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ماتزين ااوجيلو تكن زي و وجيEnzyme Technology د/ رور سي ھان/ رور ي

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Page 1: روررور س يي ناھ د - agr.asu.edu.egagr.asu.edu.eg/uploads/agr/Lec_4_201503087513.pdf · adding the fungal enzyme amyloglucosidase Amyloglucosidase catalyses the hydrolysis

اإلنزيمات زيتكنولوجيا إل وجي و

Enzyme Technology

سرور/د رور/ ھاني ي

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Immobilised EnzymesImmobilised Enzymesعند تثبيتھافى الصناعة تنخفض اإلنزيمات تكاليف إستخدام

The costs associated with the use of enzymes for industrial purposes can also be reduced by immobilising the enzymes

تك ا ناإلنز ة نا ال ف أك ة ق ةاذا ذا غ ة لف ل ف ا عن و جودھا فى محلولفي صورة غير ذائبةوجودھاذات قيمة أكبر في الصناعة عنداإلنزيمات تكونEnzymes for industrial processes are more valuable when 

they are able to act in an insolubilised state rather than in solution

صلب طور ف حبسھا أو ربطھا خالل من تحمل أو تثبت صلبة(األنزيمات )دعامة )دعامة صلبة(األنزيمات تثبت أو تحمل من خالل ربطھا أو حبسھا فى طور صلبEnzymes are immobilised by binding them to, or trapping 

them in a solid support

ھناك طرق متعددة لتحميل أو تثبيت اإلنزيماتVarious methods for immobilising enzymes are available

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طرق تثبيت اإلنزيمات Methods of enzyme immoblization

Enzymes are held on to a solid

Methods of enzyme immoblization

Enzymes are held on to a solidsupport (matrix) by weak forces

such as hydrogen bonding

Enzymes are trapped withinthe structure of a solid polymer(usually in the form of beads)

– the enzyme is trapped ratherthan bound

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Enzymes are covalently bondedto a matrix such as cellulose

or collagenor collagen

Another more expensive method involvesenzymes which are both covalently bondedenzymes which are both covalently bonded

to, and cross‐linked within, a matrix

Cross linking and covalent bonding mayCross‐linking and covalent bonding maycause some enzymes to lose their catalytic

activity especially if the active site is involvedin forming the linkagesin forming the linkages

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C d i h f i l i i bili d

Advantages of Immobilising EnzymesAdvantages of Immobilising EnzymesCompared with free enzymes in solution, immobilised enzymeshave a number of advantages for use in industrial processes

The stability of many enzymes is increased when they are in an immobilised state; they are less susceptible to changes in 

environmental conditions such as temperature and pH fluctuations

Immobilised enzymes can be recovered and re‐used,reducing overall costs

The products of the reaction are not contaminated with enzyme eliminating the need to undertake costly separation of g y p

the enzyme from the product

Immobilising enzymes allows for continuous productionImmobilising enzymes allows for continuous production of a substance with greater automation

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Enzyme Immobilisation and Thermostable Enzymes inThe Production of High Fructose Syrup

This industrial process involves the conversion of cheap corn starch into a high fructose syrup for use as a sweetener in confectionary and drinks

Starch paste is incubated with theStarch Paste Starch paste is incubated with thethermostable enzyme alpha amylase

at 90oC for a couple of hours

Alpha amylase catalyses the hydrolysis of the starchinto short glucose chains called dextrins

Dextrins(short chains The temperature is raised to 140oC to denature the

l d h l d d 55 C b f(short chainsof glucosemolecules)

amylase and then lowered to around 55oC beforeadding the fungal enzyme amyloglucosidase

molecules)Amyloglucosidase catalyses the hydrolysis of

dextrins into glucose molecules

Glucose

Page 7: روررور س يي ناھ د - agr.asu.edu.egagr.asu.edu.eg/uploads/agr/Lec_4_201503087513.pdf · adding the fungal enzyme amyloglucosidase Amyloglucosidase catalyses the hydrolysis

The final stage involvesthe conversion of glucose

syrup into the much sweeterf i hfructose syrup using the

enzyme glucose isomerase

Glucose isomerase is immobilisedin rigid granules and packed into

la column

Glucose syrup is poured intoGlucose syrup is poured intothe top of the column and ishydrolysed as it contacts the

immobilised enzyme

Fructose syrup emerges

immobilised enzyme

Fructose syrup emergesfrom the end of the columnfree from contamination

with enzyme

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h i i i d ifi i f k h f l

Enzymes as Analytical AgentsEnzymes as Analytical AgentsThe sensitivity and specificity of enzymes makes them useful

tools in medicine for the detection and measurement of chemicalsin fluids such as blood and urine

Because of their specificity enzymes will bind to only one substrate they can therefore beBecause of their specificity, enzymes will bind to only one substrate – they can therefore be used for the identification

of a specific substance in a biological sample

Because of their sensitivity, enzymes are able to detect theBecause of their sensitivity, enzymes are able to detect thepresence of specific molecules even when they are

present at very low concentrations

The enzyme glucose oxidase is used in an immobilised formfor the detection of glucose in biological fluids

Page 9: روررور س يي ناھ د - agr.asu.edu.egagr.asu.edu.eg/uploads/agr/Lec_4_201503087513.pdf · adding the fungal enzyme amyloglucosidase Amyloglucosidase catalyses the hydrolysis

This method relies upon the specificity of the enzyme glucose oxidase

Glucose Measurement using 'Clinistix'Glucose Measurement using 'Clinistix'This method relies upon the specificity of the enzyme glucose oxidase,

allowing glucose to be detected in the presence of other sugarsN.B. Benedict's test is not specific for glucose

as it gives a positive reaction with ALL reducing sugarsas it gives a positive reaction with ALL reducing sugars

h h l d d l

This test uses a plastic strip (clinistix) for thedetection of glucose in the urine of diabetics

When the clinistix is dipped into a urine sample(containing glucose), the glucose oxidase catalysesthe conversion of glucose to hydrogen peroxide:

Glucose + O2  gluconic acid + hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)  

In the presence of the enzyme peroxidase theIn the presence of the enzyme peroxidase, the chromagen dye is oxidised by the hydrogen peroxide

to produce a colour change on the fibre pad

DH ( h d ) H O 2H O DDH2 (chromagen dye) + H2O2 2H2O+ DThe amount of coloured compound (D) produced is a direct

measure of the amount of glucose in the sampleAt the tip of the clinistix is a cellulose fibre pad on to which glucose

oxidase, peroxidase and a chromagen dye are immobilised

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Glucose Measurement using 'Clinistix'Glucose Measurement using 'Clinistix'

The colour of the pad on the clinistix is compared witha colour chart to determine the amount of glucose

t i th lpresent in the sample

Increasing amounts of glucoseNo

glucose

Page 11: روررور س يي ناھ د - agr.asu.edu.egagr.asu.edu.eg/uploads/agr/Lec_4_201503087513.pdf · adding the fungal enzyme amyloglucosidase Amyloglucosidase catalyses the hydrolysis

BiosensorsBiosensors

Biosensors are electronic monitoring devices that 

kmakeuse of an enzyme’suse of an enzyme sspecificity and the 

technique of enzymeimmobilisationimmobilisation

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BiosensorsBiosensors

Biosensors are electronic monitoring devices that make use of anenzyme’s specificity and the technique of enzyme immobilisation

Transducer

Amplifier Read‐out

Immobilised enzymes bind

The enzyme reaction brings

The electrical signal is amplifiedenzymes bind

with specific molecules

even when they 

reaction brings about a change that is converted into an electrical 

signal is amplified and gives a

read‐out on a small display y

are presentin very low 

concentrations

signal by a transducer

screen

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bi h b d l d f d i

BiosensorsBiosensorsA biosensor has been developed for detecting

glucose in the blood of diabetics

Transducer

Amplifier

Glucose oxidaseoxidises any glucose

The current generated isproportional to the amount

Glucose molecules

Glucoseoxidase oxidises any glucose

present in the blood torelease electrons – these 

are detected by the 

proportional to the amountof glucose present in the

sample and this is displayedas a digital read‐out

moleculesin the blood

oxidase

ytransducer and convertedinto an electrical current

g