F CaF2 Na3AlF6 Ca5F(PO4)3 0.072 % 15 0.03 % 6.91% 16 km 93.06 % 20 1 ( 48.6% ) 2 ( 26.3% )

11 ( 0.14 % ) 12 ( 0.11% ) 13 ( 0.087 % ) 14 ( 0.085 % ) 7 ( 2.47 % ) 8 ( 2.00 % ) 9 ( 0.76 %) 10 ( 0.42 %) 15 ( 0.072 % ) 16 ( 0.048 %) 17 ( 0.040 % ) 18 ( 0.030 % ) 19 ( 0.028 % ) 20 ( 0.020 % ) 3 ( 7.73 % ) 4 ( 4.75 % ) 5 ( 3.45 % ) 6 ( 2.74 % )

At I Br 1/300 2.5 104 % Cl 1.9 % KCl MgCl2 6H2O 0.14 % 11

1 1 2 F2 Cl2 Br2 I2

Cl 2 Br 2 I 2 Cl 2 Br 2 I 2

* * E E = E np* E np* z Cl2 Br2 I2 E 3 Br2 100 g 3. 58 g Cl2

CCl 4 I2 CCl4 CCl 4 I2 CS2 CCl4 CS2 KD I2 CCl 4

F2 F2 F2 Cu NiMg F2 Cu Ni Mg I2 I2 KI 1

Br2 I2 Br2 I2 2 H2 Cl 2 H2 Cl 2 Fe Cl 2

Cl 2 + H2 2 HCl H 2 Cl 2 1 23

Br2 I2 HBr HI H2

3 F2 O2N2 HeNe Cl 2 F2 CSiSP Xe + F2 XeF2 XeF4 XeF6 2 S + Cl2 S2Cl2 ( ) S + Cl2 ( ) SCl2 ( ) 2 P + 3 Cl2 2 PCl3 ( ) 2 P + 5 Cl2 ( ) 2 PCl5 ()

4 Br2 I2

F2Cl 2 2 P + 3 Br2 2 PBr3 ( ) 2 P + 3I2 2 PI3 ( ) F2 2 F2 + 2 H2O 4 HF + O2

E = 0.54 V Ea Cl2 pH

Br2 I2 1 + 5 I2 1 NaCl () 2 H+ + 2 e H2 Br2 () 2 Cl Cl2 + 2 e

Cl2 MnO2 HCl H+ Cl

MnO2 Cl 2 2 F2 1886 ( 373 K ) F2 HF HF KF 345 K 373 K 2 KMnO4 + 16 HCl ( ) 2 MnCl2 + 2 KCl + 5 Cl2 + 8 H2O

F2 F2 K2PbF6 BrF5 F2 100 1986 ( Christe ) F2 KMnO4HFKFH2O2 F2 F2

3 Br2 Cl2 383 K Cl2 pH = 3.5 Br Br2 Br2 Na2CO3 K2MnF6 SbF5 2 Br + Cl2 Br2 + 2 Cl SbCl5 + 5 HF SbF5 + 5 HCl MnF4 MnF3 + 1/2 F2 2 KMnO4 + 2 KF + 10 HF + 3 H2O2 2 K2MnF6 + 8 H2O + 3 O2

pH BrBrO3 Br2 4 I 2 I2 NaIO3 NaHSO3 5 HBr + HBrO3 3 Br2 + 3 H2O 3 Br2 + 3 Na2CO3 5 NaBr + NaBrO3 + 3 CO2MnO2 + 2 NaBr + 3 H2SO4 Br2 + MnSO4 + 2 NaHSO4 + 2H2O 2 NaBr + 3 H2SO4 ( ) Br2 + 2 NaHSO4 + SO2+ 2 H2O 2 IO3 + 5 HSO3 3 HSO4 + 2 SO42 + I2 + H2O

I2 I2 MnO2 2 HF Z 1 2 I + MnO2 + 4 H+ 2 H2O + I2 + Mn2+

2 HX HCl HI HF HF HCl HBr HI HF 51.6 20 HF HCl HBr HI 1.78 1.26 2.79 4.44 HF HF 19 oC HF

3 HCl 1 m3 500 m3 HCl HBr HI HCl HF HF HF (HF)2 (HF)3 353 K HF H2O HCl

1 HCl HBr HI HCl < HBr < HI HF HCl 110 HCl 20.24 % H X H + + X HF 50 %Ka = 6.6 104

HF HF H3O + F HF 1 Ka = 6.6 104 2 K HF2 HF2 HF21 HF

H3O+ F HF 2 F2 + 2 e 2 F 2.87 V Cl2 + 2 e 2 Cl 1.36 V Br2 + 2 e 2 Br 1.07 V I2 + 2 e 2 I 0.54 V F2 I2

F I HBraqHCl aq HF aq 4 HI (aq) + O2 2 I2 + 2 H2O 2 Br + Cl2 Br2 + 2 Cl 2 I + Br2 I2 + 2 Br HI > HBr > HCl > HF NaCl + H2SO4 ( ) NaHSO4 + HCl 2 NaBr + 2 H2SO4 ( ) SO2 + Br2 + Na2SO4 + 2 H2O 8 NaI + 5 H2SO4 ( ) H2S + 4 I2 + 4 Na2SO4 + 4 H2O

3 HX kJ mol 1 HF > HCl > HBr > HI

1 2 ? ? HBrHI H3PO4 NaBrNaI 1HFHCl 3HFHCl HBr HI

2 F2 H2 Br2I2 H2 HX Cl2 H2 HCl H2 Cl2 H2 + Cl2 2 HCl 3 NaBr + H3PO4 NaH2PO4 + HBr NaI + H3PO4 NaH2PO4 + HI PBr3 PI3 PX3 + 3 H2O H3PO3 + 3 HX

Br2 2 P + 3 Br2 + 6 H2O 2 H3PO3 + 6 HBr H2O I2 2 P + 3 I2 2 PI3 () 1 HF HCl HBr HI 2 HCl 3 HBr HI 2 P + 3 Br2 2 PBr3 PBr3 + 3 H2O H3PO3 + 3 HBr PI3 + 3 H2O H3PO3 + 3 HI 2 P + 3 I2 + 6 H2O 2 H3PO3 + 6 HI

3 1 1 SiF4SF6 Zn + 2 HCl ZnCl2 + H2CuO + 2HCl CuCl2 + H2ONaOH + HCl NaCl + H2OCaCO3 + 2 HCl CaCl2 + H2O + CO2

2 3 TiCl4 ?? 2 1

1 4 2 AgCl PbCl2 Hg2Cl2 CuCl TlCl PtCl2 AgNO3 + KI KNO3 + AgI

AgI () PbI2 ( ) Hg2I2 () CuI TlI () PtI2 () AgBr () PbBr2 Hg2Br2 CuBr TlBr PtBr2 () LiF MgF2 CaF2 SrF2 BaF2 AlF3 ZnF2 PbF2 FeF2 () FeF3 () CuF () CuF2 () MnF2 () PbCl2 Pb 2 Cl

Ag+ + Cl AgCl ( ) Cl AgCl2 AgCl3 2 Hg2+ + 2 I HgI2 ( ) 3 HgI2 ( ) + 2 I HgI42 ( )

(CN)2 (SCN)2 (OCN)2 CNSCNOCN (CN)2 273 K 1 dm3 4 dm3 (SCN)2 1 HSCN Ka = 1.4 101 HOCN Ka = 1.2 10 4 HCN HCN Ka = 4.0 10 10

2 Cl 2Br2 CN SCN ( SCN )2 I I2 CN (SCN)2 (CN)2 (CN)2 + 2 e 2 CN / v 0.373(SCN)2 + 2 e 2 SCN 0.77 Cl2 + 2 e 2 Cl 1.36 Br2 + 2 e 2 Br 1.07 I2 + 2 e 2 I 0.54

3 Ag CN Pb(CN)2 Hg 2 (CN) 2 AgSCN Pb(SCN) 2 Hg 2 (SCN) 2 HCN Pb(SCN)2 + Br2 PbBr2 + (SCN)2 I2 + 2 CN (CN)2 + 2 I (CN)2 + H2O HCN + HOCN (CN)2 + 2OH CN+ OCN + H2O

NaCNKCN NaSCN AgCN + NaCN Ag (CN)2 + Na+ AgI + 2 CN Ag (CN)2 + I Fe3+ + x SCN Fe (SCN)X3X ( x: 1~6 )

1 I F F 7 IF7 Cl ICl3 BrF5 ClF3

OH H+ 2 ICl + H2O HIO + HClBrF5 + 3 H2O HBrO3 + 5 HF

CsBrCl2 CsCl CsBr ( 2 ) MF F MF F ClBr I

H5IO6

1 2 HXO

IO Cl2O Cl2O HClO HBrO HIO HXO 3 3 I2 + 6 OH 5 I + IO3 + 3 H2O 2 HClO + 2 HCl 2 Cl2 + 2 H2O 273 K 323 ~ 353 K BrO BrO3

HClO Cl2 PbO2 KBrO Ni (II) Ni O ( OH ) 2 Ni O ( OH ) 2 NiO2 Ni 2 + + 2 OH Ni ( OH ) 2 ( ) Ni ( OH ) 2 NaClO Ni ( OH ) 2 + NaClO Ni O ( OH ) 2 + NaCl 3 HClO + S + H2O H2SO4 + 3 HCl NaClO + PbAc2 + 2 OH PbO2 + 2 Ac + NaCl + H2O

2 ( 1 ) ( 2 ) HClO HgO Cl2 HgO HgCl2 Cl Cl2 + H2O H+ + Cl + HClO Cl HClO 2 Cl2 + 2 HgO + H2O HgCl2HgO + 2 HClO

HClO2 8 HClO2 6 ClO2 + Cl 2 + 4 H2O ( III ) ( IV ) ( O ) HClO2 HClO HClO2 H+ + ClO2 Ka = 5.0 103 HCl Cl 2 + H2O + CaCO3 CaCl2 + CO2 + 2 HClO ClO2 ( IV) HClO2

Na2O2 ClO3 ( V ) O22 ClO2 ( III ) NaClO2 HClO2 Ba(ClO2)2 Ba(ClO2)2 + H2SO4 BaSO4 + 2 HClO2 ClO2 2 ClO2 + 2 OH ClO2 + ClO3 + H2O ( IV ) ( III ) ( V ) ClO2 SO2 NaClO3 2 ClO2 + Na2O2 2 NaClO2 + O2 2 NaClO3 + SO2 + H2SO4 2 ClO2 + 2 NaHSO4

HClO3 > HBrO3 > HIO3 HClO3 HBrO3 Ka = 1. 69 101 2 HXO3 HXOHClO3 HBrO3

( ) ( ) KBrO3 KIO3 KBrO4 K5IO6

1 HXO3 X + 5 e I2O5 573 K HIO3

2 HXO3 X HXO X HXO3 HXO3 HXO3 HXO Mn+ H + O X HClO3 + P H3PO4 + HCl HClO3 + S H2SO4 + HCl HClO3 + I2 HIO3 + HCl

4 AgBrO3 Pb (BrO3)2 Ba (BrO3)2 AgIO3Pb(IO3)2Hg(IO3)2Ca(IO3)2Sr(IO3)2Ba(IO3)2Cu(IO3)2 ()

2 1 X XO3 2 2 3 H2SO4 X2 1/6 XO3 Ba (ClO3)2 + H2SO4 BaSO4 + 2 HClO3

1 K1 = 2.3 102 1 I HIO4 I ( OH )7 H5IO6 + H2O 1

2 HClO4 ClO4 SO2 H2S HI Al HClO4 Cl ( VII ) 2 HClO4 + I2 + 4 H2O 2 H5IO6 + Cl2

HClO4 HBrO4 H5IO61.23 V < 1.76 V > 1.64 V 3 KClO4 RbClO4 CsClO4 NH4 ClO4 KBrO4 RbBrO4 CsBrO4

HClO4 HCl (aq) HClO4 20% HClO4 HClO4 HClO4 2 60 % HClO4 72.4 % HClO4 b.p. 476K KClO4 + H2SO4 KHSO4 + HClO4Pt Cl + 4 H2O ClO4 + 8 H+ + 8 e Ag ( Cu ) 2 H+ + 2 e H2

XeF2 F2 NaBrO3 55 % HBrO4 ( 6 mol dm3 ) 373 K 55% 1968 Se Br HBrO4 2 H2O NaBrO3 + XeF2 + H2O NaBrO4 + Xe + 2 HF NaBrO3 + F2 + 2 NaOH NaBrO4 + 2 NaF + H2O

Cl2 + IO3 + 3 OH H3IO62 + 2 Cl