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50 55' 90 50' 790 42' 810 53' . 65,610 . 0.78% 2006 20,222,240 . , .
, . - 2500 . , 1750 . 1750 2500 . , , , - 46 .
27C . .
103 30,000 ( ) .
, . 20101 12.9% 32.6% . , , 2. .
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1 , . (2010) 2 - www.desinventar.lk
http://www.desinventar.lk/
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. 1897-1996 0.025 0C 1896-1996 100 0.003 0C (, 1997). (2002) (2005) .
1- 1930 2000 (, 2000)
(, 2009). .
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4
. 75% 30% 2080 . , , trans-basin .
- 40 0.64C 75 0.97C 0.14C . 22 0.45C 0.2C . - . ( - ) - ( ) - , . - - 30-40 . - . - , . - . - .
: / 2011-2016
5
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6
. . . . HAD CM 23% (A2 ) 13% (B2 ) 4 .
( ) . . . 30% 5. 1931-1960 1961-1990
- 23% 27%
21% 16%
- 22% 23%
31% 42%
2- - : , (1997)
6 . ( 3) , : 23% . . , . , 7 . , (, ) . ( 10). -, , , , ( 60% )
4 , . Spatial Clustering . IWMI 2006 5 UNFCCC , 6 , 2006 7 , , , , (2010)
7
.
Figure 3: Ricardian Valuation of Climate Change Impacts (Kurukulasuriya and Ajwad, 2006) 3: ( , 2006)
4: , ,
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(www.desinventar.lk)
http://www.desinventar.lk/
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. . . , , ,
8ESCAP Asia Pacific 2010 8 ESCAP 2010 9Munasinghe Institute for Development, Sri Lanka. Agriculture and Climate Change 2010
9 . , . 2010
9
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10 , . Spatial Clustering . IWMI 2006 11 . . . 12 2006 13 , , 31- 01, 2011
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ay
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11
14. - . trans-basin diversion 15 . , . , , . . ( 6 ) . . - ( ) . . , ( ) . . . , , , . . . . . . , ( ) . , (, ) .
14 . 14 150% .
12
, : ;
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.
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.
3.
.
4.
.. ..
0.5-1.1 Ha - 25% - 40% - 28% - / 7%
- - - -
0.2-0.3 Ha 1 Ha
-
- - - , - - -
: , , IWMI
13
: . - 16. , . 17. . , . 1000 18. 200 / 35000 19 . . 20. . , . ( 6 ) , . - . , , . . ( 80% .)
16 , . Spatial Clustering . IWMI 2006 17 , . Spatial Clustering . IWMI 2006 18 .. - 2010. 19 . 5000 . 20 . . : , . IWMI 2005.
14
Figure 6. Schematic representation of a small tank cascade system. Panabokke, 2005
9 . ( 3 7 ). ( ) . . ;
1.
.
2. ,
.
, , , , . . ; , , , . . - . / ..
15
( )
22
21 . 22
14096 .
( )
2
23 . .24
3.
22 22 Landslide Hazard Risk Maps of National Building Research Organization and Erosivity Maps of the Department of Agriculture 24 , 2011-2016
16
7. (..)
17
: : .
. 4:
US $
1.
1.1
..
1,038,808
1.2
265,069
1.3
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1.4 -
-
875,200
1.5
--
.25
1,024,425
4,077,502
US $
2. , .
2.1
,
.
/
.
257,110
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,
.
421,000
2.3
.
1,236,104
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.
110,550
25 , 2.3
18
2.5
.
252,696
2.6
.
315,000
2,592,460
6,669,962
(9.5%)
693,842
7,363,804
(8.5%)
625,923
7,989,727
, 2013 , 2014 , 2016 , 2016
19
:
A. (
) . ; . ; ( 5, 11 12 ) . . .
1: 26. 2008-2012 27 . , , , , . . . ( ) . , . 28 . .
26 11 , , 27 6 , 28 GEF SGP CBA
20
.. ( , ) , 235 14039 .
. - . . 5 .
1.1: .. . . 14% 29. GEF . , , , . , 30. 0.09 0.3 . , . . , . , , , / . . . , , , . / . ( 14 ) :
29
30
: .
,
21
235 14039 .
14039 , ( ) ( ) . (, ) .
()
1.2: , 31. . 32 . . , , . . , . :
,
250 470 ( )
, 500
1.3:
31 NEAP 2008-2012. . 6- 32 -
22
- 33. , . . 34, ) , ) ) . ( , , / - )
(MILCO)
..
.
.
. .
.
33 CBA 34
23
:
.
( )
235 ( )
-
, ( )
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. / 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 25%
1.4:
- , , . - - 40% 35.
36 . - . ) ) - . .. , , - 37 - .
35
IFAD Country Report on Sri Lanka. www.IFAD.org 36
Mahinda Chintana Vision for the Future 2010 and Mahinda Chintana 10 year Horizon Development Framework
37
Premaratne, S.P Rural Farming and Small Enterprises, Agriculture and Rural Development in Sri Lanka. Department
of Economics, University of Colombo 2010
24
. ( 5 3 ) - . - . - . - . - / ( ) , - ( ) . - .. . .. . :
1) .
2) 152 8 760
.
:
ASCs - ( , , , , ) .
- . - -
. 1.5: -- 2.3 . ( ) - . 150 -- . :
.
, , . .
, , .
25
US $ 1.05/
US $ 0.61/
US $ 0.22/
/ US $ 7 8
US $ 7 8 , DoAD
:
/ ,
, , ,
. .
2: , . . / . ( , ) .. (14,039) . , - .
, ( ) . , . , . ( ) ( ) . () .
26
6 : 2.1: , . , , , , . , , . . ( 11 12 ) .. - . . , / , . - . , . . . :
, .
.
, 250 .
.
2.2:
. ( 14 ). / . . . .. .
27
. . . , . . 38 . . :
.. .
.
.
2.3: . . .. / . GIS ( 4 ). , . ..
*
( 22)
1 2
202 .
950
( 2)
6 7
153 .
550
* , .
38
VRA is a Community Based Adaptation tool with multiple uses- intervention targeting, results monitoring, assessing
barriers and capacities and imparting awareness on climate risks. The tool is based on four composite indicators that
measure current and future climate risks, magnitude of barriers and willingness to adapt. The same questions posed over
3-4 community meetings during implementation and the evaluation of the numerical scores that are derived, indicate if a
project is on track at the community level.
28
( ) . . - / . , , - . . . . . , . :
, . ( 8 CBA )
. ( )
.
( ) ( )
/
29
8.
30
2.4: . - ( 13) . . (, - ( 18-22) ) 14039 / . . :
2.5: - . , . , , / . . , . , , , . , . .. .
31
:
, / 10
50 ( )
,
25
2.6: 1 ) 2 ) .. . . . . .
- ( 200- 1500) .. , . . (NBRO) . . telemetric rain gauges and . .
telemetric rain gauges .. . . .. 15 .
NBRO Telemetric Rain Gauge
( NBRO)
32
.. . , . .
, 39. 2001 , , . : (1) (2) hydro-climatic models (3) . . . 40
( 16 ) . . , 41. - . . . - () (- ) -. . , 1.1 1.2 60% .
:
NASCOM ,
( )
telemetric rain-gauges 15
39
Foundation for Climate, Environment and Technology Project Report on Seasonal Climate Information for Water and
Environmental Management in the Mahaweli Basin. www.climate.lk 40
Water resources are shared between hydro-electricity needs and irrigation needs through a water allocation mechanism
governed by the Mahaweli Authority 41
Director General of Meteorology at a stakeholder discussion
33
9:
B.
- . , , , , . , . :
1. , 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. ,
Feedback from the field On indications of drought onset: soil moisture, water levels in tanks, groundwater height
Farmers making decisions about crop type and cultivation dates
Mahaweli Authority generating a seasonal forecast for Yala and Maha with support from Agriculture
Department, Irrigation Department and Department of Agrarian Development
Farmer Organizations and Field Officers of DoAD collaborating with Agrarian Service Centers for seasonal decision making
Seasonal forecast derived from general weather data issued by Meteorological sources
34
. - ( 17%, 22%, 30%) 42.
43.
44. , ( 18-36 ) 45. , , .
, - . . . . input trader 46. , . . :
1. , --
2.
3. 4. ( ) 5.
6. - 7.
42
MDG Country Report, Department of Census and Statistics, 2008 43
Case Studies produced by GEF SGP Country Program 44
The average monthly income, Rs. 3000 per month before the project started, increased on average by Rs. 824 with the
introduction of income generation activities such as vegetable cultivation, seed collecting programs, ginger and turmeric
cultivation, and plant nursery development. Counterpart International/ Forest Gardens of Sri
Lanka.http://www.counterpart.org/our-work/projects/forest-gardens-in-sri-lanka 45
Assuming that initial investment is US$70 for organic home garden inputs. Cost recovery factors in savings in
household food purchase, savings in chemical inputs, sale of produce and seeds, agro-processing at household level 46
De Silva. CJ, Agricultural Extension in Domestic Sector; Problems, Weaknesses and Suggestions for Improvement. Sri
Lanka Journal of Agrarian Studies Vol 15, No 1 2011
35
, , . . . . ( ) .. 3/- 47. . , ( , , ) . . , , . 17% . 1500 . ,
48, $55-
$75 49. .. , , 50. 51. 52. .. . . ( ) ( ) ( ) . . ( ) . ( , , ) . ;
,
47
From field monitoring reports GEF SGPs Pilot Community Adaptation Project 48
Stone work, bunds and ditches have a higher government-approved rate than tree planting, live hedgerows and turfing. 49
From field monitoring reports GEF SGPs Pilot Community Adaptation Project 50
Disinventar.lk disaster incidence by DSD 51
A UNDP BCPR-funded project to operationalize the hazard profiles for drought and landslide together with DoA and
NBRO (National Building Research Organization) 52
Such as Sri Lanka Red Cross Society, CARE and Practical Action
36
, . ;
1. , ,
2. . , ,
3. , 4. ,
5. ,
, ( ) ( , , ) .
,
.
.
.
.
. ,
.
, .
.
.
. ( ).
.
- .
.
.
C. -
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.
37
, 35% - . 12 PRA .
1.
2.
3. -
. , . (>150%) .
() .. 2200 . 16,822 53. .. 37 . .. 877 .. 6.6 .
. , . . . , . 40 . 1968 7515 2000 54. , .
( ) . 7-100 US$/1000m3 ( ). . , 20-110 US$/1000m3 , trans-basin 90-400 US$/1000m3 55. .
Lift irrigation . , Lift irrigation 56 57. Lift irrigation (/) .
53
Department of Irrigation, Planning Branch 54
Department of Irrigation, at Annual Runoff at Manampitiya 55
Keller et al. Water Scarcity and Role of Storage in Development. International Water Management Institute 2001 56
In Rajangana (Anuradhapura District) and Neelabamma (Puttlam District) 57
Fernando A.P S Impact of Lift Irrigation Schemes on Rural Poverty Alleviation. University of Peradeniya, 2007
38
.. . .. 429 .. 87 . . . , .
( ) . , . . , , . 100% . - .
1. : . , GEF SGP CBA . . 2. - : P4P . 1.4 . , , ( , , ), , , , , - . 3. : WFP, GEF SGP, IWM . . , , , .
4. : (1984-1988) . GEF SGP CBA . , , .
5. : GEF SGP VRA . .
, .
1) , -
39
2)
3)
4) .
D.
(UNFCCC) 1993 16 . UNFCCC . 2002 3 . . 1992 12 . . 2003 PRSP . - . , ( 5 ). , 2008-2012 UNFCCC . 2011-2016 . UNFCCC . , . :
1. ( - 2006-2016)
, , - , , ,
2.
, , , , , , , - .
3.
4. , , - .
5. , - , ,
40
6.
300
7. /
8. ,
58
1.
-
-
-
-
-
/
,
:
,
2.
.
- ,
-
,
,
5.
58
Haritha Lanka ( Green Sri Lanka) is the National Action Plan for Sustainable Development of the Government of Sri
Lanka, developed by the National Council for Sustainable Development headed by the President
41
59. , .
E. . . , , , . , , , , , . . , / .
59
Mahinda Chintana Vision for the Future 2010 and Mahinda Chintana 10 year Horizon Development Framework
42
1.
..
2.
..
..
3.
4.
5.
6.
F. . , . . , CARE IUCN . Practical Action - . , , . . , GEF
43
, / . . 60. . , , . , . 6 , , , , , .
( ) ( -)
. .. .
(P4P)
(WFP)
,
,
(Ausaid/ GEF SGP)
(Ausaid/ GEF SGP)
, , ,
-
,
.
60
With the exception of Trincomalee district which is in the previously conflicted affected eastern province
44
- (GEF 1V/ UNEP)
/
.
MoE .
- , -
(GEF 1V/
UNEP/FAO)
,
, .
. , , .
(UNDP BCPR)
-
. -
.
(Ausaid and UNDP
2012-2017)
. .
UNFCCC
(UNDP )
. .
/
(UNDP 2011-2015)
(AIS)
IAS . , ,
.
IAS
IAS .
/
45
(UNDP 2012-2017) - (UNDP 2012-2017)
, ,
.
/
6. , ,
GEF/ SGP - 2010 GEF CBA 5 . . , - - . 5 . , , . , , , . CBA . , CBA . CBA , , . , . CBA , . . UNDP VRA / . . .
G. . . , , . - . ( ) . ,
46
. . , 2.5 2.6 . 2.4 . . - . ( ) . - . ( ) ( , , ) . . . VRA . . .
H. (2010 20112 ). . 5 . . . . , , . (- - ) . . ( 11 ) 2011 . , , , . , , . ( 12 ) . 7.
. , .
.
47
, . MoE .
. .
. .
. .
(MASL) .
. DMC .
. .
.
.
. . , .
. , , .
.
(WFP) , , . . .. .
(UNDP)
DMC . .
48
I. 1-
, . . , , (, , ) . (70-90%). . , . . , . , . . . , , . - - , . , , . - . . . , . , . . . . , . . . - .
49
1) 2) ( 12 )
1.
(, ,
)
1.5
..
1.5
2.6
,
-
-
1.1
..
1.3
2.
1.2
2.2 2.3
,
2.6
2.2 2.3
, -
1.4
1.2
1 . , , , . ( ) 61 .
61
CBA projects implemented by GEF SGP employed this strategy of using the lean season to complete project-related
natural resource management and irrigation maintenance, which allowed farmers to engage in their traditional
agricultural pursuits during main rainfall reason
50
. . . , . , , . . . . - (, , ) .
2: , . . (, ) . . ( ) . . . . . , . , , . . . , . / . - .
51
. , .
- . - . . , . . ASC , . . . . - , 62 . , , . VRA . . , . - . - . - . , . . , , . .
62
Such as collective auctioning of reservoir fish stocks by FO to private sector
52
J. , , , - . , , , , . , .
:
- 2008-2012, , , 2011-2016 , .
- . . ASC . - . - . - . . . - . . - ( )
. - 1) 2) , 3)
- , , . 3 .
III:
A.
. . 8 . (PSU) . . (NPSC) . NPSC , , ,
53
, , , , , . . PPD NPSC NPSC . NPSC . NPSC . ( / NPSC ) . , NPSC PSU . PSU . NPSC PSU . - PM . . ( , ), . , . - .
54
. / . , .
. - . . .
, DMC , . . / . . . , VRA. ( ) DO/ (ARPAS) . - . , .
55
10.
56
E.
. 7.
100 , . . .
VRA .
( )
. / . , .
.
- . .
( ) .. .
, - . .. .
57
B.
. .. . , (- ) PSU PPD . . . .. . - .. . . . , . . . NPSC . 8 9 . 8:
(US$)
(IW) .. 3500
2000 IW
/ 6000
-
/ 7500
SAPR
- (SAPR)
, .. / PPD 8500
(APR)
, .. / PPD 7500
, PPD 2500
IW SAPR
, / PPD 2500
58
0
- (MTE)
/ / 20,000
- 18-20
(FE)
/ / 25,000
, .. / PPD 0
WFP, UNDP 22,000
107000
.. PPD . . , . . 12 . , , . , , . . - (MTE)
- ( 18- 20 )
.
(MTE) .
.
.
- .
59
D.
: .
: .
1: ..
.
2: , .
60
9. :
.
: .
10% ( 14039) .
75% ( 14039 ) . -
61
.. VAM .( ) - -
14039 .
.
1:
/ -
14039
..
62
.
63. :
- 50% - 50% .
.
1.1: .. .
.
- - >10 - -10-25 -
63
1.2:
500 ASC
, ,
1.3:
/ , ,
6 ..
.. /
64
1.4: -
-
ASCs -
.. ASCs - ASCs - 760
.. / ASC -
- ASC -
1.5: --
-- --
PES 0%
.. -- 1500
PES .
65
2: , .
(/ )
CBO
14039 50% , ,
.. /
66
2.1: , .
,
250 ..
..
67
2.2:
.. . 2.4
..
..
68
2.3: .
-
69
2.5: -
.. /
10 5 NPSC 50 ( 35 15) 2 CBA 20
..
2.6:
.. . /
70
.. - 15 telemetric rain gauges .
/
71
. IV:
A. . , . .
, ,
:
B.
. ( ) .
,
: :
:
: :