BHD,OB.PacTYT KpaCHoe 11qepHOeLl,epe-

Bb5I, 06JIaLI,aIOw,I1e ueHHoH D,peBeCHHoH, MaHro, Ll,bIHHOe 11XJle6-

Hoe D,epeBb5l. PacnpOCTpaHeHbl TaK:>Ke D,epeBb51 (rB03D,HYHOe,

MycKaTHbIH opex), paLI,I1 KOTOpbIX B 3noxy BeJlI1Kl1X reorpaqm-

LJeCKHX OTKPblTl1H OTnpaBJl5lJlHCb B D,aJIeKI1e rrJIaBaHH5I, BeD,b B

EBpone BbICOKO ueHI1JlI1Cb np5lHOCTI1. CpeD,I1 JlHaH, 06BI1BaIO-

W,HX CTBOJIbI D,epeBbeB, BCTpelJaeTC5I pOTaHr ,l..I,JIHHOH.1.1.0300 M.

Ero fH6KI1e cTe6Jll1 HCnOJlb3YIOT)])UI I13fOTOBJIeHH5I Me6eJIH H

D,pyrI1X nJleTeHbIX I13D,eJIHH. PacTyT 6aM6yKI1 11OpXHD,eH.

)l(I1BOTHbrH MHpTaK:>Ke pa3Ho06pa3HblH. CpeD,H MHoro4l1CJIeH-

HblX OOe3b5IH - MaKaKH, rH660Hbl, MapTbIllIKH, naBHaHbI, 3H,lJ,e-

MJ1lIHble l..JeJIOBeK006pa3Hble opaHryTaHfH. vb XHW,HI1KOBBOD,51TC5I

THrp, JleorrapLl" MaJIaHCKHH MeLl,BeLl,b. MHoro rrTI1U: naBJlI1HbI,

_ ~DAG\Ic?1PIIIC. 243. ~ - caMoe TSDKel10e >KIIIBOTHOe,

::.~Or, ~ /) J'1J):,"r (. IIIIo6l11Talpl.L\ee Ha AepeBbSiX-',\Jl.O\lJJ;KtQ -/w1 (j .1" \,i\,~,I\'.\I\I'

TITl1ua-HOCopor, HeKTapHI1U,bl. PaCTIpOCTpaHe-

HbI 3Mel1, 5IllJ,epI1UbI, KPOKOLI,I1JTbI,JT5IryWKI1. PeLI,-

KI1MI1 CTaJTl1LI,I1KI1H6bIK, HOCOPOfl1, CJTOHbI.

HbIHe 60JTbllll1e nJTollJ,aLI,11BJTa)J(HbIX3KBaTO-

Pl1aJTbHblX JTeCOBOCBoeHbI l.JeJTOBeKOM. Ha I1X

MeCTe Tenepb TIJTaHTaUl1116aHaHOB, KOKOCOBblX

naJTbM, caxapHOrO TpocTHHKa, XJTOTIl.JaTHI1Ka,

pl1ca, l.JaHHOrO KycTa. BblpallJ,I1BalOT TaK)J(e

pacTeHl1e-KaYLJyKoHoC - reBelO.

A3111S1- pOAIIIHa KYl1bTYPHblXpacTeHIIIVI

vb A3111111npOIIICXOA51T MHorllle Kynb-

TypHble pacTeHIII51, HanplllMep, V1H-

AIII5151Bn51eTC51POAIIIHOVi plllca, xnon-

yaTHIIIKa IIIOAHoro 1113caMblX ApeBHIIIX

oBow,eVi - orypu,a; V1HAOHe311151- 6a-

HaHOB III YepHOrO nepu,a; BOCTOLj-

Ha51A311151- rpeYIIIXIII III

npoca.

(! 3AnOMHVlTE• B cy6TponHlfeCKOM nOSice EBpa3HH paCnpOCTpaHeHbl 30HbI BelfH03eJIeHblX MeC-

TKOJIHCTHblX JIeCOBH KycTapHHKOB, nepeMeHHO-BJIaMHbIX (MyCCOHHbIX) JIeCOB,

a B TponHlfeCKOM - nOJIynycTblHH H nYCTbIHH, nOXOMHe Ha acl>PHKaHCKHe.

• B cy63KBaTOpHaJIbHOM nOSice EBpa3HH pacnpOCTpaHeHbl caBaHHbl H peLI,KOJIe-

CbSl, a B 3KBaTOpHaJIbHOM - BJIaMHble 3KBaTOpHaJIbHble JIeca.

BonpOCbl VI 3AAAHVls:I1.4eM 30Ha BeLJH03eneHbix >KeCTKOnlt1CTHbIX neCOB lt1KycTapHlt1KOB OTnlt1LJaeTC5I OT

\ APyrlt1X nplt1pOAHbiX 30H?

2. CpaBHlt1Te oco6eHHOCTlt1 pa3Mew,eHlt15I 3KBaTOplt1anbHblxneCOB AepPlt1Klt1, IO>KHOll1I

AMeplt1Klt1lt1 EBpa3lt1lt1. I .3. Ha nplt1Mepe OAH0ll1lt13 nplt1pOAHbiX 30H paCCKa>Klt1Te 0 CB5I35IX Me>KAY KOMnOHeH-

TaMlt1 nplt1pOAbl.

4. KaK lt13MeHlt1nlt1Cb nplt1pOAHble 30Hbl BcneACTBlt1e X035I1I1CTBeHH0ll1 Ae5ITenbHOCTlt1

LJenOBeKa?

rEOrPACl>VI~ECKAs:I3AAA~A

o A>KYHrn5IX 5IpKO lt1lt1HTepeCHo paccKa3an PeAb5IPA Klt1nnlt1Hr B lt13BeCTH0ll1 CKa3Ke 0

Mayrnlt1 «KHlt1raA>KYHrnell1». BCnOMHlt1Te, KaKlt1e>Klt1BOTHble - 06lt1TaTenlt1 A>KyHrnell1-

ynOMlt1HaIOTC5I B KHlt1re. KaK OHlt1 nplt1cnoc06lt1nlt1Cb K >Klt13Hlt1B rycToM necy?

~ • BCnOMHVlTe, YTO TaKOe BbICOTHas:l nOs:lCHOCTb.

• • KaKVle KOMnOHeHTbl npVlpO,o,bl V13MeHs:lIOTCs:lC BbICOTOL;1?

rOpbl 3aHHMaIOT nOl.fTH nOJIOBHHy Teppl1:TOpWH EBpa3WVI. Bbl-

COTHa51nORCHOCTb HaH60JIee 4eTKO npOCJIe)l(HBaeTC5I B EBpOne Ha

}Q)I(HblX CKJIOHaX Anbn, B A3HH - Ha IO)I(HbIX CKJIOHaX rHMaJIaeB.

BbICOTHMI TIOHCHOCTb AJIbTI. Anbnbl paCnOJIO)l(eHbl B

yMepeHHOM nORce. Ha wx IO)I(HbIX CKJIOHax Bbma,o,aeT MHOro OCM-

KOB -llO 3000 MM B roll. HJ1)I(HI ..rti nORC, llO BblCOTbl 800 - 1000 M,

npellCTaBJIeH lUUPOKOJlUCm6e1l1lbIMU Jleca.MU 113lly6a, KaWTaHa,

rpa6a, 51ceHR,6YKa (pHC. 245). Bblwe pacnOJIaraeTC5I nORC C.Memall-

3AenbBei1c IlblX JleC06 1136yKa 11nHXTbI. C BbICOTOti OHH CMeHRIOTCR XBOtiHbl-

MH nopo.uaMI1, KpOMe nl1XTbl, 3lleCb paCTYT eJIb,

Cl1MBOn CT0i1KOCH1 COCHa. Bblwe 2000 M pacKI1HyJIWCb cy6QJlbnuu-

B ropax, Ha rpaHV1lJ,e cHeroBoVl CKue Jlyza, nOCKOJIbKY CWJIbHble BeTpbl, pe3KI1enV1HV1V1,paCT8T 3,LJ,enbBeVlc - TpaB51- KOJIe6aHI15I TeMnepaTypbl B03.uyxa 11KOpOTKl1tiHV1CToe paCTeHV1e, 6enOCHe~H~e

TenJIblti ce30H He6JIaronpl1RTHbi .uJIR pOCTalJ,BeTbl KOToporo noxo~V1 Ha MHoro-ny'-leBylO 3 Be3,LJ,O'-lKy. 3a cnoco6- llepeBbeB. B HX paCTWTeJIbHOM nOKpoBe npeo6-HOCTb nepeHOCV1Tb BblcoKoropHblVl JIa,o,aIOT BblCOKHe MHoroJIeTHWe TpaBbI. Cpe.uw

Xono,LJ,V1yparaHHble BeTpbl 3TO pa+. . . .. HI1X BCTpe4aIOTcR 3apOCJIH MO)l()l(.eBeJIbHHKa HTeHV1e C'-IV1TaeTC51cV1~BonoM pOllolleHllpoHa, KOTOpblti HMeeT KpynHble Kpac-

. My~eCTBa V1CTOV1KOCTV1.:~ Hble, cHpeHeBble, )J(eJITble I1JIH 6eJIbie lJ,BeTbI.

---.. I PacnpOCTpaHeHbl KpWBOJIeCb51 H3 ropHoti

COCHbI, BeTKH KOTOpOti npH)I(aTbl BeTpaMH K 3eMJIe. Erue Bblwe

pacnOJIaraeTC5I no.flC QJlbnUUCKux JlyZ06 - n05lc HH3KOPOCJIbTXTpaB

(pHC. 244). Erue Bblwe B XOJIOllHOM KJIHMaTe MOryT Bbl)l(HTb TOJIbKO

MXH HJII1WatiHI1KH Ha CKaJIl1CTblX BblcTynax. Ha BblCOTe 3000 M, 3a

cHeroBoti JIHHl1eti, JIe)l(HT n05lc Be4HbiX CHerOB 11JIe.uHHKOB.

nOSICCKan iii KaMeHIliCTblX poccbmeit3000

noSic anbnlliitcKllix nyroB Hj,13KOTpasHblenyra!Cy6anbnlliitcKlliit noSic Kpj,1S0neCbe..j,1I 2500

_ SblcOKOTpasHble nyra 12200.necHolii noSic Xsoi:1Hble neca

-CMewaHble necal 1200

1

1000Wj,1pOKOnj,1CTSeHHbleneca 0

fopHble Xpe6Tbi Mbn CTaJlH MeCTOM 0611TamUl D,JUI MHOmX

AG1BOTHbIX, BbITeCHeHHblX '-IeJ10BeKOM C paBHl1H H HH3KoropHbiX

paI10HOB. CKaJlMCTble CKJ10Hbl J1erKO npeO)J,OJ1eBaIOTcepHa H rop-

HbII1 K03CJ1.K MeCTHbIM YCJ10BH5IMnpHcnoc06HJ1C>I CypOK. B rop-

HbIX PYl.lb>IXM03CPax MHoro pbl6bI, 60JIbllle Bcero ueHMTC5IcPopeJ1b.

HM)KHMI1 nO>ICMbn caMblt13aCeJ1CHHbII1, ero Ha3blBalOT «KYJ1b-

1YPHbIM nO>ICOM». 003TOMY eCTeCTBeHHa>I paCTHTeJ1bHOCTb3D,eCb

MJ1bHO H3MeH M}IaCb. BblCOKoropHbTe J1yra HCn0J1b3YIOTC>I KaK

rTaCT6MIlI,a. ArIbnbI - 3TO BCe1\mpHO H3BeCTHbTH ueHTp TYpVI3Ma H

ropHOJ1bDKHOro cnOpTa, '-ITOHaHOCl1TOnpeD,eJ1CHHblI1 Yluep6 MeCT-

HOI1 npHpO)J,e. )J,J1>Iec coxpaHeHMH BOCCTaHaBJ1HBaIOTCHJ1eca M

ACHBOTHblI1 MHp, C03)J,aIOTC5I 3anOBe)J,HHKl1 11 HaUMOHaJ1bHble

napKH (O,llUH H3 KpynHeI1UJI;JX - rpan-[Japa0U30 B J.1TaJlI1H).

BhICOTHMl IIOSlCHOCTh fHMAJIAEB. BbI y)f(e 3HaeTe, '-ITO

[I1MaJlal1 - caMble BblCOKl1e ropbT MHpa. BCJIeLlCTBl1e 3Toro, a

Ta[()f(e paCI10JIO)KeHI1>I B cy63KBaTOpHaJlbHOM 11TponH4eCKOM

rr05lcax B [I1MaJ1a5lX Ha6J1IOLlaeTC5I nJ1aHeTapHblI1 MaKCl1MyM

BbTCOTHOHn05lCHOCTI1. To eCTb, nOD,HI1Ma>ICb IO)f(HbIMI1 CKJ10Ha-

\111 OT nOLlHO)f(I1H K BepWVIHaM, MO)f(HO n06blBaTb BO Bcex

rrpl1pO)J,HbIX 30Hax Ml1pa - OT BJ1a)[(HbTX cy63KBaTOpl1aJIbHbIX

.1eCOBD,0 BbICOKOroPHOI1 TYH)lpb111 Be'-IHbIX cHeroB (Pl1c. 247).Y nOD,HO)f(I1H, me paBHHHa nepeXO)ll1T B npe)lrOpb5l, npOCTl1-

paeTCH nORCcy63IC6amOpUOJlbHblX 6elfH03eAellblX 60/lOmllcmblX iJ:Jlcyn-

clleit. 3)leCb pacTyT rraJ1bMbI, Ml1M03bl, 6aHaHbl, 06Bl1Tble

.111aHaMI1. B rycTblx 3apOCJ1HX B01l5lTC>I KpynHble )f(HBOTHble

(CJ10Hbl, HOCOpOrl1, 6yI1B0J1bl). B J1ecy MHOro 06e3b>IH, Vl3 Xl1Il1,-

Hl1KOB - Tl1rp 11Jleonapll. Bblllle,1l0 1200 M, J1e)[(I1TnORC6elfH03e-

.li.lHbIX mponlilfeCICIiX JleC06, rD,e pacTyT CaJ10BOellepeBO,

BBSOMr. ,l],JKoMonyHrMa

5500 I noSlC CKaJl III KaMeHIllCTblX poccbmeiil5000

I noSiC anbnllliilcKlllx nyroB4000 -I Cy6anbmll1cKllliiI noSic3500 I ..

nOSIC cy6TpOnlll'leCKIIIX neCOB

noSic TpOnlll'leCKIIIX neCOB

noSic cy63KBaToplllanbHbixo Be'lH03CneHblx neCOB

lIIeTliI - CHe)l<Hbli1 "leJ10BeKB Ili1Mana~X CpeAli1 MeCTHblX )Kli1Te-

nei1 cyw,eCTByeT HeManO nereHA 0

Heli13BeCTHOM cyw,eCTBe - i1eTli1.

Pe4b li1A8T0 TaK Ha3blBaeMOM CHe)K-

HOM 4enOBeKe. 04eBli1AlJ,bl yTBep)K-

AaIOT, 4TO ~K06bl Bli1Aenli1 li1nli1Cnbl-

Wanli1 ero. npli1Hli1Ma~ BO BHli1MaHli1e

HeTpoHyTOCTb li1Ali1KOCTb npli1pOAbl

Ili1ManaeB, BepO~THO, TaM MO)KHO

BCTpeTli1Tb Aa)Ke i1eTli1. Bnp04eM,

MHorOneTHli1e nOli1CKli13araA04Hor •...cyw,eCTBa AO Cli1Xnop ~

6e3ycnewHbl."';

• !Ll.peBOBHLl.Hble nanopOTHHKH, 6aM6yK H MHoro4HCJ1eHHble J1Ha-

HbI. 3TOT n05lc CMeH5IeTC5I cy6mponulfeCKUMUJleCaMU J.13Be4H03e-

J1eHbiX (COCHa, D,y6) H J1J.1CTOnaLI.HbIX(MarH0J1J.151, KJ1eH, KalllTaH)

Ll.epeBbeB. Ha BblCOTe CBblille 2000 M npe06J1aLl.alOT UiUpOKOJlU-

cm6eHHbie Jleca yMepeHHoro n05Ica H3 D,y6a, KJ1eHa, KaillTaHa, ne-

peXOLl.5IlllHe BX60UHbleJleCa l13 cepe6pl1CTOH nl1XTbl, rMMMaHCKOH

eJ1J.1,J1l1CTBeHHl1IJ,bI. [10Ll.JleCOK o6pa3YlOT rycTble 3apOCJ1H POLl.O-

D,eHD,pOHOB. BepxH5I5I rpaHl1IJ,a J1eca npOXOD,HT Ha BblCOTe 3500 M.

JIeca CMeH5IIOTC5I cy6QJlbnUUCKliM nORCOM C BbICOKOTpaBHbIMJ.1

J1yraMJ.1 l1 KycTapHl1KaMJ.1 l13 MO)I()KeBeJ1bHl1Ka J.1p0Ll.OLl.eHD,pOHa.

HaLl. Hl1MH J1e:>KaTaJlbnUUCKUeJlyza, rLl.e BeCHOH npHMyJ1bl, aHeMO-

HbJ, MaKl106pa3Y1QTneCTpbleTpaB5IHble KOBpbI. Ha BblCOTe 5500-6000 M npOXOLl.l1TCHerOBa51 J1J.1Hl15I,3aHeH -1IORC 6elfHbLX CHeZ06 U

JleOHllK06 (pHC. 248). Hl1rLl.e B Ml1pe 60J1bille He Ha6J1IOLl.aIOTC5I

TaKl1e J1aHLl.Wa¢THbJe KOHTpaCTbl, KaK B rHMaJ1a5IX.

B BepXHHX n05lcax 06l1TaeT 4epHblH rMMaJ1aHCKJ.1H MeLl.BeLl.b,

CHe)l<Hbli1 6apc OT 6yporo ero OTJ1l14aeT 6eJ1oe n5lTHO B BHD,e J1aTl1HCKOH 6yKBbi

<N». no BblCOTbl 5000 M nOD,Hl1MaeTC5I peD,KI1I1 ceH4ac CHe:>KHbll1

6apc. B BbiCOKOfOPb5IX BOLl.5ITC5I5IKl1, rycTaH 111J,J1J.1HHa5IwepCTb

3aml1maeT J.1XOT X0J10D,a. MyCKYCHble OJ1eHJ.1(Ka6aprM), rOpHbJe

6apaHbi JilK03bI J1erKO npeOLl.OJ1eBalOT CKaJ1JilCTble OTBeCHble yCTy-

nbI. [1oBceMecTHo pacnpOCTpaHeHbl rpbl3YHbl, oco6eHHO mfmy-

XJil. MHoro TITJilU (¢a3aH D,aH¢e, Ll.JilKJilHJilHD,IOK yJ1ap JilD,p.).

QeJ10BeK OCBOJilJ1npel1MymeCTBeHHO npeD,rOpbH 11 CpeLl.HlO1O

n0J10cy IO:>KHbIX CKJ10HOB rJilMMaeB KaK HaJil6oJ1ee 6J1aronpl151T-

Hble LI.Jl5l:>KJil3HI1.Bblille 4500 M nOCT05lHHOrO HaCeJ1eHJil5I HeT.

rl'lMaJ1ai1cKl'Ii1MeABeAb

Pl'IC. 248. UapcTBo CKaJ1, CHera l'I J1bAa BBblcoKoropHoM nOSice rl'lMaJ1aeB

3KOJIOrMQECKHE IIPOEJIEMbI H OXPAHA IIPHPO)l,hI.B ropax EBpa311Jil OLleHb aKTYMbHa np06J1eMa coXpaHeHJil5I J1e-

COB. B rJilMMa5IX J1ec Bcema 6blJ1 LI.Jl5l HaCeJ1eHI151 I1CT04HI1KOM

TOnJ1I1Ba. KpOMe TOro, ero BbI:>Kl1fMI1 noD, HOBbie ygacTKJil LI.Jl51

OroPOLl.OB. nOD,06HOe YHI14TO:>KeHJile J1eCOB 4aCTJil4HO KOMneH-

PLilc.249.B Ha~LiI0HaIlbHOM napKe CarapMaTxa

OxpaHa rLilMaIlaeBo6S13aTeIlbHa AIISI Bcex!

B Henane - cTpaHe, pacnOnO>KeH-

HOVi B fVlManaS1x, TypVlCTbl AOn>KHbl

cTporo co6nlOAaTb YCTaHoBneHHble

npaBVITenbcTBoM npaBVIna nOAAep-

>KaHVlS14V1CTOTbl fVlManaeB. B 4aCT-

HOCTVI, nYTewecTBeHHVlKVI AOn>KHbl

BCe, 4TO OHVI npVlHecnVl B ropbl, -

KOHcepBHbie 6aHKVI, ynaKoBKVI OT

npoAYKTO~, oTPa6OTa~Hble 6aTa-+peVlKVI VI npo4V1V1 MYCOP -

3a6V1paTb C co6oVi.'®

l

HpOBaJIOCb eCTeCTBeHHbIM npl1pOCTOM, nOKa rl1MaJIal1 He CTa-

.1H npHBJleKaTb TypHCTOB co Bcex KOHlI,OB CBeTa. 3a nOCJle,llHHe

30 JleT 6bIJll1 YHH4TO)l(eHbl n04TH Bce Jleca 6Jll13 LI.)l(OMOJlYHfMbI

(3BepeCTa). Y.eJlOBeK HapyWI1Jl lI,eJlOCTHOCTb rap, 11OHI1 TOTt-laC

HaKa3aJIH ero 06BaJIaMl1 H OnOJl3H5IMI1. npOrH03l1pOBaJII1 ,lla)l(e

CJ1e,llYIOw,ee: eCJ1HJ1eca Ha CKJlOHaX rop 11,llaJIbWe 6y,llYT BbIPy-

6aTb, TO rl1MaJIal1 npOCTO «cnOJl3YT» BHH3, yHW!TO)l(HB BCe Ha

CBOeM nYTH. K CLfaCTblO, JlIO,ll11 BOBpeM5I cnOXBaTI1JlI1Cb. HbIHe

pa3pa6oTaHbi nporpaMMbl no 3aJ1eCHeHHIO ropHbIX CKJlOHOB.

LlJl5I oxpaHbl yHHKaJ1bHOt! npHpO,llbl rop C03,llaIOTC5I 3anOBe,ll-

HHKI1 H Hall,l10HaJ1bHble napKI1. HanpHMep, OrpOMHylO Teppl1TO-

PHIO, npHJ1eralOWYIO K 3BepecTy, 3aHI1MaeT Ha«UOHallbHbIU napKCazapMamxa (pHC. 249).

3AnOMH~TE

• B Arlbnax BbmemllOT CJIeAYIOllJ,He BblCOTHble nmlca: illHpOKOJIHCTBeHHbIX, CMe-

rnaHHblX H XBOHHblX JIeCOB, cy6aJIbnHHCKHH, aJIbnHHCKHH, BeqHblX CHerOB HJIe,Ll,HHKOB.

• B fHMaJIaSlX Ha6JIIO,LI,aeTCSI nJIaHeTapHblH MaKcHMyM BblCOTHOH nOSlCHOCTH: OT

cy63KBaTOpHaJIbHbiX BJIaJKHblX JIeCOB ,LI,OBeqHblX CHerOB H JIe,Ll,HHKOB.

«) BonpOCbl ~ 3AAAH~SI )>-----------------

1. n04eMY C BblCOTOVJB ropax 1113MeHSilOTCSin04Bbllll pacTIIITenbHblVJ nOKpoB?

2. n04eMY B Anbnax HeT ropHoro nOSica Tponlll4eCKIIIX necoB?

3. HacKonbKo flllManalll Bblwe Anbn? nonb3YSicb pIIIC. 247 Ha c. 235, paCCKa)l(IIITe,

KaK 1113MeHSilOTCSiBblCOTHble nOSica B flllManaSix.

4.KaKAeSiTenbHocTb4enoBeKaoTpa3l11nacbHanplllpoAerop?> rEOrPAWiECKASI 3AAA"tA )~-------------B flllManaSix npeAcTaBneHbl Bce BblCOTHble nOSica 3eMnlll. HlllrAe B Mlllpe ropbl He

IIIMelOT TaKOro pa3Hoo6pa3111Si naHAwaepTOB. nOAyMaVJTe, KaKllle ABa epaKTopa o6yc-

nOBnlllBalOT 3TOT nnaHeTapHblVJ MaKcIIIMyM.

§ 52. HACEJIEHIIE II IIOJIIITlIqECKMI KAPTA

~• BcnOMHV1Te, KaKV1eApeBHV1e rOCYAapCTBa cyw,eCTBOBanV1 B

EBpa3V1V1.• KaKnpV1poAH~eycnoBV1RBnV1R~THa¢opMV1pOBaHV1epaCOB~X

npV13HaKOBHapOAOB?PACOBhIH COCTAB HACEJIEHIDI. B EBpa3J.1M npmKJ.1BalOT

2/3 HaCeJ1eHM5I3eMHOfO wapa - CBblwe 4 MJ1P,lJ,l.JeJ10BeK. MaTepJ.1 K

HaCeJ15lIOT HapO,lJ,bl pa3HbLX pac. DOJ1bWJ.1HCTBO M3 HJ.1X- npe,lJ,-

CTaBJ.1TeJ1J.1eBpOneOH,ll,HOU paCbl. EBpOneOJ.1.nbI, KOTopble

J.1MeIOTCMyrJIYJO KO)l()', TeMHble fJ1a3a H np5IMble TeMHble B0J10-

CbI, HaCeJ15IIOT Eepony, lOeo-3anaaHylO A3UIO 11 I1HaulO. EBpone-

OH,lJ,bI, )f(I1BYIl.I,Me Ha ceeepe Eeponbl, OTJ1J.1LlaIOTC5I BbICOKJ.1M

pOCTOM, CBeTJlbIM UBeTOM KO)f(J.1M 6eJ10KYPbIMI1 B0J10CaMJ.1.

Hapo.nbI MOHr0J10H,ll,HOU paCbI HaCeJ151IOTIJ,eHmpaJIbHylO M

Bocmo1tHylO A3UIO. DpeLIcTaBMTeJ1M ::HOtl paCbI (MOHroJ1bI, KMTaH-

UbI, Ka3aXM, KopeHUbI, 51nOHUbI) 06bl'IHO HeBbIcoKOro pOCTa, C

)f(eJ1TOBaTO-CI\1YfJ10H KO)f(eH, TeMHbIMI1 Y3Kl1MJ.1rJ1a3aMH, LIepHbI-

MI1 np5lMbIMJ.1 B0J10CaMI1. Ha lOee A3UU )f(MByT npe.nCTaBMTeJ1M

HerpOH,ll,HOU paCbl - C TeMHOH KO)f(etl, CKYJ1aCTbIM }1J.1UOM,

BblOIl.I,MMJ.1C5ITeMHbIMJ.1 B0J10CaMM.

HAUIfOHAJIhHhIH COCTABHACEJIElIlUI. HaUHOHMbHbIH

COCTaB HaCeJ1eHJ.151EBpa3J.1H OLIeHb rrecTpbItI. 3TO CB5I3aHO, B

LIaCTHOCTI1, C MHorOBeKOBbIMI1 rrepeCeJ1eHI151MI1 HapOLIOB BO

BpeM5I 3aXBaTHI1LIeCKJ.1X nOXO,llOB M Me)f()loyc06HbIX BOHR

OCHOBHble npM3HaKM J11060ro Hap0,lla - 06Il.I,HOCTb Teppl1TO-

pl1M np0)f(J1BaHI151 H 513bIK. no 513bIKOBOMy npl13HaKy HaCeJ1eHJ.1e

EBpa3MI1 OTHOCJ.1TC5IK pa3HbIM 513bIKOBbIM rpyrrrraM, KOTopble

06be,lJ,MH5I1OTC5IB 5I3bIKOBble ceMbM. O.nHotl M3 caMbIX MHOrol.JI1C-

J1eHHbIX 51BJ151eTC5IHH,ll,OeBpOneUCKa5I 5I3bIKOBa5I CeMb5I.

B EBpone K HeH OTHOC5ITC5IHap0,lJ,bI CJla6R.UCKOUR.3blK060ii. 2pyn-

nbl- yKpaHHUbI, pyccKMe, 6eJ10pYCbT, n0J151KJ.1M .np. B MX 5I3bIKaX

HeMMO rrOXO)f(J1X CJ10B, MHOro 06Il.I,ero J.1B KYJ1bTYpe. K HapO,lJ,aM

2epMallCKOU 2pynnbl OTHOC5ITC5I HeMUbI, aHrJ1HLIaHe, WBe,lJ,bI,

HOpBe)f(UbI, K pOMaUCKOU - <ppaHUY3bI, I1TMb5IHUbT, I1CrraHUbI,

PYMbIHbI, MOJ1,lJ,aBaHe. B A3J.1J.1Ha 513bIKax uuooupaUCKOU 2pynnbl

roBOp5lT XJ.1H,lJ,YCTaHUbI,rrepCbI, a<praHUbl.

HaM60J1ee MHOrOl.JI1CJ1eHHbTM HapO,lJ,OM Ha MaTepMKe M B

MMpe 51BJ15IIOTC5IKJ.1TatlUbT, HaCeJ15I1OIl.I,l1e UeHTpaJ1bHylO 11

BOCTOl.JHYJO A3J.1IO. OHI1 BXOLI5IT B KumaucKylO 2pyntly K H Ta H-

CKO~TH6eTCKOH 5I3bIKOBOU ceMbH. TYPKl1, TypKMeHbI,

TaTa~'bI, a3ep6atl,lJ,)f(aHUbI, Ka3aXJ.1, )f(I1BYIl.I,J.1enpeJ.1MYIl.I,eCTBeH-

HO B 3ana,lJ,Hoti A31111, OTHOC5ITC5I K mlOpKCKOU R.3blK060U 2pynne

aJ1TaUCKOH 5I3bIKOBOH ceMbH. Apa6bI 11eBpel1 - )f(J.1TeJ1J.1

HapOAbl EBpa3,"u1 JOro-3ana.nHoti A311J.1rrpI1Ha.nJ1e)f(aT K ceMumCKOU 2pynne. OCO-

6YK> 5I3bIKOByK> rpynny npe,1l.CTaBJUIK>T JlnOnll,bl11KOpeUlI,bl. npe06J1a,naK>meiit peJ1Mfl1eiit B EBpO-

ne5IBJUleTC5IXpUCmUancmeo. BA31111, KpoMeToro,

MCnOBeLIYlOT Mycy.ilbManCmeO(MCJ1aM), unoyU3M,6yiJiJU3M.PA3MEIIJ:EHIIE HACEJIEHIDI. Ha OfpOM-

HotfTeppl1TOpMM EBpa3Ml1 HaCeJ1eHMe pa3MemaeTC5I HepaBHOMep-

HO. B Eepone, B OTJ1Wme OT A3MM, HeT He3aCeJ1eHHbIX MJ111MaJ10-

3aCeJ1eHHbIX TeppMTopMtf. DOJ1bWI1HCTBO eBponeiitIJ,eB (70 %))KMBYT B rop0,1l.ax. HeKoTopble rop0,1l.a HeyKJIOHHO pa3paCTaIOTC51,

CJII1BaK>TC51C npl1fOpO,1l.aMI1 1106pa3YK>T CnJ10wHyK> rOpO,1l.CKyK>

3aCTpoiitxy. B A3UU Ha6J11O,1l.aIOTC5160JIbWl1e KOHTPaCTbl Me)KJly

npl1pO,1l.HblMI1 YCJ10BI151MM 11 COOTBeTCTBeHHO pa3MemeHl1eM

HaCeJIeHl15l. B O,1l.HI1XpatfoHax (,1l.0J1I1Hbl KpynHblx peK, npl1MOp-

CKl1e HI13MeHHOCTI1, 5InoHCKl1e oCTpoBa) nJ10THOCTb HaCeJIeHI151

OlJeHb BbICOKa51, MHOf,1l.a ,1l.0 1500 lJeJ1.jKM2• B ,1l.pyrl1X patfoHax

(TI16eT, nycTblHI1) 3TOT nOKa3aTeJ1b He npeBblwaeT 2 lJeJ1.jKM2,

eCTb 116e3J1K>,1l.HblepaiitoHbl (pMC. 251 Ha c. 240).

Pa3AenJAbI~!I!!IJ!!!!I!!IJ!!!~

~~~~y\- ~ ",,,,,,,;::'CaMblMl1 MHoro- t'i ~.,;~lHal..lHOHanbHblMH cTpaHaMH'If", nt''1I

MlI1pa 51Bn51IOTC51It1HAII151111It1HAoHe311151.

B Ka>K,lJ,oili1113HII1XHaC4I11TbIBaeTC51 60-

nee 150 pa3nll14HbiX HapOAOB, 111Bce

OHII1 roBOp51T Ha pa3Hbix 5l3blKax.

PVlc.250.nonVlTVllfecKaSiKapTaEBpa3V1V1

Ha30BII1Te

KpynHeViwlI1e no

nnow,aAlI1 Teppll1-

O' TOpll1111CTpaHbl.

B KaKoVi 4aCTII1

CBeTa OHII1

pacnonaraIOTC51?

2. Ha30BII1Te

" KpynHeViwlI1e

OCTpOBHble

CTpaHbl EBponbl 111

A3111111.

3. KaKlI1e CTpaHbl

He II1MelOT BblXOAa

K MOplO?

4. B KaKII1X

cTpaHax Hacene-

Hille pa3roBapll1Ba-

,. ., eT Ha CnaB51HCKII1X

)~.:'~ 5l3blKax?rf1§t {(D' ~ ,

/~;\ ITJ.'kA 0 K E-" H .- ~..-o!!~;'~ \ ..: .; \ KallOM60 ('-, Mnvp • • ~;J: i 31 Ky.e"T ~ K~~1j;n~' ~ f'--ot~I ~1 32Eaxpe"H 36KHAP \·~o~nr~''''K~~J ••~.'a .'1', ~O.'3.~. ~,,' !l:o" '~"I, __

"7 n~~':~AI1HeHHble37 k~~~~6n"Ka D, ~ ••~_d0. ~"y. 'F- f!.Apa6cK\.1e 38 EyraH 3"""~ II. 0 , ",ell,·. ~~" / 140' u:.3M"paT~ 39 EaHrnal\eW ~_~.KAPJA- "" ",e~O"~C;;r, ~ ~O

35 TllAlK"K"CTaH 405pyHe" • ~~ t7 ~ .pOD' 12 , •

EBpona nOJIHTlflIECKAH KAPTA. B EBpOITe eI.Ue B

Hl-1AepnaHAbl l t t t t / t t 410 4en.jKM2 aHTM4HbIe BpeMeHa cYI.UeCTBOBaJH1 BblCOKOP33-BI1Tble rocyuapcTBa - jI,peeH5l51rpeL{Ufl M)J,peeHUU

t t t_1""i_e_p_M_a_H_l-1S'lt __ t __ 22_5_4e_n_._/K_M_2 PUM. DOJll1TwleCKa5I KapTa EBpa311M CTe4eHl1e~1

t t t BpeMeHM M3MeH5IeTC5I: paCITaumOTC5I OUHl1 rocy-_n_o_n_b_w_a 12_5_4e_n_._/K_M_2 uapCTBa, B03Hl1KalOT HOBble. B ]991 r. 06peJla

78 4en ./KM2 He3aBMCl1MOCTb YKpaUHa - Ha1160JlbWee ITOITJlO-

I.Uaul1 rocyuapcTBo EBPOITbl. HbIHe B EBpa311M Ha-

ttttthtft C411TblBaeTC5I 60JlbWe cTpaH, 4eM Ha Jl1060M6aHrnaAew ttttttttH 8304en.jKM2 UpyroM MaTepMKe. CTpaHbl OTJl114alOTC5I CBOM~1

t t t 1254en./KM2 reOrpa¢114eCKl1M ITOJlO)\(eHMeM, pa3MepaMII

t t t t Teppl1TOpMl1, rrpl1pOUHblMM YCJlOB115IMI1.t t t t 3374en./KM2 HaCemllOI.UI1Ml1 I1X HapOuaMl1, ypoBHeM 3KOHO-

Becb MHp t 424en./KM2 M114ecKoro pa3BI1TH5l (Pl1c. 250 Ha c. 239).------------- B EBpa31111 CaMbIMI1 KpyrrHbIMl1 rocyuap-

CTBaMl1 5IBJl5IIOTC5I POCCU5l, Kumau, J1HaWI. npl1 3TOM B EBporre

CYI.UeCTBy\oT rocyuapCTBa-«KapJl11 KM,>, KOTopbIe I1MelOT He60Jlb-

WYIO Teppl1TOpl1lO, a MX HaCeJleHl1e MO)\(HO cpaBHMTb C KOJlM4e-

CTBOM )\(l1TeJleti ropoua. Harrpl1Mep, BamuKaH 3aHl1MaeT 0,44 KM-.

MOHaKo - 2 KM2, CaH-MapuHo - 60,6 KM2• HeKoTopble CTpaHbl

pa3MeI.UeHbl Ha OCTpOBax, upyme)\(e He I1MelOT Bblxoua K MOplO.

Ha1160JlbWee KOJl114eCTBO HaCeJleHI15I - B cTpaHax A311H:

Kumae, J1Hauu, J1HaOHe3UU.113 CeMl1 rocyuapcTB Ml1pa, KOTopble UOCTl1rJlI1 Hal1Bblcwero

ypOBH5l 3KOHOMl14ecKoro pa3BMTI1H, rrHTb pacnOJlO)\(eHbI B EBpa-

31111: repMaHU5l, BeJlUK06pumaHUfl, C/JpaHl(U5l, J1maJlu5l, 5!noHUfl.3TO Ml1pOBble Jll1uepbl BO MHomx OTpaCJlHX 3KOHOMl1Kl1. B A31111

rrpe06JlaualOT pa3Bl1BalOI.Ul1eC5I CTpaHbl.

Plllc.251.CpaBHIIITenbHaSi

nnOTHOCTb

HaceneHIIISI

(! 3AnOMHlIITE• HaCeJIeHHe EBpa3HH OTHOCHTCSI K TpeM OCHOBHbIM pacaM - eBpOIIeOH,lJ,HOH,

MOHrOJIOH,lJ,HOH,HerpOH,lJ,HoH.

• no Sl3bIKOBOMy npH3HaKY Hap0,lJ,bI EBpa3HH IIpHHa,lJ,JIeMaT K pa3HblM Sl3bIKO-

BblM rpynnaM, KOTopble 06'be,lJ,HHSlIOTCSIB pa3Hble Sl3blKOBble ceMbH.

• HaCeJIeHHe Ha MarepHKe pa3Mern.aeTCSI OqeHb HepaBHOMepHO.

BonpOCbllll 3AAAHlIIs:I

1.PaCCKa>KltlT80 pacosoM COCTaS8 HaC8J18HWl ESpa3ltlltl.

2. K KaKoVl H3blKOSOVlC8Mbe ltl H3blKOSOVlrpynn8 OTHOCHTCHyKpaltlHLJ,bl?

3. n04eMY HaCeJleHltle SA3ltlltl pa3Mew,aeTCH HepasHoMepHo?

4. LJeMpa3J1ltl4alOTCHMe>KjJ,yC060Vl rocYAapCTBa Ha nOJlltlTltl4eCKOVlKapTe ESpa3ltlltl?

rEorPA<!>WiECKAs:I 3AAA •.•A

npOaHanltl3ltlpyVlTe PltlC. 251. CpaSHltlTe nJlOTHOCTb HaCeJl8HltlH S YKpaVlH8 VI:

a) S CTpaHax Esponbl; 6) S CTpaHax A3V1V1;s) S cpeAHeM S MVlpe.

-3. CTPAHbI CEBEPHOH EBPOnbI• BcnOMHVlTe, KaKOe reorpa¢W-IeCKOe OTKpblTVle COBepWVlnVl BVlKVlHrVl.

• Ha30BVlTe Vl3BeCTHbiX HOpBe)l(CKL.1XnyrewecTBeHHVlKOB-J,1CCJ1e,aOBaTeneW.

fPAl:PIECKOE rrOJIO)KEHIIE. Ce- POAl1Ha Bl1Kl1HrOB

.3pHa5I EBpona 3aHI1 MaeT ceBepO-3ana)J.HylO KorAa-TO S CeBep-

Tb EBpa31111. 3TO CTpaHbl, pacn0J10)KeHHble HO~ Espone )K\I1n\l1

- CKaH.aI1HaBCKOM nOJ1yocTpoBe (Hop6e2Ufl, B\I1K\I1Hr\l1, HarOH51B-

:IJ6eu,Ufl), 6J1113J1e)Kama5I K HHM (/JWiJlfLHaUfl, a w\I1e CTpax Ha HapOAbl Esponbl.

JOKeJJaltUfl 11OCTpOBHa5I I1CJlaltaU51. np\l1nnblS K n06epe)KblO, OH\I1 BHe-

Oco6eHHOCTb reorpa<pW.lecKoro n0J10)KeHI151 3anHO HanaAan\l1 Ha nOCeneH\I1e \116~CTPO \I1Cye3an\l1 s OTKP~TOM

:IpaH CeBepHOM EBponbl 3aKJ1lOyaeTC5I B I1X Mope, OCTaS\I1S nocne ce651 nO)Ka-

~ H\10pCKOM pacn0J10)KeHI1I1. Mop5I OKa3blBa- pL-1w,a L-1y6\11Tb1X. OTSa)KHble Mope-

60J1blllOe BJ1I15lHl1eHa KJ1I1MaT H X035IMCTBeH- nnaSaTenL-1, BL-1KL-1HrL-1,KaK Bbl 3HaeTe,

,10 .ae5ITeJ1bHOCTb. Ha n06epe)f(b5IX pacnOJ1ara- OCTanL-1Cb S L-1CTOpL-1L-1KaK nepso- +- TC5I CTOJ1I1IJ,blrocy.aapCTB 11 KPyn, Hble rop0)J.a, OTKpblSaTen\l1 OCTpOSOS l!1cnaH- ",_'

AL-151L-1fpeHnaHAL-151., (i)'"

~po)Kl1BaeT 60J1bllla5I yaCTb HaCeJ1eHI15l. _ _' .'

OEEHHOCTIIITPIIPO,1l;hI. B CeBepHOH EBpone peJIbe<l> l

:TpeHMyw:eCTBeHHoropHbIM. CTapble CKaltaUlta6CKUe20pbl npOCTI1-

~IOTC5I B)J.OJ1bn06epe)l(b5I Hop6e:JfCCK020 MOpfl. OCTaJ1bHylO Teppl1-

-OpHlO 3aHl1MalOT BCXOJ1MJ1eHHble paBHI1Hbl, J1e)KamHe Ha

ba7mUUCKOMKpUCmaJlJlULfeCKOMUl,ume )J.peBHeH nJ1aT<popMbI. 3.aeCb

:-Ia nOBepXHOCTb BbIXO)J.5ITKpI1CTaJ1J1l1YeCKHe nopO)J.bl cPYH)J.aMeH-

~ B BI1)J.e MHOrOYI1CJ1eHHbIX CKaJ1 H BaJ1yHOB. CBoeo6pa3HblH

.lbe<p I1MeeT V1CJ1aHIlI15I- «CTpaHa OrH5I 11J1b)J.a».OCTPOB 5IBJ15I-

crC5I M0J10)J.bIM yyaCTKOM 3eMHOH KOpbI, fIle )J.eHcTBylOT MHOro-

QllCJ1eHHble BYJ1KaHbl 11reH3epbI. Hal16oJ1ee aKTHBHblM 5IBJ15IeTC5I

BpKGlt FeKJIa. I1CJ1aH)J.H5IOTHOCHTC5I K caMbIM aKTHBHblM ByJ1Ka-

HHy:eCKHM 06J1aCT5IM HallleH nJ1aHeTbI.

B )J.aJ1eKOM npOlllJ10M BCJ1e)J.CTBl1enOX0J10)J.aHH5I CeBepHa5I

EBpona 6blJ1a nOKpblTa JIe)J.HHKOM. OH OTWJ1l1cP0BaJ1 CKaJ1bl,

BbIPOBH5IJ1 3eMHylO nOBepXHOCTb, npl1HeC orpOMHble BaJ1YHbl Ha

paBHI1HbI. Pe3YJlbTaTOM .apeBHero OJle.aeHeHI15I 5IBJl5IIOTC5I

HOPAbI - Y3Kl1e, 113BHJlHCTbie H fJly6oKI1e MopCKHe 3aJ1HBbl C

Pl1c.252.

et>110PAbl -

Y3Kl1e MOpCKl1e

3anl1Bbi

PECnYEiJU1KAC!>HHllSi HAHSI

• 338 TbIC. KM2

t 5 MnH •.•en.

@XenbCII1HKVI

BblCOKI1MI1 KPYTblMI1 6eperaMI1. <D110PAbl xapaKTepHbl AJl51

n06epe)Kb51 c,WHaUHQeCK020 nOflyocmpOeQ (Pl1c. 252). OHI1 o6pa-

30BaJlMCb B pe3YJlbTaTe 3aTOnJleHM5I MopeM pelfHbIX,Il,OJlI1H 11Bna-

,Il,MH, ymy6JleHHbiX JleAHI1KOM.

KJI H MaT CeBepHOM EBpOITbl, HeCMOTp51 Ha ee pa3Melll,eHMe B

YMepeHHOM 11cy6apKTJ1lJeCKOM n05lcax, He OlfeHb CYPOBbIM. Ero

CM5IrlfaeT TemIOe CeeepO-AmflQHmu'tecKoe me'teHue. 3I1Ma Ha

YAI1SJleHMe TenJla5l., a JleTO, Hanp0Tl'fB, npOXJla,Il,Hoe. BJla)KHble

seTpbl C ATJlaHTl1lfeCKOro OKeaHa 06YCJlOBJll1BaIOT 06JlalfHYIO,

nacMypHylO noro,Il,y C AO)K,IJ,5I.MI1,MOpOCbIO 11TyMaHaMl1.

DJlaro,Il,ap51 60JlblllOMY KOJll1yeCTBY OCa,Il,KOB (600 -1000 MM/ro,Il,) CeBepHa51. EBpona 60raTa BHyTpeHHHMH BO-

A aM" . PeKl1 BcerAa nOJlHOBOAHble, HO OHI1 KOpOTKl1e, nopO)Kl1-

cTble, C 6YPHblM TeyeHl1eM. TaKl1e peKl1 HenpMroAHbI ,Il,Jl51

cy,Il,OXOACTBa, HO 51BJI5lIOTC5Il1CTOYHl1KOM,Il,ellleBOM 3JleKTp03Hep-

fl1l1, KOTOpylO Bblpa6aTbIBaIOT f3C. MHOrOlfl1CJleHHble 60Jlbllll1e

l1 MaJlble 03epa Jle)l(aT B KOTJlOBI1Hax, C03,Il,aHHbIX JleLlHI1KOM.

CeBepHa51 EBpona - 3TO KpaM JleCOB. YaCTb Teppl1TOpI1l1 3a-

HI1MaeT TYH1l,pa, aHa 06Wl1pHbIX nJlOlll,a,IJ,51xpacnpocTpaHeHa TaM-

ra - COCHOBO-eJlOBble Jleca C npl1MeCbIO 6epe3bI.

<1>HHJIHH,ll,lUI. B <DI1HJl5lH,Il,l111npe06JlaAaIOT BCXOJlMJleHHble

paBHl1Hbl. CpeLll1 Hl1X pa36pocaHbI TbIC5I.lfl1 03ep. MHoro TaK)Ke

60JlOT co 3Halfl1TeJlbHbIMI1 3anaCaMl1 Top¢a.

OCHoBHoe HaCeJIeHHe - ¢l1HHbI. KpoMe Toro, B cTpaHe

)I(I1BYT WBe,Il,bl, caaM M. B LlpeBHOCTI1 Jl IOLll1pacceJl5lJll1Cb TaK, YTO- "-

6bI He 6blJlO Bl1,Il,HO,Il,blMa l13 LlbIMOBOM Tpy6bl COce,Il,a. Tpa,IJ,I1IJ,I1-

OHHO OHl1 3aHMMaJll1Cb npOMbICJlOM TIOJleHeM 11PbI60JlOBCTBOM.

CeMyaC 60JlbWl1HCTBO HaCeJleHI151.)I(l1BeT B ropoAax l1 3aH5ITO B

pa3HbIX OTpaCJl5lX X035rMCTBa. COBpeMeHHbIH qmHCKl1M 06pa3

)I(l13Hl1 npeLlnOJlaraeT, YTO Ka)K,IJ,a51CeMb51.AOJDKHa l1MeTb ,Il,alfY.

cayHy MJlOLlKY•

fJlaBHOe 60raTCTBO CTpaHbI - Jlec. «<Dl1HJI5lHLll151.6e3 Jleca, KaK

MeLlBeLlb 6e3WepCTl1», - ClfI1TaIOT ee )I(J1TeJll1.)J,peBeCl1Ha l1,Il,eTHa

l13roTOBJleHl1e nI1JlOMaTepl1aJlOB, Me6eJll1, KapTOHa 116YMafl1. 3Ta

/nyreweCTBMe B cnOBO

C/)/IIHnRH,Q/IIfi - 3TO wseAcKoe Ha3sa-

Hille, KOTopoe 03HayaeT 3eMflH OXOT-

HV1KOB.A epillHHbl Ha3blsalOT CSOIO

cTpaHy CYOM/II - 3eMflH 60flOT. Ha-

3saHiIle CTonillUbl <P~lHn5'lHAiIlillXenb-C/IIHK/II npoillcxoAiIlT OT wseACKoro

Ha3SaHiIl5'l ropoAa ieflbcV1HfCjJOpC.

YTO 03HayaeT ,eflbCV1H,- Heill3see-THO, a epope - BO,lJ,Ona,lJ,.

npOllYKIJYI51 BbIB03I1TC51 BO MHOrl1e CTpaHbl Ml1pa. 1l03TOMy <PI1H-

.151H,ll111OI-fa3bIBalOT «JleCHbIM l..I,eXOM»EBpOnbI. OlJeHb BCDKHO,lJTO

OllHOBpeMeHHO C Bblpy6KOti Jleca 3,lleCb BbICa)KJ1BaIOT ,llepeBb5l.

3anaCbI :>KeJle3HbIX PY,ll 11PY,ll l..I,BeTHblX MeTaJJJlOB - 6a3a nJJ5l pa3-

BI1TI151lJepHOH11 l..I,BeTHOHMeTaJJJlyprl1l1. Cpe,ll11 OTpaCJleH MaWI1-

HOCTpOeHI151 Bbl,lleJl5leTC5I np0I13BO,llCTBO 060pY,llOBaHI151 ,llJl51

6yMa:>KHOH npOMbIWJleHHOCTI1. <PI1HJl51H,llI151He I1MeeT paBHbIX B

\ll1pe no np0I13BO,llCTBy MOpCKI1X Cy,llOB-Jle,llOKOJlOB. Ha Ml1pOBOM

pbIHKe 113BeCTHbl <pI1HCKl1e Mo611J1bHble TeJle<poHbI «HoKl1a».

B CeJIbCKOM X03}1 H CTBe BellYIUYIO POJlb I1rpaeT )l(J1BOTHO-

BO,llCTBO, npe)l()le Bcero, pa3Be,lleHl1e KpynHoro poraToro CKOTa 11

ITTI1l..I,eBO,llCTBO. Pa3BO,ll51TTaIOKe nywHblx3BepeH - HOpKy, cepe6-

PI1CTYIOJlI1CI1IJ,y, neCl..I,a.llo BbIB03Y npollyKlI,1111113 Mexa <PI1HJl51H-

.J11513aHI1MaeTO,llHO 113nepBblX MeCT B Ml1pe. Ha MaJJonJlO,ll0p0,llHbIX

3eMJI51X <p11HHbI HaYlJl1JII1Cb nOJTY4aTb BbICOKl1e ypO:>Kal1 5llJMeH5I,

OBca, nWeHl1l..1,bl, KOpMOBbIX KYJlbTYp. )J;I5I 3TOro 11M npI1XOllI1TC51

coopYX(aTb OCYWI1TeJlbHble CI1CTeMbI 110411w.aTb nOJl51OT KaMHeH.

<PI1HJl51HllJll51I1MeeT pa3Bl1TblH TpaHcnopT. HaJla:>KeHO MOP-

CKoe napOMHoe co06w.eHl1e co CTpaHaMI1-COCe,1l51MI1. CI1CTeMY

BHYTpeHHero BOll,HOro co06w.eHI151 06pa3yl-OT MHOfOlJl1CJleHHble

OJepa 11peKI1, KOTopble COell,I1H5IIOTC51KaHaJJaMI1. Ba:>KHbIM I1CTO'l-

HVlKOM nocTynJleHI15I Cpe,llCTB B cTpaHy CTaJJ Me)l(ll,yHapO,llHbIH

TYPH3M.

HOPBEfHH. HOpBerl15I - KOpOJleBCTBO, KOTOpbIM ynpaBJl5IeT

KOpOJlb. 3Ta MOpCKa5I CTpaHa - pO,llI1Ha 113BeCTHbIX MOpenJIaBaTe-

Jleti 11 I1CCJlell,OBaTeJleH: <PpI1Tbo<pa HaHceHa, pYaJJ51AMYHll,CeHa,

Typa XeHep,llaJJa.

KpoMe I-WpBe)Kl..I,eB Ha ceBepe CTpaHbl :>KI1BeT HeMHOrOLIl1-

CJleHHblH HapOll, CaaMI1. Ha n06epe:>Kbe :>KI1TeJlI1 3aHI1MaIOTC51

npOMblCJlOM MOpCKOro 3Bep5111 PbI6bl (TpeCKI1, CeJTb,lll1, CeMrI1), a

B TyH,llpe pa3BO,ll5lT ceBepHbIX OJleHeH.

ITOCKOJlbKY :>K113HbHOpBe:>Kl..I,eBnpeI1Myw.eCTBeHHO CB5I3aHa C

""opeM, TO Ba:>KHbIMI1 OTpaCJI5IMI1 X03}1HCTBa 5IBJl5IIOTC5I pbI-

60JlOBCTBO 11nepepa60TKa Pbl6bI. l1HTepecHO, 4TO pbI6y B 3TOH

KOPOJ1EBCTBOHOPBEn1S1

• 324 TbIC. KM2

t 4,6 MnH '4en.

@Ocno

Ha3BaHllle HopBerHfI nepeBO,D,IIIT-

C51KaK CeBepHbli1 nyTb. TaK nOHa-

4any Ha3blBanlll nplll6pe>KHblVl MOP-

CKOVl nyTb, KOTOpblM HopMaHHbl

BbIXO,D,lIInlll B ceBepHble MOp51. no-

3,D,Hee HopBerllleVl CTanlll Ha3blBaTb

n06epe>Kbe, a co BpeMeHeM III ro-

cy,D,apcTBo, KOTopoe TaM B03HIIIKnO.

/ CTpaHe npI1YYI1JIl1Cb eCTb llIDKe JIOWMI1 l1 KO-

POBbI. COBpeMeHHbIe PbI60JIOBHbIe MOpCKl1e

cY.lla OCHaI1J,eHbI KOMnbIOTepaMl1, C nOMOI1J,blO

KOTOpbIX l1I1J,YTKOC5IKl1 PbI6bI. KpOMe TOro, B

MOpe pa3Be.llaHbI KpynHble MeCTOpmK,LleHI15I no-

JIe3HbIX V1CKonaeMbIX. Ha weJIbcPe CeeepHOcOMOPfllI06bIBalOT HecPTb l1 ra3, Ha ocmpoee IlInuu,-6epceH - KaMeHHbIH yrOJIb. B ropax3aJIeraJOTpa3-

Ho06pa3Hble PY.llbI - Cblpbe .llJI5I YepHoi1 11

UBeTHOH MeTaJIJIyprl1. Cpe.lll1 OTpaCJIei1 MaWl1HOCTpOeHl15I BbI.lle-

JI5IeTCHnp0l13BOlICTBO MOpCKl1X CY.llOB11HecPTe.ll06bIBalOI1J,V1XnJIaT-

cPOpM. TaKoe 60raTCTBO, KaKJIeC, .llaeT B03MO)l(HOCTb l13rOTOBmITb

BbICOKOKayeCTBeHHYIO 6YMary 11nl1JIOMaTepl1aJIbI.

npV1pO.llHble yCJIOBl15I CTpaHbI, yaCTb KOTOpOi1 JIe)KV1T3a no-

JIHPHbIM KpyroM, MaJIOnpl1rO.llHbI .llJIH 3eMJIe.lleJII15I. n03TOMY

maBHaH OTpaCJIb CeJlbCKO ro X03j1 H CTBa - )l(V1BOTHOBOlICTBO.

Pa3BO.llHT KpynHbIH poraTbltf CKOT, OBeu, CBl1Hetf, nywHblx

3BepeH 11OJIeHeH. MOpCKOtf cPJIOT HopBen1l1 - 01II1H 113Kpyn-

HeHWl1X B Ml1pe. rJIaBHble MOpCKYle nopTbI - DCfIO l1 EepceH. bOJIb-

woe 3HayeHl1e l1MeeT TypH3M. MHOrOYI1CJIeHHbIe TYPI1CTbI

npl1e3)l(aIOT B cTpaHy, YT06bI nOCeTI1Tb MY3el1 Kopa6J1etf BI1Kl1H-

rOB, JIereHlIapHOrO «<DpaMa» V1«KOH-Tl1KI1», nOJII060BaTbCH

KpacoTotf ceBepHOH npV1pO.llbI (Pl1c. 254).

Ha3saHV1e CTOnV1l.J,blHopserV1V1Ocnos nepesoge C HOpSe>KCKoro 03Ha'Ja-eT: oc - yCTbe, no - Ha3SaHIi1e peKV1,6nV13 KOTOpoili S03HV1Kropog. V1HTe-peCHO, '-no s XVII s. Ocno nepeV1Me-HosanV1 s Xp/IICT/IIaH/II1O - s 4eCTbKopon~ XpV1CTV1aHaIV. B 1925 r. ropo-gy sepHynV1 npe>KHee Ha3saHV1e.

(! 3AnOMHVlTE• CTpaHbI CeBepHOH EBponbI HMeIOT npuMopcKoe pacnOJlOJKeHUe; MOpH B 3Ha-

QUTeJlbHOH CTeneHU BJlHHIOT KaK Ha npHpo.uy cTpaH, TaK U Ha X03HHCTBeHHYIO

.lleHTeJlbHOCTb HaCeJleHHH •

• Bce cTpaHbI CeBepHOH EBponbI HMeIOT BbIcoKopa3BuToe X03j1HCTBO H

BbICOKHH ypoBeHb JKU3HH HaCeJleHUH.

BonpOCbl VI3AAAHVlSI1. >K1·1Tenll1CeBepHo(:1 EBponbl B wyTKy rOBOp5'lT: «Y Hac BO,D,bl- XOTb 3ane(:1C5'l, KaM-

H5'l- XOTb y6e(:1 C5'l, a neca - XOTb npy,D, npY,D,II1». nO,D,yMa(:1Te, KaKlI1e npll1pO,D,Hble

cPaKTOpbl 06ycnoBII1nll1 TaKo(:1 Ha60p «60raTcTB» CeBepHo(:1 EBponbl.

2. KaKlI1e npll1pO,D,Hble pecypcbl II1cnonb3YIOTC51 B OTpaCn5'lX npOMblwneHHOCTII1

HopBerll1l11?

3. PaCCKa>KII1Te06 oc06eHHOCT5'lX X035'l(:1cTBa ¢II1Hn5'lH,D,II1I11.

KaK-TO II1HOCTpaHeu cnpoclI1n y HOpBe>KCKOrO Manb4l11Ka, waralOUJ,ero no ny>KaM:

«,l],aBHo nll1 Ha4anC5'l ,D,O>K,D,b?».«OTKy,o:a 5'l3HalO?! - y,D,II1BlI1nC5'lManb4yraH. - MHe

Be,D,bTonbKO ceMb neT». To eCTb ,D,O>K,D,bTaM lI1,D,eTBCer,D,a, 111nY4WII1M nO,D,apKOM B

HopBerll1111C4I11TaeTC5130HTII1K.06b5'lCHII1Te, KaKlI1e cPaKTOpbl 06ycnoBnll1BalOT «,D,O>K,D,-

nll1Boe» cBoe06pa3111e Knll1MaTa HopBerll1l11.

§ 54. CTPAHbI 3AIIMHOll EBPOTIbI~ • KaKlI1e CTpaHbl ESpOnblll1MelOT caMblVl SbICOKII1V1 yposeHb pa3SIl1TII151 X0351V1CTsa?

KpYITHeHWHMI1 no OJIOwanl1 CTpaHaMI1 3anaAHOH EBponbl

HBJIHIOTCH FepMaliUfl, CPpaIiUJIfl, BeJlUK06pumaHUfl, MeHbwe 00

pa3MepaM - I1Jeeuu,apUfl, EeJlb2Ufl, HUOepJlaIiObl, AecmpUfl,t1pJlaHOUfl. nepe4HCJleHHbIe rocylIapCTBa 11MelOTTbICH4eJIeTHIOIO

I1CTOpl11OH OTHOCHTCHK BbiCOKopa3BHTbIM CTpaHaM.

fEPMAHHH.3TO rOCYlIapCTBO BXOAI1TB ceMepKy caMbIX pa3BI1-

TbIX CTpaH MHpa. IIpHp0,lJ.Hble yCJlOBH" CTpaHbI6JIaronpl1HT-

Hbl AJI5IX03RHCTBeHHOH Ae5ITeJIbHOCTI1. Ha ceBepe npOCTl1palOTCH

HI13MeHHOCTI1, B ueHTpe - cpeAHeBblCOTHble ropbI, Ha lOre - npe,L(-

roPb5I MM. Kn 11MaT yMepeHHO KOHTHHeHTaJIbHbIi;L Teppl1TOpl11O

CTPaHbI oepeceKalOTKpynHblepeKU PeuH,jI,yHau. WI1POKOJIHCTBeH-

HbIe JIeca COXpaHI1JII1Cb TOJIbKO B ropax. fepMaHI15I 60raTa ymeM

(PypCKUU 6acceuH) 11KaJIl1HHbIMI1 COJI5IMI1.

no KOJIH4eCTBY HaCeJleHH" CTpaHa3aHHMaeT nepBoe MeCTO

B EBpone. B HaUl10HaJIbHOM COCTaBenpe06JIanalOT HeMUbJ. B noc-

JIeAHee BpeM5I B fepMaHHIO npHe3)1(alOT Ml1rpaHTbI (nepeCeJIeH-

UbI), npeHMywecTBeHHO H3 Typu,uu, Poccuu, YKpauHbl. fepMaHI15I - • 357 TbIC. KM2

rycToHaCeJIeHHa5I CTpaHa. HaCeJIeHHe B OCHOBHOM )I(I1BeT B ropo- t 83 MnH <fen.lIax. KpynHeHwHe 113HI1X - EepJluli, MlOlixeH, FaM6yp2 (pHC. 255).

IIpoMbllII.iIeHHocTb - OCHOBa X03HHCTBa CTpaHbl. T3C @) 6epm1H

pa60TalOT Ha yrJIe. Xopowo pa3BHTbI 4epHaH 11

UBeTHaH MeTaJIJIyprl15I. MawHHocTpOHTeJIbHble

npeAnpHHTH5I BbInYCKalOT CYAa, ABl1raTeJII1,

CaMOJIeTbl, KOCMH4eCKHe annapaTbI, 3JIeKTpO-

TeXHl1yeCKHe 11panl103JIeKTpOHHbie npH60pbl.

fepMaHH5I - MHpOBOH JIl1llep no np0I13BO,llCTBy

CTaHKOB, aBTOM06I1JIeH, 6bITOBOH TeXH I1KI1.

Pa3BI1Tbl TaK)I(e XHMl1yeCKa5I, AepeBo06pa6aTbI-

BalOwaH, JIerKa5I H nHweBa5I OTpaCJII1. 113MeCTHbIX rJIHH 113rOTOBJI5IIOT 3HaMeHI1TbIH

caKCOHCKHM ¢ap¢op. A 113KBapueBbIX neCKOB

113BeCTHa5IBO BceM MHpe ¢l1pMa «KapJI UeHC»

np0l13BOlll1T onTH4eCKoe CTeKJIO AJI5I ¢OToan-

napaTOB, 6I1HOKJIeH.

Bellywee MeCTO B CeJlbCKOM X03S1HCTBe3aHHMaeT )I(I1BOTHOBOlICTBO. HeMUbI pa3BO,llHT

KOpOB H CBHHeH. fJIaBHble KyJIbTypbI - rJweHI1-

ua, caXapHa5I CBeKJIa, KapTO¢eJIb. )lJIH np0l13-

BO,L(CTBa nonyJI5IpHOrO B CTpaHe rJl1Ba

BbIpaWI1BalOT MHoro WIMeHH 11XMeJIH. Pa3BI1TbI

BI1HOAeJIHe 11pbI60JIOBCTBO.

Cl>EAEPATIr1BHMIPECnY6Jllr1KArEPMAHIr1S1

Ha3saHII1e CTon111lJ,bl fepMaHlI1111

5epnVlH, no OAHO(;1 1113sepCII1(;1, S

nepeSOAe C ApeSHecnaS51HCKoro

03HayaeT 60J10TO, TpRC/IIHa.

PIo1C. 255. 6epnlo1H-CTonlo1ua repMaHlo1101

fepMaHl1H - KpynHaH MOpCKaH ,llep)l(aBa, ee

MOPCKl1Ml1 BOpOTaMl151BllilIOTCH nOpmbl raM6ypz11 EpeMeH. MHOrOYI1CJTeHHble naMHTHl1Kl1

apXl1TeKTypbl 11 My3eH npHBJTeKalOT B cTpaHy

Typl1CTOB CO Bcero CBeTa. fepMaHl151 HMeeT

06umpHble ToprOBble CBH3H C YKpal1Hott.

B Hawett CTpaHe H3BeCTHbI HeMeUKHe aBTOMO-

611JTH«<Mepce,llec», «OneJTb», «q>OJTbKCBareH»),

6bITOBa51TeXHl1Ka «<Cl1MeHC», «now»), cnoprrOBapbl «<A)lI1,llac»,

«nYMa»), KOCMeTl1Ka, np01l0BOJTbCTBeHHble 11)lpyrl1e TOBapbI.

<l>PAHIJ,lUI. C nOJlHblM npaBOM <DpaHUl1lO CY:l1TaIOT01lHOtt 113

caMbIX npl1BJleKaTeJTbHblX CTpaH EBpOnbI. Ee npHpO)lHble

yCJIOBHH OTJIl1yalOTCH 60JIbWl1M pa3H006pa3l1eM. Ha ceBepe,

3ana)le 11lOre JIe)((aT npl1MOpCKl1e pattoHbl, KOTopble OMbIBalO1'CH

ATJIaHTl1yeCKI1M OKeaHOM 11 Cpell113eMHblM MopeM. PeJTbecP

oy:eHb KOH1'paCTHbIM. Y,ll06Hble )lJl5l3eMJTe,lleJTI1HpaBHHHblYepe-

llYIOTCH C ropHblMI1 paMOHar.'1l1: Ha IOro-3ana)le 31'0 flupeHeu, Ha

IOrO-BOCTOKe - Arzbnbl. I1x ropHble JIyra - npeKpaCHble nacT611-

JlJ,a llJTH CKOTa. A 3aCHC)I(eHHble BepWI1HbI BblCOKHX xpe6ToB

npeBpaTI1JIl1Cb B pattoHbl Mbnl1H113Ma H TYp113Ma. YMepeHHo

TenJTblM H MOpCKOM KJII1MaT 6JTaronpHHTHblM )lJlH )((H3HH JIIO,llett

11 pa3Bl1TH51 X0351HCTBa. Ha n06epe)l(be Cpell113eMHOro MOp51

HaXO,llI1TC51caMblM npeCTH)I(Hbltt KYPOpT EBPOflbI - JlG3YPHbIU6epez. fJTaBHa51peKa CTpaHbI - Jlyapa.

HaCeJIeHHe <DpaHUHH no HaU110HMbHOMY cocTaBy B ueJIOM

01lHOpOllHOe, flpe06JTa)laIOT cPpaHUY3bl. ITo nJI01'HOCTI1 HaCeJIe-

HHH <DpaHUH5I B,llBOe yCTynaeT fepMaHHH. ,lI.OJI51ropO,llCKOro

HaCeJIeHI151)lOCTaTOY:HOBbICOKa51.CTOJTl1UYCTpaHbl flapu:J/c, 01l11H

113 KpynHettWl1X ropOll0B Ml1pa, Ha3bIBaIOT rOp01l0M-My3eeM.

E)I(erOllHO cro nOCeJlJ,aIOTMI1J]JTI10HblTYPl1CTOB.

<DpaHUl151 BXOllHT B cCMepKy Bb1COKopa3-

BI1TblX rOCYllapCTB Ml1pa. OHa HMeeT MHOro-

OTpaCJIeByIO npOMbiIUJIeHHOCTb. B CTpaHe

,ll06blBaIOT KaMeHHblH yroJTb, )l(eJIe3Hble H

aJIIOMI1HI1CBble PYllbl, KaJ1HMHbIC COJTH./-

MCTMJTYprWICCKHC npC,llnpl151THH BbInJIaBJIHIOT

y:yrYH, CTMb, aJIIOMl1HI1M H llpYfHe I~BCTHble

MeTMJIbl. OCHOBHyIO ,llOJTIO3JleKTp03Heprl1l1

Bblpa6aTbIBalOT aTOMHble 3JIeKTpOCTaHUl1H.

npe,llnpl151TI151 MaWl1HOCTpOeHI1H BblflYCKaIOT

aBTOM0611JIl1, cYlla, TpaKTopbl, CaMOJIeTbl, a3po-

KOCMWleCKYIO TCXHl1KY, 3JIeKTpOTeXHl1Ky.

napl1)1( CYl1TalOT 3aKOHOllaTeJICM MO,llbl,

BceMHpHoe np113HaHl1e nOJIyYl1JIl1 cPpaHUY3CKl1e

llYXl1l1 KOCMCTl1Ka, 3JTeraHTHble 01le))()la H 06yBb.

BblAalO~liIecSi HeML4bliepMaHiII51 Aana MiIIPY reHillaJlbHblX

KOMn03i11TOpOS VI MY3bIKaHTOs, cpe-

AVI HVIX - V10raHH Ce6aCTb51H 6ax VI

niOAsVlr saH 6eTxoseH. BceMVlpHYIO

cnasy CHVlCKan n03T VI eCTeCTSO-

VlcnblTaTenb V10raHH

BonbepraHr ieTe.

PECnY611111KA<bPAHLI,IIIS1

t 60 MnH 'fen.

@ napliI>K

Plilc.256. napliI>Kne>KIiITHa 6eperax CeHbl

M II\pOBOrO ypOBH5I pa3BYlTI151,LI,OCTYlrJIanmll,eBa51 CbpaHLI,Y3CKl1e Aelll1KaTeCbl

npOMbIWJ1eHHOCTb, B yaCTHOCTII\ BII\HOlleJ1l1\e. et>paHL\L-151- pbl6Ha51 CTpaHa. 3,D,eCb

<DpaHUII\51 - Be,Ll,ywa51 CeJIbCKOX03S1H- nOB51T pbl6y L-1B OTKpblTOM MOpe, L-1

CTBeHHaSi CTPaHa EBpOnbi. OHa II\MeeT Hal1- pa3BO,D,51T Ha Pbl6HbiX epepMax. Cne-L\L-1anbHO Bblpaw,L-1BaIOTTaK>t<e YCTpL-1-

60J1bWylO nJlOWa,LI,bnaXOTHbIX 3eMeJlb. <l>paHUY- L\bl L-1ML-1,D,L-1L-1,no L-1Xc60py CTpaHa

3bI BblpaWI1BalOT nWeHI1UY, 51YMeHb, KyKypy3y, 3aHL-1MaeT nepBoe MeCTO B ML-1pe.

OBOml1. Ha ceBepe CTpaHbl pacnpOCTpaHeHbl et>paHL\Y3bl pa3BO,D,51T TaK>t<e n51ry+

5l6JlOHeBble Ca,LI,bI a Ha lOre - a6pl1KOCOBble 11 weK L-1ynL-1TOK, L-1XCI.jL-1TaIOTL-13bl-, .IrrepCII\KOBble. Ha ceBepO-BOCTOKe pacnOJ1araeT- CKaHHblM ,D,enL-1KaTecoM .. '

C5I113BeCTHa51BII\HOrpa,LI,apCKa51np06UHll,Ufl lIJaMnaHb. fJlaB- --. I

HOH OTpaCJlblO CeJlbCKoro X0351iiicTBa 5IBJl5leTC5I M5ICOM0J10lfHOe

)l(I1BOTHOBO,Ll,CTBO: pa3BO,Ll,51T KpynHbIH poraTblH CKOT, OBeu,

CBI1HeH. no np0l13BOllCTBY MOJlOKa <l>paHUII\51 3aHl1MaeT nepBoe

MeCTO B EBporre, no np0I13BOD,CTBY M5ICa - BTopoe. 113 MOJlOKa

113roTOBJl5llOT CblpbI (60Jlee 600 BII\,LI,OB).

Bo<l>paHUI1I1\ Pa3BII\TbI BceCOBpeMeHHbie BlI\llbl TpaHcnopTa.

fopo,Ll,a COeD,I1H51IOTC5ICKOPOCTHblMVI )I<eJle3HblMII\ ,LI,OpOraMII\. no,Ll,

npOflU60M JIa- MaHlu npOJlo>KeH )KeJle3HO,Ll,0pO>I<HO-aBTOM06I1\Jlb-

HbIH TYHHeJlb, COe,Ll,HH51IOWI1H<l>paHUHIO C BemIK06pMTaHl1eH. B

YCTb5lX peK pacnOJlO)l(eHbl KpynHble nopTbl - Fa6p, HaHm,MapCeJlb. 3HaYI1TeJlbHble ,LI,OXOD,blCTpaHe nplI\HOCHT TypH3M.

Ha Ml1pOBOM pblHKe <l>paHUI151 H3BeCTHa KaK np0I13BO,Ll,HTeJlb

rrpOMbIWJ1eHHoro o6opY,Ll,OBaHI151, 6bITOBbIX npll\60pOB, OD,e)I(,LI.bI,

06yBYl, aBTOM06YlJleH. CTpaHa 3aHII\MaeT BTopoe MeCTO B MYlpe

(nocJle CiliA) no nOCTaBKaM CeJlbCKOX0351HcTBeHHOH. npO,Ll,yK-

UII\II\ - 3epHa, M5ICa, M0J10YHbIX npollyKTOB, oBoweH, cPpyKTOB,

BHH. YKpaYlHa npO,Ll,aeT <l>paHUI1I1 CTaHKI1, TKaHH, ceMeHa

nO,Ll,COJlHeYHYlKa,LI.Jl51np0I13BO,Ll,CTBa paCTVlTeJlbHoro MaCJla .•

Pav. AilS! Typl1CTOB

ML-1nnL-10Hbl TypL-1CTOB co Bcero ML-1pa

npL-1e3>t<aIOT B napL-1>t<,I.jTo6bl yBL-1,D,eTb

3HaMeHV1Tblili c060p napL-1>t<cKoili 60-

roMaTepL-1, CTapL-1HHblili YHL-1BepCL-1TeT

COp60HHy, 6blBWVlili KoponeBcKV1i1i

,D,BOpeL\ nyBp - HblHe O,D,V1HV13 Kpyn-

HeiliwV1x B MV1pe My3eeB. CV!MBona-

ML-1eppaHL\Y3cKOili CTOnV1L\bl 51Bn51IOT-

C51 L\eHTpanbHa51 ynV1L\a EnL-1ceilicKV1e

non51 L-13i1iepeneBa 6aWH51. 3i1iepene-

Ba 6aWH51 BblCOTOili 320 M L-1Maccoili

8 600 T 6blna coopy>t<eHa B 1889 r. K

OTKPbITL-11OBceMV1pHoili BbICTaBKV1 KaK

CI~MBon TeXHV1LleCKV1X ,D,OCTV1>t<eHL-1i1i

XIX B. 3TO YHV1KanbHoe coopy>t<eHV1~ ..pa3pa6oran V1H>t<eHep t~

rlOcTaB 3i1iepenb. ' ®.,

I

COE,l\VlHEHHOEKOPOl1EBCTBOBE11VIKOEiPVlTAH VIVIVICEBEPHOlilV1Pl1AHAVIVI

• 244 TbIC. KM2

t 60 MIlH <fell.

@ l1oHAOH

BEJIHKOEPHTAHIUI. 3TO CTpaHa CTapl1HHbIX 3aMKOB I1TaKl1X

)f(e llaBHI1X TpallvlI..I,I1H. OHa pacnOJIaraeTC51 Ha EpumaHCKUXocmpoeax, OT MaTepl1Ka ee OTlleJI51eT Y3KI1H npoJlue JIa-MaHU1.BeJlI1K06pI1TaHl15I - Moryy.a51 MOpCKa5111ep)f(aBa, KOTOpyIO npe)f(-

lle Ha3bIBaJll1 «BJlallbILlI1ueH MopeH». B CBoe BpeM5I aHrJlI1HCKl1e

MOpenJlaBaTeJlI1 npl1COelll1HI1J111 K AHrJIl111 MHOrOy.I1CJleHHble

3aMOpCKl1e 3eMJII1, npeBpaTI1B ee B KpynHeHwyIO KOJlOHl1aJIbHYIO

Y1Mnepl1lO. XOT5I CeHyaC ee BJlI151Hl1e YMeHbWI1J10Cb, 3TO no-

npe)f(HeMy OllHa 113BellYwJo1XCTpaH Ml1pa.

no npUp0)l,HbIM YCJlOBUHM BeJlI1K06pI1TaHI151nOXO)f(aHa

cocellHl1e CTpaHbI 3anallHOH EBpOnbI. Ha ceBepe I1 3analle

npOCTl1paIOTC5I CTapble, CI1JIbHO pa3pyweHHble rOpbI, Ha IOro-

BOCTOKe J1e)f(aT paBHI1HbI. Ha yMepeHHbIH MOpCKOH KJlI1MaT

3HaYI1TeJlbHOe BJlI151Hl1eOKa3bIBaeT OKeaH: 3YlMa 311eCbM5IrKa51 Yl

BJIa)f(Ha51 (1l0)f()l,11 l111yTnOy.TI1 e)f(ellHeBHO), a J1eTO- npOXJlall-

Hoe. 6pI1TaHCKa51 norOlla HeYCTOHYI1Ba5I, nepeMeHy'I1Ba5l, Yac-

TO nacMypHa5l, C CYlJlbHbIMI1 BeTpaMI1. fycTbIe TyMaHbI 11J1eTOM,

11311MOH He paCCeI1BaIOTC51 I1Horlla HeCKOJIbKO llHeH. PeK Ha

OCTPOBax MHOro, HO OHI1 KOpOTKl1e. CaMa51 nOJlHOBOllHa51- TeM-3a. MHOro 60JlOT.1l1I1POKOJlI1CTBeHHbIXJleCOB nOYTI1 He OCTaJIOCb,

60JlbWl1e nJIOwallYl 3aHI1MaIOT J1yra.

Cpelll1 HaCeJleHUH CTpaHbI CaMbIMI1 MHOrOYI1CJIeHHbIMI1

51BJl5IIOTC5IaHrJll1yaHe. KpOMe HI1X )f(YlByT WOTJla.HllUbI, YlpJlaHll-

UbI, Y3J1bCUbI, COXpaHI1BWl1e CBOYl HaUI10HaJIbHbIe TPallI1UI1Yl.

fOCYllapCTBeHHbIH 5I3bIK - aHrJIl1HCKI1H - WYlpOKO pacnpOCT-

paHeH BO BceM Ml1pe. BeJIYlK06pI1TaHI15I - rYCTOHaceJleHHa5I

CTpaHa C npe06J1allaHl1eM ropOllCKoro HaCeJleHI15I. JIOHOOH-Olll1H 113KpynHeHWYlX roPOllOB EBponbI (pYlc. 258).

BeJlI1K06pI1TaHI151, KaK cI>paHUI151 11 fepMaHI151, BXOlll1T BT CeMepKy BbICOKOP~3BI1TbIX CTpaH MYlpa. BellY-

wee MeCTO B X0351I1CTBe3aHI1MaeT npOMbllll- .•

JleHHOCTb. J.1311aBHa B CTpaHe ll06bIBaIOT

yroJl b. Pa3pa6aTbIBa1OTC5I MeCTOp0)f(lleHYl51

He¢TI1 11 ra3a Ha rneJlb¢e CeeepHo2o Mopa.MeTaJlJlyprl1y.eCKYle 3aBOllbI pa60TaIOT Ha ,.

rrpl1B03HOM CbIpbe. MaWI1HOCTpOI1TeJlbHbIe

npellnpl151TI15I BblrrycKalOT CYlla, aBTOM06I1JII1,

CaMOJleT~, CTaHKYl, pallYl03J1eKTpOHH~e

npl160pbI. XI1MI1y.eCKa51 npOMbIWJleHHOCTb

cneUl1aJll13l1pyeTc5I Ha npOYl3BOllCTBe nJIaCT-

Macc, CI1HTeTl1yeCKOrO Kayy.yKa, MI1HepaJIbHbIX

Yll06peHI1H. TpallYlUl10HHOH oCTaeTC5I

TeKCTI1J1bHa5IOTpaCJlb.

B CeJlbCKOM X03HHCTBe 6pYlTaHUbI

HaYYI1J1YlCb I1CnOJlb30BaTb Ka)f(llbIH KJlOYOK

Bem1Ko6pmaHV1$l 06beiJ,V1H$leT He-

CKonbKO V1CTopWleCKV1X 06naCTeVi:

AHrnV1lO, WOTnaHAV1IO, Y3nbC V1Ce-

BepHylO VlpnaHiJ,V1IO. ,D,o XVIII B. ee

Ha3blBanill AHrnV1eVi, 3TO 6blno IIlCTO-

pV14eCKoe $lAPO roCYAapCTBa. KorAa

npIllCOeiJ,V1HV1naCb Wom8HjJ,II7R, HO-

Boe rOCYAapCTBO CTanV1 Ha3blBaTb

BeJlll7K06pll7T8HII7H (TaK >Ke, KaK ca-

MblVi KpynHblVi V13 6plllTaHcKV1x OCT-

pOBOB). nocne npV1coeAV1HeHV1$l Vlp-

naHAV1V1 CTpaHa nony411lna HblHew-

Hee Ha3BaHV1e - COelJ,fAHeHHOe Ko-

poneSCTSO BenfAK06pfATaHfAfA fA

CesepHo;;; MpnaHlJ,fAfA, IIlnV1 COKpa-

w,eHHO BenfAK06pfATaHfAfI.

I BLil3Li1THbie KapTO<fKLiI J1oHAoHa

, nOHAOH, OCHOBaHHbliii plIIMmlHaMIII

ew,e B Ha4ane Haweiii 3pbl, HblHe -

KpynHbliii <pIIIHaHCOBbliii III KynbTyp-

Hbliii u,eHTp MlllpOBOrO 3Ha4eHIII~. Era

BceMlllpHo 1113BeCTHbieTyplIICTlII4ec-

Kille 06beKTbl: Tay3p - 3aMOK-Kpe-

nOCTb XI B., 6YKIIIHreMCKllliii ABopeu,-

pe3I11AeHu,III~ aHrnllliiicKIIIX Koponeiii,

4aCbl 6I11r-6eH, MY3eiii MaAaM TlOc-

co, rAe BblCTaBneHbl BOCKOBbleJ. .. <PlllrYPbl MIllPOBblX ~

, " ~ 3HaMeHIIITOCTeiii. ~

3eMJlH. BbIpaw,HBaIOT nweHHUY, OBec, Hy.MeHb,BblAalO~LiIecSi 6pLilTaH~bl

caxapHYIO CBeKJIY, KapTocPeJIb. Ha cPepMax pa3- BenlllKo6plIITaHIII~ _ pOAIIIHa Bce-

BO)J,51TM5ICHbIe 11MOJlOy.Hble nopO)J,br KOPOB, a MlllpHO 1113BeCTHbiXY4eHbIX, nlllcaTe-

TaJOKeOBeu, CBI1Heti. OOnyJI5IPHO KOHeBOllCTBO: neiii, My3bIKaHTOB. lt1caaK HblOTOH -

nOpOllI1CTblX JIowa)J,eti pa3BOllHT co cnopTHB- BbIAalOw,lIIiiic~ <p1II3111KIII MaTeMaTIIIK,

HOti ueJIblO. XopOWO pa3BI1TO pbr60JlOBCTBO: KOTOpbliii oTKpbln 3aKOH BceMlllpHo-ro T~raTeHIII~ III 06b~cHllln ABIII)I(e-

B MOp5lX BbIJlaBJII1BaIOT npeI1Myw,eCTBeHHO Hille nnaHeT. Ylllnb~M WeKcnlllp-

CeJlb)J,b,TpecKy, KHJlbKY· reHlllanbHbliii nlllcaTenb, aBTOp 1113Be-

Pa3BI1TbI Bce BHllbI TpaHcnopTa. I1HTe- CTHblX B MIllPOBOiii nlllTepaType Tpa-

peCHO, Y.TOB BeJlI1K06pI1TaHI1I1JIeBOCTOpOHHee . reAllliii "PoMeo III ,l],)I(ynbeTTa»,

llBI1)[(eHI1e B OTJII1'·IHe OT 60JlbWI1HCTBa CTpaH, "OTenno» III AP· ,l],)I(OHneHHoH, non

me OHO npaBOCTopOHHee. KaK 11B)J,PYTHXCTpa- MaKKapTHIII, ,l],)I(0PA)I( XapplllcoH III~PIIIHro CTapp - c03AaTenlll nereH-

Hax, 60JIhWOe BHI1MaHHe YlleJI5IeTC5I TYPM3MY· AapHoiii pOK-rpynnbl

BeJlHK06pI1TaH115I - p0,llI1Ha nonyJI5IpHhrX BO '- ,,6I11Tn3». . ,®

BceM MI·tpe CnOpTI1BHhIX Hrp (cPYT60Jla, 6aCKeT- l

60JIa, TeHHHca). BeJII1K06pHTaHl151l1MeeT TOprOBbIe CB}l3M co

MHOrHMI1 CTpaHaMI1 MHpa, BTOM l.JI1CJIeC YKpaHHoti. OHa npOlla-

eT TpaHcnopTHbre Cpe,llCTBa, pa3Ho06pa3Hoe 060pY,llOBaHI1e,

TKaHI1, o)J,e)[()lY. Y Hac nOKynaeT l.JyryH 11CTaJlh, 3JleKTpo:::mepre-

TI1l.JeCKOe060pY,llOBaHI1e, Me6eJIh, 3epHO, paCTI1TeJIhHOe MaCJIO.

(! 3AnOMHHTE• CTpaHbI 3ana)l,HOH EBponbl - fepMaHM}I, <l>paHUM}I, BeJIMK06pMTaHM}I - 3TO

BbiCOKopa3BMTbie CTpaHbI MMpa C MHorOOTpaCJIeBOH npOMblIUJIeHHOCTblO M

BbICOKonpo)l,yKTMBHbIM CeJIbCKMM X03}1HCTBOM.

BonpOCbl H 3AAAHHSI

1.KaKVle oTpacnVl npoMblwneHHocTVl pa3BVlTbi B repMaHVlVl?

2. CpaBHVlTe reorpaepw-JecKoe nOnO)l(eH\I1e <DpaHlJ,VlVl\11BenVlK06p\l1TaH\I1\11.

3. OxapaKTep\l13YVlTe cenbCKoe X0351VlCTBO<DpaHlJ,\I1\11.

4. nO'1eMy Ben \11Ko6p\l1TaH \1151, <DpaHlJ,\I151,repMaH\I151 OTHOC51TC51K BbicoKopa3BVlTbiM

CTpaHaM MVlpa?

§ 55. CTPAHhI IOJKHOH EBPOnhI~ • Kal<Vle60nbWVle nonyocTpoBa paCIlOnO>KeHbl Ha lOre EBponbl?

• KaKVle p,peBHVle rocyp,apCTBa cyw,eCTBOBanVl Ha lOre EBponbl?

PECnYEim1KAl1TAIWISI

• 301 TbIC. KM2

t 58 MllH '-Ie.n.

@) PIi1M

CaMbIC 60JIbUll1C no nJIoIlI,a,1J,11rocy,1J,apCTBa JO)KHOH EBpO-

nbI - I1cnaHu51, I1maflu51, rpe~ufl 11 [JopmY2aflufl. KpOMe TOro,

31leCb HaXO,ll5ITCH KpOxoHlble rocy,1J,apCTBa BamuKaH 11 CaH-Ma-pUHO. Bce OHH paCnOJlO)KeHbI Ha KpynHbIx nOJIyocTpoBax. 3TO

Hal160JIee B03BbIUleHHa5I yaCTb EBponbI, 31leCb 11HbIHe aKTI1BHO

llei1cTBylOT ByJ1KaHbI. JO)KHylO EBpony, me B03HHKJII111 pa3BI1Ba-

JII1CbllpcBHl1e rocYllapCTBa, Ha3bIBalOT KOJIbl6cJIblO eBponcHcKoH

LJ,11BI1JII13al.J.l1l1.

MTAJUUI. 3TO 01lHa 113 caMbIX ,1J,PCBHI1XCTpaH Ml1pa. DOJIee

2 TbIC. JleT ce Teppl1TOpl1H 6bIJIa ueHTpOM PVIMCKOH 11MIlepVI 11.

OHa paCIlOJIO)KeHa HaAneltltUItCKOM 1l0flyocmp06e, OYepTaHHH KO-

TOpOro HanOM HHalOT CanO)KOK. I1TaJIl111 npH Ha,Ll.JIe)KaTTaK)KC oc-mp06a CU~UflU51, CapOUHU51H ,1J,PYfl1C,YTO B CpC,1J,H3eMHOM Mope.

I1pnpO,IJ.a CTpaHbI OTJ1l1yaCTCHpa3Ho06pa3HeM - OT Bel.JHbIX

CHerOB ropHbIX BepWI1H 110TenJ1bfX paBHHH IOra. PeJIbe¢ npel1MY-

IlI,eCTBeHHO roPHbIH. Ha ceBepe B03BbIWalOTC5I BbICOKl1e Aflbnbl,AneltHUHbl nepeceKalOT CTPaHy C ceBepa Ha lOr. rop006pa3YIOIlI,l1e

npOIJ,eCCbf 31l,eCbeIlI,e He 33BCPUlHJ1I1Cb, C HHMl1 CBH3aHbI 3eMJ1e-

TpHCeHI151 11 BYJ1KaHH3M. Ha lOre CTpaHbI HaXO,IJ.I1TCHO,1J,HH113

caMbIX aKH1BI-IbfX ByJ1KaHOB EBPOIlbI - Be3Y6uu. 80 BpeMH ero

113Bep)KeHI1H B 79 r. IlOrH6J111 TpH ropOlla - [JoMneu, J'epKYfl{mYM 11

/ Lll1a6ufI. nOMnel1 yaCTl1l.JI-IOOYHIlI,eHbI OT JIaBbI

VI BYJ1KaHl1yeCKoro IlenJ1a 11npeBpaIlI,eHbI B My-

3eI1. Ha CI1LJ,HJ11111B03BblIliaeTCH 3mlta - caMbIH

BbICOKI1H ,1J,ei1.cTBYIOIlI,I1H ByJIKaH EBPOIlbI

Ha3BaHiIl8 MTan/tffl iIl3BeCTHOew,e iIl3

,lJ,peBHero PiIlMa. TaK Ha3blBanill Tep-

PillTOPVlIO, r,o,e>Kl~nill/tfTan/tfKVI- nne-

MeHa AneHHiIlHCKoro nonyocTpOBa.

Be'-lHbl~ ropOAPiIlM cyw,eCTBOBan y>Ke B 753 r. ,0,0

H. 3., n03TOMY ero Ha3blBalOT «B8LJ-

HblM ropo,o,OM». no 60raTcTBy ill pa3-

Ho06pa3i1llO iIlCTOpiIlLJeCKiIlXnaMSHHiIl-

KOBeMy HeT paBHblX B M!IIpe. B PV1Me

COXpaH~1nillCb apxiIlTeKTypHble we-

,o,eBpbl ill aHTI~LJHOCTiIl,ill cpe,o,HeBe-

KOBbs:l,ill 3nOXiIl B03P0>K,D,8HiIls:l.B My-

3es:lX c06paHbi YHiIlKan~Hb18 npOill3~ ...Be,o,eHlils:liIlTanbs:lHCKOill>KiIlBOllillCiIl .~~

"-!II CKynbmypbl. ,""'I

I

PIi1C. 259. PIi1M - CTOll1il4a Ii1Tall1i11i1

(3340 M). rOpHble paHoHLI Y1MeIOT1J)l5I crpaHbl BblAalO~HecSI HTanbSlH~bl

60JIblllOe 3HaLfeHl1e, 3TO CB5I3aHO C Y1CnOJIb30Ba- 1,1TamHl gana MlI1py BblgalOUJ,II1XC51

Hl1eM JIeCHblX pecypcoB 11ropHbIM TypI13MOM. Ha xygO>KHII1KOB.6yoHapoTTII1 MII1KeJlaH-

paBHI1HaX pa3BI1BaeTC5I 3eMJIelleJll1e. 3TOMY g>Keno - reHlI1aJlbHbl1lt cKynbnTOp,

6JIarOnpl15ITCTByeT cy6TpOnl1LfeCKl1H Cpelll1- XygO>KHViK, apXII1T8KTOP 111nOST xv-XVI BB. HII1KKOJlO naraHII1HII1 - He-

3eMHOMOpCKl1H KJIY1MaT, OyeHb KOM¢OPTHbIH _..-npeB30ll1geHHblll1 CKpll1n~lj 111KOMnO-~1J)l513110POBb5IJIlOlleH. PeKI1 vlTaJIl1H KOpOTKl1e 3I11TOp,3aJlO>KII1BWII1I11OCHOBbl

11 I1MelOT ropHbli1" xapaKTep. OHI1 113BeCTHbi cOBpeMeHHOIlt TeXH!I1KII1 1.1"CBOI1Ml1 HaBOllHeHI15IMI1, l1HOma KaTaClpO¢I1- II1rpbl Ha CKpVlnKe ~tl""?LfeCKI1MI1. no - CaMa51 KpynHa5I peKa CTpaHbl, Ha Tu6pe CTOI1T rPI1M. HbIHe nJlOl.llaLIl1 eCTeCTBeHHblX 13eLfH03eJIeHbIX )I(eCTKOJlI1-

CTHbIX JIeCOB VI KycTapHVlKOB, xapaKTepHbIX llJI51 CpellY13eMHO-

MOpL5I, 3aH5IJI11 CeJIbCKOX035111cTBeHHble yrollb51.

HaCeJleHHe CTpaHbI no HaUi10HaJIbHOMycocTaByollHOpOJl-

Hoe (98 % COCTaBJI5IIOTI1TaJIb51HU,b!). DOJJbllllljHCTBO )I(l1BeT 13ro-

pOLlax. PUM - CTOJI11ua vlTaJJl111 - Olll1H 11311peBHeHWY1X ropOllOB

Ha nJJaHeTe. 311eCb paCnOJIQ)KeHO MUHU-2ocyoapcmeo BamWWH.VtT3JJI15I- OllHO 113BblCOKOpa3BI1TbIX roCY1l3PCTB Ml1pa. OCHO-

BOH ee X0351HCTBa 5lBJJ51eTC5In po MhllUJi e H H OCTb. CBOY1XnOJIe3-

HbIX I1CKOnaeMblX HellOCT3TOYHO, n03TOMY MHoro Cblpb5I I1TaJIH51

BB0311T H3 llPyrl1X CTpaH. LI.06bIBa1OT nOJII1MeTaJIJII1LfeCKHe 11

pTyTHbJe PYllbI, KOTopble 5IBJI5IIOTC5ICblpbeM 1J)l5IL1,BeTHOHMeTaJI-

JIyprl1. VtTaJIl151 CJI3BHTC5I pa3HOLl,BeTHblM MpaMopOM, KOTOPbli1"

l1enOJl b3YlOT KaK 06JI 11UOBOY Hbl11 MaTepHaJI Y1llJI5I C0311aHY15I

cKyJIbnTyp. Ero 1l06bIBaJIl1 el.lle 13aHTI1LfHble BpeMeHa. Pa3Bl1TbI

pa3Hble OTpaCJII1 M3111I1HOCTpOeHI151:CYllocTpOeHl1e, 3JIeKTpOTCX-

HVl'1eCK35I, pallI103JJeKTpOHHa5I. 3aBoD.bl «<DJ.1AT» BbIrlYCKalOT

aBTOM06I1JJI1. npOllYKUI15I XI1MI1LfeCKOH OTpaCJII1 npellCTaBJIeHa

nJlaCTMaCCaMI1, CY1HTen1LfeCKI1MH BOJIOKHal'vlY1 11 np. Pa3Bl1Ta

JJerKa5I npOMblWJleHHOCTb - I1TaJIb5lHCKl1e Olle)!(lla l1 06YBb

L1,eH51TC5I130 BceM Ml1pe. Topoo MUflaH C4I1TaeTC5I Me)l(llYI-mpOll-

HbIM u,eHTpOM MOllbI. nl1l.lleBa51 npOMbllllJleHHOCTb nepepa6aTbl-

BaeT npOllYKUl110 CeJIbCKOrO X0351HCTBa.

Ml1pOBOe npH3HaHMe no.rrYLfI1J1MI1TaJIb5IHCKl1e

BI1I-la M MaKapOHHble 11311eJlI15I.B 4aCTHOCTIIj,

cnareTTI1 - HClUl10HaJIbHOe 6JIlOllO, KOTopoe

113BeCTHOD.aneKO 3a llpelleJlaMI1 CTpaHbI.

BCllYl.llcti OTpaCJIblO CeJlbCKOrO X03HU-

CT B a 5IBJI5IeTC5I pacTeH MeBollcTBO, OCHOBHaH:

KyJIbTypa - BMHOrpaLI. VtTaJIl15I - Ml1pOBOH JII1-

llep no ero BblpaWI1BaHMIO M np0l13BOllCTBY B1-1H.

06wMpHble nJIOmalll1 3aH5ITbl nWeHl1uei1",

OnpelleJIeHHble copTa KOTOPOH I111YTHa M3rOTOB-

JIeHl1e MaKapOH. BblpaUlI1BalOTTaK)l(e KYKYPY3Y,

PI1C, caxapHylO CBeKJlY, OBOUlI1. Ho 60JIbllle

rAe paCTYT MacnHHblMaCJlIl1Hbl (onIl1BKII1)- nnogbl OJlIl1BKO-

BOro gepeBa, KOTopoe BblpaUJ,II1BalOT

B Cpegll13eMHoMopbe y>Ke 60Jlee

6 000 JleT. C aHTlI1ljHbiX BpeMeH Ma-

pll1HOBamll11c03peBLUII1e ljepHble nJlO-

gbl, 1113eneHble. Onll1BKOBOe Macno

ynoTpe6n51JlIl1 B nll1UJ,y1111I13roTOBJ151nll1

1113Hero MbIJlO. OCHOBHblMII1 nOCTaB-

UJ,II1KaMII1KOHCepBlI1pOBaHHblX Mac-

nll1H Ha MIllPOBOIlt PblHOK 51Bn51IOTC51

~CnaHII151, ~Tanll151, IPe~II151.0JlIl1BK~JJ

Ba51BeTBb - STO CII1MBOJlMillpa ri~1116narononYljll151. W

,I

naAalOw,aSl 6aWHSI Bcero I1T3JU15ICJI3BHTC5lCBOHMH <PPYKT3MH - 516-

B VlTanb51HCKOMropOAe nVl3a JIOK3MH, fPYW3MH, nepCJ1K3MH, YepeWHeH,eCTb YHVlKanbHoe cooPy)I(e- HH)J(HpOM, 3neJIbCHH3MH, JIHMOH3MJ1. Ee H33bI-HVle - naAalOl1\a51 6aWH51. Ee B3IOT «fJIaBHbIM Ca,LI,OM» EBpOnbI. I1TaJIH5I _CTpOVlTenbCTBO Ha'-lanOCb B

1174 r. VI npoAon)l(anOCb nO'-lTVI MJ1pOBOH np0J13BO,LI,J1TeJIbMaCJIHH H OJIHBKOBO-

200 neT. Ho y)l(e B Ha'-lane pa60Tbi ro MaCJIa. Pa3BO,LI,51TKpynHbIH poraTbIH CKOT,

BcneACTBVle OCeAaHVl51 rpyHTa 6aw- CBJ1HeH, oBeu. KaK MOpCKa51 ,LI,ep)KaBa l1TaJIl15l

H51OTKnOHVlnOCb OT BepTVlKanbHOtl1 HMeeTpa3BHToe pbI60JIOBCTBO, 3aHJ1MaeTC5I npo-

OCVI. B Haw5

VI AHVI OT6

KnOH:HVle co- MblCJIOM TYHua H C3P,LI,J1HB Cpe,LI,1I13eMHOMMope.CTaBn51eT M npVl 0 l1\eVl BbICOT~e55 M. YT06bl nVl3aHCKa51 6aWH51 H J Pa3BJ1TbI Bce BJ1,LI,bITpaHcnopTa (aBTOMO-

ynana, He.06XOAVIMO npOBeCTVI ..:t'. 611JIbHbIH, )KeJIe3HO,LI,OPO)KH.blH, B03,LI,YWHbIH,VlH)I(eHepHble pa6oTbi. G"'>: MOpCKOH). fJIaBHble MOpcKHe nopTbI: Tpuecm,

. BeHell,Ufl H FeHyfl - rOpO,LI" r,LI,epO,LI,HJIC5IXpHCTO-

<pop KOJIYM6. l1TaJIJ15l npO,LI,aeT B ,LI,pyme CTpaHbl TpaHcnOpTHble

cpellcTBa, npOllYKUl11O XHMl1yeCKOM OTpaCJIJ1, npOllOBOJIbCTBeH-

Hble TOBaphI, 06YBh H o,LI,e)Klly. YKp3HHa nOCTaBJI5IeT B I1TaJIHIO

YYryH, CTaJIh, MHHepaJIhHhle y,LI,06peHI15I. 3HaYHTeJIhHhle ,LI,OXOllbI

cTp3Ha nOJIyYaeT OT J1HOCTpaHHblx TYPJ1CTOB, KOTOpbIX npJ1BJ1eKa-

IOTI1CTOpHyeCKHe naM5ITHHKJ1, Cpe,LI,}13eMHOMopcKHe nJ1H)KI1, roph!.

rOCY~CTBA-«KAPJIIIKH». Ha Teppl1TOpHJ1 l1TaJIJ111 pac-

nOJIaraIOTC5I He6oJ1hWl1e no nJ10llla.nJ1 J1 KOJ1J1yeCTBY HaCeJ1eHJ15l

cTpaHhI, KOTophle Ha3hIBalOT MJ1HH-CTP3H3MI1, J1JII1rocyllapcTBa-

MI1-«KapJI11 K3MH».

BamuKaH - HaHMeHhwee focy,LI,apCTBO B MJ1pe. 3TO cBoero pOlla

«CTpaHa B ropolle», Be,LI,hBaTHKaH HaxO,LI,I1TC5Inocpe,LI,11 PI1Ma-

CTOJ1I1UhI I1TaJIl1J1. BaTI1KaH OKp~eH Cpe,LI,HeBeKOBbIMJ1 CTeHa-

MJ1. Tpl1 BXO,LI,aOXpaH5IIOTC5l HaUHOH3J1hHOM fBap,LI,l1eH. 3TO

YHI1KaJIhHOe fOCy,L13pCTBO 51BJ151eTC5IMeCTOM npe6bIBaHI151 nanhI

PI1MCKOfO - rJI3BhI pJ1MCKO-KaTOJ1I1'-1eCKOM uepKBI1. H3CeJIeHJ1e

BaTI1KaHa -CB5Illl,eHHI1KJ1I1JIIO,LI,J1, pa60TaIOllll1e B nancKOMllBOP-

lI,e, 6J16JII10TeKe, MY3e5lx. fOCY,LI,apCTBO I1MeeT pa.nHOCT3HUI1IO,

TeJIeBI1,LI,eHJ1eJ1 6aHKOBCKYIO CI1CTeMY. I1MeeT-

C5I co6CTBeHHa51 )KeJ1e3Ha51 ,LI,opora J1 MOpCKOM

<pJIOT. H3 MJ1HJ1aTlOpHOH TeppJ1TOpHJ1 BaTHK3-

Ha HaXO,LI,51TC5IMHOrOYI1CJIeHHhle J1CTOpHyeCKl1e

naM51THI1KI1 J1MY3el1. CpellJ1 HI1X - co6op CB5I-

TOro fleTpa, B03Be,LI,eHHbIM B XVI B., KOTOphIH

5IBJI5IeTC5I caMhIM H3BeCTHhIM KaTOJ1I1'-1eCKl1M

xpaMOM B MHpe; nanCKI1HllBOpeu (pe3J111eHUJ15I)

co 3H3MeHHTOH CI1KCTI1HCKOH KaneJIJ10M. B

6J16JIJ10TeKe XpaH51TC5I ,LI,eC5ITKI1ThIC5IY. CTapJ1H-

HbIX pYKonl1ceH H 6oJ1ee 1 MJ1H KHHr. B MY3e5lX

cocpellOTOLJeHhI YHJ1KaJIhHhle np0J13Be,LI,eHJ15I

I1CKyccTBa, npl1BJ1eKalOml1e TYPJ1CTOB co Bcero

MJ1pa. Ba)KHhIM I1CTOYHI1KOM ,LI,OXO,LI,OBBantKa-

ComaCHO nereHAe CaH-MaplltHOOCHOBan B 301 r. cKynbnTOp-Ka-MeHu.(L1KMapV1H. n03AHee l.\epKOBb06b>lBL1na ero CB>lTbIM, a cTpaHyHa3BanL1 ero L1MeHeM.

MapKaCaH-MapIiIHo

PECnY6JWlKACAH-MAP~HO

BonpOCbl H 3AAAHHSI1. PaCCKa)/(lI1Te 0 reorpaepV1'-leCKOM nonO>KeHV1V1cTpaH 1O)I(HOV1EBponbl.

2. KaKV1e oco6eHHocTV1 npV1pO,Ll,bl v1TanV1V16naronpV15HHbl,LJ,ns:l )/(V13HV1V1X03s:1V1CTBeH-

HOV1,Ll,es:lTenbHOCTV1'-lenOBeKa?

3. nO'-leMy PV1M Ha3blBalOT "MV1POBbIM LJ,eHTpOM TYPV13Ma»?

4. KaKoe rocy,Ll,apCTBO Ha3blBalOT "CTpaHOLit B ropo,Ll,e»? YTO Bbl 0 HeV13HaeTe?

Plilc.261.CaH-MapIiIHOHa 5fBJl51IOTC5l naJlOMHHKH - BepYIOl.lJ,He, npHe3)1(alOl.lJ,He

nOKJlOHHTbC51 CB5lTbIM MeCTaM. B 2001 r. nana pHMCKHH BnepBble

nOCeTI1Jl YKpaHHY.

CaH.-MapuH.o pacnOJlaraeTC51 B npe,lI,eJlax I1TaJTHI1, Ha BOCTOlJ-

HblX oTporaxAneH.H.uH.. 0 pa3Mepax CTpaHbl CBH,lI,eTeJlbCTByeT npo-

T51)l(eHI-IOCTb ee rpaHI1l.l, - Bcero 34 KM! Be,lI,Yl.lJ,HMH OTpaCJl51MI1

X035fHCTBa 5lBJl51IOTC5fCeJlbCKOe X035lHCTBO H TypH3M. Bblpal.lJ,HBa-

lOT nWeHHIJ,y H BHHorpM, pa3BO,lI,5lT KpynHblw poraTbIH CKOT I1

cBHHei1. nHllJ,eBble npe,lI,npH51TH51 np0I13BO,lI,5lT Cblpbl. rOCY,lI,ap-

CTBeHHa51 Ka3Ha ,noro KpOXOTHOro rocynapcTBa nOnOJlH5leTC51 3a

CL[eT TypHCTOB, KOTOpblX npHBJleKalOT )I(HBOnHCHble neH3a)l(l1 11

Cpe,lI,HeBeKOBble 3aMKI1. OC06ylO CTaTblO ,lI,OXO,lI,OBCOCTaBJl51IOT

npO,lI,a)l(a nO'-lTOBbIX MapOK C rreqaTblO CaH-MapI1HO 11'-IeKaHKa

MOHeT, KOTopble ueH51TC5l KOJlJleKl.l,110HepaMH BO BceM Ml1pe.

(! 3AnOMHHTE• CTpaHbl IOMHOH EBponbl pacnOJIaralOTC» Ha KpynHblx nOJIyocTpoBax H

OCTpOBax Cpe)l.H3eMHoro MOp».• HTaJIH» BXO)l.HTB ceMepKy BblCOKopa3BHTblX CTpaH MHpa. B IOMHOH EBpone

pacnOJIaralOTC» rocy)l.apCTBa-«KapJIHKH» - BaTHKaH, CaH-MapHHO.

rEOrPAC1>w:eECKASI 3AAA"tAMHorV1e V1Tanbs:lHLJ,blYBneKalOTCs:I epYT60nOM. lI1Tanbs:lHCKV1e epYT60nbHbie KOMaH,Ll,bl

"IOBeHTyc», "MV1naH», "POMa», "naLJ,V10» V1MeIOTMV1pOBylO 1I13BeCTHOCTb. C nOMOUJ,blO

,Ll,OnOnHlI1TenbHblX lI1CTO'-lHillKOB lI1HepopMaLJ,lI1l11Bbls:lCHlI1Te, KaKlI1e ropo,Ll,a lI1Tanll1l11OHlI1

npe,Ll,CTaBns:lIOT.

• 604 TbIC. KM2

i 47 MIlH ••ell.

@ Kl1eB

Pl1c.262.Kl1eB - rllaBHblH

npoMblwlleHHbliii

11KyllbTypHbliii

~eHTp YKpal1Hbl

§ 56. CTPAHbI UEHTPAJIbHOMII BOCTOqHOM EBPOllbI

• BCnOMHII1Te, KaKvle roCYAapCTBa 51BmnOTC51coceA51Mvl YKpall1Hbl.

• KaKlI1eHapOA~OTHOC51TC51KcnaB51HCKO~R3~KoBo~rpynne?

B lJ,eHTpaJlbHoi1 H BOCT04H0i1 EBpone pacnOJIaralOTC5I flOflbUlQ,CfloeaKUfl, BeHZpU51,PyMbIHUfl. flocJle pacnMa CCCP B 1991 r. Ha

nOJIHTWlecKoi1 KapTC EBponbl n05lBHJIHCb HOBble He3aBHCVlMbie

rocyLJ,apCTBa, B 4aCTHOCTH EeJWpyCb, !VIoflooea H YKpaUHa. Bce 3TH

CTpaHbI 51BJI5IIOTC5IHaWHMH COCeLJ,51IVIH.no ypOBHIO 3KOHOMWlec-

Koro pa3BHTH5I OHH YCTynalOT rocy)]apCTBaM CeBepHoi1, 3anM-

HOM H IO)KHOM EBpOnbi. B nOCJleLJ,Hee BpeM5I B 3KOHOMVlKe VI

ynpaBJleHHH CTpaH BOCT04HOt'1 EBponbl npOHCXOLJ,51T60JlbWHe

H3MeHeHI151.

YKPAlIHA. no nJIOW3Jl11YKpaHHa - HaH60JlbW351 CTpaHa EBPO-

nbi. Ha lOre OHa OMbIBaeTC5I lJepHbl,M H A30eCKUM JHOpflMU. Hawa

CTpaHa 3aHl1MaeT BblrOLJ,HOe reorpa¢WleCKoe nOJlO>KeHl1e,

nOCKOJlbKY HRXOLJ,I1TC5IHa nepeCe4eHl111 nYTeM Me)K)]y EBponoi111

A3V1ei1.npHpO,lJ,a YKpal1Hbl pa3Ho06pa3Ha 11>KI1B00I1CHa. 56JIbWa51

lfaCTb reppfofTOpl1J.1 paBHI1HHa51. CpeLJ,HeBbICOTHble ropbl-

YKpaUHCKue Kapnambl- npOCTYlpalOTC51Ha3a031l.e CTpaHbl, KpblM-Clwe - Ha lOre. PelW JI.Henp, KOTOpylO B YKpal1He BeJHl4alOT

CJIaBYTWleM, opOTeKaeT CceBepa Ha lOr 11BnMaeT B l..J.epHoe MOpC.

npe06JlaLJ,aeT yMepeHHO KOHTI1HeHTaJIbHbli1 KJlVlMaT VI TOJIbKO

Ha IO>KHOM 6epery KpblMa - cy6Tp00l14eCKl1M Cpe)]113eMHOMOp-

CKI1M. Ha CCBepe CTpaHbl pacnpOCTpaHeHbl CMewaHHble JIeca, B

ueHTpe - JIeCOCTenl1, Ha lOre - CTenl1. 3Ha'-II1TeJlbHble nJIOW3Jl11

3aHl1MalOT 4epH03eMbi - caMble nJlO)]OpO)]Hble n04BbI. YKpaHH-

CKHe 3eMJIH 004TH OOJIHOCTblO pacnaXaHbI.

E6JlbWa514aCTb HaCeJIeHHlI CTpaHbl -yKpaI1HUbI. KpoMe HI1X

>KI1BYTpYCCKl1e, 6CJlOpyCbl, KpblMCKHe TaTapbl, eBpel1, MOJlll.aBaHe.

KaK VI B LJ,PYfHX CTpaHax EBpOObl, npe06JIaLJ,aeT ropO)]CKOe

HaCeJ1eHltle. KpynHbIe ropOLI,a - Kuee, XapbKOe, )1,HenponempOeCK,)1,oHell,K, oaecca.

TIpoMbIIDJIeHHOCTb -OCHOBaX035IMCTBaCTpaHbl. B)1,oHell,lWM6aCCelLHe(,II,oH6acc) LI,06bIBalOT yrOJ1b, KOTOpbIM 5lBJ15IeTC5ITOfIJlltI-

BOMLI,J151T3C. 3J1eKTp03HeprJtllO BbIpa6aTbIBalOTTaIOKe f3C 11A3C.

)[(ene3Ha5I pyLI,a 11MapraHeu CJ1j')KaTCblpbeM LI,J15I~IepHOM MeTaJ1J1yp-

mHo OTe4eCTBeHHbIe MaWItIHOCTpOI1TeJIbHbIe npellnpl15lTH51 npo-

1t13BOLI,5ITpa3Hoo6pa3Hoe 060pYllOBaHltle, CaMOJIeTbI, CTaHKItI,

npltl60pbI. XItIMItI4eCKa5l npOMbIWJ1eHHOCTb ItICn0J1b3yeT KaJ1I1MHble

C0J111ItI cepy LI,J151npOItl3BOLI,CTBa yLI,06peHHM. Pa3BHTbI LI,epeBoo6pa-

6aTbIBalOI.l.I,a5I, Me6eJ1bHa5I, J1erKa5I ItI nl1I.l.1,eBa5IOTpaCJ11t1.

B CeJIbCKOM X03HHCTBe npe06J1MaeT 3epHOBoe HanpaB-

neHl1e (nweHHua, pO)((b, KyKypy3a, WIMeHb). YKpaltlHa - 3TO CBeK-

nOBOLI,4eCKI1M paMOH MltlpOBOrO 3HaQeHI15I. CaXapHa5I CBeKJ1a

OTJ1114aeTC5IBbICOKHM COLI,ep)l(aHltleM caxapa B KOpHenJ1011ax, I1MeH-

HO OHItI ItICn0J1b3YlOTC5ILI,J15InpOItl3BOLI,CTBa caxapa. Ha lOre o6wltlp-

HbIe nJ10I.l.l,MI1 3aHItIMaeT nOLI,COJ1HeQHItIK- MaCJ11t14Ha5IKYJ1bTYpa,

1t13CeM5IH KOTOPOM nOJ1yqalOT paCTItITeJ1bHOe MaCJ10. KPblM H

3aKapnambe - paMOHbI BItIHorPMapCTBa. nOBceMeCTHO pa3BOll5IT

KpynHblM poraTblM CKOT 11CBItIHeM, OBeu - B CTenltl ItI KapnaTax.

Pa3BItITbI Bce BltIllbI TpaHcnopTa. )[(eJ1e3Hble LI,OpOrJtl ItI aBTO-

MarHCTpaJ11t1 CB5I3blBalOT caMble OTllaJ1eHHbIe perltlOHbl CTpaHbI.

B03LI,YWHbIM H MOpCKOM TpaHcnOpTCOeLI,I1H51eT YKpal1HYc 80 CTpa-

HaMI1 Mltlpa. fJ1aBHbIe MopCKHe nopTbI: 11IlbU'1eeCK, oaecca,XepcoH. Tpy6onpOBOLI,HbIM TpaHcnopT LI,OCTaBJ151eTHecPTb H ra3.

TIOJIbIIIA. 3TO 60J1bWa5I eBponeMCKa5I CTpaHa, cocellKa YKpa-

ItIHbI Ha ceBepO-3analle. OHa HMeeT BbIXOLI,K EallmUUCKOMY MOplO.TIpHpOLI,HbIe yCJIOBHH nOJ1bWItI 6J1arOnpItl5ITHbl1lJ151 pa3BItI-

TItI5I X035IikTBa. PeJlbecP npeltlMyI.l.l,eCTBeHHO paBHHHHblti, TOJ1bKO

Ha lOre CTpaHbl npOCTI1palOTC5I CpeLI,HeBbICOTHble 20Pbl Cyaembl 11

Kapnambl. KJ1It1MaT 6J1arOnpl151THbIM LI,J151BblpaI.l.l,ItIBaHItI5I CeJ1bC-

KOX0351MCTBeHHbIX KYJ1bTYP yMepeHHoro n05Ica. Haltl6oJ1bWa5I

peKa - Buclla. nOJlbWa pacn0J10)l(eHa B 30He CMewaHHbIXJ1eCOB,

HO J1eca 3aHHMalOT J1It1Wb n5lTylO 4aCTb TeppltlTOpHI1.

l

• 313 TbIC. KM2

t 38 MnH lfen.

@ BapwaBa:+-o~AbI..,+.~." ~"'~

'i' _, \_::a~ .r'S:: ';'Y:a

Ha lOre nOJ1bWII1HaXOAII1TC>l~~. '_j~cftcaMbl;;' t:lpeSHM;;' B EBpone Jflfn~~

l..(eHTp t:106bl<iM CORM. 3TO COfl>lHa>l

waXTa BeflWJKa, 1I13BeCTHa>lC XI B. B

ee COfl>lHbIX nflaCTax ew,e B XV!I B.

ropH>lKII1 Bblpy6l11flll1 4acoBeHKy C

pa3flll14HblMlI11113Aeflll1>lMII11113COflll1. B

waXTe C03AaH MY3ell1 mpHoro Aefla.

Pl1c.263.BapwaBa - CTOn114a nOnbWl1

llOJJ51KI1COCTaBJJ51IOTnOllTJil 99 % Hac e JIe-HH Sf CTpaHhI. bOJJhWJilHCTBO)I(J1TeJJeHnpO:>Kli-BalOT B ropO,1lax, cpe,1l11 Hl1X KpynHeHwl1e -BapUla6a, KpaK06 11 J]Oa3b.

B llOJJhWe nOJJYlll1JJI1 pa3Bl1Tl1e pa3HhleorpaCJJI1 npOMblIDJIeHHOCTH . 113 He,1lp,1l06hI-BalOT yrOJJh, npl1pO,1lHhlH ra3, PY,1lhIIJ,BeTHhIXMeTaJJJJOB, cepy. CTpaHa - O,1ll1H113KpynHeH-111I1XB Ml1pe np0113BO,1lJilTeJIeHCephl. 113 cephInOJIyqalOT cepHYIO Kl1CJIOTY,KOTOpa51l1CnOJJh-3yeTC51B pa3HhlX OTpaCJl5lXnpOMbIlllJIeHHOCTl1.l...(epHa5111IJ,BeTHa51MeTaJJJJypfl15106ecnelll1BaeT

CblpbeM Mallll1HocrpoeHl1e. ITOJJhCKJilenpe,1lnpl1-5lTl151np0113B T aBTOM0611JJI1,BaroHbl, MOpCKl1ecY,1la,3JJeKTpO-TeXHl1llecKYIO 11pa,ll1103JJeKrpOHHYJO npo,UyKIJ,l1lO. Pa3Bl1BaIOTC51Xl1Ml1lleCKa51 11 Heqnexl1 Ml1lleCKa51 OTpaCJJ 11. TeKCTl1JIhHa51npOMbllllJJeHHOCTb BhmycKaeT TKaHl1.

B CeJIbCKOM X03SfHCTBe pa3Bl1TO 11paCTeHl1eBO,1lCTBO,11)I(JilBOTHOBO,1lCTBO.Ha paBHl1HHOM ceBepe crpaHbI Bhlpalll,I1BalOTpmKb, OBec, 5l'-IMeHh 11 KapTO¢eJIb, Ha B03BbIllleHHOCT51XIOra -nllleHl1UY, KYKYPY3Y,nO,1lCOJJHellHl1K11caxapHylO CBeKJIY.lloBce-MeCTHOKYJJhTI1Bl1pYJOTOBOlll,l1,¢PYKTbll1 51ro,1lhI.B )I(J1BOTHOBO,1l-CTBenpe06JIa,llaeT pa3Be,1leHl1e KpynHoro poraToro CKOTa11cBl1HeH.bOJJblllOe 3HalleHl1e I1MelOTnTl1ueBo.ncTBO 11phI60JIOBCTBO.

B cTpaHe l1MeIOTC51Bce Bl1,1lbIcOBpeMeHHoro TpaHcnopTa:

aBTOM06I1JJhHbIH, )J(eJIe3HO,1l0pmKHhlH, B03,1lYWHhlH, Tpy60npo-BO,1lHbIH, BO,1lHhiH - pellHOH 11 MOpCKOH. fJIaBHbIH MOpCKOHnopT - IIJ.eu,uH.. llOJJbllla 113BeCTHaKaK IJ,eHTp Me)J(,1lyHapo.nHoroTypH3Ma. B ,1lpyrl1e cTpaHbl npOLl.aeT KaMeHHbIH yroJIh, IJ,BeT-Hhle MeTaJJJIbl, cepy, npo.nyKIJ,111OMaWl1HOCTpOeHI15I, Xl1Ml1llec-KOH, JIerKOH 11 nl1lll,eBOH npOMbIlllJIeHHOCTI1. 113 YKpal1HhIllOJJhllla nOJIyllaeT llyryH, CTaJJb, He¢Tenpo.nYKTbl.

6EJIAPYCb. 3TO ceBepHa51 coce.nKa YKpal1HhI. CTpaHa Hel1MeeT BbIXOLl.aK MOplO, HO HaXOLl.I1TC5IHa nepeKpeCTKe Me)J(L1.Y-Hapo.nHbiX TpaHcnopTHblX nyTeH 113EBponbl B A3111O.

)lJI51 beJJapYCI1 xapaKTepHhI nOJIeCbSf- neC4aHble, 4aCTO 3a60-JJ04eHHhie HI13MeHHOCTl1,nOKpbITbie CMelllaHHbIMI1 11 Wl1pOKO-JIl1CTBeHHhlMI1JIeCaMI1. 3.neCb HaXOLl.I1TC5lBCeMl1pHO 113BeCTHbIHH.au,UOH.aJlbH.bIUnapK EeJl06e;;/CCKaH JJyw,a, r.ne COXpaHI1JIl1Ch3y6phI(eBponeHCKl1e 61130HbI). KJII1MaT- yMepeHHO KOHTl1HeHTaJJbHbIH.CaMbie KpynHhle peKl1- jI,H.enp 11flpUnJlmb. llPl1po.nHhle pecypChI6eJJopycCKl1X HeLl.pHe3HaLIl1TeJIbHhle. ECTh TOP¢, He60JJhWl1e 3a-naCbI KaMeHHoro yrJl5l, nOBapeHHOH 11KaJJl1HHhlXCOJIeH.

EOJIbllll1HCTBO Hac e JIe HH51 CTpaHhi - 6eJIOpYChi. KpoMe HI1X)J(l1ByT pYCCKl1e, YKpal1HIJ,bl, nOJJ5IKI1. nJIOTHOCTb HaCeJIeHI151

BblAalOU4l11ecSi nonSlKIIInonbwa - pOAII1Ha BCeMlI1pHO 1I13Be-

CTHoro aCTpoHoMa HII1KOna51Konep-

HII1Ka, ocyw,ecTBII1Bwero nepeBopoT

B eCTeCTB03HaHII1I11. OH C03Aan re-

nll1ou,eHTpll14ecKylO (c ConHu,eM B

u,eHTpe) clI1cTeMY MlI1pa, 4TO 1I13Me-

HlI1nO npeAcTaBneHII151 TOro BpeMe-

HII10 u,eHTpanbHoM nOnO)l(eH1I11113eM-

nll1. AAaM MII1u,KeBII14 - 1I13BeCTHbllll

nonbcKII1111 nOST. Ero np01l13BeAeHII151

Ha YKpaIl1HcKII1111513b1K1I13BeCTHbi HaM

B nepeBOAax lI1BaHa et>paHKO, flec

YKpaIl1HKII1, MaKCII1Ma

PblnbCKoro.

PECnY5J1lo1KA5EJ1APYCb

~V6r .I .:

I_.__ ..:__ ._~--",--- :.- ,

• 208 TbIC. KM2

t 10 MnH lien.

@ MIIIHCK

Ht= 2_56_

He60JIbWa5I. HaceJIemre npmKI1BaeT npel1MyweCTBeHHO B ropo-

,IJ.ax. KpynHble rOpO,IJ.a: MUI-lCK, Epecm, [OMeJlb.Be,IJ.YI..LI.eti OTpaCJIbIO npOMblUIJIeHHOCTH 51BJI5IeTC5I

MaWI1HOCTPOeHl1e, rrpe))()J.e Bcero CTaHKO-, aBTOM0611JIe-11 TPaK-

TOpOCTpOeHl1e. OeJIapYCb 113BeCTHa KaK rrp0113BOll11TeJIb CBepX-

T5DKeJIbiX rpY30BblX MaUUIH «MA3» 11 «oeJIA3». 113roTOBJIHIOT

TaIOKe '-laCbl, TeJIeBl130pbl, XOJIO,IJ.HJIbHl1Kl1. f1PO,IJ.YKllI151 XI1MI1-

'-IeCKoti rrpOMblWJIeHHOCTl1 - 3TO MI1HepaJIbHble y,IJ.06peHI1H,

nJIaCTMaCCbl, CI1HTeTl1'-1eCKl1e BOJIOKHa. Pa3B11Tbl nl1I..LI.eBa5I,

JIerKa51 11,IJ.epeBo06pa6aTblBaIOI..LI.a5I OTpaCJIH.

CI1MBOJI ceJl bCKOrO X03"DCTB a oeJIapyCI1 - JIeH-,IJ.OJIry-

HeIJ,. 3TO ueHHa5I rrp5l,IJ.I1JIbHa5I KYJIbTYpa, 113 BOJIOKHa KOTOpOti

113rOTOBJUIIOT JIbH5IHble TKaHl1. BblpaI..LI.I1BaIOT 3epHOBbre KyJIbTY-

pbI - pO)[(b, 5I'-IMeHb, nweHI1I..I,y, a TaIOKe KapTO¢eJIb 11caxapHYIO

CBeKJIY. B )I(]1BOTHOBO,IJ.CTBenpe06JIa,IJ.aIOT pa3BelleH11e KpynHoro

poraToro CKOTa MOnOQHO-M5ICHblX nopo,IJ., CBHHOBO,IJ.CTBO 11

nTl1ueBO,IJ.CTBO.

Pa3B11Tbi CyxOnyTHbie BI1,IJ.bITpaHcnopTa. Tpy60npOBO,IJ.aMI1

crpaHa nOJIyYaeT He¢Tb 11 npl1pO,IJ.HblH fa3 Vl3 POCCI1V1.B ,IJ.pyme

crpaHbl oeJIapYCb npO,IJ.aeT npO,IJ.yKIJ,VlIOTeKCTVlJIbHOH, ,IJ.epeBo06-

pa6aTbIBaIOI..LI.eti, Xl1Ml1'-IeCKOH 113JIeKtpOTeXHI1'-1eCKOH orpaCJIeti.

3AnOMHiIITE

• CTpaHbl lI,eHTpaJlbHOD H BOCTo'IUOD EBponbi - neJlapycb, IIOJlbUIa,

CJIOBaKH", BeHrpH", PyMbIHH", MOJI,IJ.OBa- 3TO COCe,IJ.HYKpaHHbl.

BonpOCbl ill 3AAAHiIIs:I

1.KaKltle rocygapCTBa 51BmIIOTC5Icoceg5lMltl YKpaltlHbl?

2. KaKltle OTpaCnltl npoMblwneHHOCTltl pa3BltlTbi B nonbwe?

3. Ha30BltlTe OCHOBHble cenbcKOX0351L.1CTBeHHble KynbTYpbl, KOTopble Bblpaw,vlBalOT B

6enapycltl.

4. B KaK0L.1ltl3 cTpaH EBponbl Bbl XOTenltl 6bl n06blBaTb? n04eMy?

POCCHII1CKASICbEAEPAl\HSI

. .. . . ~I

~ ~ - ':,.J

t 143 MnH LIen.

@ MocKBa

Pj.1c.265.MocKBa -

CTOnj.114aPOCCj.1j.1

~ • BcnOM~V1T8, rA8 npoxoAV1TycnoBHa51 rpaHV1L.1,aM8)1(p,y EBponoV1"V V1A3V18V1.

fEOfPA<l>WlECKOE nOJIOXEHI1E. POCCIDI- HaH60JIbillee

no nJIOIl.l,a,rJ,Hrocy)),apcTBo M11pa. Ee TeppHTopIDI pacnOJIaraeTC5I

B 10 lJaCOBhlX n05lcax, rpaHHlJI-1T C 14 CTpaHaMH, OMhIBaeTC5I

MOP5lMH Tpex OKeaHOB - AmflaHmUtteCKo2o, CeeepHo2o JIeaoeu-m020 H TUX020. IIIHpoKHM. BhIXO)), K OKeaHaM )),aeT B03MO)J(HOCTb

HCnOJIh30BaTh HX KaK rrym C006Il.1,eH115JH KaK HCTOlJHHK pa3HO-

06pa3HbIx npHpO)),HblX 60raTcTB. POCCH5I JIe)l(HT B )),Byx lJaCT5IX

CBeTa - Eepone H A3UU, n03TOMY 3TO eBpa3HHCKa51 CTpaHa.

npI1PO,Il,HbJEYCJIOBI1JI. TIpHpo)),a POCCHH, npOCTHpaIoIl.l,eH-

C5I Ha ThIC5IlJl1 KHJIOMeTpOB C ceBepa Ha lOr H C 3ana)),a Ha

BOCTOK,OTJIHlJaeTC5I.60JIhllIl1M pa3Ho06pa3HeM. E6pOneiicKllR rtaCmbPoccuu - OT 3ana,rJ,HblX rpaHHU)),O YPQJlbCKUX20P - JIe)l(J1T Ha or-

pOMHOH BoCmOttHO- Eepone(tCKOu paeHUHe. BOCTOlJHee HalJHHaeTC5I.

a3HaTCKa51.lJaCTb - CH611pb H ,ll,aJIhHHH BOCTOK. Heo603pHMhle

rrpOCTopbI Cu6upu TaK)l(e JIe)l(aT Ha paBHHHax - 3anaaHO-Cu6up-CKOU H CpeaHecu6upcKOM nflOCK020pbe. Ha lOre MX orpaHHlJHBalOT

20Pbl Aflmau 11CQJlHbl. Ha)(Q./lbHeM BocmOice npe06JIMalOT ropHhIe

pai1.oHbI. KnHMaT POCCHH OlJeHb KOHTpacTHbIH: OT CypOBOfO

apKTl1lJeCKoro Ha KpaUHeM Ceeepe )),0 )I(apKoro 11cyxoro rryCTbIH-

HOro Ha n06epe)l(he KaCIIl1HCKOrO MOP5l.,BJI~Oro MyCCOHHOfO -

Ha 'uaJIhHeM BocToKe. OOJIbIllHM pa3Ho06pa3HeM OTJII1l.JaIOTC5I.

nOlJBbI 11paCTHTeJIbHblM. nOKpOB. 3HalJHTeJIbHhle TIJIOIl.l,a,rJ,HcTpa-

HhI nOKpbITbI JIeCaMI1. 00 ee TeppHTopHH npOTeKalOT 60JlhUme

peKH - BOfl2a, 06b, EHuceu, JIeHa, KOTopbIe HCnOJIb3YIOTC5I KaK

nym C006Il.1,eHH5I H HCTOlJHHK 3JleKTp03HepfHH. Cpe)),H KpynHblX

o3ep - KacnuucKoe Mope, EaUKQJl, JIaaOJlCcKoe. Bo MHOfHX pai1.o-

Hax CH6HpH H ,ll,aJIhHero BocToKa pacnpOcTpaHeHa MHOfOJIeTH51.51

Mep3JIOTa.

POCCH5I OTHOCHTC5IK TeM HeMHOfHM cTpaHaM MHpa, KOTopbIe

)J,Jl51ycrrewHoro pa3BHTIDI 06eCnel.JeHhl BceMH MHHepaJThHbIMH

pecypcaMH: TOTIJIHBHhlMI1 (He¢Tb, npHpo)),HbIi1. ra3,. KaMeHHblM.

TOp¢. rOplO'Hfe CJlaHll,bI);

* ~.le3Hble, MapraHueBble, PYLIbI

..•..-L10B): HepYLIHbIMJ1 (MMa3bl, pa3-

«pm. CTpOI1TeiIbHOe Cblpbe).

=.P CJ15I- ~1HOrOHaUJ10HMbHa5I

-=~npoAJfBalOT npeLICTaBJ1TeJlJ1 60Jlee

_OB. flpe06JIaLIalOT PYCCKJ1e - 80 %. CPeLIJ1 HaIJ,J10-

HhWIIHCTB MHOfO YKpaJ1HUeB. HaCeJleHJ1e no TeppJ1-

I~UlaeTC5I Oy.eHb HepaBHoMepHo: 2/3 npmKl1BalOT B

-;,- ~:'ony.aCTJ1cTpaHbI C 6JlarOnpJ15ITHbIMJ1 npJ1pOLIHbIMl1

- "'- I. 3Hay.J1TeJIhHO MeHbille illIOTHOCTb HaCeJleHl15I B a311-

-, qaCHI, flIe rrpe06JlaLIaeT pe3Ko KOHTJ1HeHTaJIhHhIH KJlJ1-

_ • ~llHble ropoLIa - MOCK6a, CaHKm-Jlemep6ypc, H06ocu6upCK.

LBO. MOiliHOtf OTpaCJlblO npOMblllIJleHHOCTH 5IB-

SlropHo.106bIBalOw,a5I. KpynHhle MeCTOp0)f(ileHl15I npJ1pOLI-

raJa II He¢TJ1 COCpe,lJ,OTOl.leHhIB 3anaaHOU Cu6upu, Me)l(,lJ,y

- 'Ji?() i II YpafloM. ITo J1X,lJ,06hIl.Ie POCCJ15I- OLIJ1H113MJ1POBbIX

_ oepOB. B CTpaHe J1MeIOTC5I3Hay.J1TeJlbHble 3anaCbl KaMeHHora

_T.15I (KY3Hel.(KUU, Jle'10pCKUU 6acceUHbl), )/(eJle3HhIX (KypcKaJlMac-,:'umHafl aHOMaflUfl, YpaJl) 11MapraHI.l,eBblX PY,lJ,.CJleLIOBaTeJ1hHO,

qepHaH MeTaJIJ\YpfJ1H 06eCney.eHa c06cTBeHHbIM CblpheM. Poc-

1'151- O,lJ,l1H113KpynHetfIlll1X B MHpe npOH3BO,lJ,l1TeJletf y'yryHa H

TMI1. flpe,lJ,npI1HTl15I UBeTHOH MeTaJIJIYprJ111 BhITIJlaBJl5IIOT Me,lJ,b,

allOMJ1Hl1H, Hl1KeJIb, CBI1Heu, UI1HK, 30nOTO 11upyrl1e MeTaJIJIbL

3.1eKTp03Heprl1lO BhIpa6aTbIBalOT Mow,Hhle T3C, f3C 11A3C.

MaIllI1HocrpoeHl1e POCCl1H BhICOKOpa3BI1Toe. Era MHOrO'-ll1C-

.1eHHhle npe,lJ,npVlHTI1H BbmYCKalOT JlOKOMOT11BbI11BarOHhI, CYLIa11

aBT06yChI, rpY30Bbie H JlerKOBbIe aBTOM06I1JlVl, KOM6aHHhi 11rpaK-

-::-OpbI, CaMOJ1eTbI 11aBHaKOCMVI'-leCKOe 060pY,lJ,OBaHl1e, CTaHKJ1 11

npl160phl. XOpOiliO pa3B11Ta XI1Ml1l.1eCKaH npOMbIIllJleHHOCTb.

.JepeBo06pa6aTbIBaIOmaH orpaCJlb cocpeLIOTOl.leHa B ceBepHhlX 11

BOCTOl.lHblX paHoHax, rLIe HMelOTCH JleCHbie pecypChl. Cpe,lJ,l1

orpaCJ1eH JlerKOH npOMbIIllJleHHOCTI1 pa3BI1BaeTC5I TeKCTI1JIbHa5I

IllBetfHa5I, 06YBHaH. ITpe,lJ,npl15ITHH nl1w,eBoM

npOMbIIllJleHHOCTI1 cocpeLIOTOlJeHhI B KpynHblX

ropoLIax 11npHropOLIHblX 30Hax.

B CeJl bC KOM X03S1HCTBe Be,lJ,Yw,ylOPOJ1b

J1rpaeT )I(V1BOTHOBO,lJ,CTBO,KOTopoe I1CnOJlh3yeT

KOpMOBylO 6a3Y pa3HhIX npl1pO,lJ,HhIX 30H. Ha-

npl1Mep, B TyH,lJ,pe 11J1eCOTyHLIpe pa3BO,lJ,5ITce-

BepHbIX OJleHei1, B CTenHX 11nOJIynycTbIHHX-

OBeu, B rapaxAnTa5I - K03 H OJleHei1 MapanOB, B

nypHTl111 11TyEe - HKOB. I1oBceMeCTHO pa3BO-

.15IT KpynHblM poraTbII1 CKOT, CBI1Hei1 11nTl1uY.

Ha3BaHli1e MOCKBa npOli1CXO,D,li1TOT

Ha3BaHli1~ peKIII MOCKBbl, Ha 6epe-

rax KOTopoiil OHa paCKli1HynaCb. AHa3BaHli1e peKli1 03HallaeT TonKaR,6onoTlllcTaR.

P"'Ic.266.Ao6bl'fa He$T"'I(3ana,D,Ha~

Cli16li1Pb)

Pa3Aen II\bI At+.

q.•¥"'7V\~:2 ,~~\" ..l::3------~----~ , .•.~~ CaMafl ,QnHHHafl )Kene3-

~~unt>y.<qHafl,QOpOra B Ml-lpe- TpaHC-

CI-I6I-1pCKa51Marl-lCTpanb (9 000 KM).

nYTeWeCTBl-le nOe3AOM 1-13MOCKBbl

BO BnaAI-IBOCTOK, KOTOpblLl1HaXOAI-IT-

C51 Ha ,D,anbHeM BOCTOKe, npOAOn-

)I(aeTC51 7 AHeLl1.

B peKax, 03epaX M MOp5lX JIOB51T phI6y.

PaCTeHMeBO,IICTBO TaJOKe MHOrOOTpaCJIeBOe.

OOJIOCa JIeCOCTenM M CTenM - rJIaBHa51 )/(MTHM-

ua CTpaHhI, r,1l,eBhlpalUMBalOT 3epHOBhle (nwe-

HMUY, PO)/(h, KYKYPY3Y). 113 TeXHWleCKMX

KYJIhTYP KYJIhTMBMpYIOT nO,1l,COJIHel..JHMK,caxap-

HYlO CBeKJIY, JIeH. OOBceMecTHo BhlpalUMBalOT

OBOlUM M KapTocPeJIh.POCCIIISI TYpIIICTIII'IeCKaSi B POCCMM pa3BMThI Bce BM,1l,hIT P a H C n 0 p -

MHOr041-1CneHHbiX Typl-lCTOB npl-l-Ta. OCHOBHYIO POJIh I1rpaeT )/(eJIe3HO,lJ,Op0)/(-

BneKalOT apxI-ITeKTypHble weAeBpbl1-1MY3el-l MOCKBbl, ApeBHI-IX pOCCI-ILI1- HhlH TpaHcnopT. PeLfHoH TpaHcnopTCKI-IX ropOAOB HOBropoAa, BnaAI-I- I1CnOJIh3yeTC51 )lJl51 BHYTpeHHI1X nepeB030K, a

Ml-lpa, Cy3Aan51. 3pMI-ITa)l( B CaHKT- MOPCKOH - )lJl51 co06lUeHM51 C 3apy6e)/(HhlMI1neTep6ypre - OAI-IH 1-13KpynHeLl1wI-IX CTpaHaMI1. KpynHeHllIMe nopThI: CGftKm-fle-My3eeB Ml-lpa, rAe c06paHbi npOl-l3- mep6ypc, HoeopOCCUUCK, MypMaHCK. B CB513MCBeAeHI-I51 )I(I-IBOnI-lCI-I 1-1cKynbnTypbl.neTpoABopeu, - 1-13BeCTHbILl1ABOP- orpOMHhIMI1 pa3MepaMM TeppMTOp1111 B03pac-U,OBbILl1 KOMnneKC XVIII - XIX BB. TaeT 3Hal..JeHl1e aBMaUI10HHOrO TpaHcnopTa,

nOpa)l(alOT u,epKOBb 1-1CTpOeHI-I51 KOTOphIH cnoc06eH 6hICTpO npeO,1l,OJIeBaTh

npownblX BeKOB~ c06paHHbie B M.y-.... ' 60JIhllIMe paCCT05lHM51, oc06eHHO B TPY,llHO,llO-

3ee ~:~~::~~~:~=::v~~;a.CTYTIHhIX paHoHax CeBepa ~ CM6MpM. 00 TPY-

"03epe. ..!'. 60npOBO,llaM, no npOT5I)/(eHHOCTM KOTOphIX

, 'I' POCCI15l yCTynaeT TOJIhKO CIllA, HecPTh M ra3

TpaHcnopTMpylOT B CTpaHhI EBponhl.

OCHOBHblM TOBapOM, KOTOpbIH POCCI15lnpO,1l,aeT,llPYfl1M cTPa-

HaM, 51BJI5IeTC5ITOTIJIMBHO-3HepreTW:IeCKOe Chlphe - HecPTh,

npl1pO,1l,HhIH ra3, yrOJIh. BhIB0351TTaJOKe MeTaJIJIhI, MallIl1Hbl, 060-

pY,1l,OBaHl1e, np0,1l,YKUMIO XMMMl..JeCKOHM nMlUeBoH OTpaCJIeH. B

YKpaMHY nOCTynalOT ra3, HecPTb, npoAYKilI15l MauiMHOCTPOeHM51,

npO,1l,yKThI nI1TaHI151. Hawa CTPaHa nOCTaBJI51eT POCCI1I1 Tpy6bl,

npOAYKUl11O XMMI1LfeCKOI1 OTpaCJII1, npOAYKTbI nI1TaHI151.

(! 3AnOMHHTE• POCCHH - HaH60JIbWee no nJIOIua,lJ,H rocy,lJ,apCTBO MHpa.

• POCCHH C MHorOOTpaCJIeBblMH npOMbIWJIeHHOCTblO, CeJIbCKHM X03HllcTBOM H

TpaHcnopToM BXO,lJ,HTB ,lJ,eCHTKy BblCOKopa3BHTbIX cTpaH MHpa.

BonpOCbl H 3AAAHHSI1.nO,lJ,YMaVlTe, '-IeM o6ycnoBneHo pa3Hoo6pa3V1e npV1pO,lJ,HbIX ycnoBV1V1 POCCV1V1.

2. PaCCKa>KV1Te0 HaceneHV1V1 POCCV1V1.

3. KaKV1e ¢aKTopbl cnoco6cTBylOT pa3BV1TV11Opa3HbiX oTpacneVi npoMblwneHHocTV1?

4. nO'-leMy >KV1BOTHOBO,lJ,CTBOB POCCV1V1MHorooTpacneBoe?

B POCCV1V1>KV1ByTOKono 4 MnH yKpaV1Hu,eB. nO,lJ,C'-IV1TaVlTe, CKonbKO npou,eHToB 3TO

COCTaBn51eT OT 06w,ero KOnV1'-1eCTBaHaCeneHV151 POCCV1V1.

~ • BCnOMHL-lTe, KTO L-l3eBponeiilu.eB OTKpbln MOpCKOiil nYTb B lt1H,Ll,L-lIO.

B IO)[(HOM A31111 paCnOJIaralOTC5I JfHaUfl, JJwwcmaH 11 MbflH-Ma, KOTOpble 11MeIOT llIMpOKMM BbIXO)], K oKeaHy, 11 BbICOKOrOp-

Hble CTpaHbl EymaH 11 HenaJl, JIe)J(aIII11e B f11MaJIa5Ix.

lIH,1l,IHI. VlH)],115I - O)],Ha 113 KpynHeMlll11X no nJIOIIIa)],11 CTpaH

M11pa. OHa 3aH11MaeT nOflyocmpoe JfHaocmaH 11 np11JIeralOIIIYIO

T..IaCTb MaTep11Ka. Ee 6epera OMblBalOT BOLIbl lfHaUUCK020 OKea-Ha. B npOl11JIOM VlH)],115I 6bIJIa KOJIOH11eM BeJI11K06p11TaH1111,

HbIHe ee X035IMCTBO CTpeM11TeJIbHO pa3B11BaeTC5I. CTpaHa npo-

BO)],11T 11CCJIe)],OBaHI151 )],a)J(e B KOCMoce.

B n p H P0 A e COl.JeTaIOTC51paBH11Hbl 11ropHble JIaH)l,lllacPTbI. PaB-

H11HbI - nflOCK020pbejI,eKaH 11 nJIo)],opo)],Ha51 lfHaO-FaH2CKQfl HU3-MeHHocmb - 3aH11MaIOT 66JIblllylO l.JaCTb CTpaHbi. Ha ceBepe

B03BbIlllaIOTC51 caMble BbICOKI1e ropbl3eMJII1 - rUMaJlaU, r)],e 11ceM-

l.Jac 6bIBaJOT 3eMJIeTp5ICeH115I. VlH)],115I - O)],Ha 113 caMbIX )J(apK11X

CTpaH M11pa. 3)],ecb rocno)],cTByeT cy63KBaTOpI1aJIbHblM MyCCOH-

HblM KJI11MaT. KpynHeMuIHe peKI1 VlH)],I1I1: JfHa, raH2. B ce30H)],0)J(-

)],eM ypoBeHb BO)],bl B HVIXnOBbll11aeTC5I)],0 10M 1160JIee, l.faCTO 3TO

cOnpOBO)l()J,aeTC5I KaTaCTPocP11l.JeCKI1M11 HaBo)],HeHI15lM11. HH)],11M-

CKa5I nOCJIOB11ua npe)l,yTIpe)l()J,aeT: «Ha 6epery peKI1 )J(I1Tb - BeCb

ro)], Ma5ITbC5I». BbICOKa5I Bo)],a 3a HeCKOJIbKO )],HeM MO)J(eT npeBpa-

TI1Tb UBeTYIII11e nOJI5I B CnJIOl11HOe Mope. PaHbl11e B VlH)],11116bIJI11

pacnpOCTpaHeHbI nepeMeHHO-BJIa)J(Hble JIeca. Hx MaCCOBO BbIPy-

6aJIl1, 11Tenepb Ha l1X MeCTe B03Hl1KJIl1 caBaHHbI.

no KOJI11l.JeCTBY HaCeJIeHHH I1H)],I1513aHI1-

MaeT BTopoe MeCTO B Ml1pe nOCJIe KHTa5I. Ero l.Jl1C-

JIeHHOCTb npOLIOJI)J(aeT 6bICTPO B03paCTaTb,

npI1l.feM MHome JIIO)],11)J(I1BYT 3a l.JepTOM 6e)],HO-

CTI1. HH)],1151 - MHOrOHaUI10HaJIbHa5I CTpaHa:

HaCeJIeHl1e npI1Ha)l,JIe)J(aT K pa3HbiM pacaM 11

3THI1l.JeCKMM rpynnaM. 3)],eCb 06IIIaIOTC5I Ha COT-

H51X 5I3bIKOB 11 )],11aJIeKTOB. [ocy)],apCTBeHHbIM11

5I3bIKaM11 5IBJI5IIOTC5I X11H)],11 11 aHrJI11MCK11M.

E6JIbl11a5I l.faCTb HaCeJIeHl15I I1CnOBe)l,yeT I1H)l,y-

113M - LIpeBHJOIO peJIl1rMJO, B KOTOpOM nOKJIOH51-

IOTC5I MHorol.J11CJIeHHbIM 60raM. Pa3MeIIIaeTC51

HaCeJIeH11e HepaBHOMepHO: B BbiCOKOrOpb5IX

f11MaJIaeB - TOJIbKO 2 l.JeJI./KM2, a B )],OJIMHaX

HH)],a I1 faHfa - CBblllie 500 l.JeJI.jKM2•

B I1H)],1111HaCeJIeH11e)J(11BeTnpe11MYIIIeCTBeH-

HO B ceJIax. KpynHble ropo)],a: HblO-jI,eflu,MYM6au, KQJlbKymma.

§ 58. CTPAHbI IO)KHOH A31I1I

t 1,1 MnpA •.•en.

@ HblO-Aem1

CBSI~eHHbl~ raHriIl3AaBHa peKa faHr II1rpaeT 6onbwyIOponb B >K1I13HII1I11HAII1Viu,eB111C4I11TaeTCs:lCBs:lw,eHHoVi. Bee BOAax npOBOAs:lTCs:lMHoro4l11CneHHbie pll1Tyanbl. iIlccne-AOBaHII1s:l nOKa3anll1, 4TO B BepXOBbs:lX ;faHra B BOAe B036YAlI1TenLil xonepbl LilMans:lpLilLil norLil6alOT B Te4eHlI1e 4 4, a ,opraHLil4ecKLile Bew,eCTBa pa3nara-

J"--1Q:rCs:l B 25 pa3 6blcTpee, 4e···.:::::BcJJI06oVi APYroVi peKe.

.~~'''----=~~'""'"'~'~-'---'-'~~-

""'"

Be,n:ymyIO POJIh HrpaeT Ce JIb CK 0 e x 03 Sfif -CTBO. B ,n:OJIHHaXpeK BhIpalll,l1BalOT BJIarOJIIO-

6HBhIH pHC, C06HpaSl no 2 - 3 ypo)l(aSf B ro,n:.

Ba)I(HhIMH KyJIhTypaMH 5IBJI5IIOTC5InweHHu,a,

npoco, KYKYPY3a. 3eMJUIHOH opex - apaXHC -

KyJIhTMBHpylOT KaK MaCJIMqHYIO KyJIhTypy.

MHoro c06MpalOT XJIOnqaTHHKa M caxapHoro

TpOCTHMKa. HH,n:IDl MMeeT HaH60JIhIIll1e B MHpe

noceBHhIe nJIOIl.l,MI1 ,n:)I(yra. Ha TeppaCl1pOBaH-

HhIX CKJIOHaX fl1MaJIaeB BhIpaIl.l,MBalOT qaHHhIH

KYCT. 3HaMeHl1ThIH HH,n:I1HCKl1H qaH (cBhIIIle

300 COpTOB) 3HalOTBO Bd~M MHpe. Pa3Ho06pa3-

Hhle np5IHOCTl1 (qepHhIM nepeu" HM611ph, rB03-

,n:l1KY,Kap,n:aMoH), 3a KOTOPhIMl1 elll,e HeCKOJIbKO CTOJIeTl1MHa3M

H3 EBponhI CHap5I)l(aJIl1 Kopa6JIl1 B ,n:aJIeKYlOHH,n:HIO, ,n:oCl1X nop

npo,n:alOT BO MHOrl1e CTpaHhI. I1H,n:H5I - Ml1pOBOH JIl1,n:ep no

BhIpaIl.l,l1BaHl1lO MaHro H 6aHaHoB. 3,n:ech Ha1160JIbWee B Ml1pe

nOrOJIOBhe KpynHoro poraToro CKOTa. BnpOqeM, peJIl1rl15I

3anpeIl.l,aeT yrroTpe6JI5ITh M5ICO B nMmy, a KopOBa CYl1TaeTC5I

CB5IllI,eHHhIM )I(l1BOTHhIM.

H30TpaCJIeM npOMbIIDJleHHOCTH pa3Bl1Ta ropHo,n:06hIBa-

lOIl(aSI. Ha 6a3e )I(eJIe3HhIX 11MapraHu,eBhIX py,n:, KaMeHHoro yrJI5I

pa3Bl1BaeTC5I qepHa5I MeTaJIJIYPrIDl. AnIOMl1Hl1eBhle H Me,n:Hhle

py,n:hI - chIpbe Jl:Jl5Iu,BeTHoM MeTaJIlIypfl1l1. EoraTcTBo I1H,n:l1l1 -

MeCTOpO)l(Jl:eHIDl30JIOTa l1,n:parou,eHHhIX KaMHeM (aJIMa30B, py611-

HOB, canq:mpOB, 113yMpy,n:OB). 3JIeKTp03Hepfl11O BhIpa6aThIBalOT

npel1MyIl.l,eCTBeHHO T3C. Cneu,l1aJI113au,l15I MaIIlI1HOCTpOeH115I:

CaMOJIeThT, cy,n:a, BarOHhI, aBTOM06I1JII1, CTaHKl1, ,n:Bl1raTeJII1.

H3,n:aBHa pa3Bl1BaeTC5I JIerKa5I rrpOMhTIIlJIeHHOCTh, B oc06eHHOC-

Tl1 06YBHaSI, Jl:)I(YTOBaSIH XJIorrqaT06YMa)I(HaSI. ITo np0113Bo,n:CTBy

XJIorrqaT06YMa)I(HblX TKaHeM HHAIDl 3aHMMaeT BTopoe MeCTO B

Ml1pe nOCJIe KI1Ta5I. Be,n:yIl.l,a5I OTpaCJIh nl1Il(eBOH npOMhTIIl-

JIeHHOCTI1 - caXapHa5I; no np0113Bo,n:CTBy caxapa CTpaHa Ha

nepBOM MeCTe B Ml1pe. I1H,n:115I- 113BeCTHhIM np0113Bo,n:l1TeJIh

JIeKapCTBeHHhIX npenapaTOB. IIoBceMecTHo pa3Bl1ThI KYCTapHhle

npOMhICJIhI.

OCHOBHhTe nepeB03Kl1 rpy30B 11naCC~l1pOB OCYlll,eCTBJI5IIOT-

C5IaBTOM06I1JIbHhIM, )I(eJIe3Ho,n:op0)I(HbI M I1peqHbIM T p a H Cn 0 p -

TO M. KpoMe TOro, nonyJI5IpHhIMl1 OCTaIOTC5IBeJIO-l1 MOTOpl1KIIll1,

a B ceJIax - fY)/(eBOH TpaHcnopT. B YKpaI1Hy I1H,n:IDl npo,n:aeT

xJIonqaT06YMa)l(HhIe TKaHl1, 113,n:eJI115I113,n:)l(yTa, YaH, KO<pe,

cneu,MI1, phT6y 11MOpenpOJl:YKThI, JIeKapCTBa. HH,U111O)I(e l1HTe-

peCYIOTYKpal1HCKl1e TYp6I1HhI, no,n:IIll1nHl1Kl1, no,n:beMHO-TpaHC-

nopTHoe 060py,n:OBaHl1e, Ml1HepaJIhH@e y,n:06peH115I,

CeJIbCKOX035IMCTBeHHhIe MaIIll1Hhi.

30nOToe BonOKHO,Ll,>KyT - 3TO paCTeHlI1e, 1113cTe6neiilKOToporo 1I13rOTaBnll1BalOT np04Hoe

BonOKHO, a 1113Hero - BepeBKII1 111Ka-

HaTbl, pa3HOl..\BeTHbie 060111, A06pOT-

HylO MeWKOBII1HY 111rpy6ble TKaHII1, 1113

KOTOpblX WblOT "Be4HylO» Cnel..\0Ae>K-

AY. B A>KYTOBbIX MeWKax caxap "Abl-

WII1T»: MeWOK cnoc06eH Bnll1TblBaTb

Bnary. ,Ll,>KYT- paCTeHlI1e npll1BepeA-

nll1BOe, n03TOMY ero Bbl-

paw,II1BalOT TonbKO HeCKonb-

KO CTpaH IO>KHoiil A3111111.

HETIAJI. KOpOJIeBCTBO HerraJI Ha3bIBalOT «crpaHOH 3a ceMblO 3aM-

KaMI1». 11 He 3a OT,IJ,aJIeHHOCTbOT Ml1pa, KaK, Harrpl1Mep, CTpaHbl

OKeaHI1M, a nOToMy, qTO HaxO,IJ,MTC5IHa 3Haql1TeJIbHOH BbICOTe,

Ha CKJIOHaX ueHTpaJIbHbIX rl1MaJIaeB. 3TO O,IJ,Ha 113 caMbIX

BbICOKoropHbIX CTpaH Ml1pa. I1MeHHo rr03TOMY, B OTJII1QMe OT

COCe,IJ,HeH I1H,IJ,I1I1, HenaJI HHKOr,IJ,a He 6blJI HWlbeH KOJIOHHeH.

3aTep5IHHOe B fMMaJIa5IX KOpOJIeBCTBO HMeeT HMl1,IJ,)K 3ara,IJ,OQ-

HOM H Tal1HCTBeHHOM CTpaHbI, KOTOpa51 11 cerO,IJ,H5I npO,IJ,OJDKaeT

)J(MTb )J(J{3HblO Cpe,IJ,HeBeKOBb5l.

II P H P O,IJ,a HenaJIa OTJIHQaeTC5I 60JIbllIl1M cBoe06pa3HeM.

fOPbI - 3TO «BH3HTHa51 KapTOQKa» cTpaHbI. 11314 rop HallieM nJIa-

HeTbl, Bf,ICOTa KOTOpbrX 60J1ee 8 000 M, 8 HaXO,IJ,5lTC5IHa Teppl1TO-

pl1l1 HenaJIa. Cpe,IJ,H HI1X 11 BbICOTHblH nOJIlOC nJIaHeTbI - cOPO,J1,J/COMOflYIiCMO (8 850 M). npOT5l)J(eHHocTb HenaJIa C IOra Ha ceBep

Bcero 250 KM, a BOT no BbICOTe pa3HMua COCTaBJ151eT8 600 M. n03TO-

MY KJ1I1MaTKpaHHe pa3Ho06pa3HblM Ha OTHOCHTeJIbHO He60J1bllIOH

TeppHTOpl1l1: OT cy63KBaTOpHaJIbHoro MYCCOHHoro y nO,IJ,HO)J(J{5I

rop ,IJ,OXOJIO,IJ,HOrO(nO,IJ,06HO apKTWIeCKOMY) Ha BbICOKOrOpb5lX.

He,IJ,pa CTpaHbl I1CCJ1e,IJ,OBaHbTHe,IJ,OCTaTOl.JHO.

HaUHOHaJIbHbIM COCTaB HaCeJleHHSI, KaK H B 11H,IJ,1111,OQeHb

neCTpbTM. HapO,IJ,bT OTHOC5ITC5IK eBpOneOH,IJ,HOH 11MOHroJIOH,IJ,HOM

pacaM. B HerraJIe npe06JIa,IJ,aeT CeJIbCKOe HaCeJ1eHHe (,IJ,O95 %).fOP0,IJ,OBMaJlO. HaH60J1bllIH:M - CmOflU140 KOmMOliiJy (pHC. 268). 3TO

Tl1nWIHblM a3l1aTCKHH ropo,IJ,: Y3KHe rp5I3HbIe YJ10l.JKH, Ha HHX-

MHOrOl.JMCJ1eHHbIe TOproBUbl, CKyl.JeHHOCTb H 3,IJ,eCb)J(e- CB5ImeH-

HbIe KOPOBbI. O,IJ,HaKO He Bce 3,IJ,eCb rOBopHT 0 He3bT6J1eMOCTH

TPa,IJ,I1UHH. HanpHMep, TYpl1CTaM ~e npe,IJ,J1aralOT rOCTHHI1UbI CO

BceMM COBpeMeHHbTMH y,IJ,06CTBaMI1. HerraJI - CTpaHa I1CTHHHO

BepYIOmHX J1lO,IJ,eH:90 % HaCeJ1eHH5I I1CnOBe,IJ,YlOTHH,IJ,yH3M, 5 % -6YMI13M.

HerraJI, KOTOpbTM Ha3bIBalOT «TypHCTCKHM paeM», - O,IJ,HaH3

caMblX 6e,IJ,HblXCTpaH CMaJIOPa3BI1TbIM X035IMCTBOM. OTOpBaHHocTb

OT MHpa 06YCJ10BHJ1a coxpaHeHHe ¢eO,IJ,aJ1bHOrO CTp05I H MHOro-

BeKOBbIX nepe)J(J{ OB.)],O 1950 r. B CTpaHe He 6blJIO HH O,IJ,HOH

OTKpblTHe Henana! V1HTepecHo, 4TO Mlt1p OTKpbln An>! I! ce6>! Henan Bcero 60 neT Ha3aA· Ii ,lJ,o CepeAlt1Hbl XX B. cTpaHy eBpo- I

neC1L.(bl nocew,anlt1 peAKO. nlO6bleCBeAeHlt1>! 0 Henane, Aa>Ke B Hawe

BpeM>! Bceo6w,e~ lt1Hcj:>OPMlt1PO-BaHHOCTlt1, - lt1HTepeCHble

lt1Ba>KHble.

KOPO.nEBCTBOHEnAn

PHC. 268. KaTMaHAY HanOMHHaeT>KHBYIOHnnlOcTpa~HIO IIIcTopH•.•ec-KOVIKHHrlll 3nOXH CpeAHeBeKoBbSi

Pl1c.269.HenanbCKl1e

rl1Manal1 - ~eHTpMe>KAyHapoAHoro

anbnl1Hl13Ma

• MH)l.H}I OTHOCHTC}I K pa3BHBalOIlJ,HMC}I cTpaHaM; Be)l,YIlJ,YIOPOJlb B ee 3KOHOMH-

Ke HrpaeT CeJlbCKOe X03}1HCTBO.

• HenaJI - O)l,Ha H3 6e)l,HeHlUHX cTpaH MHpa C MaJIOpa3BHTOH npOMbIlUJleHHOC-

TblO H npHMHTHBHbIM CeJlbCKHM X03}1HCTBOM, O)l,HOBpeMeHHo - 3TO MHpOBOHu.eHT aJIbnHHH3Ma.

BonpOCbl H 3AAAHHSI1.KaKoBbl oc06eHHocH1 x03~tlicTBa V1H,LJ,vH1?

2. C06epvne V1HTepecHble CBe,LJ,eHV1~06 V1H,LJ,It1V1,V1cnonb3Y~ ,LJ,OnOnHV1TenbHble

V1CT04HV1KV1reorpa¢V14ecKotli V1H¢OpMaLJ,V1V1.

3. KaKV1e ¢aKTopbl, Ha Baw B3rn~,LJ" 06ycnoBnV1BalOT OTCTanOCTb Henana?

4. KaK npV1pO,LJ,HbleycnoBV1~ oTpa3V1nV1cb Ha 3eMne,LJ,enV1V1,)I(V1BOTHOBO,LJ,CTBeV1,LJ,py-

rV1XoTpacn~x x03~tliCTBa Henana?

~ • KTO 1113nyrewecTBeHHII1KOB-eBponeiltu,eB nepBblM n06blBan B KII1Tae?

TeppHTOpl15I BOCTO'!HOH A3HH rrpOCTHpaeTC5I Ha TbTCSIYH KH- KII1TAII1CKASIJIOMeTpOB B,lJ.OJIb6eperOB THXOro OKeaHa. HAPOAHASIKI1TAit 3TO O,lJ.HOH3 ,lJ.peBHeHWT1X rocy,lJ.apCTB MHpa, T1CTOpHSI PECnYEil1l11KAKOTOpOrO HaCYHTbIBaeT 60JIee 4 TbTC. JIeT. CTpaHa 3aHHMaeT

orpoMHylO TeppHTopHIO B l.I,eHTpe T1Ha BOCTOKe A3HH. Be 6epera

OMbTBalOT MOp51 TUX020 OKeGlta.II P H P O,lJ.a ]vua51 OTJIT1yaeTC5I 60JIblllT1M pa3Hoo6pa3T1eM.

ne3BO,lJ.HbIe rrYCTbTHH Ha ceBepe T1B l.I,eHTpe CTpaHbI CMeH5IIOTC5I

rrbIWHbIM11 BJIIDKHblMH JIeCaMT1 Ha IOro- BOCTOKe. Be.nUKafl Kumau-CKafl paeliUlia rrepeKpbITa MOlllHbTM11 TOJIlllaMl1 peYHblX HaHOCOB.

Ha 3arra,lJ.e CTpaHbT rrO).l,H11MaIOTC5IrT1raHTCKHe ropHbTe coopy)«e-

HH5I- Tfllib-IlIalib, KylibJlylib, rUMa.rtau. Ha BbTCOTe 60JIee 4500 M

JIe)((J1T lia20pbe Tu6em, OKpY)«eHHoe eUJ,e60JIee BbTCOKMMT1ropHbI-

MT1xpe6TaM11. IIo3ToMY Tl16eT CrrpaBe,lJ.JT11BOHa3blBalOT «KpbIweH • 9,6 MI1H KM2

MHpa», a lVITaH- «IIo).l,He6ecHoH T1Mrrep11eH». Ha rrpocTOpax Ta- t 1,7 MI1PA '"Iel1.KOH orpOMHOH CTPaHbI KJI11MaT Pa3JTI1YHbIH: Ha ceBepe H 3arra,lJ.e -

rrpeT1MYllleCTBeHHO KOHTT1HeHTaJIbHbTH, Ha BOCTOKe - MYCCOH- @ neK..,H

HbTH. BeCHOH H oceHblO Ha rro6epe)((be 06pYlll11BalOTC5I TaHcPYHbT.

Ha BOCTOKe JIeTH11e MYCCOHbl rrp11HOC5IT 06l1JIbHbie ,lJ.O)((JJ.H.OHl1

rreperrOJIHSIlOT peKM H BbT3bTBalOT pa3pYIlll1TeJIbHbTe HaBO,lJ.HeHl15I.

PeKy XyaliX3 Ha3bTBaIOT «ropeM lVITa5I». BblXOM 1136eperoB, OHa

He TOJIbKO 3aTaIIJI11BaeT HaCeJIeHHbIe IIYHKTbI, HO l1 3aHOCT1T HX

MHoroMeTPOBbTM CJIOeM l1JIa. ,LI..rr513alllHTbT OT HaBO,lJ.HeHI1H B,lJ.OJIb

pyceJI coopy)«alOT 3eMJT5IHbTeBaJIbI, HHOr,lJ.a B HeCKOJIbKO P5IJJ.OB.B

CTpaHe I1MelOTC5I Bce 113BeCTHbTe B rrpl1pone rrOJIe3HbTe 11CKOrrae-

MbIe. 3aJIe)((J1 HeKOTopbTX 113HHX OqeHb 60raTble: TYT COCpe,lJ.OTO-

qeHa rrOJIOB11Ha M11POBbTX 3arraCOB OJIOBa 11 BOJIb<ppaMa, TpeTb -

KaMeHHoro yrJT5I.

lVITaH - CTPaHa C Ha116oJIbWI1M KOJII1YeCTBOM HaCeJIeHH5I

Ha 3eMJIe. HeCMOTP5I Ha OrpOMHYIO TeppHTopHIO 11CJIO)«HYIO HC-

TOpl11O pa3BHTl15I, HaCeJIeHHe O).l,HOpO).l,HOe no Hal.l,HOHaJIbHOMY

-n-YT-e-W-e-cT-B-••e-B-cn-O-B-O-----/

Ha3saHliIe KuraH npOlilCXOAliIT OT

cnosa K/IIT8/11 - TaK Ha3blsanlilCb

MOHronbCKliIe nneMeHa, >KliISWliIeHa

cesepe. Bo MHorlilX CTpaHax Mlilpa

KliITaill Ha3blsalOT LJuHa - OT Ha3sa-

HliI>I l...\apCTSa LJ,/IIHb, cyw,eCTBOBaB-

wero ew,e B ApeBHeM KliITae.

§ 59. CTPAHbI OCTOQHOU.A31111

P..,C. 270. neK..,H -6ol1bwOVl cOBpeMeHHblH ropOA

TPYAHO 11111 BbIY'UlTbKIIITai:1cKIlli:1 S13b1K

KlllTaVlCKV1V1~3b1K C'-IV1TaeTC~ 0AHV1M

V13CaMblX CnO>KHbIX B MV1pe. nV1WyT

KV1TaVlLl,bl3HaKaMV1 - V1epOrnV1cPaMV1,

KOTOpble 0603Ha'-la1OT He 6yKBbl, a

cnOBa-nOH~TV1~. Ew,e CnO>KHee Ha-

Y'-lV1TbC~ '-IV1TaTb nO-KV1TaVlCKV1, no-

CKonbKY OAV1H V1TOT >Ke 3HaK MO>KeTV1MeTb AO 50 3Ha'-leHV1t11.l-lTo6bl npo

'-IeCTb KHV1ry, HaAO 3HaTb

5 TbIC. V1epornV1cP0B.'-,

BenlllKllli:1 wenKoBbli:1 nYTb

TaK Ha3blBanV1 cV1cTeMY KapaBaHHblx

Aopor orpoMHoVl npOT~>KeHHOCTV1

(oKono 13 TbIC. KM). Ha'-lV1Ha~ C I B.

AO H. 3. V1AO caMora Ha'-lana XX B.

3TOT nYTb coeAV1H~n KV1Tatll C EBpo-

noVl. C AaneKoro BocToKa Ha 3anaA

AOCTaBn~nV1, KpoMe CneLl,V1V1,6yMa-

rV1 V1cPapcPopa, CBV1TKV1Heo6bIKHO-

BeHHoVl TKaHV1. nerKV1V1, HO npO'-lHblVl

wenK, pOAV1Ha KOToporo 6blna, Ka-

3anOCb, Ha KpalO CBeTa, C'-IV1TanC~

npeAMeToM pOCKOWV1. Era V1cnonb-

30BanV1 KaK yKpaweHV1e, V1TonbKO co

BpeMeHeM Ha'-lanV1 WV1Tb OAe>KAY.

CeKpeT nonY'-leHV1~ wenKoBoVl HV1TV1,

KOTOpylO BblAen~eT ryceHV1L1,a TYTO-

Boro (wenKOB~'-IHOro) wenKonp~Aa~V1.KOTOpylO KV1TaV1L1,blHaY'-lV1nV1cb V13ra

TOBn~Tb ew,e B III TbIC. AO H. 3., OT- •

KpblnV1 nV1Wb B V B.v.<!> •.

PIIIC. 271. npOlll3BOACTBO wenKa B

AaBHllle BpeMeHa

COCTaBY: 93 % COCTaBJUUOT Kl1TaHUbl (xaHb). Ha

3ana,n,e CTpaHbl )KHBYTTM6embI. rocY,ll,apCTBeH-

HbIH H3bIK - Kl1TaHCKl1M. OCHOBHa51 qaCTb Hace-

J1eHM51cocpeAOTOqeHa Ha BOCTOKe. HMeHHO TaM

pacn0J1araIOTC51 MHoroQMCJ1eHHbIe ropOAa-MMJ1-

J1MOHepbl. Ho 66J1bllla51 qaCTb HaCeJ1eHM5l )KHBeT

B CeJ1bCKOM MeCTHOCTM.

B nOCJ1eAHee BpeM51 KMTaM AeMOHCTpl1pyeT

¢aHTaCTl1L[eCKl1e ycrreXM B pa3Bl1TI1M X0351i;fcTBa.

Be,ll,YJll,YJO POJ1b MrpaeT n p 0 M bl UI JI e H HOC T b .

TIo Ao6blye KaMeHHoro yrJ151 CTpaHa 3aHl1MaeT

OAHO M3 rrepBblX MeCT B Ml1pe. YrOJ1b M He¢Tb

I1CrrOJ1b3YJOT T3C ,Ll)I5l np0113BOACTBa 3J1eKTpO-

3Heprl1M. 3HaQI1TeJ1bHoro pa3BMTl1H ,ll,OCTMrJ1a

QepHa5l MeTaJ1J1YPfl151:no BblITJ1aBKe CTaJlM KMTaM

5lBJ151eTC51OAHl1M 113 MI1POBbLX J1MAepOB. HaJ1a-

)J(eHO rrpOM3BOACTBO UBeTHbLX MeTaJ1J10B (0J10Ba,

BOJ1b¢paMa, aJ1lOMMHM5I, MeAM). MalllMHOCTpO-

I1TeJ1bHble npeArrpl151TM51 BblITYCKalOT CTaHKM,

CeJ1bCKOX0351MCTBeHHYIO TeXHMKy, aBTOM06l1J1M,

TpaKTOpbI, CYAa, CaMOJ1eTbI. KMTaM - M3BeCTHbIM

B Ml1pe npOM3BO,ll,MTeJ1b 3J1eKTpOHHOH TeXHMKl1,

BeJ10Cl1rreAOB, QaCOB. CTpaHa MMeeT TbICHqeJ1eT-

HMH onbIT M3roTOBJ1eHMH XJ1oITQaTo6YMa)J(HbLX 11

llleJ1KOBbLXTKaHeM. Tpa,n,11l.I.110HHOBbICOKl1H YPO-

BeHh Pa3Bl1TM5l ¢ap¢opO-¢a51HCOBOM OTpaCJ1M.

B CeJlbCKOM X03»HCTBe Be,ll,yll.(a5l POJ1b

rrpI1HaAJ1e)J(MT paCTeHMeBO,ll,CTBy. Ha ceBepe

CTpaHbl, B yMepeHHoM n051ce, Bblpall.(l1BalOTCOlO,

rrllleHMUY, KyKypy3y M ra0J151H - BM,ll,rrpoca, 3ep-

HO KOTOPOro yrrOTpe6J15llOT B nl1lUY. Ha lOre KyJ1b-

TUBllp) lOT pHC. MeCTHblM KJU1MaT)..(aeTB03MO)[( - KIIITai.1cKllle 111306peTeHIIISI

HOCTb c06HpaTb no 2 - 3 ypo)[(a5I B ro)],. PHC - Kv1TaVIl.\aM npVlHaAJle>l<aT MHor04V1C-

HOBHOM npO,DyKT nHTaHl15l Kl1TaMueB. rIo ero neHHble Vl306peTeHVls:l, KOTopble

60py CTpaHa 3aHHMaeT nepBoe MeCTO B MHpe. 060raTVlnVl MVipOBylO lJ,VlBVlnVl3alJ,VlIO

Bblpal.lI,HBalOT TaK)[(e CaxapHhIM TpOCTHI1K, Kap- VI pacnpOCTpaHVlnVlCb nOBceMeCT-HO. KpOMe wenKa OHVI Vl306penVi

To¢eJIh, UHTpycoBble, XJIOn'-IaTHl1K H,LOKyT. KH- 6yMary, 6YMa>l<Hbie AeHbrVl VIKHVlro-

TaM - pO)],HHa 'la5I, no ero npoH3Bo)],CTBy cTpaHa ne4aTaHVle. B IV B. Ha4MVI Vl3rOTOB-

3aHHMaeT BTopoe MeCTO B MHpe nOCJIe I1H)],HI1. ns:lTb epapepop - TOHKVle KepaMVl4ec-

fIpWIeM Kl1TaMUhI npe)],nO'lHTalOT 3eJIeHbIM'laM. KVle Vl3AenVls:l 6enoro lJ,BeTa, 06>1<VI-

B )[(lfBOTHOBO)..(CTBeKHTaM Ha nepBOM MeCTe no ras:l orHeynopHylO fnVlHy - KaonVlH. B

l1orOJIOBhlO cBHHeM H Ha BTOpOM nOCJIe I1H)],HH VII B. Vl306peTeH nopox - B3pblB4a-Tas:l CMeCb, co BpeMeHeM ee Hay4V1-

- no noroJIOBblO KpYDHOro poraTOro CKOTa. P33-nViCb VlcnOfib30BaTb Ans:l 3anycKa

B01I5IT TaK)[(e JIOW3)],eM, 6YHBOJIOB, OCJIOB, OBeu neTapA. n03TOMY KVlTa~ C4V1TaeTCs:l

HK03,aBTH6eTe-5IKOB. Hal1pOTIDKeHHH4TbIC. POAVlHO~ epe~epBepKOB. Lja~ K+

JIeT B CTpaHe pa3BHBaeTC5I WeJIKOBO)],CTBO. KI1- HanViTOK Vl3 M?nOAbIX nVlCTbeB Be4-.

TaM - KpynHeMwHM B MI1pe npoH3Bo)],HTeJIb H03eneHoro KycTa TaK>I<e .' •.

HarypaJIbHhIX WeJIKOBhIX TKaHeM (pHC. 271). rIo Vl306penVi KVlTa~lJ,bl. ..

BbIJIOBY PhI6bI CTpaHa TaK)[(e 3aHHMaeT nepe)],OBhle 1103HUHH.

B KH:Tae pa3BHTbI p33Hhle BH)],hI T P a H Cn 0 pT a . B Hawy cTpaHY

Kl1TaMIJ;hI npo)],alOT TKaHH, 3JIeKTpOHHKy, PHC, 'laM. B YKpaI1He

110KynalOT CTaJIb, MI1HepaJIbHhle y)],06peHH5I, CeJIhCKOX035IHCTBeH-

HYlO TexHHKy.

HIIOHI1JI. 3TO OCTpOBHa5I cTpaHa, KOTOpa5I pacnOJIO)[(eHa Ha

ffnoHcKux OCmp08QX, B6JIH3I1 BOCTO'lHhIX 6eperoB A3HI1. ,1l.oJIroe

BpeM5I ee H33bIBaJIH rocy)..(apcTBOM-OTIIIeJIhHHKOM, 110CKOJIbKy oc-

TpoBHoe 1I0JIO)[(eHHe OT)],eJI5IJIOcTpaHY OT BHewHero MHpa. rIo-

)],06H35I 1130JI5IIJ;H5Icnoc06CTBOBaJIa coXpaHeHI1lO HaUHOHaJIhHbIX --- ----. -

Tp3)],HIJ;I1M, HO o)],HoBpeMeHHo TOpM03HJIa pa3BHTI1e X035IMCTBa.

IIpHpo)],HbIe yCJIOBHlI He COBceM 6JIaronpH5ITHbI)J)l5I )[(H3-

HH H X035IMCTBeHHOM )..(e5ITeJIhHOCTHJIlO)],eM. 5lnoHcKHe OCTpOBa

B03HI1KJIH Ha CThIKe )],ByX JIHTOC¢epHbIX I1JII1T. 3TO 30Ha BhICOKOH

•• 373 TbIC. KM2

t 127 MnH 'Ien.

@) ToKill 0

I >KIIIBom1CHast cDYA3111

ropy et:>YA3V1~Ma (epYCXH 03Ha'-laeT

60,V1H51 O,H51, 9M3 - /Opa), KOTOpa~

IVlMeeT <pOpMy nO'-lTVlVlAeanbHoro KO-

, Hyca C nOKpblTOVl CHerOM BepWVlHOVl,

~nOHLI,bl C'-IVlTaJOT)f(VlnVlw,eM 60rOB,

TO eCTb CB~...w,eHHOVl. Ka)f(A..bIVl... )f(VI~. "Tenb VIrOCTb s:lnoHVIVICTpeM~TC~

I. 'neA!imbC~ Ha ee BepWVlHY"$~ . . '

, - _:.I

CeHCMHl.JeCKOH aKTHBHOCTH. 06 3TOM CBM)],e-

TeJIhCTBYIOT y.aCThle 3eMJIeTp5lCemffi M )],eHcTBy-

IOUJ.HeByJIKaHhI. HeO)],HOKpaTHO OHM HaHOCMJIM

CTpaHe orpOMHhIH ymep6. HeMaJIO 6e)], npMHO-

CHT H UyHaMH. ITO)],06Hble 51BJIeHlliI M5I 51nOH-

ueB y)J(e CTaJIH npHBhly.HbIMH. OHH HaYl.JHJII1Cb CTpOHTh

ceHCMOCTOHKHe BhlCOTHble (60-3Ta)J(Hhle 11 Bblllle) 3)],aHH5I, a

)],eTeH C )],eTCTBa 06yqalOT npaBl1JIaM nOBe)],eHlliI BO BpeM51 3eMJIe-

Tp5lCeHMH. PaBHHHhI T5IHYTC5I Y3Kl1MM nOJIOCaMI1 TOJIhKO B)],OJIb

n06epe)J(l1H, a 3/4 TIJIOma,nH cTpaHhI 3aHHMalOT ropb!. HaHBhlcllla51

BepwHHa - rrOTYXlllHH eYfl/wH et>y03U51.Ma (pHC. 273).Ha ceBepe, B YMepeHHOM n05lce, 3HMa XOJIO)],Ha5I, C '-IaCThIMI1

cHerorra,naMH H MeTeJI5lMH, Ha lOre, B cy6TpOrrl1l.JeCKOM n05lce, -

M5IrKa5l. JIeTo )J(apKoe H )],O)J()J)IHBoe. 51noHH5I JIe)J(HT Ha rryTH

TaH<PYHOB. YparaHHble BeTphI, corrpOBO)J()],alOJJJ;MeC5ICHJIbHhIMI1

JIMBH5IMH, rrpOBOUHPYIOT HaBO)],HeHlliI, YHI1y.TO)J(aIOT noceBhI, H

3al.JaCTYIO HaHOC5IT 60JIhWe ymep6a, y.eM 3eMJIeTp5ICeHM5I. BCTpaHe MHOro He60JIhlllMX, 6YPHhIX peK, KOTophle I1MelOT 60JIb-

woe 3Hal.JeHHe, - Ha MHorMX H3 Hl1X coop~eHhI f3C. ITOl.JTH BC5I

51noHlliI nOKpblTa JIeCaMH, rrpaB)],a, OHI1 cyw.eCTBeHHO H3MeHeHbI

l.JeJIOBeKOM. 5InOHl(bI JII0651T npl1po)],y M 3a60TJIl1BO ee oxpaH5IIOT.

3KOHOMl1l.JeCKl1e )],OCTH)J(eHlliI CTpaHbI BbI3bIBalOT YBa)J(eHMe K ee

Hapo)],y, KOTOpbIH HayqMJIC5I npOTHBOCT05lTb npHpo)],HOH CTl1XHH.

51nOHI151 - O)],HOHaUMOHaJIhHa51 CTpaHa: 99 % HaCeJIeHH5I

COCTaBJI5lIOT5IrrOHUhI. OHM pa3roBapHBalOT Ha MeJIO)],l1l.JHOM51nOH-

CKOM 5I3hIKe. A60pHreHaMM 51noHcKI1X OCTpOBOB Cl.JHTaIOTC5I

I CIIIMBonbl SlnoH1II1II I aHHbI - cei1qac~e HeMHorol.JMCJIeHHbIH HapOn.

PaCTVlTenbHbie CVlMBonbl CTpaHbl -' CTpaHa rycToHaCeJIeHHa5I. HaCeJIeHMe )J(l1BeT-

L1,BeTOK xpVl3aHTeMbi VI ~nOHCKa~ I npeHMyw.eCTBeHHO B ropo)],ax, KpynHeHllll1e 113

! BVlWH~ caKypa C KpaCVlBblMVI P030- I Hl1X - TOKUO, !1oK02aMa, OcaKa.BblMVI COLl,B:.TVI~MVI' L1,BeTeHVle caK_'.1. CBOl1X nOJIe3HbIX MCKonaeMhlX B 51noHMH

\. Pbl BeCHOVl - 3TO TpaAVlLI,VlOHHblVl .. MaJIO, n03TOMY 66JIbwylO l.JaCThBB0351TM3 )],py-'- A!l~ ~nOHLI,eB npa3AHVlK. . s

~ • _~ .. '. " rHX CTpaH. HaCT05lmHM 60raTCTBOM 5IBJI5IIOTC5I

s:lnOHLI,bl Ha3blBaJOT CBOJO cTpaHy

HHnnOH, '-ITO B nepeBOAe 03Ha'-laeT

BOCXOA COflHL~a. OTCJOAa VIpacnpo-

CTpaHeHHoe Ha3BaHVle s:lnoHVIVI -

CTpaHa BocXOA51ll.le/O COflHu,a.

BbICOKa51 KBaJII1qmKaIJ,l15I, ,l..I,I1CIJ,I10JII1HI1pOBaH-

HOCTb 11 y,l..I,I1BI1TeJIbHOe TpY,l..I,oJIlo6I1e 5100HIJ,eB.

IToCJIe OOpa)Kemm BO BTOPOH MI1pOBOH BOHHe

X0351HCTBO 5l00HI1I16hIJIO pa3pymeHO. 3a O'IeHb

KOPOTKI1H .oepI10,l..I, 5100HIJ,hI B03pO,l..I,I1JI11CTpaHy

11,l..I,OCTI1fJII1TaKI1X BOe'IaTJI5IIOmI1X ycoexoB, 'ITO

MI1p 3arOBOpI1JI 0 5100HCKOM «3KOHOMI1'IeCKOM

4Y,l..I,e». 5l00HIJ,bI BOCOOJIh30BaJII1Cb He TOJIbKO

CBOI1MI1 HayqHbIMI1 I1 TeXHI1'IeCKI1MI1 ,l..I,OCTI1)Ke-

HI151MI1, OHI1 3aI1MCTBOBaJII1 MI1pOBOH OObIT 11 C

MaKCI1MaJIbHOH 3cPcPeKT11BHOCTbIO 0pI1MeHI1JII1

B c06CTBeHHOM X0351HCTBe. HbIHe 5IOOHI151 -

JII1,l..I,epB MI1pOBOH 3KOHOMI1Ke.

IIPOMbIIDJIeHHOCTb I1MeeT BbICOKI1H Tex-

HI1'IeCKI1H ypoBeHh Op0113BO,l..I,CTBa 6JIaro,l..I,ap51

aBTOMaTI13aIJ,I1I1, KOMObIOTepI13aIJ,I1I1, a TaK)Ke

11COOJIh30BaHI1JO p06OTOTeXH11KI1. ITo Op0I13BO,l..I,-

CTBy MHOrI1X BI1,l..I,OB0P0,1..I,YKIJ,I1I15l00HI151 3aHI1-

MaeTBe,1..I,YIII:ee MeCTO B MI1pe. Ha 0P11B03HblX pY,l..I,e11YfJIe pa6OTaIOT

4epHa51 I1 lJ,BeTHa51 MeTaJIJIYprI151. rJIaBHa51 oc06eHHOCTb MHOroOT-

paCJIeBoro MaIIJI1HOCTpOeHI151 - Op0113BO,l..I,CTBO0P0,1..I,YKI..l,I1I1BbICO-

KOH CJIO)KHOCT11. 5l00HCK11e aBTOM0611JII1 MO)KHO yBI1,l..I,eTb Ha

,l..I,oporax Bcero MI1pa, a cy,l..I,a- BO Bcex oKeaHax 11 MOp5lX OJIaHeThI.

BHe KOHKYpeHIJ,I1I1 - Op0I13BO,l..I,CTBO aY,l..I,I10- 11 BI1,l..I,eOTeXH11KI1,

p060TOB. B X11M11QeCKOH OTpaCJI11 ope06JIa,l..I,aeT Op0I13BO,l..I,CTBO

y,l..I,06peH11H, XI1MI1'IeCKI1X BOJIOKOH, OJIaCTMaCC, KpaCOK. 5l00H1151

3aHI1MaeT Be,l..I,yuJ,ee MeCTO B MI1pe 00 Op0I13BO,l..I,CTBy IIJeJIKOBbIX I1

CI1HTeTWreCKI1X TKaHeH, 6YMa)KHOM npo,1..I,YKI..l,I1I1.

CeJIbCKOe X03S1nCTBO TaK)Ke XOpOIIJO pa3B11TO. PaCTeHI1e-

BO,l..I,CTBOxapaKTepI13yeTc5I BbICOKOH YP0)KaHHOCTbIO. OCHOBHa51

KyJIbTypa - PI1C. BblpamI1BaIOT TaK)Ke KapTOcPeJIb, caxapHhIH

TpOCTHI1K 11 caxapHyIO CBeKJIy, IJ,11TpYCOBhle, OBOmI1. Pa3BO,l..I,51T

KpyOHhIH poraThIH CKOT, CB11HeH, OTI1IJ,Y. no BbIJIOBY PbI6hI 11

MOpeOpO,l..I,yKTOB 5IOOHI151 3aHI1MaeT oepBoe MeCTO B MI1pe. KpoMe

Toro, 60JIhIIJOe 3HaQeHI1e I1MeeT mrnaKYJIbTYPa - I1CKYCCTBeHHoe

pa3Be,l..I,eHI1e PbI6bI 11MOJIJIJOCKOB- )KeM'I~I1IJ, B TeTIJIbIX opI16pe)K-

HhIX BO,l..I,ax.

B CTpaHe C03,l..I,aHa rycTa51 ceTh TpaHcoopTHbIX oyTen.

MOCTbI 11 OO,l..I,BO,l..I,HbleTyHHeJII1 COe,l..I,11HSlIOTMe)K,l..I,yC060H KpyO-

Hhle OCTpOBa. Pa60TaJOT MHoro4I1CJIeHHble a3pooopThI 11 MOPC-

KI1e OOpTbI. Oc060e 3Ha'IeHI1e I1MeJOT CKOpOCTHble )KeJIe3Hble

,l..I,oporI1. 3Ha'II1TeJIbHyIO OPI16bIJIb CTpaHa OOJIy'IaeT OT TypU3-

M a. Ha MI1pOBOH PbIHOK 5InOHI151 OOCTaBJI5IeT TpaHcnopTHble

Cpe,l..I,CTBa, 0cPI1CHYIO TeXHI1KY, MeTaJIJIbI, np0,l..I,yKIJ,11IO XI1MI14eC-

KOM 11 TeKCTI1JIbHOH OpOMbIIIJJIeHHOCT11.

Pa3Aen IIoVAb,A,.

!<t*,~'~~"~-<>. q4~~\7

~noH~51 _ ((peKOp;c~e:" \)r"y~no KonllJ'IecTsy 3eMneTpfl-~i;i1nvy.<lceHlIJifI. E)I(eroAHo ~x <t>~KC~PYIOTAo1,5 TbIC., TO eCTb B cpeAHeM no4 Ton'-lKa Ka)I(Abliil AeHb.

y Hac Bown~ B o6~XOA MHor~e cno-sa ~ 3neMeHTbi 5lnoHCKoiil KynbTypbl.Hanp~Mep, IIJKe6aHa - ~CKYCCTBocoCTaSn51Tb KoMno3~LJ,~~ ~3 LJ,SeToS;KapaT3 - S~A 6e3op~Hoiil caM03a-W,~Tbl, oCHosaHHoiil Ha YAapax py-Koiil ~n~ Horoiil no caMblM Y513B~MbIMMeCTaM Tena '-IenoSeKa; HIIJHt:(3f1-pa3SeA'-I~K~, MacTepcK~ BnaAelO-w,~e pa3HblM~ B~AaM~ pyKonawHoiil6oPb6bl ~ cnoco6Hbie npeoAonesaTbnlO6ble npen51TCTB~51.

..(!> 3AnOMHP.1TE )1------------------- _

• IUlTa" - KpynHe"maH no nJlOIIJ,a;:J,HH KOJlH'IeCTBY HaCeJleHHH CTpaHa MHpa, OHaHMeeT orpOMHble 3anaCbI npHpOAHbIX pecypcoB H CTpeMHTeJlbHO pa3BHBalOIIJ,y-lOCH 3KOHOMHKy.

• HnOHHH - OCTpOBHaH CTpaHa, KOTopaH HeCMOTpH Ha AecllHu,HT COOCTBeHHbIXnpHpOAHbIX pecypcoB, HBJlHeTCSI OAHHM H3 3KOHOMH'IeCKHX JlH)l,epOB COBpe-MeHHoro MHpa.

• BOnpOCbl P.13AAAHP.1S11. OxapaKTeplt13yVlTe nplt1pO,Ll,Hbleycnoslt1s:1KVlTas:l.KaK oco6eHHOCTlt1 nplt1pO,Ll,blsnlt1-

s:I~THapa3slt1Tlt1exo3s:1V1cTsacTpaH~?2. nplt1Se,Ll,lt1Tenplt1Mepbl Snlt1s:1Hlt1s:1reorpa¢W-leCKoro nOnO>KeHlt1s:1Ha X03s:1V1cTseH-

HY~ ,Ll,es:lTenbHOCTbHaCeneHlt1s:1>lnOHlt1lt1.3. CpaSHlt1Te o6ecne4eHHocTb Klt1Tas:llt1>lnOHlt1lt1none3HbIMlt1lt1CKOnaeMbIMlt1.4. B KaKlt1XOTpaCns:lX 3KOHOMlt1Klt1>lnOHlt1s:1s:lSns:leTCs:IMlt1POSbIMnlt1,Ll,epoM?

Il..

1;°[,'\ KHP.1>KHASI nOJ1KA....,.,1. BOKpyr cseTa: reOrpa¢lt14eCKas:l3HLJ,lt1KnOne,Ll,lt1s:1,LJ,ns:l~HbIX 4lt1TaTeneVl. - Hb~-

1I10PK:Jlapycc Klt1Hr¢lt1Wep LJ3M6epc lI1HK, 1995.2. MapKo nono: WenKosblVl nYTb. M.: ACTpenb: ACT, 2006.3. 3HLJ,lt1KnOne,Ll,lt1s:14Y,Ll,eCnplt1pO,Ll,bl//Bill Bachman. - JlOH,Ll,OH:1I13,Ll,aTenbcKlt1V1,Ll,OM

Plt1,Ll,ep3AaVl,Ll,>KecT,2000.4. ranHLCbKHM B. I., ranHLCbKa H. CPo Cepe,Ll, nycTenb i rip. - K.: Pa,Ll,.WK., 1991.5. ICTOpis:l reorpa¢i4Hlt1X si,Ll,Kplt1TTis:Aocni,Ll,>KeHHs:I MaTeplt1Kis / YKna,Ll,. r. r. A~-

KOS. - K.: naSniH, 2005.6. Kpa'iHlt1 csiry: AMeplt1Ka, ASCTpanis:l, OKeaHis:l: Ans:l ,Ll,iTeVlcepe,Ll,. WK. siKy / AST.-

ynops:l,Ll,. B. M. CIUlRpeHKO Ta iH. - XapKis: eDonio, 2006.7. Kpa'iHlt1 i HapO,Ll,lt1:A3is:l, A¢plt1Ka, AMeplt1Ka, ASCTpanis:l: Alt1T. eHLJ,lt1Kn./ AST.-yno-

Ps:l,Ll,.n. O. 6arposa. - K.: WKona, 2002.8. MaKCHMOS B. O. HaSKono non~cis 3eMni. - K.: Pa,Ll,.WK., 1982.9. Kpa"iHlt1CSiTy: A3is:l: Ans:l ,Ll,iTeVlcepe,Ll,. WK. siKy / AST.-ynops:l,Ll,. B. M. CIUlRpeHKO

Ta iH. - XapKis: eDonio, 2006.10. Kpa'iHlt1 csiry: espona: Ans:l ,Ll,iTeVlcepe,Ll,. WK. siKy / AST.-ynops:l,Ll,. B. B. MHpOW-

HiKosa Ta iH. - XapKis: eDonio, 2005.11. Kpa"iHlt1CSiTy: A¢plt1Ka: Ans:l ,Ll,iTeVlcepe,Ll,. WK. siKy / AST.-ynops:l,Ll,. B. M. CKnR-

peHKO Ta iH. - XapKis: eDonio, 2006.12. MHlUlyxo-MalUlaM M. M. MaH,Ll,pisKa Ha Hosy rsiHe~: UJ,O,Ll,eHHlt1K.- K.: Becen-

Ka, 1965.

P.1UJ,P.1TEB P.1HTEPHETEgoogle.com.uauk. wikipedia.orgjwikiwgeo.ru

redbook.iatp.org.uaanimalh.infokrugosvet.ru

rustrana.rulenzoo.ruzoo.kharkov.ua

~..!-- 2_7_0_

(I YPoBeuL)

1. IO:lRULIe 6epera A3HH OMLIBalOTca 3aJIHBOM:a) BMcRaMcRMM; 6) BOTHHqeCRMM; B) BeHraJIbCRHM.

2. IIpoJIHB, pa3p;eJIalOIU;HH EBpa3HIO H CeBepHyro AMepHll:y, HOCHTHMa:a) CeMeHa ,IJ;emHeBa; 6) BMTyca BepMHra; B) <PepHaHa MareJIJIaHa.

3. 3a rrpep;eJIaMH AJILIIHHCRO-rHMaJIaHCKOro rroaca CKJIap;qaTLIX rop JIe:IRaT:a) YpaJIbCRMe ropbI; 6) KapilaTbI; B) KaBRa3CRMe rOpbI; r) IIMpeHeM.

4. Ha MaTepHKe EBpa3Ha 3arrap;Hee pacrrOJIO:IReua paBUHua:a) 3aIIa,n;Ho-CH6MpCRa.H; 6) BOCTOqHO-EBpoIIeHCRa.H.

5. PeKa, Brrap;alOIU;aa B JKeJITOe Mope H HMelOIU;aa TaKOe:IRe ua3BaUHe:a) XyaHxs; 6) MeRoHr; B) raHr; r) .HHIJ;3bI.

6. KOTJIOBHUa 03epa BaHKaJI HMeeT rrpOHCXO:IRp;eUHe:a)JIe,n;HMRoBoe;6)ocTaTOqHOe; B) TeRTOHMqeCRoe.

7. KJIHMaT 30ULI TaHrH:a)cy6apRTMQeCRMH;6)cy6TpOIIMQeCRMM;B)yMepeHHMM.

8. BLIcoKopa3BHTaa CTpaua A3HH, rp;e ua rrpOTa:IReUHH rop;a 6LIBaeTpeKopp;uoe KOJIH'IeCTBO 3eMJIeTpaCeuHH, - STO:a) KHTaM; 6) MHP;M.H; B) .HIIOHM.H; r) MOHrOJIH.H.

( II ypoBeuL )

9. KaROM RJIMMaT IIpeo6JIa,n;aeT Ha ceBepHOM IIo6epembe EBpa3MM?10. KaRMe ropbI A3MM BbI 3HaeTe?11. Ha30BMTe caMble ,n;JIMHHblepeRM EBPOilbI.12. KaRMe IIpMpo,n;Hble 30HbI C<pOpMMpOBaJIMCbB YMepeHHOM IIoace EBpa3MM?13. Ha30BMTe OCHOBHble .H3bIKOBble rpyIIIIbI, R ROTOpbIM OTHOC.HTC.H

Hapo,n;bI EBPOilbI.14. KaRMe CTpaHbI .HBJI.HIOTC.Hcoce,n;.HM:HYRpa:HHbI?

( III ypoBeuL )

15. LITO TaROe MyCCOHbI?B RaROMQaCT:HEBpa3:H:HHa6JIIo,n;aeTC.H:HXBJIM.HH:He?16. KaKoBbI oco6eHHOCT:H IIYCTbIHb yMepeHHoro IIO.HCaEBpa3:H:H?17. OxapaRTepM3yMTe X03.HMCTBO<PpaHIJ;:H:H.18. KaRoBbI IIp:Hpo,n;Hble oco6eHHOCT:H CTpaHbI, ROTOpyIO MomHO Ha3BaTb

«cTpaHoM :HH,n;Y:H3Ma,6y,n;,n;:H3Ma:HaJIbII:HH:H3Ma»?

(IV ypoBeuL )

19. KaK reorpa<p:HQeCROe IIOJIOmeH:He IIOBJI:H.HJIOHa oco6eHHOCT:H IIp:HpO,n;bI:H X03.HMCTBa BeJI:HR06p:HTaH:H:H?

20. H:Hr,n;e Ha 3eMJIe, RpOMe EBpOIIbI, ,n;peBeCHa.HpaCT:HTeJIbHOCTbHepaCilpOCTpaH.HeTC.H ,n;o70° c. III. LIeM 06'b.HCH.HeTC.Hee IIpOH:HRHOBeH:HeB TaR:He BblCORMe IlI:HPOTbI?

TeMa 1. B3a&llMOAeiiicTB&IIe ~enOBeKa &IInp&IIpO,(\bl

TeMa 2. 3KOnOr&ll~eCK&IIenpo6neMbi MaTep&llKOB &IIOKeaHOB

Ha npoTillKemm Bcei1 I1CTOpl111 3eMJII1 BJ1I15IHl1e

yeJ10BeKa Ha rrpl1po,D,y He 6bIJ10 CTOJIb 3HaY11TeJIbHbIM,

KaK B HaUlI1 nHI1. MbI OCTaBJI5IeM rrOCJ1ece65I mraHT-

cKI1e KapbepbI, 113nyCTOi1 nOpO,D,bIC03,D,aeMI1CKYCCTBeH-

Hble rOpbI - Teppl1KOHbI. )J,bIM5IT TbIC5IYI1 Tpy6

npOMbIWJ1eHHbIX npelIrrp115ITI1H, HaCblilIa5I OKp)')KaIO-

ilIYIO cpeny OTpaBJ15IIOilIl1Ml1 BeweCTBaMI1. PeKl1 HeCYT

B MOp5I 3arp5I3HeHHYIO BOny. HanpacHo I1llIYT y6e)l(J1-

ilIe )I(J1BOTHble Ha MeCTe Bblpy6J1eHHblX JIeCOB. BJ1I15I-

Hl1e yeJ10BeKa pacrrpOCTpaHI1J10Cb Ha BeCb 3eMHoti

wap - OT APKTI1JOIlIO AHTaPKTl1llbI. AKTI1BHO npeo6-

pa3y5I rrJIaHeTy, MbI rrOpO)l(lIaeM 3KOJIOrl1yeCKI1e

rrp06J1eMbI. He CaMI1 JII1 CTaBI1M rro,JJ;yrp03y cyweCTBO-

BaHl1e TIJIaHeTbI? He pa3pywaeM J111npl1po,D,HYIO KJIa-

,JJ;OByIO,KOTOpa5I IlOJI)l(Ha 6bITb 6a30i1 AJI5I pa3BI1TI15I 11

6y,nywl1X nOKOJ1eHI1i1? OTBeTbI Ha 3TH BonpOCbI ,JJ;aeT

reorpacPl15I, BOOP)')Ka5I Hac 3HaHI15IMI1 0 B03MO)I(HbIX

rrOCJ1e,JJ;CTBI15IXBMeWaTeJIbCTBa B rrpl1pony.

Ih)"laSi pa3,JJ;eJ1,RbI:

Y3HaeTe 0 COBpeMeHHbIX rrp06J1eMaX B3aI1MO,JJ;ei1-

CTBI15I 06wecTBa 11 rrpl1p0,JJ;bI;

0606wI1Te 3Ham15I 0 npl1pOlIHbIX 60raTCTBax 11

npl1po,JJ;ooxpaHHblx Teppl1TOpl15IX MaTepl1KOB 11

OKeaHOB;

03HaKOMI1TeCb C Me)l(,Ll,yHapo,JJ;HbIMI1 OpraHl13a-

lJ.115IMI1no oxpaHe npl1pO,JJ;bI.

BbI Ha)"lHTecb:rrpl1BOlIl1Tb npl1MepbI palJ.110HaJlbHOro 11HepaUl10-

HaJlbHOro rrpl1po,JJ;on0J1b30BaHI15I;

BbI5IBJ15ITb I1CTOYHI1Kl1 3arp5I3HeHI15I npl1pO,JJ;bI;

Haxo,JJ;I1Tb cnoc06bI peWeH115I 3K0J10rl1yeCKI1X

np06JIeM.

fOPbI 11paBHI1HbI, Tai1ra 11caBaHHbI, 03epa 11OKea-

HbI - Bce 3TO MJ1P, B KOTOpOM MbI )I(I1BeM, 0 KOTOpOM

He06xo,JJ;I1MO 3a60TI1ThC5I, KOTOpbli1 Ha,JJ;OOXpaH5ITb.

B3AiIIMOAE~CTBiliE'iEnOBEKA l'1 nPiliPOAblTEMA 1

§ 60. IIPIIPO,UHbIE PECYPCbIII IIPIIPO,UOIIOJIb30BAHIIE

~. BcnOMHV1T8, Ha KaKV18rpynnbl pa3,lJ,8mllOT non83Hbl8V1CKona8Mbl8 no V1cnonb30BaHV11O B X0351VlCTB8.

fiPIIPO)l,HbIE YCJlOBIUI II PECYPCbI. )KH3Hh T.IeJ10BeKa

B3aHMOCB5I3aHa C npHpO,llotf. BC5I HCTOpIDI T.JeJ10BeT.JeCTBa- 3TO HC-

TOpH5I HX B3aHMO,lletfcTBH5I. OKPY)l(aIoma51 npHpO,lla C03,llaeT n p U -

p0,lJ,HbIe yCJIOBUSI)l)l51Hawero cymecrBOBaHH5I. B3TOMnpHHHMaIOT

yqacTHe Bce ee KOMnOHeHThI - ropHble nOp0,llhI, BO,lla, B03,LJ,yX,no-

;/ T.JBbl,paCTHTeJ1hHOCTh H )I(J1BOTHhIM Ml1p. C npH-

P0,llHblMH YCJ10BHSlMH CB5I3aHbI Hailla )I(J13Hh H

COCT05lHHe 3,ll0POBb5l, oc06eHHOCTH 6hITa H

X0351i1cTBeHHa5I ,lJ,e5lTeJIbHOCTh. B 3aBHCHMOCTH

OT norpe6HOCTeH T.JeJlOBeKHCn0J1h3yeT onpe,lle-

J1eHHhIe KOMrrOHeHThI npHpO,llbI. Tor,lla OHH

CTaHOB5ITC51)Jll5lHyrO npUp0,lJ,HbIMU pecypcaMu (60raTCTBaMI1),

KJIACCIIIIKAIl,IIlI IIPIIPO)l,HbIX PECYPCOB. Cpe,lJ,H

rrpHpO,lJ,HhIX pecypcoB pa3J1J1T.IaIOTMHHepanbHble, 3eMeJ1hHhIe,

BO,llHhle, KJIHMaTHT.JeCKHe, 6H0J10rHT.JeCKHe.

MUHepaJIbHbIe pecypCbI - 3TO pa3Ho06pa3HhIe rro

rrpOl1CXO)l(,lleHHIO rr0J1e3Hble I1CKOrraeMhle. MHorHe MaTepHaJlhI

)lJ151Hawl1X )I(J1J1l1m, MaWHH, npe,llMeTOB 6hITa, a TaK)l(e COBpe-

MeHHble )I(J13HeHHhle 6J1ara CB5I3aHbI C He,llpaMI1 IIJ1aHeThI. He¢Th,

npHp0,lJ,Hhltf ra3, yrOJ1b HCn0J1b3YIOTC5I KaK TOnJ1HBO Ha T3C )J,Jl51

rrp0113BO,llCTBa 3J1eKTp03HeprHH. 3TH n0J1e3Hhle HCKonaeMbIe

5IBJl5IIOTC5IChlpbeM 11M5l Xl1MHT.JeCKOHnpOMhIIIlJ1eHHOCTI1. 113 Hl1X

nOJ1yqaIOT IIJ1aCTMaCCbI, Cl1HTeTHT.JeCKl1e B0J10KHa, y,lJ,06peHH5I H

,llpyryIO npO,lJ,yKlI,HIO. )KeJ1e3Hhle H MapraHlI,eBble PY,llbI - Cblpbe

M5l npOH3BO,lJ,CTBa T.JyryHa H CTaJlH, KOTopble BhIIIJ1aBJ151eTT.JepHa5I

MeTaJlnyprH5I. 113 py,ll lI,BeTHhlx MeTaJlJ10B nOJ1yqaIOT aJlIOMHHHH,

Me,lJ,b,0J10BO, CBHHell" lI,HHKl1,llpyrl1e MeTaJ1J1bI,KOTophle HCnOJ1b-

3YIOT B MaIIlHHocrpoeHHl1. HepY,lJ,Hhle nOJle3Hble HCKonaeMhle (ne-

COK, rJ1HHa, me6eHb, pa3J1J1T.!HbleCOJ1l1,rHnc, ac6ecT H ,llp.) IIlHpOKO

HCn0J1b3YIOTC5I KaK cTpOHTeJ1bHhle MaTepHaJlbI H Chlphe)Jll5I Xl1MH-

~~~~-4 T.JeCKotf, CTeKOJ1hHOH, ¢ap¢opO-¢a5lHCOBOH 11,lJ,pyrl1X orpaCJletf.~~ ~? \~ C' :rd?' 1-0- -... ••••. •••• J1e,lJ,OBaTeJ1bHO, 6e3 Ml1HepaJlhHhlX pecypcoB

~J Ecnlt1 co6paTb Bce nopo- )I(J13He,lJ,e7lTeJ1hHOCTbT.J:eJ10BeKaHeB03MO)KHa. Ho

~lfknt>~ ~bl VIMVlHepanbl, Ao6blTbie yseJ1l1T.JeHHe,ll06bIT.J113Tl1X pecypcoB cOnpOBO)K-

4enOBeKOM lt13 HeAP nnaHeTbl, TO ,llaeTC5I HX HCTOlIJ,eHHeM.

OHlt106pa3YlOT ropHble xpe6Tbi Bbl- 3eMeJIbHbIe pecypCbI -3TOTeppHTOpH5I,COTO~ HeCKonbKO Klt1nOMeTpOB.

He06xo,llHMa51 M5l )I(J13He,lle5lTeJ1bHOCTH HaCeJ1e-

CnOBO pecypcbl B nepeBoAe C<j:>paHIJ,Y3cKoro03Ha4aeT u,eHHOCTI/I,

3anacbf, KOTopble B cny4ae Heo6xo-Alt1MOCTlt1MO>KHOlt1CnOnb30BaTb.

HID!. [J0l.JTHl/3 flJIOUI,3,lI.11Cyurn 3aHI1MalOT 3eMJlli, KOTOpble HCrrOJIb-

3)'IOTC5I B CeJIbCKOM X035fHCTBe (rraWH5I, CaLIbI, JIYra, naCIDHWa).

OHH 06eCnel.JHBaIOT lleJIOBeKa npOnYKTaMI1 rrHTaHI1.5I. Ha npyrl1.X

TeppHTOpl1.5IX pa3MemalOTC5I ropona 11d.~JIa, KapbepbI, rrpOMblill-

JIeHHble rrpe,ll,npID!TH5l 11nYTH c006WeH115I. To eCTb llJl5I l.JeJIOBeKa

3eMeJIbHble pecypCbI 5IBJI5I1OTC5I)[(}13HeHHO He06xonl1MbIMI1. Ho

cetIl.Jac nOBceMeCTHO Ha6JIlO,lI,aeTC5I I1.CTOWeHI1e nOllB. lITO 3Halll1.-

TeJIbHO CHIDKaeT ypO)[(aMHOCTb CeJIbCKOX035fHCTBeHHbIX KYJIbTYp.

BO,ll,Hble pecypcbI - 3TO, rrpe)[(lle Bcero. 3anaCbI rrpecHblx

BO,ll" cOCpe,ll,OTOl.JeHHble B peKax, 03epax. B0.10XpaHl1..TIlllIax H non

3eMJIeM. 113 Bcex BI1,lI,OBpecypcoB l.JeJ10BeK6o.Thille BCero HcrrO.lb-

3yeT BO,ll,y.MHoro (,lI,O70 %) ee HlleT Ha opowerme. Orpmrnoe KOJ1H-

l.JeCTBOBO,ll,bI paCXO,ll,yeTC5I B rrpoMblillleHHOCTII ll5I 0:'<.la)[(lleHH5I

TYp6HH 3JIeKTpOCTaHlI,HM, rrel.JeM llJl5I BblI1.1aBKH l[)1)'Ha H CTaJIH,

npOH3BO,ll,CTBa 6yMam H T.,lI,. YBeJIJ1l[I1BaeTC5I paCXO.LlOBaHHe BO,ll,bI

Ha 6bIToBbie rroTpe6HOCTH HaCeJIeHH5I. 3arracbI npecHbIX BO,ll, Ha

HaweM rrJIaHeTe B IJ.eJIOM3Hal.JHTeJIbHble, HO pacnpeneJl5lIOTC5l OHI1

OlleHb HepaBHoMepHo. Ha 3eMJIe MHOro TeppHTOpl1M (3aCymJIH-

Bble patIoHbl ArjJPUKU, AecmpQJluu, AMepuKu, A3UU) , r.1e HaCeJIeHHe

HcrrhIThIBaeT OCTpbltI ,lI,e<!>I1lI,I1TrrpecHoM BOnhI.

KJIHMaTHQeCKHe pecypcbl BKJIlOllalOTCO.1Hel.JH)'I03Hep-

rHIO, BJIary 113HeprHlO BeTpa. OT HX COBOKYTIHOCTI1 3aBHCI1T, B

l.JaCTHOCTH, pa3BHTHe CeJIbCKoro X035IMCTBa. BbI )')Ke 3HaeTe, liTO

KJIHMaTHl.JeCKHe yCJIOBH5I «,lI,HKTYIOT», KaKHe paCTeHI15I JIyllwe

BblpaIIJ.HBaTb. TaM, r,ll,e ,lI,OCTaTOl.JHOTenJIa H BJIam, n0JIYI.IalOT no

2 - 3 ypo)((a5I B ro,ll,. KrII1.MaT C KOM<pOpTHbIMH Te:-meparypaMI1. 11.

BJIa)((HOCTblO B03,l1,yxa 6JIarorrpl1.5ITeH ,lI,Jl5IJIel.JeHI15I H OTnblxa.

K 6HOJIOfHQeCKHM OTHOC5ITC5IpecypCbI paCTHTeJIbHoro 11

)((HBOTHOro MHpa. OrpOMH)'IO POJIb I1rpalOT JIeca, OHH H3naBHa

,lI,aBaJIH lleJIOBery ,lI,peBeCI1HY, JIeKapCTBeHHhle paCTeHI15I, rpH6bl,

5If0,ll,bI, opeXH. )l,.Jul X035IMCTBeHHOM ,lI,e5ITeflbHOCTI1 nepBOCTeneH-

Hoe 3Hal.JeHHe HMeeT ,lI,peBeCI1.Ha. TpY,ll,HO Ha3BaTb oTpacJlb, me He

HCrrOJIh3)'IOT rrpOnyKIJ.l1lO, 11.3roTOBJIeHH)'IO H3 npeBeCI1.HhI. Kpo:-1e

. Toro, JIeca - 3TO «JIerKHe rrJIaHeTbl», nOCKOJlbKY 06ecnellHBalOT

aTMoc<!>epy KHCJ10pO,ll,OM.3eJIeHble HaCa)[(lleHIDl BblIlOJIH5IIOT rrOll-

B03all~HTHYIO 11BO,ll,OOXpaHH)'IO pOJIb, OllHwalOT B03LIYX ropOLIOB OT

nbIJIHH Bpe,ll,HbIXra30B.J1eCaI1J1aHeTbI 3aHI1.MalOT nOllT11.1/3 cyml1,

HO HX nJIOIIJ.3,lI.H Ha Bcex MaTepl1KaX HeyKJIOHHO YMeHbWalOTC5I.

3KBaTOpl1aJIbHble JIeca B ArjJpUKe, !OJ/CHOU AMepUKe 11A3UU YHHLJ-

TO)((eHbl rrOllTI1. HarrOJIOBHHY. 3TO rrpHBOLIHT He TOJIbKO K KaTaCT-

pO<pHllecKoMy COKpaweHHIO HeKOTopbIX BH,lI,OB pacTeHHtI, HO

TaK)((e HClle3HOBeHHlO )[(J1BOTHbIX, KOTopble J1I1WaIOTC5l rrpHBbIl.J-

HbIX YCJIOBI1M 06HTaHH51. YHI1l.JTO)((eHl1e npHpO,ll,HOM paCTHTeJIb-

HOCTH B CTen5IX H caBaHHax BCJ1e,ll,CTBHellpe3MepHoro BbrrracaCKOTa

06yCJIOBI1JIO ewe O,ll,Hy np06JIeMy. ITyCTblHH6y,ll,TO B36yHTOBaJIHCb

H&o.U 3eneHbl~ APyrnec - CblPb8 AJl51 np0V13BOACTBa 6y-

MarV1. II1HTepecHo, 4TO 3a roA Y4all.\V1-

eC51 TonbKO OAHO(;1 WKonbl «V1cnV1Cbl-

BaIOT» ~enylO P0ll.\Y. CKonbKO >KenecV1cnonb3YIOT MV1nnV10Hbl WKonbHV1-

KOB, CTYAeHTOB V14V1HOBHV1-

KOB pa3HbiX Y4pe>KAeHV1(;1?

H HalIaJTl1 paCIllJ1p5ITb CBOHeCTeCTBeHHhle rpaHJ1-

UbI. BbI)')Ke 3HaeTe, lITO Ha,ll,eC5ITK11Kl1J10MeTPOB

Ha lOr npO,ll,BHH)'JlaCb Caxapa B A<pPJ1Ke. 11 TaM,

r,ll,e eIlJ,e He,llaBHO BhII1aCaJTHCKOT H 3aHHMaJTHCb

3eMJle,ll,eJlJ1eM, Tenepb raCnO,ll,CTByJOT neCK11.

113 Bcex pecypcoB 3eMJlH lleUClfepnaeM.blMU

5IBJl5llOTC5I TOJlbKO BO,ll,Hhle H KJlHMaTHlIeCKHe.

MHHepaJTbHble, 3eMeJlbHble (nolIBbl) H6J10Jl0fJ1-

lIeCKHe pecypCbI OTHOC51TC5I K UClfepnaeMblM, J1X 3anaCbl

COKpaIlJ,aIOTC5I B npolJ,eCce J1CnOJlb30BaHH5l. 3eMeJlbHbIe J1

6HOJlOrHlIeCKHe pecypCbI qeJlOBeK MO)J(eT BOCCTaHOBHThJll160 OHH

caMoB0306HOBJl5IIOTC5l, 60JlhIlla5I)Ke lJaCTb MI1HepaJTbHbIXOTHOCI1T-

C5IK lleeo3061lo6JlJleM.blMpecypCaM.

nOCJ1FJl,CfB n MPOllOnOJIb30BAHM.H.HCnOJlb30Ba-

HHe npHpO,ll,HbIX pecypCOB, B oc06eHHOCTJ1 HeKOHTPOJlHpyeMoe,

COnpOBO)K,LlaeTC5I OTpHlJ,aTeJlbHbIMH ,ll,JI51npHpO,ll,bl H lJeJlOBeKa

nOCJIe,ll,CTBJ15IMJ1.)],06b1Qa Ml1HepaJIbHbIX pecypCOB Be,ll,eTK yMeHb-

weHHIO 3anaCOB nOJle3HbiX HCKonaeMblX H HapyweHl110 3eMeJlh

IllaxTaMI1, KapbepaMJ1, OTBaJTaMJ1nopo)l,hl. Qpe3MepHoe HCnOJlh30-

BaHJ1e 3eMeJlh npHBO)l,J1T K CHJ1)KeHl1lO nJlO,ll,opo,ll,115InOlJB, Pa3BI1-

THIO 3P0311H, nO,ll,TOnJleHHIO 113a60JlaQHBaHI1IO. nOBblIlleHHhlH

BO,ll,03a60p npeCHbIX BO,ll,YXY,ll,WaeT caHHTapHO-fJ1fJ1eHJ1lJeCKJ1e

YCJlOBI15l)J(I13HI1 lJeJIOBeKa. XMIlJ,HJ1lJeCKOe HCnOJlb30BaHHe 6HOJlO-

rnlIeCKJ1X pecypCOB yrpO)KaeT I1CQe3HOBeHHeM OT,ll,eJlhHhIX BI1)l,OB.

Bce 3TO CBI1,ll,eTeJIbCTByeT 0 llepau,UOllaJlb1l0M npupoi)onOJlb30-

eallUU - Hepa3yMHoM, nOTpe6J1TeJlhCKOM I1CnOJlb30BaHI1H

npHpO,ll,HhIX pecypcOB. Hanpl1Mep, BCJle,ll,CTBHelJpe3MepHoro pac-

naxHBaHJ15I Ha BeflUKUX paeHUHax B ClllA YTPalJeHbl 3HaQHTeJlb-

Hhle nJlOIlJ,MJ1 nJlO,ll,0p0,ll,HbIX 3eMeJlh. OHI1 npeBpaTHJlHCb B TaK

Ha3blBaeMhle 6e,1J.JleH,lJ,bI- «nJlOXHe 3eMJlH», HenpHrO,ll,Hble )l,Jl5I

3eMJle,ll,eJlH5l. I1JlJ1 ,ll,pyroH npJ1Mep: eIlJ,e 30 JleT Ha3M ApQJlbCKOeMope-03epo 6blJlO lJeTBepTbIM no pa3MepaM cpe,ll,J103ep MHpa. Era

nHTaJTJ1 KpynHhle peKH - Cblp,ll,apb5I H AMY,ll,aph5I. nOcJle «Bon-

JlOIlJ,eHH5l B )K113Hb» HaylJHO He060cHoBaHHoro npoeKTa OpOCH-

TeJlhHOH CI1CTeMhI BO,ll,y OTBeJlH KaHaJTaMH Ha XJlOnKOBhle nOJl5l.

HbIHe B ApaJl, pacnOJlO)KeHHbIH B nYCTbIHe, pelJHble BO,ll,bl

npaKTHlJeCKH He nocTynaIOT. B npOWJlOM nOJlHOBO,llHOe,

60raToe PbI60H Mope Tenepb KaTaCTpo<pl1lJeCKJ1 06MeJleJlo.

Pau,UOllaJlb1l0e npupoi)onOJlb30eallUe npe,ll,nOJlaraeT TaKoeF HCnOJlb30BaHHe pecypcoB, Koma lJeJlOBeK nOJlY-

lJaeT He06xo,ll,HMble npl1pO,ll,Hble 60raTcTBa, HO

npHpO,ll,e 3TO He HaHOCHT Bpe,ll,a. HanpHMep, 60-

Jlee 150 JIeT Ha3M Ha 3ana,ll,e QJpaHlI,uU JIIO,ll11

nOCa,ll,HJlH COCHbI Ha neClJaHbIX rp5I,ll,ax 11 60-

JlOTax. CeHlIac Ha MeCTe nycToIlleH Ha COTHI1

CnOBO pal..llltOHanbHblH B nepeBO-

Ae C naTV1HCKoro 03Ha4aeT YMHbIM,u,enecoo6pa3HbIM.

nyreWeCTBMe B CnOBO

CnOBO aHTpOnO B nepeBOAe CrpeYeCKOrO 03HayaeT 'IenOBeK;

aHTpOnOreHHblH KOMnneKC - 3TO

C03/l,8HHbIM nll160 nOnHOCTblO t13Me-

HeHHblM 'IenOBeKOM.

KJ1JIOMeTpOB rrpOCT11paIOTC51CaCHaBble JIeca. B113pauJle 6e3Ba,UHbIe 11 6eCrrJIalIHbIe 3e:\1JI11

apaWaIOTC51, 11Terrepb B rrycTbIHe BbIpaWl1BalOT

¢PYKTbI 11OBOIll,11.

M3MEHEHMEIIPMPO,UHbIXKO.1IL1EK-

COB. 1'13KYpca 6 KJIacca BbI)0Ke 3Haere. lfTa IIpH-

pO,UHbIn KOMnJIeKC (OK) - 3Ta CaBaK)TIHOCTb B3aMMaCB513aHHbIX

KOMrrOHeHTOB rrp11pO,UbI (rapHbIX rropa.l. B03.:ryxa. BOlIbI, rraY:B,

paCTeHl'Iti 11)I(11BaTHbIX) Ha arrpe.le.leHHO:\I ~-qaCTKe. B npupoiJ-nOM ICOM1l.IleICCeero KaMrraHeHTbI He na.:rnepra.ll{ b rrpea6pa3a-

BaHIDIM I1JI11113MeHeH1151MBCJIelICTBHe .le5lTe..ThHOCTII y:e..lOBeKa.

TaK11M11 rrOYT11HeTpOHYTbIMI1 KOtItn.leK 3_m SlB..lIDOT 51:. Hanpl1-

Mep, apKT11yeCK11e rrYCTbIHJ1, TYHlIpa. T31'rra. Ih !eH HJle XaT51

6bI a,UHara rrp11po,UHora KOMrrOHeHTa rrpHBO.:::J1T • ¢op:\mpaBa-

HJ110 npupoiJno-anmpono2enno2o ICOJ111l.1leKca.31"0. B ya THaCTI1.

CTerrJ1 11 caBaHHbI AMepuICu, ArjJpUKU. EBp03UU. f.le B:\!eCTa

rrpJ1po,UHott paCTJ1TeJIbHOCTJ1rrpe06JIanalOT e.l •'OX03mICTBeH-

Hble KyJIbTYPbl.

CJIe,UoBaTeJIbHO, Ha Hawett ITJIaHeTe Ba3HJIKa T oo.Thwe

rrp11po,UHo-aHTPOrrOreHHbIX KOMTIJIeKCOB, a npl1po.lHhI Ii qe3a-

lOT. Ha y:eJIOBeKa B03JIaraeTC51 OTBeTCTBeHHaCTb 3a Bee npe0630BaHJ151,3a era BJIIDIHJAe rrpMpo,Uy.

(! 3AnOMHHTE• IIpHpo,lJ,Hhle pecypcbl - 3TO KOMIIOHeHThI IIpltpO.IM. KOTophle Qe.10Bit5:BOIJ(l:Jh3YeT

JIH60 MOLKeTUCn0JIb30BaTh B X03S1nCTBeHHOH.leme.lbHocrn: epeElOT MUHepaJIbHble, 3eMeJIbHbIe, BO,UHble,K.illlMaTl[t:[ecKlle n -lIo.10flffin:I!C,

• PaUHOHaJIbHOe npupO)l,OnOJIb30BaHue - 3TO pa3Y'moe II no.Th30 lIpOJ:-

HblX pecypcoB, He HaHocSllIIee Bpe)l,a npHpolIe.

• IIpupo)l,Ho-aHTponoreHHbln KOMnJIeKC - 3TO COB010JIHOCTb H .l leHHoH

TeppuTopUH npHpO)l,HbIX H npeo6pa30BaHHbIX qe.lOBe 0 0 OR HTOB. B3aH-

MO)l,encTByIOIIIHX MeLKJ],yco6on.

BonpOCbl H 3AAAHHSI1.KaK Knaccltl<pltlu,II1PYIOTnpltlpOAHble pecypcbl?

2. KaKae npltlpaAOnaJlb30BaHltle ~BJl~eTC~ pau,V10 aJlb , ?3. npltlBeAltlTe npltlMepbl V13MeHeHltl~ npltlpaAHblX KO nJleKCOB B npau,ecce Xa3~V1-

cTBeHHoV1Ae~TeJlbHOCTltl yeJlOBeKa.

4. LJeMnpltlpOAHblV1 KaMnJleKC OTJlltlYaeTC~aT aHTponoreHHoro?

rEOrPACI>W"IECKASI 3AAA"IAHa 3eMJle npmKltlBalOT CBblwe 6,6 MJlPA yeJlaBeK. E>KeAHeBHa Ha Ka)K,lJ,OrO)I(II1TeJl~

npltlXaAltlTC~ 3Kr Aa6blYltl pa3JlltlYHbiX naJle3HbiX II1CKOnaeMbIX.naACYltlTaV1Te, KaKae

KOJlltlyeCTBOMltlHepaJlbHblX pecypcoB (BTOHHax) Heo6xOAltlMO AJ1~YAOBJleTBOpeHV1~B

TeyeHltle rOAa nOTpe6HocTeV1 yeJlOBeyeCTBa.

2 3KonorfliLiECKfliE npOSnEMblMATEPiIIKOB ", OKEAHOB

§ 61. 3ArPH3HEHlIE OKPY)KAI()mEM CPE,IJ;bI~ • BcnOMHV1Te, C KaKV1MV13KonorV14eCKV1MV1 npo6neMaMV1 Bbl

~ 03HaKOMV1nV1Cb npV1 V13Y4eHV1V1 OT,D,enbHbiX MaTepV1KOB V1OKeaHOB.

o?AblAf. B U U

~~~.;:j.. ~~ CJIe,lJ,CTBHeX035IHCTBeHHOH ,lJ,e5lTeJIbHOCTHLJeJIOBeKa B OKpy-

3\. )f~~~<h--------.- -- )\(alOmeM cpe,lJ,e HaKaruIHBalOTC5I HeCBoikTBeH-~~~_j~o<:r E>t<eroAHo npoMblwR

6eH- Hble eM BemeCTBa. Cpe,lJ,H HHX - TBep,lJ,bleOTXO,lJ,bI

/jl1n?~ Hble npe,l(npHRTHR Bbl pa- (MyCOp) 11XHMWleCKHe COeL01HeHl15I 3arp5l3H5I-CblBalOT B aTMocepepy 250 MnH· ,TOHH nblnV1, 200 MnH TOHH coeAV1He- lOIUl1e OKp~alOmylO cpe,lJ,Y· DO,lJ,BeprHYTbC5I

HV1l.1Kap6oHa, CBblwe 150 MnH TOHH 3arp5I3HeHl11O MO)\(eT He60JIbllla51 TeppHTOpH5I,

coeAV1HeHV1l.1 Cynbepypa, 120 MnH 06blLJHO BOKpyr npOMbIlllJleHHoro npe,lJ,npl15ITH5I

TOHH 30nbl. HJIH HaCeJIeHHOrO nyHKTa. ECJII1 3arp5l3HeHHe

pacnpOCTpaH5leTC5I Ha BClO nnaHeTY H np05IBJl5I-

eTC5I B JI1060M TOLJKe 3eMJIH Ha 3HaLJI1TeJIbHOM paCCT05IHHI1 OT

HCTOl.fHHKa, TO r0BOP5IT 0 i'.!106llJlbUOM 3aZpJl3Ueuuu.

IIPOEJIEMA 3Arp.sI3HEHIHI B03,Il,YXA. OCHOBHblMH HC-

TOl.fHHKaMI1 3arp5l3HeHH5I B03,lJ,yxa 5IBJI5IlOTC5I npOMbIlllJIeHHble

npe,lJ,npH5IT~5I (3aBO,lJ,bI, <t>a6pHKH, TenJIOBble 3JIeKTpOCTaHUHH)

H TpaHcnopT. DPH cropaHHH TOnJIHBa HJIH npOH3BO,lJ,CTBe

npO,lJ,yKUHH B aTMoc<t>epy nocTynmoT nbIJIb, Ca)I(a, BceB03MO)\(-

HbIe XHMHl.feCKHe COe,lJ,HHeHH5I. 3arp5I3HeHHbIM B03,lJ,YXCTaHO-

BI1TC5I peaJIbHOM yrp030H ,lJ,JI5IBcem )\(HBOrO, npoBoUHpyeT

3a60JIeBaHI15I l.feJIOBeKa, OTpHuaTeJIbHO CKa3bI-

nOcneACTBIIlSl rno6anbHoro BaeTC5I Ha paCTeHH5IX H )KHBOTHbIX. DocJIe,lJ,-

nOTenneHIIlSl CTBH5IMH 3arp5I3HeHH5I aTMoc<t>epHoro B03,LJ,yXano nporH03aM Y48HbIX, ypoBeHb MV1- CTaJIH TaKHe rJI06aJIbHbie np06JIeMbl, KaK'pOBOro OKeaHa B 6nV1>t<al.1WV1eAeCH-TV1neTV1HB03paCT8T Ha 60 CM. 3Toro nOTenJIeHMe KJIHMaTa, KI1CJIOTHbIe ,lJ,O)l(,lJ,H11

AOCTaT04HO, 4T06bl nOA BOAOl.1 OKa- 06pa30BaHHe 030HOBbIX ,lJ,bIp.3anV1Cb, HanpV1Mep, OCTpOBa KV1PV1- TIp06JIeMa i'.!106llJlbUOZO nOmen.neUUH K./lUMa-

6aTV1. Ha HeKOTopblX OCTpOBax TV1- ma l.faCTO 06Cy)I(,1J,aeTC5IHa CTpaHHuaX ra3eT, B

xoro OKeaHa V1C4e3HeT npeCHaH BOAa, TeJIeHOBOCT5IX. Yl.feHble 06b5lCH5IlOT 3TO YBeJIH-V1OHV1npeBpaTHTCH B conOH4aKOBYlOnYCTbIHIO. nOHBV1nOCb Aa>t<e nOHHTV1e LJeHl1eM KOJIWleCTBa yrJIeKHCJIOrO ra3a H nbIJIMKflI1M8TV1'1eCKl1e 6e)/(eHLJ,bl. rno6anb- B aTMOC<t>epe, 'ITO npemlTcTByeT M3JIYl.feHHlO

Hoe nOTenneHV1e KnV1MaTa «o6BV1- + T.enJI.a OT 3eMJUI B KOCMI1l.feCKOe n.POCTPaH.CTBO.HHIOT" TaK>Ke B pa3pyweHV1V1 TenJIo HaKanJIHBaeTC5I H H3MeH5IeT npMp0,lJ,Hble

KopannOB B KpacHoM '@> KJIHMaTHl.feCKMe yCJIOBM5I. DOBbIllleHMe TeMne-

_ Mope. parypbI B03,lJ,yxa Ha 3eMJIe ,lJ,a)\(eHa 1 °C npMBe-

,lJ,eTK Ta5lHHlO JIb,lJ,aB ApKmUlce M AHmapKmuKe. 3aTeM nOBblCMTCH

ypoBeHb MMpoBoro OKeaHa. B CJIyqae rrOBbIlllemm ypOBH5I BO,lJ,bI

B OKeaHe ,lJ,a)Ke Ha 1 M 6Y,lJ,YT 3aTOrrJIeHbI rycToHaCeJIeHHble

rrpH6pe)KHble HH3MeHHOCTM MaTepHKOB, a MHJIJIMOHbI JIlO,lJ,eH

oCTaHyrC5I 6e3 KpOBa. C rrOTerrJIeHHeM KJIHMaTa YLJaCTI1JIHCb

CTl1XM:HHble 6eLJ,CTBI15i:yparaHbI. C\1epYl1 .. lliBHJ.1. HaBO.lHeHI15I.

KUCJlOmHbleiJoJICiJu B03Hl1KalOT rrpl1 COe.llllieHIH1 Canloc<pep-

HOH BJIaroH BpeLJ,HbIX Bell./,eCTB, rrOrraJalOllII1X B B03.::ryX C BbI6po-

CaMl1 rrpOMbIlllJIeHHbIX rrpeLJ,rrpI15ITl1H. TaKlle .10)101\ BbI3bIBalOT

pa3JII1YHble 3a60JIeBaHI15I y JIlOLIeH, BbICbIXaHJle .le OB. 0TPaB.le-

Hl1e BOLJ,bIB 03epax 11 rrpyLJ,ax, YTO corrpOBOAOa T 51m6e.lblO

PbI6bl. ITo 3TOH rrpWII1He, HarrpI1Mep. Ha rrpOT5D+Cemlll rro .1e.1-

HI1X 50 JIeT I1Cye3JIa <popeJIb B MHOrOYl1C,leHHbIX o:repax HopBe2uuI1 IllBeu,uu.

,Il,JI5i Toro YT06bI rrpeLJ,OTBpaTI1Tb 3arp5i3HeHII B03.Jyxa If

CB5i3aHHhle C 3TI1M 3KOJIOrHyeCKMe rrp06J1e\lbI. Ha rrpo.l:billl.leH-

HbIX rrpeLJ,rrpl15iTI151X He06xoLJ,I1MO YCTaHaB.llfBaTb O'HI THble

COOp)')KeHI151, BHeLJ,p5iThCOBpeMeHHble 6e30TxolIHhle TeXHO.lonnl.

IlPOEJIEMA3ArP.sI3HEHIUI BO,Il,bI.OCHoBHhle I1CTOYHJI I

3arp5l3HeHI15I BOLJ,hl- rrpOMbllllJIeHHble l1 KOMMYHaJJbHble rrpe.1-

rrpI151TI151, c6paCblBalOml1e B BOLJ,OeMbl HeOYI1ll./,eHHhle CTOKI1.

KpoMe TOro, C rrOJIeH CMblBalOTC5I Ml1HepaJJhHhle YLI06peHI15i l1

51LJ,OXI1MI1KaTbl. TaKa51 BOLJ,aCTaHOBI1TC5I HerrpI1rOlIHOH LIJ151

rrI1Tb5l, KYrraHI151, OpOllIeHI151. CI1JIbHO 3arp5l3HeHbI MHOrI1e peKM

1103epa Ha pa3HblX MaTepI1Kax. B YaCTHOCTI1, «CTOYHbIMI1 KaHa-

BaMI1» EBporrbI Ha3hlBalOT perlH I1j!,YHOU. «03LJ,OpOBJIeHI1e» He06-

XOLJ,I1MO11j!,Henpy - rJ1aBHOH peKe YKpaI1HhI.

3arp5l3HeHHylO BOLJ,ypeKM Hecyr B MOp5i 11

OKeaHbl. TaM rrpI16aBJI5IeTC5I ell./,e 11 3arp5l3He-

HI1e He<pThlO BCJIeLJ,CTBI1eaBapI1H Tpy60rrpoBO-

LJ,OB11TaHKepoB, KOTopble ee TpaHCnOpTI1pYJOT.

B t.IaCTHOCTI1, Cl1JIhHO 3arp5i3HeHhI CeBepHoe 11

EOJlmUUCTWe Mopa, MeKcuKaHcKuu 11 flepcuac-KUU 30JlUBbl.

OCHoBHble MepOrrpI15ITI15I rro 60pb6e C3arp5l3-

HeHl1eM BOLJ,bI- 9TO Ot.II1CTKa CTOKOB, rrocTyrra-

lOmI1X B BOLJ,OeMhI. DOJIblllOe 3Hat.IeHI1e l1MeeT

l1CrrOJIb30BaHI1e cOBpeMeHHhlx 6eCCTOYHhIX

TeXHOJIOrI1H B rrpOMhIllIJIeHHOM rrp0I13BOLJ,CTBe.

npOEJIEMA3AfPJ13HEHYUI fIOqB. HpaK-

TWleCKI1 Bce BpeLJ,Hhle BemecTBa, rrOrraLJ,alOllII1e

rrOHat.Iany B B03JJYX, co BpeMeHeM OKa3hIBalOTC5i B

rrOYBax. KpOMe TOro, 3arp5l3HeHI1e rrOYB CB5I3aHO lI36bI-

TOt.IHbIM BHeCeHI1eM MI1HepaJIhHbIX y,z:r06peHM:i1 115I.JOXl[\[J1](aTOB.

CaMOOt.II1meHI1e rrpOI1CXO,lIl1T OyeHh MeLJ,JIeHHO. rro::no\ry OTPaB-

J15IlOll./,I1eXl1MWIeCKMe Bell./,eCTBa nOCTerreHHO HaKarr-1I1BalOTC5I B

rrOt.IBe. 3aTeM OHI1 YCBallBalOTc5I paCTeHI15IMlI, yrroTpe6JIeHI1e

KOTOpbIX MO)((eT BhI3BaTb 3a60JIeBaHI1e JIlOLIeH 11 )((I1BOTHbIX.

qT06hI rrpeLJ,OTBpaTl1Th 3arp5l3HeHI1e rrOYB, BHeCeHI1e MI1HepaJJb-

HhlX yLJ,06peHlIH LJ,OJI)((HO6bITh HayYHo 060cHoBaHHbIM.

nOCIleACTBHSl

3arpSl3He Si

BO

IIPOBJIEMA PA).l;IfOAKTHBHOrO 3AfPH3HEHIHI.3arp5I3HeHHe MeCTHOCTl1 pa)l,HOaKTHBHhIMl1 BemeCTBaMH

CB5I3aHO C aBapH5IMH Ha aTOMHbIX 3JIeKTpOCTaHl.l,H5IX. TaKl1e

BemeCTBa BhI3bIBaIOT BHellIHee H BHyTpeHHee 06JIYlleHHe

lleJIOBeKa, llTO MO)KeT npl1BeCTI1 K OlleHb OnaCHbIM 3a6oJIeBa-

Hl15IM. B YKpaUHe BCJIe)l,CTBHeaBapl111 Ha lfepH06btJlbCKOU A3CB 1986 r. 3arp5I3HeHHhIMH OKa3aJIl1Ch Bce KOM-

"IepHo6blnbCKaSl TpareAIIISl nOHeHTbI rrpHpO)l,HOrO KOMnJIeKca.BcneACTBlile aBaplillil Ha LJepHo6blnb-CKOViA3C paAliloaKTlilBHoe 06naKO PAHOHbl 3KOJIOflfllECKOfO BE,II:-nOAH~nOCb Ha BblCOTY1200 M. nOA- CTBHH.Pai10HhI CKaTaCTp0cPl1lleCKl1M 3arp5I3-

XBayeHHOe BeTpoM, OHO nplilHecno HeHl1eM OKpY)KaIOmei1 Cpe)l,hI Ha3hIBaIOTpaAliloaKTlilBHble ocaAKlil Ha Tepplil- paUOHaMU 3KOJl02UlfeCK020 6eiJcmoUJl. 3To, Ha-

TOplillO POCClillil, 6enapyclil, nonbwlil, npHMep, IO:JICHblepauOHbl AcjJPUKU, CHJIbHO 3a-et>lilHn~HAlillil, WBel\lillil, HopBerlillil,repMaHlillil, BenlilKo6plilTaHlillil lil APY- rp5I3HeHHble BhI6poCaMH MHOrOllHCJIeHHhIX

rlilX CTpaH. PaAliloaKTlilBHble Bbr6~O- rrpo.MbIllIJIeH.HhIX npe)l,npI15lTl1i1 H T3C. B EB-Cbl AOCTlilrnlil rpeHnaHAlillil lil pa31111TaKl1MI1 pai1oHaMI1 5IBJT5IIOTC5IApCJJIbCKOe

~aYAOBCKOVI ApaBlillil. '@ Mope 11 JIepcuaC1WU 3a/lU8, B YKpal1He -

~------ - 30-Kl1JIOMeTPOBa5I 30Ha BOKpyr lfepHo6bl/lbCKOUA3C, qaCTWIHO TeppHTopHH J(OHe~KOU, JIy2aHcKou, J(Henponem-P08CKOU o6/lacmeu.

(! 3AnOMHlIITE• 3KOJIOIWIeCKHe npo6JIeMbI - 3T0 np06J1eMbI, KOTopble B03HHKalOT B CBH3H C XO-

3m1CTBeHHOU ,lJ,eHTeJlbHOCTblO 'IeJIOBeKa H npHBO,lJ,HTK OTpHl.I,aTeJlbHblM H3MeHeHH-

JIM npupo,lJ,Hb1X KOMnOHeHTOB.

• OCHOBHbIMH HCTO'IHHKaMH 3arpH3HeHHH OiqJYJIGllOmeU Cpe,lJ,b1HBJIHIOTCHTpaHcnopT,

npOMbDUJIeHHble, CeJlbCKOX03m1CTBeHHble H KOMMYHaJlbHble npe)J,DpHHTHH.

• 3KOJlOfH'IeCKHe np06JIeMbI MaTepHKOB H OKeaHOB 06ycJlOBJIeHbi 3arpH3HeHHeMB03)J.yXa, BO,lJ,bI,nO'lB H pa,lJ,Hal.l,HOHHblM 3arpH3HeHHeM.

BonpOCbllll 3AAAHlIISi1. Ha30BlilTe OCHOBHble lilCTOYHlilKlil3arp~3HeHlil~ oKpy>KalOw,eii1 Cpe,lJ,bl.

2. KaKllle 3KOJlor'lIIyeCKllle np06J1eMbl B03HIIIKalOT BCJle,lJ,CTBllle3arp~3HeHIII~ B03,lJ,yxa?

3. nOyeMY 3arp~3HeHllle Mopeii1111OKeaHOB He¢TblO oco6eHHo onacHo?

4. 4eM onaCHO pa,lJ,1II0aKTlilBHoe3arp~3HeHllle?

5. rOBOp51T,YTO>KIIITeJlIII,D,oHeLl,Ka1IIJ1111nyraHcKa MoryT yBIII,lJ,eTbTO, yeM OHIII,lJ,blwaT.

C KaKIIIMIII3KOJlOrlllyeCKIIIMIII np06J1eMaMIII 3TO CB~3aHO?

nPAKTlII~ECKASI PA60TA )1. Onpe,lJ,eJlIIITeOCHOBHbleBIII,lJ,bI3arp~3HeHIII~ OKPY>KalOw,eii1Cpe,lJ,blcBoeii1 MeCTHOCTIII.

2. YCTaHoBlilTe lilCTOYHIIIKlIIlIIXnOCTYnJleHIII~.

3. HanlllWIIITe 3aKJIlOyeHllle 0 COCTO~HIIIIIInplllpO,lJ,bl cBoeii1 MeCTHOCTIII. KaKllle 1113Me-

HeHIII~ Bbl CYIIITaeTe nary6HblMIII? Ha30BIIITe paCTeHIII~ III>KIIIBOTHbIX,KOTopble, Ha

Baw B3rJJ~,lJ"Heo6xo,lJ,IIIMO BKJlIOYIIITbB KpacHylO KHlllrYYKpalllHbl.

§ 62. CnOCOBbI PEillEHIUI3KOJIOfWlECKHX npOBJIEM

• BcnOMHV1Te, KaK MO>KHOnpeAOTBpaTV1Tb 3arp~3HeHV1e B03Ayxa V1BOAbl.

• 0 KaKV1XnpV1pOAooxpaHHblX Teppv1TOpli1~X Bbl y3Hanli1, V13Y'-la~MaTepV1KV1?

COBpeMeHHble 3KOJlOrHlJ.eCKlle np06.1e~lbl. CBH3aHHble C

I1CTou.r.eHl1eM npl1pO,I:(HblX pecypCOB II 3arp5l3HeHHe~1 OKP)')KaIO-

w,eH Cpe,I:(bI, Tpe6ylOT He3aMe).lJlI1Te.1hHoro peweHJf5I. B~leWaTeJIh-

CTBO LfeJlOBeKa B npl1poLI.Y HaCTOJlhKO YBe..1JflUl1OCb. tITO Tenepb OH

BhIHy)K,I:(eH I1CKaTh BbIXOLI. 113 «3KO.10rJILf 'oro DllUKa» . .1)151

npeOLI.OJIeHI1H 3TI1X np06JIeM cyweCTBy T . £HOro 'OHKpeTHhLX

cnoco60B C l1CnOJlh30BaHHeM LIOCTIDf'eHlru Ha~ I H T XH][KJL

OTXO.Il.hI - B .Il.OXO.Il.hI.TIOCKO.1hKY 3arra hi He yMeeM I-1CnOnb30BaTb

yrJI5I, HecPTI1, npl1pOLI.HOro ra3a 11py.J co Bpe.l - aeroAHo B Ml-1pe Ao6blBalOT

HeM I1CLfepnaIOTC5I, CneI.l,HaJTI1CTbI peKmleH.Jy- 3 J1PATOHH n0J1e3Hb1X V1CKonae-

lOT 06paTl1Tb BHI1MaHl1e Ha MYCOpHhle CBa1KlL .1blX. nplI1 3TOM B OTXOAbl YXOAII1T% CblPbs:l111TOJ1bKO10 % - Ha npo-

Bce 60JIhWe 3arpOMO)K,I:(alOw,l1e nJlaHeTy. OTXo-~13BOACTBOnpOAyKlI,lI1111.To eCTbAa)l(e

LI.hI MOryT CTaTb LI.OnOJlHl1TeJIhHbIMI1 I1CTOllHli- B YCJ10BII1s:lXcOBpeMeHHoro ypOBHs:l

KaM 11 Chlph5l. Y)J(e CerOLI.HH LIecPl1UIHHbie pa3BII1TII1s:lTeXHII1KII1111TeXH0J10rll1C14e-

MeTaJlJlhl LI.06bIBalOT 113 OTBaJlOB, a COBce~1 J10BeK He HaY4l-1J1Cs:lpall,l-10HaJ1bHO•...HeLI.aBHO OHl1 HI1KOMY He 6hIJIl1 H)')KHhI. HarrpH - nOJ1HOCTblOII1Cn0J1b30BaTb .

Mep, B MeKCUKe Ha OLI.HOM113npl1l1CKOB B OTXO- npll1pOAHble 60raTCTBa.:.'"

LI.ax 6bIJIO «noxopOHeHO» 80 TbIC. TOHH Me.JH. B Teppl1KOHaX

COCpeLI.OTOLfeHO BhICOKOKalJ.eCTBeHHoe cblpbe .1.151np0I13BO,I:(CTBa

w,e6HH, I.l,eMeHTa, KepaMI1K11I1 LI.pyrl1X CTpOI1Te.lhHbIX rrOTpe6Hoc-

TeH. 113 6hITOBOro Mycopa HaYLfI1JII1Cb nO.~"L[aTb rOplOLfI1H ra3 11

YLI.06peHl15l.

MO)J(HO npl1BeCTl1 MHO)J(eCTBO npmlepOB, KOrLI.a l1CnOJlb30-

BaTh OTXOLI.hlBblrOLI.HO. TIP113TOM COXpaH5lIOTC51 MI1JIJll10HbI TOHH

nOJIe3HhIX I1CKonaeMhIX. TaK OLIHOBpe~leHHO MO)J(HO pew 11Th

np06JleMy COXpaHeHl151 Ml1HepaJThHhL\ pecypcoB 11 OL[I1w,eHI1H

OKp)0KalOu.r.eH Cpe,I:(hl OT 3arp513HeHl15l.

qHCThIE HCTOqHHKH 3HEPfHH. B COBpeMeHHhlx

YCJlOBl15IX 3JleKTp03Heprl151 5lBJlHeTCH OCHOBOH X0351HCTBa. OHa

Heo6xo,I:(I1Ma He TOJlbKO,Ll.Jl5lTOro, LfT06bI B HaWl1X KBapTl1paX 6bIJI

CBeT, pa60TaJTH TeJIeB1130p, XOJIOLIl1JlhHI1K, CTl1paJThHa51 MaWI1Ha

11LI.pyraH 6hITOBaH TeXH11Ka. CerOLIH51 XJle6 BbmeKaeTC5111 MeTa.JIJI

BhInJlaBJIHeTC51 B 3JleKTponeLfax, BOLIa nOLI.aerC51 3JIeKTpOHacoca-

MI1, e3LI.51T3JIeKTpOnOe3,I:(a, - Be3LIe pa60TaeT 3JleKTp03Hepfl151.

Ee np0I13BO,I:(CTBO 1133KOJlOrHyeCKI1 L[I1CTbIX I1CTOYHI1KOB pewl1-

JIO 6bI 11np06JleMy I1CTow,eHI151 TOHllI1BHblX nOJIe3HhIX HCKonae-

MhIX, 11np06JIeMY 3arp513HeHllil B03):(yxa BbI6poCaMI1 T3C.

Ql1CThIM .11CTOlJ.HI1KOM 3Heprl111 51BJl51eTC51Hawe LI.aJleKOe

CBeTI1JIO - COJlHI.l,e. qeJlOBeK 6e3B03Me3LI.HO nOJIyYaeT TO, L[TO C

Pa3Aen III <

o9A~"t.Q.~?'. ;","".0~ ;~<'" \"9'\f:%o~Ecm1 OXna,D,l-1Tb He,D,pa Ha-

{"I1Hn9 ••••q we~ nnaHeTbl BCerO Ha 1 ·Cl-1 l-1CnOnb30BaTb 3TO Tenno ,D,ns:l

3neKTpOCTaHu.l-1~, TO OHl-1 MOrnl-1 6bl

,D,aBaTb 3neKTp03Heprl-11O Ha npOTs:l-

>KeHl-1l-1Ml-1nnl-10HOB neT.

60J1bllJ11MI1 3aTPaTaMH pa3BeLJ:bIBaeT H LJ:06bIBa-

eT B HeLJ:paX nJ1aHeThI. Ha 3eMJ11O nocTynaeT OT

C0J1Hua::mepnn1 B 20 TbIC. pa360J1bllJe, qeM npH

HCn0J1b30BaHI1I1 TOnJ111BHbIX pecypCOB. A MbI

I1Cn0J1h3yeM ceti':Iac TOJ1hKO M113epHyIO ee

LJ:OJ1IO- 1/5000. 3KcnepHMeHTaJIbHbIe COJ1He':I-

HhIe 3J1eKTpOCTaHUI111 pa60TaIOT B p5lLJ:ecTPaH.

BHe COMHeHI151, B 6YLJ:YlUeM OHH cTaHYT TaKI1M11 )J(e 06bl':IHbIMI1,

KaK HbIHellIH11e TeTIJIOBble. Ho ~e 6e3 LJ:bIM5IIlI,11XTpy6, 3arp5l3-

H5IIOIlI,11X B03LJ:YXBpeLJ:HbIMH Bbl6poCaMI1, 6e3 OTBaJIOB, 06pa3YlO-

IlI,I1X ropbI lllJIaKOB 1130J1bI.

EIlI,e O,UHI1M 3K0J10rl1l.JeCKI1 l.J11CTbIM HCTOl.JH11KOM 3J1eKTPo-

3HepmH MOryT CTaTb rop5ll.J11e nOLJ:3eMHbIe BOLJ:bI. no oueHKaM

yqeHhIx, OHH 3aJIeraIOT LJ:Omy6HHbi 50 KM nO':ITH nOBceMeCTHO.

TenJ10Ba51 3Hepr1151 nOLJ:3eMHbIX BOLJ:B TbIC5Il.J11pa3 npeBblllIaeT

3HeprHlO Bcex TOTIJIHBHhlX n0J1e3HbIX 11CKOnaeMblX. 3TO eIll,e O,UHa

peaJIbHa5I B03MO)J(HOCTb 3aMeHHTb B 6YLJ:YlUeM TOTIJI11BHble pecyp-

Cbl, 3anaChI KOTOphIX YMeHhllIaIOTC5I. Pa3Be B TaKI1X paCqeTaX,

nYCTb 11 np116mt3I1TeJ1bHbIX, He KpoeTC5I peaJIbHOe pellIeH11e?

BOTIJIOTI1Tb 3TO - LJ:eJ10HaYKI1 11BallIe, 6YLJ:YlUero nOKOJ1eHH5I.

3KOHOMlUI PECYPCOB. )l,J151COXpaHeH1151 MHHepaJIbHbIX,

J1eCHblX 11BOMhIX pecypCOB I1X He06xoLJ:HMO paIJ,l10HaJIbHO 11cnOJ1b-

30BaTb. BOT noyql1TeJ1bHOe cpaBHeH11e. Ka)J(,UbIti. rOpOLJ:CKoti

)J(I1TeJ1bB YK.pawte B CpeLJ:HeM11Cn0J1b3yeT 350 J1BOLJ:bIB CYTKI1. np11

3TOM B CTPaHax 3anaLJ:Hoti EBponbI ee B 6bITY nOTPe6J151IOT nOl.JTH

BTPoe MeHbllIe - 120 J1. TI03TOMY He 3a6bIBatiTe BbIKJIlOqaTb BOLJ:Y,

KOrLJ:a, Hanp11Mep, 'IMCT11Te 3y6bI I1J1HHaMbIJ1I1BaeTeCb B ,UYllIe.

3KOHOMHoe 11Cn0J1b30BaHHe BOLJ:bIB 6bITY 11Ha np0113BOLJ:CTBe

LJ:0J1)J(H0CTaTb HOpMOH, BeLJ:bQpe3MepHblti BO,U03a60p npHBOLJ:11T

K 06MeJ1eHMlO 11BhIChlXaHHlO peK H 03ep.

llPI1PO,UOOXPAHHhIE TEPPI1TOPHI1. )l,J151COXpaHeHI15111

BOCCTaHOBJ1eH1151npHpOLJ:bI Ha MaTepHKax C03LJ:aIOTC5Inpupo,Uo-

oxpaHHble TeppUTopUU. 3TO 3anOBeLJ:HHK11' HaU110HaJ1bHble

napKH, 3aKa3HHKH, pe3epBaTbl, naM5ITH11KI1 np11pOLJ:bI. HbIHe HX

06Il1,a51 nJ10Ill,aLJ:b COCTaBJ151eTJ1HIllb 3 % nJ10Ill,aLJ:11CYllIH.

llPUpO,lJ.Hble 3anOBe,lJ.HUKU - 3TO TeppHTOp1111, r,Ue

OXpaH5IlOTC5I 11 H3yqalOTc5I THnH'IHhIe np11p0LJ:HbIe KOMTIJIeKCbl.

TaM 3anpeIll,aeTC5I J1106a51x0351ticTBeHHa51 LJ:e5lTeJ1bHOcTb. Oc060

CJ1eLJ:yeTBblLJ:eJ1HTb 6uocfjJepHbte 3anoneoHuKu, KOTopble I1MelOTo9AbI~1.t-~~;;,,\~ CTaTYc Me)J(,UYHapOLJ:HbIX1106pa3YIOT eLJ:HHYJOBCeM11pHYIO ceTb Ha-

~{ ;::~\ •.)~ ------- 6J1IOLJ:eHH5I3aCOCT05lHHeM OKp~aIOIlI,eH cpe,UbI.~~o~ 60nbwe Bcero Hal.4HO- Hau.uoHaJIbHbIe npUp0,lJ.Hble napKu -

{"IfHnV' ••••q HanbHblX napKOB B HOBO~3enaH,D,l-1l-1_ ,D,eCs:lTb.OHl-1 3aHl-1MaIOT 3TO Tepp11TOp11I1, rLJ:eCTpOra51 oxpaHa npl1pOLJ:-

13,5 % Teppl-1TOpl-1l-1 CTpaHbl. Hb[X KOMnJ1eKCOB COQeTaeTC5I C 11Cn0J1b30BaH11-

eM HX ,Ll)I5I OT)],blxa H 03110pOBJIeHl151 JIlOllet'!. KIo10TCKIo1i'1npOTOKon

HaUHOHaJIbHble rrapKl1 C0311aHbIrrOBceMeCTHO, Ha KOH<j:>epeHlJ,1I1111OOH, KOTOpa5'l co-

HaH60JIblliHe rro ITJIow:arrH - B CeeepHOUAMepu- CT05'lnaCb B KII10TO (s:t nOH 1115'1), ee Y'-la-

Ke, ArjJpUKe, AecmpaJIuu. B YKpaHHe H3BeCTHbI CTHII1KII1nOAn 111can 111AOKyMeHT- npo-TOKon, B KOTOpOM rOBOpIl1TC5'I 06 or-

KapnamcKuu H JJJau,Kuu Hau,uoHG.zbHblenapKu. paHII1'-leHII1I11111cOKpaw,eHII1I11 Bbl6po-

3aKa3HHKH - 3TO 06bI'-!HO He60.1bllIHe cOBBaTMoc<j:>epy.CornacHonpoTO-

TeppHTopHH (ycIaCTKl1110iIHHbI ~Ll11no6epe)Kb5l. Kony Bce pa3BII1Tbie CTpaHbl MlI1pa

pollI,a, 03epo), rlle oxpaHa rrpupo.::rHbI.\ AomKHbl B Te'-leHlI1e 2008 - 2012 rr.

KOMrrJIeKCOB co'-!eTaeTC5I C orpaHIl'-!eHHOll Y19geOHbWII1T6bHa 5 % no cpaBHeHlI110 Cu u r. Bbl POCbl ra30B, nOCKonbK,

X0351HCTBeHHOH )],e5lTeJIbHOCTblO. . C 3HIM CB5'l3bIBaIOT rn06anbHoe ",',

IIaMHTHHKH npHpOllbI - 3TO . H 1- nOTenneHlI1e KnIl1MaTa.;@'

KaJIbHble npHpO)],Hble 06pa30BaHH5I 'alh1 _ ". :'

rrpWlYMJilBOt'! ¢OPMbI, 06mDKeHl15I rOpHbI.\ nopo.::r. Be 'OBbIe .::re-

peBb5l, BOllorranbI, POllHHKl1 Jilllp.), KOTOpbI nO='l .- T ox:paHe.

KOJIH'-!eCTBO rrpHpo)],ooxpaHHbIX TeppHTO 101 B. lpe rrOCTO-

51HHOYBeJII.1'-!JilBaeTC5I.

ME)J(.rrYHAPO)l,HOECOTPY)lHH~ECTBO. Ox ~ao'~Y-)J(31ow:et'! cpe)],bI - np06J1eMa m06aJIbHa5l. 3arp5l3H-HHbI BO.::rbI

JiI B03)],yx He rrpH3HalOT rocy)],apCTBeHHbIX rpaHHU. Harrpml p.

OTpaBJI5IIOllI,l1e ra3bl, KOTopble Bbl6paCbIBalOT B B03.::r)A 3aBO.Jb1

BeJlUK06pumaliuu, EeJlb2UU JiI TepMaliuu, rrepeHOC5ITC5I Be~ ill

Ha ceBep JiI BOCTOK H nonanalOT Ha TeppHTopHIO Hopee2uu.JJJeeu,uu, B cmpalibl Bocmottliou Eeponbl. B 3arp5I3HeHHe PermoBHeCJ1H CBOIO J1enTy rr5ITb cTpaH, pacnOJIo)J(eHHblx B 6acceHHe

peKl1, a)l,yHa5l- BoceMb.

CJIe.n.OBaTeJIhHO, Hacyn.I.Ha5I Heo6xo~llMOCTh oxpaHbI H3wero SoEr-&W:~ ~~

06llI,ero )],oMa - 3eMJ1Ji1Tpe6yeT 06be)],l1HeHl15I yCJiIJ1Ht'!Bcex cTpaH,

Bcex KOHTHHeHTOB. 3TO Ha3bIBaeTC5I Me)K)lyHapo~IM cOTPY,lI.HH-

qeCTBOM. Cyw:eCTBYIOT Me)J()],YHapollHble comallIeHH5I Me)J()],y

cTpaHaMH 0 paU110HaJIbHOM l1CrrOJIb30BaHJiIJiIrrpJilpo)],HbIX pecyp-

COB (HarrpHMep, BblJIOB pbI6bl), orpaHWleHHH Bpe)],HbiX Bbl6po-

COB B aTMoc¢epy, B3aHMHOM orrOBew:eHJilH B CJIy'-!ae

He6JIarorrpH5ITHbIX 3K0J10fJilQeCKl1X CHTyaUl1H.

K Be)],YW:HM Me)J()],YHapO)],HbIM OpraHJil3aUJil5IM OTHOCHTC5I

lOHECKO - OpzallU3au,UR 060eiJuIliillllblX Hau,uu no 60npOCaM06pa306a1lUR, llayKu U KyJlbmypbl. B ee pa60Te rrpl1HHMalOT

ycIaCTJile 60JIee 190 CTpaH MJilpa. OpraHH3aUJil5I pa3pa6aTbIBaeT 11

KOOp)],JilHl1pyeT BbIITOJ1HeHJileTaKl1X B3)J(HbIX npJilpO,LIooxpaHHbIX

rrporpaMM, KaK «qeJIOBeK H 6Hoc¢epa», «TIporpaMMa H3yqeHH5I

Ml1pOBOrO OKeaHa» H )],p.

BonpocaMJiI oxpaHbl JiI paUJilOHaJIbHOrO JilCrrOJIb30BaHJil5I

rrpl1po)],HbIX pecypcoB 3aHJilMaeTC5I BceMupllblU C0103oxpallblnpupoiJbl (BCOIl), ero )],e5lTeJ1bHOCTbrrOMep)J(J1BalOT 83 cTpaHbl GAfEH'PEAC£'Ml1pa. 3ra OpraHl13alJ,115I 113):(aeTKpacHylO KHHry C rrepe'-!HeM

pe)],Kl1X 11 Hc'-!e3alOllI,JiIX pacTeHHM JiI)J(J1BOTHbIX.KpaCHbIe KHJilrl1

~-,-

IUCNThe World Conservation Union

~~~1

WWF

C03,UaHbI B 60J1bUH1HCTBe CTPaH MJ1pa, B TOM lJl1CJ1e B YKpaJ1He.

ITJ10,UOTBOPHO pa60TaIOT BCeMUpUblU fjJouiJ OXpaUbl iJUKOUnpupoiJbl(BlPJ(lI) 11 Ipuunuc (<<3eJ1eHbiM MJ1P») - Me)[()lyHapO,UHaH o6w.e-

CTBeHHaH OpraHI13aUJ1H, KOTOpaH 3aHJ1MaeTCH BOnpOCaM11 oxpa-

Hbi OKp)')KaIOw.eM Cpe,UbI.

OT COCT05IHJ15I np11pO,UbI 33BJ1CI1T )I(J13Hb Ka)[()loro 113 HaC, HO

11Ka)[()lbiM 3eMJ15IHI1H ,UOJ1)KeH 6bITb OTBeTCTBeHHbiM 3a COCT05I-

HJ1e OKp)')KaIow.eM cpe,UbI Ha nJlaHeTe. IT03TOMY oxpaHa npl1po-

,Ubi, ee COXpaHeHl1e ,UOJ1)KHbi CTaTb npaBI1JlOM 11 HOpMOM ,UJl5I

Ka)[()lOrO 4eJ10BeKa .•..(!> 3AnOMH~TE 1----------------------,.

• OCHOBHbIe cnoc06bI perneHml 3KOJIOfH'IeCKlfX np06JIeM: nepepa60TKa OTXO-,UOB H BHe,UpeHHe 6e30TxO,lJ,HbIX TeXHOJIOfHH; HCnOJIb30BaHHe 3KOJIOfH'IeCKH

'1HCTbIX HCTO'lHHKOB 3HepfHH; O'lHCTKa 3afpH3HeHHbIX BO,lJ,;paIJ,HOHaJIbHOe

HCnOJIb30BaHHe pecypcoB B 6bITy H Ha npOH3BO,lJ,CTBe.

• TIPHP0,lJ,OOXpaHHbIe TeppHTopHH - 3TO npHp0,lJ,HbIe 3anOBe,lJ,HHKH, HaIJ,HO-

HaJIbHbIe napKlf, 3aKa3HHKlf, naMHTHHKH npHpO,lJ,bI.

• ,I:(ocTHMeHHH HayKH H TexuHKH, yMeHHe 6bITb 6epe)J{JIHBbIMH H 3KOHOMHbI-

MH - 3TO KJIIO'I K coxpaHeHHIO npHpO,lJ,HbIXpecypcoB H oxpaHe npHpO,lJ,bI.

BonpOCbl ~ 3AAAH~SI

1.Ha30Blo1Te cnoco6bl peWeHl-1S'1npo6neMbll-1CTOw,eHl-1S'1 none3HbiX l-1CKOnaeMbIX.

2. KaKl-1e npl-1po,lJ,OOXpaHHble Teppl-1TOpl-1l-1l-1nl-106beKTbll-1MeIOTCS'I B BaweVi MeCTHOCTl-1?

3. ~o'-leMY ,lJ,nS'lpeWeHl-1S'13KOnOrl-1'-1eCKl-1Xnpo6neM Heo6xo,lJ,l-1MO Me)t(,lJ,yHapO,lJ,HOe

COTpY,lJ,Hl-1'-1eCTBo?

4. KaKl-1e Me>K,lJ,yHapO,lJ,Hble OpraHl-13alJ,l-1l-1 3aHl-1MaIOTCS'I BonpOCaMl-1 coXpaHeHl-1S'1

oKpy>KalOw,eVl Cpe,lJ,bl?

1113Hel-1CnpaBHoro BO,lJ,OnpOBO,lJ,HOro KpaHa, KOTOpblVi KanaeT, 3a CyTKl-1 TepS'leTCS'I

100 n BO,lJ,bl. nO,lJ,C'-Il-1TaViTenOTepl-1 BO,lJ,b13a He,lJ,enlO B 600-KBapTl-1pHOM ,lJ,OMe, ecnl-1

KpaHbl npoTeKalOT B Ka)t(,lJ,oVlnS'lToVi KBapTl-1pe.

L~KH~>KHASI nOnKA1. 3KOnOrl-1S'1: n03HaBaTenbHaS'l3HIJ,l-1KnOne,lJ,l-1S'1. - M.: Kpl-1CTl-1Ha l-1KO, 1994.2. AHryaH;::ce CeHT-EK3IOnepi. nnaHeTa nlO,lJ,eVl. ManeHbKl-1V1 npl-1HIJ,. - nbBiB: Bl-1w,a

WK., 1981.3. CaslIyK IsaH. Mi>KHapo,lJ,Hi opraHi3alJ,if. - K.: WK. CBiT, 2007.

~~~TE B ~HTEPHETEwww.IUcn.org

www.portal.unesco.org

www.wwf.org

www.greenpeace.orgjinternational

284

http://www.IUcn.org

http://www.portal.unesco.org

http://www.wwf.org

http://www.greenpeace.orgjinternational

eHb)JJ:rnepaJI:hHbIe pecypcbI - 3TO:

a BO.J;bI; 0) 3eMJISI; B) rrO.le3Hble llCKOrrae:YIbIe; r) JIeca.

2. II: HeHCqeprraeMbIM pecypca:.\l OTHOCHTCH:

a :.\mHepaJIbHbIe; 0) BO,ll;HbIe; B) K.TIDIanrqeCKHe; r) 6HOJIOrHqeCKHe.

3. R B0300HOBJI.HeMbIM pecypca:.\l OTHOCHTCH:

a) :YIHHepaJIbHbIe; 0) BO,ll;HbIe; B) h.lli.."\.[aTll"lIeCKHe;

r) 6HOJIOrMqeCKHe; ,lJ;)3eMeJIbHble.

5. BH,lJ;OH3MeHeHHbIe, rrpeo6pa30BaHHbIe ho:.unOHeHTbI rrpHpO,lJ;bI xapaK-

TepHbI ,lJ;JI.H:

a) rrpHpO,ll;HOrO KOMIIJIeKCa; 6) rrpHpo;::J;Ho-aHTporroreHHoro KOMIIJIeKca.

6. rJIOOaJIbHbIM Ha3bIBalOT 3arpH3HeHHe, OXBaTbIBalOm;ee:

a) BCIO IIJIaHeTY; 0) IIpMJIeraIOIIIYIO K 3aBO,ll;y TeppHTopHIO;

B) TeppHTopMIO ropo,ll;a.

7. TeppHTOpH.H, r,lJ;e oxpaHa rrpHpO,lJ;H:hIX KOl\IDJIeKCOB COqeTaeTC.H C

HCrrOJIb30BaHHeM HX ,lJ;JI.HOT,lJ;bIXa H 03,lJ;OpOBJIeHHH JIIO,lJ;eH, Ha3bIBaeTC.H:

a) 3aIIOBe,ll;Hl:IK; 6) HaIIMOHaJIbHbIH: IIapK; B) 3aKa3HHK; r) pe3epBaIIH$L

8. rJIOOaJIbHOe rrOTerrJIeHHe KJIHMaTa o6yCJIOBJIeHo:

a) aHTHIIHKJIOHaMM; 0) 3arp.H3HeHHeM B03,ll;yxa;

B) 3arp.H3HeHMeM 3eMeJIb.

(II ypoBeHb )

9. 1.ITO Ha3bIBaIOT IIpHpO,ll;HbIMM pecypcaMH?

10. KaKMe 6bIBaIOT IIpMpO,ll;HbIe pecYPcbI?

11. 1.ITO TaKoe IIpHpO,ll;HO-aHTpolIoreHHbIH: KOMIIJIeKc?

12. Ha30BMTe OCHOBHbIe MCTOqHMKM 3arpSI3HeHMSI oKpymaIOIIIeH: cpe;::J;b .

13. IIepe"'IHcJIHTe M3BeCTHbIe BaM BM,ll;bI IIpMpO,ll;OOxpaHHbIX TeppHTopll~.

14. Ha30BHTe M3BeCTHble BaM Mem,ll;yHapO,ll;HbIe opraHM3aIIMM IIO oxpaHe

IIpHpO,ll;bI.

( III ypoBeHb )

15. IIo"'IeMy 3arpSI3HSIIOTCSI IIO"'IBbI?

16. IIo"'IeMy 3arpSI3HeHMe MMpoBoro OKeaHa HecpTbIO 'O"'IeHb orraCHO?

17. KaKoBbI B03MomHbIe IIOCJIe,ll;CTBHH rJI06aJIbHOrO rrOTerr.leHHH KJIHMaTa?

18. IIpMBe,ll;MTe IIpMMepbI paIIHOHaJlbHOrO IIpHpo,n;orrO.lb30BaHHH.

(IV ypoBeHb )

19. HaCeJIeHHe 3eMJIH COCTaBJISIeT 6,6 :Y1JIP.J;qe.lOBeK. E:>Ke,ll;HeBHO Kan;:-

,ll;bIH mHTeJIb IIJIaHeTbI BbI6pacbIBaeT OKO:IO 2 Kr 6bITOBoro ~-copa.

Ha 1 Kr Mycopa B IIpOIIeCCe IIPOH3BO,ll;C'TBa rrpMXO,ll;HTCSI25 Kr

IIPOMbIIIIJIeHHbIX OTXO,ll;OB. IIo,ll;c"'IHTaH:Te, CKOJIbKO Mycopa BbI6pacbI-

BaIOT Bce 3eMJISIHe 3a 1 ,ll;eHb (B TOHHax) H CKOJIbKO IIP0:YIbIIIIJIeHHbIX

OTXO,ll;OBIIpM 3TOM OCTaeTCSI.

20. B YKpaMHe IIpOmHBaIOT 46,6 MJIH "'IeJIOBeK. IIo,ll;c"'IMTaH:Te, CKOJIbKO

BO,ll;bIeme,ll;HeBHO HCIIOJIb3yeT rOpO,ll;CKOe HaCeJIeHMe (3TO 68 % Bcero

HaCeJIeHHSI), eCJIM Kam,ll;bIH: rOpOmaHMH IIoTpe6JISIeT IIO"'ITM350 JI BO,ll;bI

BCyTKM. 285

A

A60pVlreHbi (Ty3eMLJ,bl) 42AHTVlLJ,V1KJlOH 21

ApxVlnenar 38

ATnac 8ATOnn 40

66e,lJ,neH,lJ,bl 276

BBa,lJ,V1 78BVlnnVl-BVlnnVl 116BO,lJ,Hble MaCCbl 36B03P0>K,lJ,8HHble roPbl 214BpeMs:l

- - BOcTo'-tHoeBpOnetllCKOe 12- - 3ana,lJ,HOeBpOnetllCKOe 12- - KVleBCKoe 13- - neTHee 12- - MeCTHoe (conHe'-tHoe) 10- - nOs:lCHOe 12- - Cpe,lJ,HeeBpOnetllCKOe 12BbICOTHas:l nOs:lCHOCTb 22

rieorpa¢V1'-tecKas:l 30HanbHOCTb 22ieorpa¢V1'-tecKVltIl nos:lC 22ieorpa¢V1'-tecKoe nOnO>KeHVle 30ieoVlH¢OpMaLJ,V10HHas:l CVlCTeMa 9

ino6anbHoe 3arps:l3HeHVle 278

ino6anbHoe nOTenneHVle KnVlMaTa 278iny6oKOBO,lJ,Hble >Keno6a 33iOPCT 17

ipa6eH 17

AA>KyHrnVl 231

33aKa3HVlKVI 2833anOBe,lJ,HVlKVI 96, 282

3acyxa 94

3eMHas:l KOpa 14- - MaTepVlKOBas:l 14- - OKeaHVI'-teCKas:l 14

~\I1CTO'-tHVlKVI reorpa¢V1'-tecKVlx 3HaHVltIl 7

KKaHboHbl 181KVlcnoTHble ,lJ,O>K,lJ,V1279

KnacCVI¢V1KaLJ,V1s:l KapT 8KnVlMaT 18KnVlMaTVI'-tecKVle o6nacTVI 19KnVlMaTVI'-tecKVltIl nos:lC

- - apKTVI'-tecKVltIl (aHTapKTVI'-tecKVltIl) 21- - OCHOBHOtll 18- - nepeXO,lJ,Hbltll 18- - cy6apKTVI'-tecKVltIl (cy6aHTapKTVI'-tecKVltIl) 21- - cy6TponVl'-tecKVltIl 20- - cy63KBaTopVlanbHbltll 20- - TponVl'-tecKVltIl 20- - yMepeHHbltll 20- - 3KBaTopVlanbHbltll 19KnVlMaToo6pa3YIOUJ,V1e ¢aKTOpbl 18KOnOHVls:l 45KpaCHas:l KHVlra 283

KPVlKVI 117

11nVlToc¢epHble nnVlTbl 14

M

MaTepVlKVI 6Me>K,lJ,YHap0,lJ,HOe COTpY,lJ,HVI'-tecTBo 283MeTO,lJ,bl V1CCne,lJ,OBaHVls:l 7- - a3poKocMVI'-tecKVltIl 7- - KapTorpa¢V1'-tecKVltIl 7- - MO,lJ,enVlpOBaHVls:l 7- - naneoreorpa¢V1'-tecKVltIl 7

MyCCOHbl 54

HHaLJ,V10HanbHble npVlpO,lJ,Hble

napKVI 96, 282HepaLJ,V10HanbHoe

npVlp0,lJ,OnOnb30BaHVle 276

oOa3l-1Cbl 25, 81- aHTapKTl-14eCKl-1e 172

06nacTb ElHYTpeHHero CTOKa 7806nacTb CKna,Ll,4aTOCTl-1 17

OKeaHbl 6OnycTbIHl-1BaHL-1e 95OCTaHl.\bl 113

OCTpoBa 6BynKaHL-14eCKl-1e 39KopannoBble 39MaTepL-1KOBble 39

OCTpoBHble ,Ll,yrl-1 33

nnaMna 148naM5lTHl-1Kl-1 npl-1pO,Ll,bl 283

nnaTO 136nnaTCpopMbl 16

,Ll,peBHL-1e 16MOnO,Ll,ble 16

nnl-1Ta 16nO,Ll,Bl-1>KHble (cei.1cMl-14eCKl-1e) n05lca 16npepl-1l-1 192npl-1pO,Ll,HO-aHTponoreHHbli.1 KOMnneKC 277

npl-1p0,Ll,Hble 30Hbl 22- - apKTl-14eCKl-1X (aHTapKTl-14eCKl-1x)

nYCTblHb 26- - Bna>KHbiX 3KBaTOpl-1anbHb1X neCOB 23- - nycTblHb L-1nonynYCTblHb 24- - caBaHH L-1pe,Ll,KOneCb5l 24- - CMewaHHblX L-1WL-1pOKOnl-1CTBeHHblx

neCOB 25- - cTenei.1 L-1necocTenei.1 25- - Tai.1rL-1 25- - TYH,Ll,pbl 25npL-1pO,Ll,Hble pecypcbl

- - 6l-10nOrL-14eCKlI1e 275- - BO,Ll,Hble 275- - B0306HOBn5leMble

- - 3eMenbHbie - 275- - l-1C4epnaeMble 276- - KnL-1MaTl-14eCKl-1e 275- - HeBo306HOBn5leMble 276- - Hel-1C4epnaeMble 276npl-1pO,Ll,Hble ycnOBl-15l 274

npL-1pO,Ll,Hbli.1 KOMnneKC 277

npl-1pO,Ll,OOxpaHHble Teppl-1TOpl-1l-1 282nyw,a 226

p

Pai.1oHbl 3KOnOrL-14eCKOro 6e,Ll,CTBl-15l 280Pal.\l-10HanbHoe npl-1p0,Ll,OnOnb30BaHl-1e 276

Pen l-1KTbl 119Pl-1cj:>ToBa5l ,Ll,Onl-1Ha 16PL-1cj:>bl 40

CCei.1cMl-14eCKlI1e (nO,Ll,Bl-1>KHble) n05lca 16

CenbBa 146

CKP36 122ConOH4aKII1 227

Cpe,Ll,l-1HHO-OKeaHl-14eCKl-1e xpe6Tbi 16, 34CTl-1Xl-1i.1Hble npl-1pO,Ll,Hble 5lBneHl-15l 94

CToKoBbie BeTpbl 172

TTop Ha,Ll,O 183TpaHccj:>opMal.\lI15l B03,Ll,YWHbIX Macc 216TpOnll14eCKII1e l.\l-1KnOHbl 35, 183

TY3eMl.\bl (a60pl-1reHbl) 42

<b<PL-10P,Ll, 242

'-'LJ,II1KnoHbl 20

"ILJacoBble n05lca 11LJaCTII1 CBeTa 6

WWenbcj:>oBble ne,Ll,Hl-1Kl-1 170

ll.l.

UJ,L-1T 16

33H,Ll,eML-1Kl-1 41

Documents

география материков и океанов 7 бойко