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Extracorporeal Shock-wave lithotripsy
(ESWL)
Epidemiology
Nephrolithiasis with a lifetime prevalence13% in men and 7% in women
80-85% Ca- based 20%uric acid,struvite,cystine,……
Pathophysiology
For uric acid,struvite,cystine stones are predictable
For calcium stone formation is multifactorial: hypercalciuria hyperoxaluria hyperuricosuria hypocitraturia dietary factors
Therapeutic option
ESWLUreteroscopyPCNLOpen surgerySWL has been the most commonly used approach49-54% of procedures to treat renal stones
contraindications
Active UTIDistal obstructionPregnancycoagulopathy
Preoperative preparationD/C of anticoagulantsDocumentation of a negative U/CR/O of pregnancyBowel prepAntibiotic CBCRenal function test
Not suitable for ESWLLower pole stonesMorbid obesHounsfield unite>1000SSD>10 cmCystine and brushite are the most resistant to SWLSmall diameter of lower pole infundibulaLower pole with multiple infundibulathe angle formed between the lower infundibulum and the renal pelvis
Position for SWLSupineProne transplant kidney ectopic kidney lower ureter stones
Anesthesia Prevent patient’s movement
Post opAntibioticAnalgesicKUB+SONO2-4 wk after the procedureIn several trrials the use of potassium citrate or tamsulosin with or without methylprednisolone has resulted in superior stone- free rates as compared with placeboFor PT with stones that failed to fragment repeat SWL may be considered 2 weeks or more
Stone free rate
Passage of fragmens may continue for up to 3 months
Adverse effectsObstruction steinstrasse(stone street)6-20%Hematoma risk factors: older age HTN DM IHD obesity
Acute Extrarenal DamageTrauma to organs such as the liver and skeletal muscle, as evidenced by elevated levels of bilirubin, lactate dehydrogenase, serum aspartate transaminase, and creatine phosphokinase within 24 hours of treatment
Parameters begin to fall within 3 to 7 days of SWL treatment and
Are normal at 3 months.
Acute Extrarenal DamagePerforation of the colon Hepatic hematomaSplenic rupturePancreatitisAbdominal wall abscess
Acute Renal Injury
HematuriaHematoma Shockwaves rupture blood vessels and can damage surrounding renal tubules
Chronic Renal InjuryIt is well accepted that shockwaves damage blood vessels, and the resulting hemorrhage initiates an inflammatory response that ultimately leads to scar formation.
Rise in systemic blood pressureDecrease in renal functionIncrease in the rate of stone recurrence
Factors That Induce the Degree of Renal Trauma Associated with Shockwave Lithotripsy
Number of shocksAccelerating voltageKidney size—juvenile vs. adultPreexisting renal impairmentTreatment at a slow rate of shockwave delivery (60 shocks/min or less)