Герберт Шилдт - c# 4.0. Полное Руководство - 2011

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HERBERT SCHILDT

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C# 4.0

C# 4.0

2011

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ISBN 978-5-8459-1684-6 (.) 32.973.26-018.2.75

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, , , McGrow-Hill Higher Ed.

Authorized translation from the English language edition published by McGraw-Hill Companies, Copyright 2010

All rights reserved. Except as permitted under the Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of publisher, with the exception that the program listings may be entered, stored, and executed in a computer system, but they may not be reproduced for publication.

Russian language edition published by Williams Publishing House according to the Agreement with R&I Enterprises International, Copyright 2011

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mailto:[email protected]://www.williamspublishing.com

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// .

using System;

class Example2 {static void Main() {

int x; // int ; //

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Console.WriteLine(" " + );

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Console.Write(" / 2: ");Console.WriteLine(y);

}}

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using System;

class Example3 {static void Main() {int ivar; // double dvar; //

ivar = 100; // ivar 100

dvar = 100.0; // dvar 100.0

Console.WriteLine(" ivar: " + ivar);Console.WriteLine(" dvar: " + dvar);

Console.WriteLine(); //

// 3.ivar = ivar / 3;dvar = dvar / 3.0;

Console.WriteLine(" ivar : " + ivar);Console.WriteLine(" dvar : " + dvar);

}}

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58 I. C#

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radius = 10.0;area = radius * radius * 3.1416;

Console.WriteLine(" " + area);}

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c = a - b; // -1

60 I. #

Console.WriteLine(" -1");if( >= 0) Console.WriteLine(" ");if( < 0) Console.WriteLine(" ");


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2. C# 61

static void Main() {int count;for(count = 0; count < 5; count = count+1)

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}}

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//

for(@if = 0; @if < 10; @if++)Console.WriteLine("@if " + @if);

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C# : char, byte, sbyte, short, ushort,

int, uint, long ulong. char , , . . .

byte 8 0-255sbyte 8 -128-127short 16 -32 768-32 767ushort 16 0-65 535int 32 -2 147 483 648-2 147 483 647uint 32 0-4 294 967 295long 64 -9 223 372 036 854 775 808-9 223 372 036 854 775 807ulong 64 0-18 446 744 073 709 551 615

, C# : . . , , C# , . , 0, , 1. , , 1.

, . , , 32 767 short .0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1, , -1, . ushort, 1 65 535.

70 I. C#

, int. int , . , int, . , , uint, long, ulong. , . long.// .

using System;

class Inches {static void Main() {long inches;long miles;

miles = 93000000; // 93 000 000

// 5 280 , 12 ,inches = miles * 5280 * 12;

Console.WriteLine(" : " +inches + " .");

}}

.

: 5892480000000 ., int

uint. byte sbyte. byte

0 255. byte , , . sbyte. , byte , 1 100.

// byte.

using System;

class Use_byte {static void Main() {byte x;int sum;sum = 0;

3. , 71

for(x = 1;

72 I. C#

.

1.78412203012729

Sqrt(). , Sqrt() Math, Math . Console WriteLine() . , , , .

, Math #. double. , , 0,1 1,0 .

// .using System;class Trigonometry {static void Main() {Double theta; // for(theta = 0.1; theta

3. , 73

, C#

decimal, . 128 1-28 7,9+28. , , , . decimal, 28 ( 29) . , , .

, decimal . .

// decimal .

using System;

class UseDecimal {static void Main() {decimal price;decimal discount;decimal discounted_price;

// .price = 19.95m;discount = 0.15m; // 15%

discounted_price = price - ( price * discount);

Console.WriteLine(" : $" + discounted_price);}

} .

: $16.9575 , decimal

m. , m , decimal. decimal m, 10. ( .)

decimal. .

/* decimal .

*/

74 I. #

using System;

class FutVal {static void Main() {decimal amount;decimal rate_of_return;int years, i;amount = 1000.0M;rate_of_return = 0.07M;years = 10;Console.WriteLine(" : $" + amount);Console.WriteLine(" : " + rate_of_return);Console.WriteLine(" " + years + " ");for(i = 0; i < years; i++)

amount = amount + (amount * rate_of_return);

Console.WriteLine(" $" + amount);}

} .

: $1000 : 0.07 10 $1967.151357289565322490000

, , .. , ! , "" .

C# 8- ,

, C++, 16- , (Unicode). , . , , , , , , , 8- . C# char, 16- 0 65 535. 8- ASCII 0 127. , ASCII - #.

, (.. ) . , ch X.

3. , 75

char ch;ch = 'X';

char WriteLine()., ch.Console.WriteLine(" ch : " + ch);

char C# , . , C# . , .

char ch;ch = 88; // ,

, 88 , . . , , .

bool : "" "".

C# true false . , bool . , C# . , 1 true, 0 false.

bool.// bool.

using System;

class BoolDemo {static void Main() {bool b;b = false;

Console.WriteLine("b " + b);b = true;Console.WriteLine("b " + b);

// if.if(b) Console.WriteLine(".");

b = false;if (b) Console.WriteLine("He .");

76 I. C#

// // .Console.WriteLine("10 > 9 " + (10 > 9));

}}

.

b Falseb True.10 > 9 True

. -, bool WriteLine() "True" "False". -, bool if. , , if .if(b == true) ...

-, . 10 > 9 "True." , 10 > 9 , + , >.

WriteLine()

, . .NET Framework , . - , . , WriteLine(). . , , , , , .

+, .

Console.WriteLine(" " + 2 +" $" + 3 + " .");

, , . , .

Console.WriteLine(" 10/3 : " + 10.0/3.0); .

10/3 : 3.33333333333333

3. , 77

, . , .

WriteLine(), , .

WriteLine(" ", arg0, arg1, ... , argN); WriteLine() , +.

: , , . :

{argnum, width: fmt} argnum , ; width ; fmt . width fmt .

, , argnum. , . width fmt . , . , {0} arg0, {1} arg1 ..

.

Console.WriteLine(" {0} {1} .", 28, 29); .

28 29 , 28 {0}, 29

{1}. , , ( 28 29). , , , +.

, .

Console.WriteLine(" {0,10} {1,5} .", 28, 29); .

28 29 . , . ,

width. , .

, , , . , . .

78 I. C#

// .

using System;

class DisplayOptions {static void Main() {int i;

Console.WriteLine("\t\t");

for(i = 1; i < 10; i++)Console.WriteLine("{0}\t{1}\t{2}", i, i*i, i*i*i);

}}

.

1 1 12 4 83 9 274 16 645 25 1256 36 2167 49 3438 64 5129 81 729

. . : . , WriteLine(). #, . , , . 10 3.

Console.WriteLine(" 10/3 : (0:#.##)", 10.0/3.0); .

10/3 : 3.33 #.## WriteLine()

. , , , WriteLine() , .

.

Console.WriteLine("{0:###,###.##}", 123456.56); .

123,456.56 , ,

.

3. , 79

decimal balance;

balance = 12323.09m;Console.WriteLine(" {0:}" , balance);

, .

$12,323.09 ,

.

// // .

using System;class UseDecimal {static void Main() {decimal price;decimal discount;decimal discounted_price;// ,price = 19.95m;discount = 0.15m; // 15%discounted_price = price - ( price * discount);Console.WriteLine(" : {0:}", discounted_price);

}}

.

: 16,96 .

C# ,

. , 100 . , . .

# . . , . , '' '%' .

. , 10 -100 . . , 11.123 . C# .

80 I. C#

, C# . : , 2,123987 0.23? , C# .

-, , , int. , : int, uint, long ulong . -, double.

, . , long l L. , 12 int, a 12L long. u U. , 100 int, a 100U uint. ul UL. , 984375UL ulong.

, float F f., 10.19F float. double, d D, . , , double.

, decimal m . , 9.95 decimal.

int, uint, long ulong, byte,sbyte, short ushort, , .

, , ,

16, 10. 16 . 0 9, F, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 15. , 16 10. , C# . 0,.. "". .

count = 0xFF; // 255 incr = 0x1; // 26

,

, , . , , , #,

3. , 81

. C# , (. 3.2). , .

3.2.

\a ()\b \f ( )\n ( )\r \t \v \0 \' \" \\

, ch .

ch = '\t'; ch

.

ch = '\'';

# .

, . :

" " . .

, , . , \n \t.// // .

using System;

class StrDemo {static void Main() {

82 I. C#

Console.WriteLine(" \n \n ");Console.WriteLine("\t\t");Console.WriteLine("\t\t");

// .Console.WriteLine("\"3?\", .");

}}

.

"?", .

, \n. WriteLine() \n ( ), . , .

, . @, . . , , , . ("), (""). .

// .

using System;

class Verbatim {static void Main() {Console.WriteLine(@"

, .");

Console.WriteLine(@" :1 2 3 45 6 7 8");

Console.WriteLine(@" : "" #.""");}

} .

3. , 83

, . :1 2 3 45 6 7 8 : " #."

, , .

, , . , . , , . , .

: . , 'X', char. , , "X", - .

:

_;

, ; _ . , . , . , bool . , . , int char.

C# . , , , , . #.

# . , , , .

, ,

, . , . (=) . :

84 I. C#

_ = ; , . .

.

int count = 10; // 10 count.char ch = 'X'; // ch X.float f = 1.2F // f 1,2.

, , , , .

int , b = 8 , = 19, d; // b b .

, C# , . .

// .

using System;

class DynInit {static void Main() {// ,double s1 = 4.0;double s2 = 5.0;

// hypot ,double hypot = Math.Sqrt( (s1 * s1) + (s2 * s2) );

Console.Write(" " +s1 + " " + s2 + " ");

Console.WriteLine("{0:#.###}.", hypot);}

} .

4 5 6.403 : s1, s2 hypot.

(s1 s2) , (hypot) . , Math.Sqrt(). , , . Math.Sqrt() ( ) ,

3. , 85

hypot. , , , , .

, C# .

, , int bool, . C# 3.0, , , . .

var . , .. , . .

var = 2.7183;

, double, double. :var = 2.7183F; float.

. , , .

// .using System;class ImplicitlyTypedVar {static void Main() {// . // double, // double.var s1 = 4.0;var s2 = 5.0;

// , hypot // double, ,// Sqrt(), double.var hypot = Math.Sqrt( (s1 * s1) + (s2 * s2) );

Console.Write(" " +s1 + " by " + s2 + " ");

Console.WriteLine("{0:#.###}.", hypot);

// ,

86 I. #

// s1 double // .// s1 = 12.2; // !

}}

, . , -

. .

// s1 = 12.2; // ! , s1

double. , . , , . , . , , , s1 .

C# , . , , (LINQ), 19. , , .

: .

var s1 = 4.0, s2 = 5.0; // ! . , s1 s2, .

, ,

Main(). C# . 2, . . , , , . , , . .

C# , . ( ) , . , .

3. , 87

, , . , , .

, , , . , , . , .

. , , , , . . , , , . : , , .

, .

// .

using System;

class ScopeDemo {static void Main() {int x; // Main().

= 10;if(x == 10) { //

int = 20; // .

// , .

Console.WriteLine(" : " + + " " + ); = * 2;

}// = 100; // ! .

// - .Console.WriteLine(" " + );

}}

, Main(), . if . , . line = 100;, , . (//), , . if, ,

88 I. C#

, , .

, . , , . , , , , .

, , . .

// .

using System;

class VarInitDemo {static void Main() {int x;

for(x = 0; x < 3; x++) {int = -1; // .Console.WriteLine(" : " + ); // -1

= 100;Console.WriteLine(" : " + );

}}

} .

: -1 : 100 : -1 : 100 : -1 : 100

, -1 for. , 100, .

C# : , , , . , .

/* , , .

3. , 89

*** . ****/

using System;

class NestVar {static void Main() {int count;

for (count = 0; count < 10; count = count+1) {Console.WriteLine(" : " + count);

int count; // !!!for(count = 0; count < 2; count++)Console.WriteLine(" !");

}}

} C++,

, , , . , C++ count , for, , . C++ . C# , , .

. , int float.int i;float f;

i = 10;f = i; // float

, , . i float, f. # , , . , bool int ., - . , , . , .

90 I. #

,

:

; , .

, . , int , byte, , , int byte, , .

, , , . , , long double .// long double.using System;class LtoD {static void Main() {long L;double D;L = 100123285L;D = L;Console.WriteLine("L D: " + L + " " + D);

}}

long double , double long , . , .

// *** . ***using System;class LtoD {static void Main() {long L;double D;D = 100123285.0;L = D; // !!!Console.WriteLine("L D: " + L + " " + D);

}}

, decimal float double, char bool. , char bool .

3. , 91

,

, . . . . .

(_) _ ,

. .

double , ; / int,

.

(int) ( / ) double,

/ int . / , int , . , double int .

, . , long int , long int, . , . , 1,23 , (1), (0,23) .

, . , .

// .

using System;

class CastDemo {static void Main() {double x, y;byte b;int i;char ch;uint u;short s;long 1;

x = 10.0;

92 I. C#

= 3.0;// double int, .i = (int) ( / );Console.WriteLine(" / : " + i);Console.WriteLine();// int byte ,i = 255;b = (byte) i;Console.WriteLine("b 255: " + b +

" -- .");// int byte ,i = 257;b = (byte) i;Console.WriteLine("b 257: " + b +

" -- .");Console.WriteLine();// uint short .u = 32000;s = (short) u;Console.WriteLine("s 32000: " +

s + " -- .");// uint short ,u = 64000;s = (short) u;Console.WriteLine("s 64000: " +

s + " -- .");Console.WriteLine();// long uint .l = 64000;u = (uint) l;Console.WriteLine ("u 64000: " + u +

" -- .");// long uint .l = -12;u = (uint) l;Console.WriteLine(" -12: " + u +

" -- .");Console.WriteLine();// int char,b = 88; // ASCII Xch = (char) b;Console.WriteLine("ch 88: " + ch);

}}

.

/ : 3

b 255: 255 -- .

3. , 93

b 257: 1 -- .

s 32000: 32000 -- .s 64000: -1536 -- .

u 64000: 64000 -- .u -12: 4294967284 -- .

ch 88: X

. / int , , .

b 255, , byte. b 257, , byte. , int byte .

s short 32 000 uint, , short. 64 000, short, . , uint short .

u 64 000 l long. , 64 000 uint. u -12, , uint. , long uint .

, char byte, , .

,

. , . , short long, . , .

C# . , .

decimal, decimal ( float double, ).

94 I. C#

double, double. float, float. ulong, ulong ( sbyte, short, int long, ).

long, long. uint, sbyte, short int, long. uint, uint. int.

. -, . , float double decimal , , , ulong . .

-, . : , int. , char, sbyte, byte, ushort short int . . , int.

, , . , byte int , - byte. .

. , , byte, . byte int. , int. , , byte, int. , . .

// !

using System;

class PromDemo {static void Main() {byte b;

b = 10;

3. , 95

b = (byte) (b * b); // !!Console.WriteLine("b: "+ b);

}}

, b*b b, byte! , b*b b int byte . , , , , .

. , char, ch1 ch2 int.char ch1 = 'a', ch2 = 'b';ch1 = (char) (ch1 + ch2);

ch1 ch2 int, char.

, . , int(byte,sbyte, short ushort), .. , int. char. , uint, long.

.

. , 1 10 . , , Math.Sqrt(), int.// .using System;class CastExpr {static void Main() {double n;for(n = 1.0; n

96 I. C#

Console.WriteLine();}

}}

.

1 1 : 1 : 0 2 1.4142135623731 : 1 : 0.414213562373095 3 1.73205080756888 : 1 : 0.732050807568877 4 2 : 2 : 0 5 2.23606797749979 : 2 : 0.23606797749979 6 2.44948974278318 : 2 : 0.449489742783178 7 2.64575131106459 : 2 : 0.645751311064591 8 2.82842712474619 : 2 : 0.82842712474619 9 3 : 3 : 0 10 3.16227766016838 : 3 : 0.16227766016838

, , Math.Sqrt(), int . , Math.Sqrt(n) - (int) Math.Sqrt(n) int , , . , double. int , Math.Sqrt().

C# , . # : , , . . , C# , , -. , .

,

#, .

+ - , * / % ++

4

98 I. C#

+, -, * / , . .

, . , , / , ; , 10/3 3. (%), . . , 10 % 3 1. C# % , . 10.0 % 3.0 1. C# C++, . .

// %.

using System;

class ModDemo {static void Main() {int iresult, irem;double dresult, drem;

iresult = 10 / 3;irem = 10 % 3;

dresult = 10.0 / 3.0;drem = 10.0 % 3.0;

Console.WriteLine(" 10/3: " +iresult + " " + irem);

Console.WriteLine(" 10.0 / 3.0: " +dresult + " " + drem);

}}

.

10 / 3: 3 1 10.0 / 3.0: 3.33333333333333 1

, , % , , 1.

(++) (--) 2.

, . .

1, 1. ,

++;

4. 99

= x + 1;

--;

= - 1;, , ,

, . .

( ) ( ). ,

= + 1; :

++; // :

++; // ( )

. , . , . , . .

= 10; = ++;

11, 1, . = 10; = ++; 10, , 1. 11. , 11: .

. , .

// // (++).

100 I. #

using System;

class PrePostDemo {static void Main() {int x, y;int i;

x = 1; = 0;Console.WriteLine(" , " +

" = + ++;");for(i = 0; i < 10; i++) { = + ++; // ++

Console.WriteLine( + " ");}Console.WriteLine();

x = 1; = 0;Console.WriteLine(" , " +

" = + ++;");for(i = 0; i < 10; i++) { = + ++; // ++

Console.WriteLine( + " ");}Console.WriteLine();

}}

.

, = + ++1361015142128364555

, = + ++;2591420

4. 101

2735445465

,

= + ++; , . 1.

= + ++; 1, , . , ++ ++ .

: , :

+ ++x

, . , 1 .

, , "" "". , . .

.

== != > < >=

102 I. #

bool.

, , == !=. , = , . , . bool , (true) (false) . , true > false C# .

bool, bool. &, |, ^ ! , , .

p q p & q p | q p ^ q !Pfalse false false false false truetrue false false true true falsefalse true false true true truetrue true true true false false

, (true), true.

, .

// // .

using System;

class RelLogOps {static void Main() {int i, j;bool b1, b2;

i = 10;j = 11;if(i < j) Console.WriteLine("i < j");if(i

4. 103

if(i == j) Console.WriteLine(" ");if(i >= j) Console.WriteLine(" ");if(i > j) Console.WriteLine(" ");

b1 = truerb2 = false;if(b1 & b2) Console.WriteLine(" ");if(!(b1 & b2)) Console.WriteLine("!(b1 & b2) true");if(b1 | b2) Console.WriteLine("b1 | b2 - true");if(b1 ^ b2) Console.WriteLine("bl ^ b2 true");

}}

.

i < ji

104 I. C#

int i, j;

for(i = 0; i < 2; i++) {for(j = 0; j < 2; j++) {if(i==0) p = true;if(i==1) p = false;if(j==0) q = true;if(j==1) q = false;

Console.WriteLine("p " + p + ", q " + q);if(!p | q)

Console.WriteLine(" " + p +" " + q + " " + true);


}}

} .

True, q True True True True

True, q False

False, q False False True True

False, q False False False True

C# , ,

, . . (false), . (true), . , .

&&, ||. & |. , .

. : d n . n/d , n d .

4. 105

, .

// .

using System;

class SCops {static void Main() {int n, d;

n = 10;d = 2;if (d ! = 0 && (n % d) == 0)Console.WriteLine(n + " " + d);

d = 0; // d

// d , if (d != 0 && (n % d) == 0)Console.WriteLine(n + " " + d);

// // , - .if (d != 0 & (n % d) == 0)Console.WriteLine(n + " " + d);

}}

- if : d. , , . , d 2, . , , , . , , . , .

, . ? , - . .

// .

using System;

class SideEffects {static void Main() {int i;bool someCondition = false;i = 0;

106 I. C#

// i ,// , if .if(someCondition & (++i < 100))Console.WriteLine("He ");

Console.WriteLine(" if : " + i); // 1// i ,// .if(someCondition && (++i < 100))

Console.WriteLine("He ");Console.WriteLine(" if : " + i); // - 1 !!

}}

, someCondition bool false. if. , if i , someCondition false. &, if, . if . i , ( someCondition) false,, . : , , #.

: , .

(=). #

, . ._ =

_ . ,

: . , , .int , , z; = = z = 100; // 100 , z

100 , z . z, , , . " " .

4. 107

C# ,

. .

= + 10; , .

+= 10; += ,

, 10. .

= - 100;

x -= 100; . , 100.

, .. , , . ;

_ =

, .

.

+= -= *= /=%= &= |= ^=

, . .

. - , , "" . -, , . , #.

C# , ,

#. () . , bool, float double.

108 I. C#

, , , . , , , . C# . 4.1.

4.1.

&

| ^ >>

4. 109

class MakeEven {static void Main() {ushort num;ushort i;

for(i = 1; i

110 I. #

, 1 .

. , .

// , ,// .

using System;

class IsOdd {static void Main() {ushort num;

num = 10;

if((num & 1) == 1)Console.WriteLine("He .");

num = 11;

if((num & 1) == 1)Console.WriteLine(num + " .");

}}

.

11 . if

num 1. num , .. 1, num & 1 1. . if , .

& , byte . .

// , .

using System;

class ShowBits {static void Main() {int t;byte val;

val = 123;for (t=l28; t > 0; t = t/2) {

4. 111

if((val & t) != 0) Console.Write("1 ");if((val & t) == 0) Console.Write("0 ");

}}

} .

0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 for

val , , . , 1, , 0.

. 1 - , 1 . :

1101 00111010 1010

| __________1111 1011

, , , , .

// , .

using System;

class MakeOdd {static void Main() {ushort num;ushort i;

for(i = 1; i

112 I. #

num : 3

num: 3num : 3

num: 4num : 5

num: 5num : 5

num: 6num : 7

num: 7num : 7

num: 8num : 9

num: 9num : 9

num: 10num : 11

num 1, 1 , . 1 , . , , .

, , .

0111 11111011 1001

^ __________1100 0110

, . , X Y, Y, X. ,

R1 = X ^ Y;R2 = R1 ^ Y; R2 , X.,

4. 113

, , . , . , . , , . , .

// .using System;

class Encode {static void Main() {char ch1 = 'H';char ch2 = 'i';char ch3 = '!';int key = 88;Console.WriteLine(" : " + ch1 + ch2 + ch3);// .ch1 = (char) (ch1 key);ch2 = (char) (ch2 key);ch3 = (char) (ch3 key);Console.WriteLine(" : " + ch1 + ch2 + ch3);// .ch1 = (char) (ch1 key);ch2 = (char) (ch2 key);ch3 = (char) (ch3 key);Console.WriteLine(" : " + ch1 + ch2 + ch3);

}}

.

: Hi! : 1y : Hi!

, . ( , , , , .)

( 1) . , 1001 0110, ~ 0110 1001.

114 I. C#

1 .

// .

using System;

class NotDemo {static void Main() {sbyte b = -34;

for(int t=128; t > 0; t = t/2) {if((b & t) != 0) Console.Write("1 ");if((b & t) == 0) Console.Write("0 ");

}Console.WriteLine();

// b = (sbyte) ~b;for(int t=128; t > 0; t = t/2) {if((b & t) != 0) Console.Write("1 ");if((b & t) == 0) Console.Write("0 ");

}}

} .

1 1 0 1 1 1 1 00 0 1 0 0 0 0 1

C# ,

, . C# .

>

:

> _

_ , .

, . . , . , . , 1. , ,

4. 115

1. , .

. , .

, . , 1. , . . . , 1 , , 128, .

// .

using System;

class ShiftDemo {static void Main() {int val = 1;

for(int i = 0; i < 8; i++) {for(int t=128; t > 0; t = t/2) {if((val & t) != 0) Console.Write("1 ");if((val & t) == 0) Console.Write("0 ");

}Console.WriteLine();val = val 0; t = t/2) {

if((val & t) != 0) Console.Write("1 ");if((val & t) == 0) Console.Write("0 ");

}Console.WriteLine();val = val >> 1; //

}}

} .

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 1 00 0 0 0 0 1 0 00 0 0 0 1 0 0 00 0 0 1 0 0 0 00 0 1 0 0 0 0 00 1 0 0 0 0 0 01 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

116 I. C#

1 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 1 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 1 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 1 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 1 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 1 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 1 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

2, 2. , , . , , . .

// 2.

using System;

class MultDiv {static void Main() {int n;

n = 10;

Console.WriteLine(" n: " + n);

// 2.n = n 1;Console.WriteLine(" n " +

" n = n / 2: " + n);

// 4.n = n >> 2;Console.WriteLine(" n " +

" n = n / 4: " + n);Console.WriteLine();

// n .n = 10;Console.WriteLine(" n: " + n);

4. 117

// 2 .n = n

118 I. C#

, 3, ?. , absval val.absval = val < 0 ? -val : val; // val

absval val, . val , absval , .

?. , .

// , ?.using System;class NoZeroDiv {static void Main() {int result;for(int i = -5; i < 6; i++) {result = i != 0 ? 100 / i : 0;if (i ! = 0)Console.WriteLine("100 / " + i + " " + result);

}}

} .

100 / -5 -20100 / -4 -25100 / -3 -33100 / -2 -50100 / -1 -100100 / 1 100100 / 2 50100 / 3 33100 / 4 25100 / 5 20

.

result = i != 0 ? 100 / i : 0; result 100

i. , i . , result , .

? . , , ?, . ? bool,

4. 119

if. 100 , .

// , .

using System;

class NoZeroDiv2 {static void Main() {

for(int i = -5; i < 6; i++)if(i != 0 ? (i%2 == 0) : false)Console.WriteLine("100 / " + i + " " + 100 / i);

}}

if . i , if . i , if , i , , . . , .

C# ,

. , , , , .

=10/*(127+); = 10 / * (127 + );

, , , . . , , , . , ?

= /3-34*temp+127; = (/3) - (34*temp) + 127;

. 4.2 #:

. , .

, #. : , if switch, , for, while, do-while foreach, : break, continue, goto, return throw. throw, C# , 13, .

if if 2,

. :

if() ;else ; , a e- if else. else . , if else, . if, .

if(){

}

5

122 I. C#

else{

} ,

if. else, . . , if, bool.

, if else , , .

// , .using System;class PosNeg {static void Main() {int i;

for(i=-5; i

5. 123

if, , else, else. .if (i == 10) {if(j < 20) a = b;if(k > 100) = d;else a = ; // else if(k > 100)

}else a = d; // else if(i == 10)

, else if(j < 20), , , if else. , else if(i == 10). else if(k > 100), if .

if. . , , , . , , .

// , // , .using System;class PosNegZero {static void Main() {int i;

for(i=-5; i

124 I. C#

if-else-if if-else-

if, if. .if();

else if ();

else if ();

else;

. , , .

, else, , . else , , .

if-else-if. , .

// // , .using System;class Ladder {static void Main() {int num;for(num = 2; num < 12; num++) {if((num % 2) == 0)Console.WriteLine(" " + num + " 2.");

else if((num % 3) == 0)Console.WriteLine(" " + num + " 3.");



elseConsole.WriteLine(num + " 2, 3, 5 7.");}

}}

.

2 2 3 3

.

.

.

5. 125

4 2 5 5 6 2 7 7 8 2 9 3 10 211 2, 3, 5 7.

, else , .

switch C# switch,

. , . if, switch. . . , , . switch.switch() {case 1: break;

case 2: break;

case 3: break;

default: break;

} switch (char,

byte, short int), . ( string .) , , switch . , switch, . , , . switch .

126 I. C#

default , . default . , . , , , break.

, switch.// switch.using System;class SwitchDemo {static void Main() {int i;for(i=0; i

5. 127

i , , , default.

switch i int. , switch , char. char switch.// char switch.

using System;

class SwitchDemo2 {static void Main() {char ch;

for(ch='A'; ch

128 I. C#

case break, , switch, , switch. default "", , , break.

"" #, , C++ Java. case (.. "") . C# case . -, case . , case . -, case , case .

"" case , case , .

// "" case.

using System;

class EmptyCasesCanFall {static void Main() {int i;

for(i=1; i < 5; i++)switch(i) {case 1:case 2:case 3: Console.WriteLine("i 1, 2 3");break;case 4: Console.WriteLine("i 4");break;

}}

} .

i 1, 2 3i 1, 2 3i 1, 2 3i 4

i 1, 2 3, , WriteLine(). case ""; .

case , . .

5. 129

switch switch

, switch. switch . switch , . , .

switch(ch1) {case 'A': Console.WriteLine(" " +

" switch.");switch(ch2) {case 'A':Console.WriteLine(" A " +

" switch");break;

case '': // ...} // switchbreak;

case '': // ...

for for 2,

. . , for.

for .

for(; ; ) ; :

for(; ; ){ ;

} , , , , ; , ; , , , , . , for . for , . , , , for.

for , , . 100 -100 5.

130 I. C#

// for .

using System;

class DecrFor {static void Main() {int x;for(x = 100; x > -100; x -= 5)Console.WriteLine(x);

}}

for , . , , . .

for(count=10; count < 5; count++)x += count; // ,

count, , 5. , count < 5 , .. .

for . for 2 20. , .

// , . // , .

using System;

class FindPrimes {static void Main() {int num;int i;int factor;bool isprime;

for(num = 2; num < 20; num++) {isprime = true;factor = 0;

// , num .for(i=2; i

5. 131

}if(isprime)Console.WriteLine(num + " .");

elseConsole.WriteLine(" " + num +

" " + factor);}

}}

.

2 3 4 25 6 37 8 4 9 3 10 511 12 613 14 7 15 5 16 817 18 919 -

for for #,

. for .

for . . .

// for.using System;class Comma {static void Main() {int i, j;for(i=0, j=10; i < j; i++, j--)Console.WriteLine("i j: " + i + " " + j);

}}

132 I. C#

.i j: 0 10i j: 1 9i j: 2 8i j: 3 7i j: 4 6

. , , i j. , , i , j . , . for , , .

for. for ( 100). . .

// for // .

using System;

class Comma {static void Main() (int i, j;int smallest, largest;int num;

num = 100;

smallest = largest = 1;

for(i=2, j=num/2; (i = 2); i++, j--) {

if((smallest == 1) & ((num % i) == 0))smallest = i;

if((largest == 1) & ((num % j) == 0))largest = j;

}

Console.WriteLine(" : " + largest);Console.WriteLine(" : " + smallest);

}}

.

5. 133

: 50 : 2

for. , i . 2 , num. j . num , 2. , , i j, . .

, for,

, bool. . for done.// bool.using System;class forDemo {static void Main() {int i, j;bool done = false;for(i=0, j=100; !done; i++, j--) {if(i*i >= j) done = true;Console.WriteLine("i, j: " + i + " " + j);

}}

} .

i, j: 0 100i, j: 1 99i, j: 2 98i, j: 3 97i, j: 4 96i, j: 5 95i, j: 6 94i, j: 7 93i, j: 8 92i, j: 9 91i, j: 10 90

for , done (true). done , i j.

134 I. C#

for ,

. C# , for. .

// for .

using System;

class Empty {static void Main() {int i;

for(i = 0; i < 10; ) {Console.WriteLine(" " + i);i++; //

}}

} for

, .. . i, , . , , , i 10, . i , , .

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

for .

// for.

using System;

class Empty2 {static void Main() {int i;

i = 0; // for(; i < 10; ) {Console.WriteLine(" " + i);

5. 135

i++; // }

}}

i , for. , for. , , for.

for, , .. , . , # .

for(;;) // , {//...

} .

, , "" . ( " break " .)

C# for , . . , 1 5.

// .using System;

class Empty3 {static void Main() {int i;int sum = 0;// 1 5for(i = 1; i

136 I. C#

, for, . .

sum += i++ .

, #, , . : sum sum i, i. , .

sum = sum + i;i++;

for , for,

. for. , 1 5, i, for, .// for.using System;

class ForVar {static void Main() {int sum = 0;int fact = 1;// 1 5for (int i = 1; i

5. 137

while C# while.

:

while () ; , . , . , , .

, while .

// .

using System;class WhileDemo {static void Main() {int num;int mag;

num = 435679;mag = 0;

Console.WriteLine(": " + num);

while(num > 0) {mag++;num = num / 10;

};

Console.WriteLine(" : " + mag);}

} .

: 435679 : 6

while . num. , mag, , , num 10. , num . , , mag .

for, while , . , , . while , 2 0 9.

138 I. C#

// 2.

using System;

class Power {static void Main() {int e;int result;

for(int i=0; i < 10; i++) {result = 1;e = i;

while (e > 0) {result *= 2;e--;

}

Console.WriteLine("2 " + i + " " + result);}

}}

.

2 0 12 1 22 2 42 3 82 4 162 5 322 6 642 7 1282 8 2562 9 512

, while , . , for, while .

do-while C# do-while.

for while, , do-while . , do-while . do-while.do {

;} while ();

. ,

5. 139

do-while while. do-while , .

do-while .

// .using System;class DoWhileDemo {static void Main() {int num;int nextdigit;num = 198;Console.WriteLine(": " + num);Console.Write(" : ");

do {nextdigit = num % 10;Console.Write(nextdigit);num = num / 10;

} while(num > 0);


} .

: 198 : 891

. ( num) 10. . num 10. , . , num .

foreach foreach

, . C# , . foreach 7, .

break break

, ,

140 I. #

. break, , , . .

// break .using System;class BreakDemo {static void Main() {// break .for(int i=-10; i 0) break; // ,

// i Console.Write(i + " ");

}Console.WriteLine("!");

}}

.

-10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 ! , for -10 10, ,

, break , i .

break , #. , do-while.// break do-while.using System;class BreakDemo2 {static void Main() {int i;i = -10;do {if(i > 0) break;Console.Write(i + " ");i++;} while(i

5. 141

class FindSmallestFactor {static void Main() {int factor = 1;int num = -1000;for (int i=2; i

142 I. C#

: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 8 9 : 2

: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 8 9

, break , .

break . -, break, , break . -, break, switch, , .

continue continue

. continue , , . , continue break. continue 0 100.

// continue.

using System;

class ContDemo {static void Main() {

// 0 100.for (int i = 0; i

return return .

. 6.

goto C# goto

. goto, , . " " , "" . goto . goto . ,, , , . , . goto . goto , . goto , , , .

goto # . , goto, . 1 100 goto . = 1;loop1:++;if(x < 100) goto loop1; , goto

case default switch. case default switch . goto. goto switch. , switch. goto switch.// goto switch.

using System;

class SwitchGoto {static void Main() {

for(int i=1; i < 5; i++) {switch(i) {case 1:

5. 143

144 I. C#

Console.WriteLine(" case 1");goto case 3;

case 2 :Console.WriteLine(" case 2");goto case 1;

case 3:Console.WriteLine(" case 3");goto default;

default:Console.WriteLine(" default");break;

}


// goto case 1; // ! switch .}

} .

case 1 case 3 default

case 2 case 1 case 3 default

case 3 default

default , goto switch

case default. , case break. goto case , "" , , break . , goto switch. , :

// goto case 1; // ! switch . . , goto switch, , , .

goto .

5. 145

// goto.

using System;

class Use_goto {static void Main() {int i=0, j=0, k=0;

for(i=0; i < 10; i++) {for(j=0; j < 10; j++ ) {for(k=0; k < 10; k++) {Console.WriteLine("i, j, k: " + i + " " + j +

" " + k);if(k == 3) goto stop;

}}

}

stop:Console.WriteLine("! i, j, k: " + i +

", " + j + " " + k);}

} .

i, j, k: 0 0 0i, j, k: 0 0 1i, j, k: 0 0 2i, j, k: 0 0 3! i, j, k: 0, 0 3

goto, if break, . goto . goto, , .

: , , .

. #, . , - (). . #, . .

. , , . , .

. , . , . # , . , , , . , . , .

,

6

148 I. C#

, , ,

. , .

, , , -. , C# -. , , , , - , , , , , . : . . .

class. , .

class _ {// . 1; 2;//... N;

// . _ 1() {

// } _ 2() {

// }

// ... _ () {

// }

} ,

. , public, . 2, (private) , (public), .e. . . , , . . , , , Main(), (public). , , . 8.

6. , 149

,

. .

#, . , , ... , , , , . , . , .

, , : Main(). Main() . , .

,

, , , , .. ( Building) : , .

Building. : Floors, Area Occupants. , Building . , . ( .)

class Building {public int Floors; // public int Area; // public int Occupants; //

} , Building,

. :

_;

; , _- , . , , , . Building public. , Building.

class . Building.

150 I. C#

Building. , , , class , . , Building .

Building, .

Building house = new Building(); // Building house

Building, .. "" . .

, , , , . , Building Floors, Area Occupants. , - . - . -.

.

, . , 2 Floors house .

house.Floors = 2; , -

. , Building.// , Building.

using System;


}

// Building.class BuildingDemo {static void Main() {Building house = new Building(); // Buildingint areaPP; //

// house.house.Occupants = 4;house.Area = 2500;house.Floors = 2;

// .areaPP = house.Area / house.Occupants;

6. , 151

Console.WriteLine(" :\n " +house.Floors + " \n " +house.Occupants + " \n " +house.Area +" . , \n " + + " ");

}}

: Building BuildingDemo. BuildingDemo house Building Main(), Main() house . , Building BuildingDemo . , . , , , BuildingDemo Building, (public). public, Building, , BuildingDemo.

, UseBuilding.cs. UseBuilding.exe. , Building BuildingDemo, . .

:2 4 2500 . , 625 Building BuildingDemo

. , Building.cs BuildingDemo.cs, C# , . , , .

csc Building.cs BuildingDemo.cs Visual Studio,

. ,

: , . , . , , . , Building, Floors, Area Occupants, . .

152 I. #

// Building.using System;class Building {public int Floors; // public int Area; // public int Occupants; //

}// Building.class BuildingDemo {static void Main() {Building house = new Building();Building office = new Building();int areaPP; // // house.house.Occupants = 4;house.Area = 2500;house.Floors = 2;

// office.office.Occupants = 25;office.Area = 4200;office.Floors = 3;

// .areaPP = house.Area / house.Occupants;

Console.WriteLine(" \n " +house.Floors + " \n " +house.Occupants + " \n " +house.Area +" . , \n " +areaPP + " ");

// .areaPP = office.Area / office.Occupants;Console.WriteLine(" :\n " +

office.Floors + " \n " +office.Occupants + " \n " +office.Area +" . , \n " +areaPP + " ");

}}

.

:2 4 2500 . , 625

6. , 153

:3 25 4200 . , 168 , house ,

office. . 6.1.

. 6.1.

Building

.

Building house = new Building!); . -,

house, Building. , , . -, , , . new. , house . , house Building.

new (.. ) , . , C# .

, house , , .

Building house; // house = new Building(); // Building

house Building. , house , , . Building, house. house .

house

office

Floors

Area

Occupants

2

2500

4

Floors

Area

Occupants

3

4200

25

154 I. C#

, , , . , . , . ,

int ; = 10; 10, int, .

Building house = new Building(); house , .

,

, int. , . , , , . , , , , , , , . . . .

Building house1 = new Building();Building house2 = house1;

, house1 house2 , . house1 house2, , . house1 house2, house2 , house1. , house1 house2. , house1.Area = 2600; WriteLine()Console.WriteLine(house1.Area);Console.WriteLine(house2.Area); : 2600.

, house1 house2, , . , , house2.

6. , 155

Building house1 = new Building();Building house2 = house1;Building house3 = new Building();house2 = house3; // , house2 house3,

// .

house2 , house3. house1 .

,

. Building, , , . , , , . , , , . , .

. C# . , . , . , , , Main() , . , #.

, #. , . , GetVal, : GetVal(). .

:

_ (_) {//

} , , . , . , (private) , . (public), . _ , . , . , void. , . , . , _ , . , , . , .

156 I. C#

Building , , ,

. , Main() . , . Building, , . Area Occupants, Building. , Building. , Building, , Building, . . , Building , , - , , , Building.

Building, . Building, AreaPerPerson(), , .

// Building.

using System;


// ,public void AreaPerPerson() {Console.WriteLine(" " + Area / Occupants +

" ");}

}

// AreaPerPerson().class BuildingDemo {static void Main() {Building house = new Building();Building office = new Building();


// office.office.Occupants = 25;

6. , 157

office.Area = 4200;office.Floors = 3;Console.WriteLine(" :\n " +

house.Floors + " \n " +house.Occupants + " \n " +house.Area +". , ");

house.AreaPerPerson();Console.WriteLine();Console.WriteLine(" :\n " +

office.Floors + " \n " +office.Occupants + " \n " +office.Area +" . , ");

office.AreaPerPerson();}

} , .

:2 4 2500 . , 625

:3 25 4200 . , 168 ,

AreaPerPerson(). .public void AreaPerPerson() {

, AreaPerPerson . public, , . AreaPerPerson() void, .. . , .

AreaPerPerson() .Console.WriteLine(" " + Area / Occupants +

" "); ,

( Area) ( Occupants). Building Area Occupants, AreaPerPerson() , .

158 I. C#

AreaPerPerson() . , .

Main().house.AreaPerPerson();

AreaPerPerson() house. , AreaPerPerson() , house, -. AreaPerPerson() , . , , .

house.AreaPerPerson() , house. , office.AreaPerPerson() , office. , AreaPerPerson() .

AreaPerPerson() : Area Occupants , .. -. , , , -. , . . , . . , Area Occupants AreaPerPerson() , AreaPerPerson().

, Occupants AreaPerPerson() ( , ). Occupants , - . 13, , , C# , .

, . -,

, , AreaPerPerson() . -, return. return: void, .. , , , . , , .

void return.return;

6. , 159

, , . .

public void MyMeth() {int i;

for(i=0; i

160 I. C#

, AreaPerPerson(). , . . AreaPerPerson(), , .

// AreaPerPerson().

using System;


// ,public int AreaPerPerson() {return Area / Occupants;

}}// , AreaPerPerson!).class BuildingDemo {static void Main() {Building house = new Building();Building office = new Building();int areaPP; //


// office.office.Occupants = 25;office.Area = 4200;office.Floors = 3;

// .areaPP = house.AreaPerPerson();

Console.WriteLine(" :\n " +house.Floors + " \n " +house.Occupants + " \n " +house.Area +" . , \n " +areaPP + " ");

6. , 161


// .areaPP = office.AreaPerPerson();

Console.WriteLine(" :\n " +office.Floors + " \n " +office.Occupants + " \n " +office.Area +" . , \n " +areaPP + " ");

}}

, . :

AreaPerPerson() , . , , AreaPerPerson(). ,

areaPP = house.AreaPerPerson(); areaPP ( house).

, AreaPerPerson() int. , . , , , , , , . , double, double.

, , , . , areaPP, AreaPerPerson() , WriteLine(), .Console.WriteLine(" :\n

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Герберт Шилдт - c# 4.0. Полное Руководство - 2011