மலப் பொருளாதாரம்- Economics & Politics of Human Excretion

8/8/2019 - Economics & Politics of Human Excretion

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Linkages . , Backward Linkages Forward Linkages .

(Backward Linkages) (Forward Linkages) .

Backward LinkagesEncouraging investment /expenditure in earlier

stages of production

/ .

Forward LinkagesEncouraging investment /expenditure in

subsequent stages of production

/ .


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Backward Linkages- . Automobile Industry Forward Linkages- . , . ,

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/ (Ghost Poop):

(Clean Poop): , .

(Wet Poop): ,

(Second Wave Poop): . . .

(Pop-A-Vein-In-Your-Forehead-Poop): .

(Lincoln Log Poop): . / (Gassey Poop): ,

/ (Drinker Poop): .

(Corn Poop): (Spinal Tap Poop).

(Wet Cheeks Poop): (Liquid Poop):

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.It a low skilled job.

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1970 17 , ,

(Committee for Eliminating Pay Toilets

in America (CEPTIA) .

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VI. () . , . 13000 , (600) , . 600 X 5 = 3000 .

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Fortune at the bottom of the pyramid .

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, . Millenium Development Goals(MDG), . , . , .

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, ((i) public ownership and operation (which includescontractingout); (ii) public ownership and private operation; (iii) private ownership and operation; (iv)

community or user provision; (v) mixed (joint ventures between public and beneficiaries or public and


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private direct providers) outsourcing . , , ? - , , ,, .

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viii.


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Hi tech Toilet

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1. 2. 3. 4.

5.

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(1596) . ,

(Flush Toilet) . 180 .

(Septic Tank), (Underground Drainage), , .

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? (Poverty elsewhere is threat to prosperity everywhere) , , .

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http://inthiyaa.blogspot.com/2009/06/

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http://inthiyaa.blogspot.com/2009/06/http://inthiyaa.blogspot.com/2009/06/http://inthiyaa.blogspot.com/2009/06/


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. , , , ,

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? (CATNAP Cheapest Available Technology Narrowly AvoidingProsecution) .

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1902

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- Safai Karamchari Andolan) ,

. 1993 ( ()

) (Employment of Manual Scavengers and Construction of Dry Latrines Prohibition Act). , . ', , 2003 .


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2002-03 , 21 6.76 , 92 . , . 13 ,

. , .

, .1949 , 1949

1957 1968 . 111 .1969 - 1970 ,1989 1991 800 1993

(National Safai Karamsari Comission)

1993 ( () )1993-1994 73 & 74 1994 1995 1996 1996 ( ) 2001 (VAMBAY) 2005 (JNNURM)2008 (Sanitation)


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--

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, , .

. IPC (International Plumbing Code) 2:1 , . . 176. 358 ! , , , . .

(1943)

,

,

. 1970- , . . (ToiletMuseum)


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.

1.41 91.90 , 32.91 , 6.56 , 10.35 ,2001 .

, 423 , 5 20 ., . 1

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< 33

# # #

236 33.46 254 32.4 264 31.71

276 30.64 284 30.15 # 2 >34 < 66# # #

6 59 13 53.63 20 50.2426 48.82 31 47.6 38 46.8239 46.54 40 46.19 53 43.9160 43.26 87 40.61 93 40.4999 40.16 115 39.44 120 39.12122 39.02 157 37.54 163 37.35180 36.52 227 33.89 # 3 >67 90


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1980 18-25 1980-1990 10 1990 4 1990 3

XI. .

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(Scientific, Economical,Sustainable, Culturally compatible) ,

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ECO-SAN

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Eco-San

(SacoSan) . , . .

. .

. . , , . (: ) , . , . Gender Neutral . , , ( )

,

Gender Balance

. , , .

Open DefecationOpen Defecation

into a pitSimple Pit Latrine Ventilated Improved

Pit Latrine Pour Flush LatrineUrine Diversion

Latrine

2005 23 , 13.8 , 1.8 , 0.4


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, . , , . ,

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15000 . , . . , . .

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. Corporatization of Public Toilets , .

1. 2. 3.

XII. . , / (Health Officer) . , . . ., (Public Health) . . , , , . .


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? Public Health . (Public Health) . . , . . , .

Peace and Prosperity will dawn on those who pretend to work.

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, . , , , , . . .

(Sociology & Public Administration) ? . Bio-Technology. , , ? ?

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மலப் பொருளாதாரம்- Economics & Politics of Human Excretion