Chapter 1
FreeBSD Chapter 1.
Table of Contents1.1. 1.2. FreeBSD!1.3. FreeBSD, Jim Mock , 17
2000.1.1.
FreeBSD! FreeBSD, , , , .
FreeBSD, 4.4BSD-Lite2, Intel (x86), DEC Alpha. . FreeBSD, .
FreeBSD, . - (, , - ) , FreeBSD.
1.2. FreeBSD!
, FreeBSD . FreeBSD, .
1.2.1. FreeBSD?
, FreeBSD - , 4.4BSD-Lite2. Intel (x86) DEC Alpha.
FreeBSD Internet, :
Yahoo! Hotmail Apache Be, Inc. Blue Mountain Arts Pair Networks
Whistle Communications Walnut Creek CDROM .
1.2.2. FreeBSD?
FreeBSD . :
, .
FreeBSD . , , , .
TCP/IP , SLIP, PPP, NFS, DHCP NIS. , FreeBSD , , NFS ( )
Internet WWW, FTP, ( ).
, ( ) . .
FreeBSD 32- (64 Alpha) .
X Window System (X11R6) (GUI) VGA .
, Linux, SCO, SVR4, BSDI NetBSD.
FreeBSD . - , ?
- Internet. FreeBSD Unix , , , , .
" VM/ " , , , .
(SMP) ( Intel).
: C, C++, Fortran Perl. .
, . , - ?
on-line .
- !FreeBSD 4.4BSD-Lite2 Computer Systems Research Group (CSRG) ,
, BSD-. CSRG, FreeBSD . PC, FreeBSD , !
FreeBSD . , ; UNIX-, FreeBSD! FreeBSD , , . .
, FreeBSD , , , , . , FreeBSD:
Internet : TCP/IP FreeBSD Internet :
FTP
World Wide Web ( , [SSL])
- NAT ("IP ").
USENET BBS
...
FreeBSD, 386 PC, Xeon RAID .
: ? , , , FreeBSD. CAD, .
: , , FreeBSD , . FreeBSD , , .
: ? (DNS)? , ? FreeBSD 386 486 PC .
X Window: FreeBSD , X-. XFree86 , X Inside. X , FreeBSD , , .
FreeBSD " ", .
: FreeBSD , GNU C/C++ .
FreeBSD , CDROM FTP. FreeBSD .1.3. FreeBSD
, , , .
1.3.1. FreeBSD
Jordan K. Hubbard .
FreeBSD 1993 , " 386BSD (patchkit) ", 3- : Nate Williams, Rod
Grimes .
386BSD , , patchkit . : "386BSD 0.5" "386BSD Interim".
386BSD , , . patchkit , - "" . , , .
, , , "FreeBSD" . , , , Walnut Creek CDROM FreeBSD Internet.
Walnut Creek CDROM FreeBSD CD, Internet. Walnut Creek CDROM, ,
FreeBSD , .
, CDROM, , FreeBSD 1.0, 1993 . 4.3BSD-Lite ("Net/2") , 386BSD .
, FreeBSD 1.1 RELEASE 1994 .
, Novell , . - Net/2 . , Net/2 "" , Novell, , ( ) AT&T.
Novell, 4.4BSD-Lite, "" Net/2 . FreeBSD, 1994 Net/2. , FreeBSD
1.1.5.1.
FreeBSD 4.4BSD-Lite. "Lite" light () , CSRG ( ) 4.4BSD Intel .
1994 FreeBSD 2.0 CDROM ( ). FreeBSD 2.0.5 1995 .
FreeBSD 2.1.5 1996, ISP , 2.1-STABLE . FreeBSD 2.1.7.1, 1997
2.1-STABLE. , (RELENG_2_1_0).
FreeBSD 2.2 ("-CURRENT") 1996 RELENG_2_2, (2.2.1) 1997. 2.2 '97,
(2.2.8) 1998. 3.0 1998, 2.2
20 1999 , 4.0-CURRENT 3.X-STABLE. 3.X-STABLE : 3.1 - 15 1999,
3.2 - 15 1999, 3.3 - 16 1999, 3.4 - 20 1999, 3.5 - 24 2000, 3.5.1,
Kerberos. 3.x.
13 , 2000 4.X-STABLE 5.0-CURRENT. - 4.2-RELEASE.
5.0-CURRENT, - 5.0 CDROM (, , ).
1.3.2. FreeBSD
Jordan K. Hubbard .
FreeBSD , . ( ) , . , "" , , . , , .
, GNU (GPL) GNU (LGPL) , , . , GPL , BSD, .
1.3.3. FreeBSD
Satoshi Asami .
FreeBSD , FreeBSD , . , FreeBSD . FreeBSD FreeBSD .
, , FreeBSD , , :
CVS
FreeBSD CVS (Concurrent Version System), , FreeBSD. CVS , () .
CVS, -CURRENT -STABLE, , . .
, CVS, FreeBSD ( "" cvs(1) commit, CVS ). - send-pr(1), - ,
.
CORE FreeBSD
CORE FreeBSD , FreeBSD . CORE , . CORE , CORE , . CORE .
CORE , , , .
Note: CORE , " ". " " , FreeBSD ! ;-)
, , , . FreeBSD ( ), .
, - , , - FreeBSD ?:-) ; - , .
, . FreeBSD, , ! , , .
, FreeBSD FreeBSD!
1.3.4. FreeBSD
FreeBSD - , 4.4BSD-Lite Intel i386, i486, Pentium, Pentium Pro,
Celeron, Pentium II, Pentium III ( ) DEC Alpha. CSRG, U.C. Berkley,
NetBSD, OpenBSD, 386BSD Free Software Foundation.
FreeBSD 2.0 94, , , FreeBSD . VM/ , , , 5MB . NIS ( ), TCP, "--"
PPP, DHCP, SCSI, ISDN, ATM, FDDI, Fast Gigabit Ethernet (1000Mbit)
, Adaptec .
, . ( ) !
, FreeBSD . 2000 3000 ! http (WWW) , , , . 50 , "" . , 1.0 . , ,
make install . , CDROM'a FTP , . - "", (pkg_add) .
FreeBSD /usr/share/doc FreeBSD 2.1 . HTML URL:
FreeBSD
file:/usr/share/doc/handbook/index.html FreeBSD ( )
file:/usr/share/doc/faq/index.html ( )
http://www.FreeBSD.org/.
Chapter 2. FreeBSD
Table of Contents2.1. 2.2. 2.3. 2.4. , Jim Mock , 2000 .2.1.
, FreeBSD . , , FreeBSD, ( FTP, NFS), -, , , MS-DOS .
, , . FreeBSD, , , , . , .
FreeBSD FTP, . .
FreeBSD .
, , , . , .
2.2.
FreeBSD. , - , , email FreeBSD .
2.2.1.
, ( ).
, FreeBSD. . - "" , SCSI , .., (IRQ -).
2.2.1.1.
, . , :
, , , .
MS-DOS , fdimage.exe ( - tools\) :
E:\> tools\fdimage floppies\kern.flp a: fdimage A: kern.flp
(, FreeBSD floppies). , kern.flp DOS, FAT. UNIX- , :
# dd if=kern.flp of=disk_device bs=1kdisk_device /dev . FreeBSD,
/dev/rfd0 A: /dev/rfd1 B:.
, kern.flp . mfsroot.flp, .
2.2.1.2. -
CDROM ( ), - MS-DOS.
FreeBSD -, Walnut Creek CDROM's, ( , , , ). - - MS-DOS,
install.bat, makeflp.bat.
-, - El Torito ( , CDROM), FreeBSD CDROM . -.
MS-DOS , CDROM, install.bat -, - DOS.
Note: , - "" DOS; DOS- Windows .
view ( DOS). .
UNIX- , .
, , , - DOS, CDROM . .
, ( , FreeBSD), CDROM, :
# mount /cdrom - CDROM, . :
# umount /cdrom !
Note: , , - , CDROM, FreeBSD , , CDROM .
, , FreeBSD FTP -, ( , ) ( vipw):
ftp:*:99:99::0:0:FTP:/cdrom:/nonexistent
, , FTP ftp:// , " (Other)" FTP .
2.2.1.3.
FreeBSD ( ), , , , , .
, 1.44MB 1.2MB , bin. DOS FORMAT. Windows, format Windows File
Manager.
. , , . , , - .
FreeBSD, . , FAT ( DOS). UFS ( FreeBSD) disklabel newfs, , (
3.5" 1.44MB ):
# fdformat -f 1440 fd0.1440 # disklabel -w -r fd0.1440 floppy3 #
newfs -t 2 -u 18 -l 1 -i 65536 /dev/rfd0Note: 5.25" 1.2MB ,
fd0.1440 fd0.1200 floppy3 floppy5 .
.
, , . , , , 1.44MB . , , a:\bin\bin.aa, a:\bin\bin.ab .
Media "Floppy".
2.2.1.4. - MS-DOS
MS-DOS ( c:\FreeBSD) ( ), , DOS xcopy. FreeBSD -:
C:\> md c:\FreeBSD C:\> xcopy /s e:\bin c:\FreeBSD\bin\
C:\> xcopy /s e:\manpages c:\FreeBSD\manpages\ C: , E:
CDROM.
, ; BIN.
2.2.1.5. QIC/SCSI
FreeBSD. , 'tar' , , :
# cd /freebsd/distdir # tar cvf /dev/rwt0 dist1 ... dist2 , - (
), . , , .
Note: , , , .
2.2.1.6.
: ( SLIP PPP), (PLIP (laplink )), Ethernet ( ethernet ( PCMCIA
)).
SLIP , . , PPP, ( , SLIP ).
, PPP. , , , . , "AT-", , PPP . PAP CHAP, set authname set
authkey, term. ppp FAQ . , set log local ....
FreeBSD (2.0-R ), "laplink" . , , 50 , .
, ethernet . FreeBSD PC ethernet , ( ) . PCMCIA ethernet ,
FreeBSD, , . , FreeBSD PCMCIA " ".
IP , . PPP-, , IP . . IP , DNS ( ). , .
2.2.1.6.1. NFS
NFS . FreeBSD , NFS , NFS, , FreeBSD.
NFS " " ( Sun), , .
, , .
, NFS , , , FreeBSD :ziggy:/usr/archive/stuff/FreeBSD, ziggy
/usr/archive/stuff/FreeBSD, /usr /usr/archive/stuff.
FreeBSD -alldirs /etc/exports, . "permission denied", NFS .
2.2.1.6.2. FTP
FTP , FreeBSD. , .
FreeBSD , , DNS , ( " (Other)") IP ( DNS ) FTP , FreeBSD:
ftp://165.113.121.81/pub/FreeBSD/4.2-RELEASE FTP, : FTP.
FTP
FTP "" . , FTP , . ( ), !
FTP
FTP "" . , .
Note: , , "proxy", FTP !
, FTP , , "@". FTP , "" . , FreeBSD ftp.FreeBSD.org,
foo.bar.com, 1024.
, FTP [email protected] email . : FTP ( FTP, )
ftp://foo.bar.com:1234/pub/FreeBSD.
/pub/FreeBSD ftp.FreeBSD.org foo.bar.com, foo.bar.com, ,
ftp.FreeBSD.org.
2.2.2. FreeBSD
, , FreeBSD!
, - , . (, ). , FreeBSD , .
FreeBSD , . , - , , . FreeBSD . ( /stand/sysinstall) , - "" , ,
, , :-)
, " ":
1. kern.flp , mfsroot.flp, "". ( 30 3- , ) . - , " ".
2. F1. . FreeBSD, , .
3. (Options) .
4. (Novice), (Custom) (Express) , , , , . FreeBSD, .
5. , , FreeBSD. , FreeBSD -, , . , FreeBSD c .
2.3.
FreeBSD ISA, VLB, EISA PCI , 386SX PentiumPro ( 386SX ). IDE
ESDI , SCSI , .
FreeBSD 8 , 16 .
, FreeBSD. , , , ; "", .
2.3.1.
WD1003 ( MFM/RLL)
WD1007 ( IDE/ESDI)
IDE
ATA
Adaptec 1535 ISA SCSI
Adaptec 154X ISA SCSI
Adaptec 174X EISA SCSI
Adaptec 274X/284X/2920C/294X/2950/3940/3950 (Narrow/Wide/Twin)
EISA/VLB/PCI SCSI Adaptec AIC-7850, AIC-7860, AIC-7880, AIC-789X
on-board SCSI Adaptec 1510 ISA SCSI ( , )
Adaptec 152X ISA SCSI
Adaptec AIC-6260 AIC-6360 , AHA-152X SoundBlaster SCSI
AdvanSys SCSI ( )
BusLogic MultiMaster - "W" BT-948, BT-958, BT-9580
BusLogic MultiMaster - "C" BT-946C, BT-956C, BT-956CD, BT-445C,
BT-747C, BT-757C, BT-757CD, BT-545C, BT-540CF
BusLogic MultiMaster - "S" BT-445S, BT-747S, BT-747D, BT-757S,
BT-757D, BT-545S, BT-542D, BT-742A, BT-542B
BusLogic MultiMaster - "A" BT-742A, BT-542B
AMI FastDisk , BusLogic MultiMaster .
Note: BusLogic/Mylex "Flashpoint" .
DPT SmartCACHE Plus, SmartCACHE III, SmartRAID III, SmartCACHE
IV SmartRAID IV SCSI/RAID . DPT SmartRAID/CACHE V .
Compaq Intelligent : IDA, IDA-2, IAES, SMART, SMART-2/E,
Smart-2/P, SMART-2SL, Integrated Array Smart Arrays 3200, 3100ES,
221, 4200, 4200, 4250ES.
SymBios ( NCR) 53C810, 53C810a, 53C815, 53C820, 53C825a, 53C860,
53C875, 53C875j, 53C885 53C896 PCI SCSI ASUS SC-200, Data
Technology DTC3130 ( ), Diamond FirePort (all), NCR (), SymBios (),
Tekram DC390W, 390U 390F, Tyan S1365
QLogic 1020, 1040, 1040B 2100 SCSI Fibre Channel Adapters
DTC 3290 EISA SCSI 1542
SCSI , SCSI-I SCSI-II , , , (DAT 8mm Exabyte), , CDROM . WORM ,
CDROM, " " CDROM. WORM/CD-R/CD-RW cdrecord, .
CD-ROM :
cd - SCSI ( ProAudio Spectrum SoundBlaster SCSI)
matcd - Matsushita/Panasonic (Creative Soundblaster,
562/563)
scd - Sony ( )
wcd - ATAPI IDE
SCSI , CAM SCSI :
NCR5380/NCR53400 ("ProAudio Spectrum") SCSI UltraStor 14F, 24F
34F SCSI Seagate ST01/02 SCSI
Future Domain 8XX/950 SCSI
WD7000 SCSI
Note: UltraStor SCSI CAM, , .
; :
(Colorado/Mountain/Insight)
mcd - CD-ROM Mitsumi ( )
2.3.2.
Adaptec Duralink PCI fast ethernet , Adaptec AIC-6195 fast
ethernet (), :
ANA-62011 64- 10/100baseTX
ANA-62022 64- 10/100baseTX
ANA-62044 64- 10/100baseTX
ANA-69011 32- 10/100baseTX
ANA-62020 64- 100baseFX
Allied-Telesyn AT1700 RE2000 Alteon Networks PCI ethernet ,
Tigon 1 Tigon 2 , Alteon AceNIC (Tigon 1 2), 3Com 3c985-SX (Tigon 1
2), Netgear GA620 (Tigon 2), Silicon Graphics Gigabit Ethernet,
DEC/Compaq EtherWORKS 1000, NEC Gigabit Ethernet
AMD PCnet/PCI (79c970 53c974 79c974)
RealTek 8129/8139 fast ethernet , :
Allied-Telesyn AT2550
Allied-Telesyn AT2500TX
Genius GF100TXR (RTL8139)
NDC Communications NE100TX-E
OvisLink LEF-8129TX
OvisLink LEF-8139TX
Netronix Inc. EA-1210 NetEther 10/100
KTX-9130TX 10/100 Fast Ethernet
Accton "Cheetah" EN1027D (MPX 5030/5038; RealTek 8139 ?)
SMC EZ Card 10/100 PCI 1211-TX
Lite-On 98713, 98713A, 98715 98725 fast ethernet , LinkSys
EtherFast LNE100TX, NetGear FA310-TX Rev. D1, Matrox FastNIC
10/100, Kingston KNE110TX
Macronix 98713, 98713A, 98715, 98715A 98725 fast ethernet , NDC
Communications SFA100A (98713A), CNet Pro120A (98713 98713A), CNet
Pro120B (98715), SVEC PN102TX (98713)
Macronix/Lite-On PNIC II LC82C115 fast ethernet , LinkSys
EtherFast LNE100TX 2
Winbond W89C840F fast ethernet , Trendware TE100-PCIE
VIA Technologies VT3043 "Rhine I" VT86C100A "Rhine II" fast
ethernet , Hawking Technologies PN102TX D-Link DFE-530TX
Silicon Integrated Systems SiS 900 SiS 7016 PCI fast ethernet
Sundance Technologies ST201 PCI fast ethernet , D-Link
DFE-550TX
SysKonnect SK-984x PCI ethernet , SK-9841 1000baseLX ( , ),
SK-9842 1000baseSX ( , ), SK-9843 1000baseLX ( , ) SK-9844
1000baseSX ( , ).
Texas Instruments ThunderLAN PCI , Compaq Netelligent 10,
10/100, 10/100 Proliant, 10/100 Dual-Port, 10/100 TX Embedded UTP,
10 T PCI UTP/Coax 10/100 TX UTP, Compaq NetFlex 3P, 3P Integrated
3P w/BNC, Olicom OC-2135/2138, OC-2325, OC-2326 10/100 TX UTP
Racore 8165 10/100baseTX 8148 10baseT/100baseTX/100baseFX
-personality ADMtek AL981 AN985 PCI fast ethernet ASIX Electronics
AX88140A PCI , Alfa Inc. GFC2204 CNet Pro110B
DEC EtherWORKS III (DE203, DE204 DE205)
DEC EtherWORKS II (DE200, DE201, DE202 DE422)
DEC DC21040, DC21041 DC21140 (SMC Etherpower 8432T, DE245 .)
DEC FDDI (DEFPA/DEFEA) Efficient ENI-155p ATM PCI
FORE PCA-200E ATM PCI
Fujitsu MB86960A/MB86965A
HP PC Lan+ ( 27247B 27252A)
Intel EtherExpress ( - )
Intel EtherExpress Pro/10
Intel EtherExpress Pro/100B PCI Fast Ethernet
Isolan AT 4141-0 (16 )
Isolink 4110 (8 )
Novell NE1000, NE2000, and NE2100 Ethernet PCI , NE2000, RealTek
8029, NetVin 5000, Winbond W89C940, Surecom NE-34, VIA VT86C926
3Com 3C501, 3C503 Etherlink II, 3C505 Etherlink/+, 3C507
Etherlink 16/TP, 3C509, 3C579, 3C589 (PCMCIA),
3C590/592/595/900/905/905B/905C PCI EISA (Fast) Etherlink III /
(Fast) Etherlink XL, 3C980/3C980B Fast Etherlink XL server ,
3CSOHO100-TX OfficeConnect Toshiba ethernet
PCMCIA ethernet IBM National Semiconductor
2.3.3. USB
FreeBSD USB . ( ) USB , , .
USB
USB
USB USB- -
USB
ALi Aladdin-V
Intel 82371SB (PIIX3) 82371AB EB (PIIX4)
NEC uPD 9210 -
VIA 83C572 USB -
UHCI OHCI ( ).
PCI plug-in USB -
ADS Electronics PCI plug-in (2 )
Entrega PCI plug-in (4 )
USB :
Agiler 29UO
Andromeda
Apple iMac
ATen
Belkin F4U002 Belkin
BTC BTC7935
Cherry G81-3504
Chic
Cypress
Entrega USB-to-parallel Genius Niche
Iomega USB Zip 100 MB
Kensington Mouse-in-a-Box
Logitech M2452
Logictech wheel (3 )
Logitech PS/2 / USB (3 )
MacAlly mouse (3 buttons)
MacAlly ( , 4 )
Microsoft Intellimouse (3 )
Microsoft
NEC
Trust Ami (3 )
2.3.4. ISDN ( DSS1 [Q.921/Q.931])
Asuscom I-IN100-ST-DV (, )
Asuscom ISDNlink 128K
AVM A1
AVM Fritz!Card
AVM Fritz!Card PCI
AVM Fritz!Card PCMCIA
AVM Fritz!Card PnP
Creatix ISDN-S0/8
Creatix ISDN-S0/16
Creatix ISDN-S0 PnP
Dr.Neuhaus Niccy 1008
Dr.Neuhaus Niccy 1016
Dr.Neuhaus Niccy GO@ (ISA PnP)
Dynalink IS64PH ( )
ELSA 1000pro ISA
ELSA 1000pro PCI
ELSA PCC-16
ITK ix1 micro
ITK ix1 micro V.3
Sagem Cybermod (ISA PnP, )
Sedlbauer Win Speed
Siemens I-Surf 2.0
Stollman Tina-pp ( )
Teles S0/8
Teles S0/16
Teles S0/16.3 ("c" -- &16.3c mdash; !)
Teles S0 PnP (, )
3Com/USRobotics Sportster ISDN TA intern (-PnP )
2.3.5.
AST (4 ), IRQ
ARNET (8 ), IRQ
ARNET ( Digiboard) Sync 570/i
Boca BB1004 (4 , )
Boca IOAT66 (6 , )
Boca BB1008 (8 , )
Boca BB2016 (16 , )
Cyclades Cyclom-y
STB (4 ), IRQ
SDL Communications RISCom/8
SDL Communications RISCom/N2 N2pci
Specialix SI/XIO/SX , SIHOST2.x, "" ( , JET) -; ISA, EISA
PCI
Stallion : EasyIO, EasyConnection 8/32 8/64, ONboard 4/16
Brumby
Adlib, SoundBlaster, SoundBlaster Pro, ProAudioSpectrum, Gravis
UltraSound Roland MPU-401 Connectix QuickCam
Matrox Meteor Video
Creative Labs Video Spigot
Cortex1
Brooktree Bt848 Bt878
HP4020, HP6020, Philips CDD2000/CDD2660 Plasmon CD-R
Bus
PS/2
PC
X-10 power
GPIB Transputer
Genius Mustek
( , )
Lucent Technologies WaveLAN/IEEE 802.11 PCMCIA ISA (2Mb/c)
(6Mb/) (NCR WaveLAN/IEEE 802.11, Cabletron RoamAbout 802.11 DS)
Note: ISA PCMCIA ISA/PCMCIA , .
FreeBSD IBM microchannel (MCA).
2.4.
, , . , , FreeBSD/MS-DOS.
2.4.1. - ...
- , PC, 100%. , , .
, "" FreeBSD.
, , , . . , IRQ, DMA -. , .
, ( ). , .
Warning , , , (sc0). (), - . .
, :
, .
, .
IRQ, DMA - .
, , Q . , , . , , .
2.4.2. MS-DOS
FreeBSD , MS-DOS. , .
2.4.2.1. , ! ?2.4.2.2. MS-DOS FreeBSD?2.4.2.3. MS-DOS?2.4.2.1. ,
! ? MS-DOS, , ! , FIPS, tools - FTP FreeBSD.
FIPS MS-DOS , FreeBSD . MS-DOS DOS 6.XX DEFRAG Norton Disk
Tools, FIPS . FreeBSD . (Distributions) , .
2.4.2.2. MS-DOS FreeBSD?. , Stacker(tm) DoubleSpace(tm), FreeBSD
, . ( ). , ! MS-DOS MS-DOS FreeBSD.
2.4.2.3. MS-DOS?. DOS FreeBSD ("slices") , , D: /dev/sd0s5, E:
/dev/da0s6 . , SCSI . IDE , wd da . , DOS, :
# mount -t msdos /dev/sd0s5 /dos_dChapter 3. Unix
Table of Contents3.1. 3.2. 3.3. 3.4. 3.5. 3.6. ...3.1.
Chris Shumway , 10 2000. c FreeBSD. , , - .
3.2.
FreeBSD BSD UNIX, UNIX. , , , FreeBSD - . , , . , , .
. : , . , // // . :
0 ---
1 , --x
2 , -w-
3 , -wx
4 , r--
5 , r-x
6 , rw-
7 rwx
, ls -l. :
-rw-r--r--
: , , , . ( rw-) . , (r--). (r--) . - (.. , , ). , , . ,
644.
. FreeBSD , , . /dev.
, , . , ``'' . ``'', , , ``'' .
, , , setuid- sticky- . man (chmod(1)).
3.3.
FreeBSD , . hier(7) man, .
, , , /. , .
, . - /usr, /var, /mnt /cdrom. /etc/fstab, . , /etc/fstab rc(8),
noauto. fstab(5) /etc/fstab .
3.4.
FreeBSD, ( ``''), , , . , , , , . FreeBSD , , sh, Bourne Shell,
csh, C-shell. , , , tcsh bash, .
? . C, , , tcsh, Linux, bash, - . , , , .
- . , (TAB), , , foobar foo.bar. , foo.bar. , rm
fo[TAB].[TAB].
: rm foo[BEEP].bar.
[BEEP] - , , , . , foobar foo.bar fo, TAB foo. (.) TAB, .
, . , . , , . :
USER .
PATH, , .
DISPLAY X11, .
SHELL .
TERM () . , .
TERMCAP escape- .
OSTYPE () . , FreeBSD.
MACHTYPE ().
EDITOR .
PAGER .
MANPATH, , .
, . , csh tcsh setenv. sh bash set export. , EDITOR ( csh tcsh)
/usr/local/bin/emacs, :
setenv EDITOR /usr/local/bin/emacs bash:
export EDITOR="/usr/local/bin/emacs" , , , ($) . , echo $TERM
$TERM.
, , , . - *, , ?, . , , echo * , ls, * ( , , , bash * , . -
).
, , . , (\). , echo $TERM , echo \$TERM $TERM, $TERM.
3.4.1.
, , chsh. EDITOR , $EDITOR, vi. ``Shell:'' .
-s chsh. :
% chsh -s /usr/local/bin/bashNote: , , /etc/shells. , , . ,
.
, , bash , , /usr/local/bin. , :
# echo "/usr/local/bin/bash" >> /etc/shells chsh.
3.5.
FreeBSD , , , - . FreeBSD ; .
, -, ee, ``easy editor'', .. `` ''. - , ee filename, filename .
, /etc/rc.conf, ee /etc/rc.conf. . (^) Ctrl, , ^e Ctrl e. , Esc,
Enter. - , , , .
FreeBSD vi, , emacs vim, . , ! 3.6. ...
3.6.1. (man)
, FreeBSD (man). ( ), , . man:
% man commandcommand - , . , ls :
% man ls :
1. .
2. .
3. .
4. .
5. .
6. .
7. .
8. .
9. .
( ), , , . , cdmod chmod(). , , :
% man 1 chmod chmod. , , , chmod(1) chmod, chmod(2) - .
, , , . , , -k man:
% man -k mail , ``mail'' . apropos.
, /usr/bin, , ? % cd /usr/bin; man -f * % cd /usr/bin; whatis *,
.
3.6.2. GNU Info Files
FreeBSD , Free Software Foundation (FSF). info , info, , ,
emacs, (info) .
info(1), :
% info , h. , ?.
Chapter 4. :
Table of Contents4.1. 4.2. 4.3. 4.4. Jim Mock , 22 1999.
.4.1.
FreeBSD .
-, , , FreeBSD.
, UNIX- . , , " ", . , , . - FreeBSD.
, , , . , , , make install.
4.2.
.
4.2.1.
, , "". , FreeBSD. :
Makefile. Makefile , ,
files. files md5. , . - , , . - , , , .
files , , - .
patches. , FreeBSD. - , , , , - . " 10" " 26 ...". "diff-" "",
diff.
pkg. , , . , , . . :
COMMENT. .
DESCR. , .
PLIST. , . .
, , , . , .
, , . , FreeBSD . . , , .
whereis. , "whereis " , , :
# whereis xchat xchat: /usr/ports/irc/xchat
# , xchat ( irc) /usr/ports/irc/xchat.
. , /usr/ports. , make search key=program-name, "program-name" -
, . , xchat:
# cd /usr/ports # make search key=xchat Port:xchat-1.3.8
Path:/usr/ports/irc/xchat
Info:An X11 IRC client using the GTK+ toolkit, and optionally,
GNOME
Maint:[email protected]
Index:irc
B-deps: XFree86-3.3.5 bzip2-0.9.5d gettext-0.10.35 giflib-4.1.0
glib-1.2.6 gmake-3.77 gtk-1.2.6
imlib-1.9.8 jpeg-6b png-1.0.3 tiff-3.5.1
R-deps: XFree86-3.3.5 gettext-0.10.35 giflib-4.1.0 glib-1.2.6
gtk-1.2.6 imlib-1.9.8 jpeg-6b
png-1.0.3 tiff-3.5.1
"Path:", , . , .
Note: root.
, , , .
4.2.1.1. -
, , , , , , , - FreeBSD. , FreeBSD Mall.
, - FreeBSD , /cdrom ( /cdrom), . , , , :
# cd /usr/ports/irc/xchat xchat, . ( ) . make . , , :
# make >> xchat-1.3.8.tar.bz2 doesn't seem to exist on
this system.
>> Attempting to fetch from
file:/cdrom/ports/distfiles/.
===> Extracting for xchat-1.3.8
>> Checksum OK for xchat-1.3.8.tar.bz2.
===> xchat-1.3.8 depends on executable: bzip2 - found
===> xchat-1.3.8 depends on executable: gmake - found
===> xchat-1.3.8 depends on shared library: gtk12.2 -
found
===> xchat-1.3.8 depends on shared library: Imlib.5 -
found
===> xchat-1.3.8 depends on shared library: X11.6 - found
===> Patching for xchat-1.3.8
===> Applying FreeBSD patches for xchat-1.3.8
===> Configuring for xchat-1.3.8
...
[ ]
...
===> Building for xchat-1.3.8
...
[ ]
...
#, , , . . , make, install:
# make install ===> Installing for xchat-1.3.8
===> xchat-1.3.8 depends on shared library: gtk12.2 -
found
===> xchat-1.3.8 depends on shared library: Imlib.5 -
found
===> xchat-1.3.8 depends on shared library: X11.6 - found
...
[ ]
...
===> Generating temporary packing list
===> Installing xchat docs in /usr/X11R6/share/doc/xchat
===> Registering installation for xchat-1.3.8
# , , .
Note: , make install make make install .
Note: , , -. , , - , , . , -, , ( ).
4.2.1.2.
, , . , -.
, -. , , -.
:
# make install >> xchat-1.3.8.tar.bz2 doesn't seem to
exist on this system.
>> Attempting to fetch from
http://xchat.org/files/v1.3/.
Receiving xchat-1.3.8.tar.bz2 (305543 bytes): 100%
305543 bytes transferred in 2.9 seconds (102.81 Kbytes/s)
===> Extracting for xchat-1.3.8
>> Checksum OK for xchat-1.3.8.tar.bz2.
===> xchat-1.3.8 depends on executable: bzip2 - found
===> xchat-1.3.8 depends on executable: gmake - found
===> xchat-1.3.8 depends on shared library: gtk12.2 -
found
===> xchat-1.3.8 depends on shared library: Imlib.5 -
found
===> xchat-1.3.8 depends on shared library: X11.6 - found
===> Patching for xchat-1.3.8
===> Applying FreeBSD patches for xchat-1.3.8
===> Configuring for xchat-1.3.8
...
[ ]
...
===> Building for xchat-1.3.8
...
[ ]
...
===> Installing for xchat-1.3.8
===> xchat-1.3.8 depends on shared library: gtk12.2 -
found
===> xchat-1.3.8 depends on shared library: Imlib.5 -
found
===> xchat-1.3.8 depends on shared library: X11.6 - found
...
[ ]
...
===> Generating temporary packing list
===> Installing xchat docs in /usr/X11R6/share/doc/xchat
===> Registering installation for xchat-1.3.8
# , , , .
. , .
4.2.2.
, , , , , , , , , . .
( xchat, ). , , , , /usr/ports/irc/xchat. xchat. make deinstall
( ?):
# cd /usr/ports/irc/xchat # make deinstall ===> Deinstalling
for xchat-1.3.8
# . xchat . , , make reinstall /usr/ports/irc/xchat.
4.3.
, , , .4.3.1.
4.3.1.1. , ??!4.3.1.2. , ?4.3.1.3. , ?4.3.1.4. ?4.3.1.5.
tar-?4.3.1.6. ?4.3.1.7. , , - , kermit.4.3.1.8. , ,
/usr/ports/distfiles, , .4.3.1.9. , /usr/ports? ,
/u/people/guests/wurzburger, .4.3.1.10. - FreeBSD, tar- , , .
?4.3.1.11. , , , tar- FreeBSD. , , , MASTER_SITES?4.3.1.12. , make
, .4.3.1.13. ? , , control-C.4.3.1.14. , , . make extract,
?4.3.1.15. , . ? , ?4.3.1.16. , , . - ?4.3.1.17. foo, bar. , ,
?4.3.1.18. grizzle , . , , . ?4.3.1.19. , . , ??4.3.1.20. , , , .
-?4.3.1.21. , , distfiles. ?4.3.1.22. , . ?4.3.1.23. OK, , , , , .
, . - ?4.3.1.24. , . ?4.3.1.25. frobble, , , , . ?4.3.1.26. - . , .
?4.3.1.1. , ??!, , , . "" "" () UNIX .
4.3.1.2. , ?, .
4.3.1.3. , ? :
1. . .
2. . , () .
3. , , .
4. , , , -- , , , strip , .
5. . , . , , , , , , .
. , , .
6. , , , , - (, ), .
7. , ! ;-)
4.3.1.4. ? - , , . , , , " 23", " 468" " 197 ". - , diff.
4.3.1.5. tar-? , .tar , , .tar.gz, .tar.Z, .tar.bz2 .tgz.
, (.tar) ( ) (.gz). Tape ARchives (, , tar), .
, , UNIX tar, FreeBSD, :
% tar tvzf foobar.tar.gz % tar xzvf foobar.tar.gz % tar tvf
foobar.tar % tar xvf foobar.tar4.3.1.6. ? , , . , , .
4.3.1.7. , , - , kermit. # make install >> cku190.tar.gz
doesn't seem to exist on this system.
>> Attempting to fetch from
ftp://kermit.columbia.edu/kermit/archives/.
? -?
-, CDROM - . Kermit . tar- -, --!
, , , . MASTER_SITES ( Makefile), .
4.3.1.8. , , /usr/ports/distfiles, , . tar-
/usr/ports/distfiles, , -, . , :
# make DISTDIR=/where/you/put/it install4.3.1.9. , /usr/ports? ,
/u/people/guests/wurzburger, . , , PORTSDIR PREFIX. ,
# make PORTSDIR=/u/people/guests/wurzburger/ports install
/u/people/guests/wurzburger/ports, /usr/local.
# make PREFIX=/u/people/guests/wurzburger/local install
/usr/ports /u/people/guests/wurzburger/local.
, ,
# make PORTSDIR=../ports PREFIX=../local install ( , ).
, imake(1) ( X Windows System), PREFIX, /usr/X11R6. Perl PREFIX
Perl. PREFIX .
, . , .
4.3.1.10. - FreeBSD, tar- , , . ? tar- , :
# cd /usr/ports # make fetch tar- - , :
# cd /usr/ports/directory # make fetch --, , , .
4.3.1.11. , , , tar- FreeBSD. , , , MASTER_SITES?. , , ,
ftp.FreeBSD.org , , MASTER_SITES, :
# cd /usr/ports/directory # make MASTER_SITE_OVERRIDE= \
ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/ports/distfiles/
fetch4.3.1.12. , make , . make fetch-list , .
4.3.1.13. ? , , control-C. make extract , .
4.3.1.14. , , . make extract, ?, make patch - , . PATCH_DEBUG. ,
!
4.3.1.15. , . ? , ?, 2.6.3 gcc ( FreeBSD 2.1.0 2.1.5), -O2 ,
-fno-strength-reduce. ( -O2). :
# make CFLAGS='-O2 -fno-strength-reduce' install /etc/make.conf,
, , . - make configure, Makefile , , , make-.
FreeBSD , , .
4.3.1.16. , , . - ? INDEX /usr/ports. , . , , LISP, :
% cd /usr/ports % make search key=lisp4.3.1.17. foo, bar. , , ?
foo -, bar -- , foo , bar . bar , foo.
4.3.1.18. grizzle , . , , . ? , :
# pkg_delete grizzle-6.5 :
# cd /usr/ports/somewhere/grizzle # make deinstall4.3.1.19. , .
, ?? , :
# pkg_info -a | grep grizzle Information for grizzle-6.5:
grizzle-6.5 - the combined piano tutorial, LOGO interpreter and
shoot 'em up
arcade game.
4.3.1.20. , , , . -?, , , . :
# cd /usr/ports # make clean , .
4.3.1.21. , , distfiles. ?, , , . , make distclean.
4.3.1.22. , . ? :
# cd /usr/ports # make install , . , /usr/local/bin/plot, .
4.3.1.23. OK, , , , , . , . - ?, , , (, " A4 US letter?"), -
.
4.3.1.24. , . ?OK, , / / , :
# cd /usr/ports # make -DBATCH install , . , , :
# cd /usr/ports # make -DIS_INTERACTIVE install .
4.3.1.25. frobble, , , , . ? , , , :
# cd /usr/ports/somewhere/frobble # make extract # cd
work/frobble-2.8 [Apply your patches]
# cd ../.. # make package4.3.1.26. - . , . ? , bsd.port.mk
bsd.port.subdir.mk make-.
(, , ...)
4.3.2. ! !
, , , , :
1. ! " " .
2. -- ! , . make maintainer Makefile, . ( $FreeBSD: Makefile) ,
. , send-pr .
3. . -- " ". , .
4. . "" ftp.FreeBSD.org , ! , , , , , , . pkg_add(1) .
4.4.
, , . , , .
II.
Table of Contents5. FreeBSD6. 7. 8. 9. X Window System10.
Chapter 5. FreeBSD
Table of Contents5.1. 5.2. : 5.3. : 5.4. 5.5. Init: 5.6.
5.1.
FreeBSD , , ( ). .
, . , init(8), . init(8) , , , FreeBSD .
5.2. :
, , .
(), , , , , .
BIOS ( ) CMOS ( ). BIOS CMOS , , , .
. , , .
( ) , , , .
5.2.1. boot0
boot0, (Master Boot Record), , , .
boot0 , MBR , 512 .
:
Example 5-1. boot0 F1 DOS
F2 FreeBSD
F3 Linux
F4 ??
F5 Drive 1
Default: F2
5.2.2. boot1
boot1 , , boot0 MBR , .
boot1 , , 512 , FreeBSD, , , boot2.
5.2.3. boot2
boot2 , FreeBSD , .
, , boot2 , .
Example 5-2. boot2 >> FreeBSD/i386 BOOT
Default: 0:wd(0,a)/kernel
boot:
5.3. :
, , , /boot/loader.
Note: /boot/boot0, /boot/boot1 /boot/boot2 , MBR, .
, .
5.3.1.
, , . , .
/boot/loader.rc, /boot/defaults/loader.conf, /boot/loader.conf .
loader.rc, .
, 10- , , , . , , , , , .
loader(8)5.3.2.
:
autoboot , . , 10 .
boot [-] [ ]
, , , .
boot-conf
, . , unload, , , kernel.
help []
/boot/loader.help. index, .
include ...
. . include.
load [-t ] , . .
ls [-l] []
, . -l, .
lsdev [-v]
, . -v, .
lsmod [-v]
. -v, .
more LINES.
reboot
.
set , set = .
unload
.
5.3.3.
.
, :
boot -s , ( ) :
unload load kernel.old kernel.GENERIC , , kernel.old ( , , ,
).
Note: :
unload set kernel="kernel.old" boot-conf ( , , ):
load -t userconfig_script
/boot/kernel.conf5.4.
( ) boot2 ( ), , , .
5.4.1.
:
-a .
-C -.
-c UserConfig
-s
-v
Note: , boot(8) .
5.5. Init:
, , init, /sbin/init , init_path .
5.5.1.
. , fsck , init , .
5.5.2.
, -s boot_single .
shutdown (-r) (-h) .
console /etc/ttys insecure, root .
Example 5-3. /etc/ttys # namegetty
typestatus
comments
#
# This entry needed for asking password when init goes to
single-user mode
# If you want to be asked for password, change "secure" to
"insecure" here
console none
unknown off insecure
Note: insecure , , , , root, , , . , , insecure, secure.
5.5.3.
init , , , , , .
5.5.3.1. (rc)
, , /etc/defaults/rc.conf, , , /etc/rc.conf, , /etc/fstab, , , ,
.
rc(8) . , .
5.6.
shutdown, init /etc/rc.shutdown, , , .
Chapter 6.
Table of Contents6.1. 6.2. 6.3. FreeBSD6.4. DES, MD5, and
Crypt6.5. S/Key6.6. Kerberos6.7. Firewalls6.8. OpenSSL6.9. IPsec
security(7) , Matthew Dillon .6.1.
, , , , , S/Key, OpenSSL, Kerberos .
6.2.
, - . , BSD UNIX, , , , , . . UNIX , , . , .
, "" . , "", "" , . , "" , . , schg- (. chflags(1)) , , , , , ,
, .
, :
1. " " (D.o.S.).
2. .
3. (root) .
4. (root) .
5. ( , " ").
. " " (brute-force), . , , . "" . , (, - ). " ", . , "" , , , .
, , .
, , . , telnetd, rlogind, rshd ftpd. , , . , , , - "" . , .
, , . , , , , "" . , , , , , , "" . , () , , , .
, , . , , , , . ( ), "", ( ). ( - ). , , , - , , , , .
, , "" . :
1. .
2. , , , SUID/SGID .
3. .
4. , .
5. , raw .
6. .
7. .
.
6.3. FreeBSD
FreeBSD, .
6.3.1.
, . . , , . , , su(1). , , , /etc/ttys, insecure (), telnet
rlogin. , , , sshd, . - FTP . .
, , . , . - - wheel ( /etc/group). , , su . wheel, . , staff, ,
, wheel, /etc/group. , kerberos, .k5login , ksu(1) - wheel. , , . ,
, .
, * (/etc/passwd). , , , . , , kerberos(1) ssh(1), (/).
kerberos, kerberos- . / , , ssh, , ( ), , (ssh-keygen(1)). * ( , )
, , . , - ("") ( ).
: , ( - ), , . , , ( ), , , .
kerberos, . , - (, ) - , . , N ! Kerberos ( , ). BASTION ROUTER
FREEBSD FreeBSD, firewall-a, arp- mac- . FreeBSD - IPFW, .
, c FreeBSD 4.0, ( pipe bw). , ( vx0, IP 200.200.200.1)
Internet-a, ( vx1, IP 200.200.200.2) 18 IP (subnet 200.200.200.0/28
netmask 255.255.255.240). (vx2 IP 192.168.1.1 192.168.1.0/28) 10-
.)
:
135,137,139
WWW,FTP .
SYN Flood, ICMP Flood.
WWW/FTP (200.200.200.5), WWW server , IP 199.199.199.10
.
IP , , c www.playboy.com .
64Kb , 10Mb .
. 1. .
:
options IPFIREWALL ( )options IPFIREWALL_VERBOSE ( )options
IPFIREEWALL_VERBOSE_LIMIT=10 ( , syslog)options TCP_DROP_SYNFIN (
TCP SYN FIN)
firewall, IP (, - , - ttyvX, ttypX =).
, TCP UDP, . - " " :
options IPFIREWALL_DEFAULT_TO_ACCEPT
/etc/defaults/rc.conf :
tcp_extensions="NO" ( "" RFC1323 TCP)tcp_drop_synfin="YES" ( SYN
+ FIN)icmp_drop_redirect="YES" ( ICMP )icmp_log_redirect="YES" (
logging ICMP REDIRECT)firewall_enable="YES" (
firewall)firewall_type="Company" ( firewalla rc.firewall
"Company")defaultrouter="199.199.199.1" ( ISP)
2. IPFW.
IPFW. handbook man ipfw. ("Company")
rc.firewall:[Cc][Oo][Mm][Pp][Aa][Nn][Yy]# fw="200.200.200.1"
local="200.200.200.2" client="192.168.1.1" net="200.200.200.0/28"
mask="255.255.255.255.240"
# local ${fwcmd} add pass all from any to any via lo0# ${fwcmd}
add pass all from any to any via vx1# ${fwcmd} add deny icmp from
any to any frag# ICMP ${fwcmd} add pass ICMP from any to any# SMTP
${fwcmd} add pass tcp from any to any 25 out${fwcmd} add pass tcp
from any 25 to any out# HTTPS ${fwcmd} add pass tcp from any to any
443 out${fwcmd} add pass tcp from any 443 to any out # ${fwcmd} add
pass tcp from 199.199.199.10 to 200.200.200.5 80 via vx0${fwcmd}
add pass tcp from 200.200.200.5 80 to 199.199.199.10 via vx0 #
${fwcmd} add deny tcp from any to 200.200.200.5 80 in via vx0# HTTP
${fwcmd} add pass tcp from any to any 80 out via vx1${fwcmd} add
pass tcp from any 80 to any out via vx1 # # ${fwcmd} add allow all
from any to any via vx1 # DNS ${fwcmd} add pass udp from any to any
53${fwcmd} add pass udp from any 53 to any # NEWS ${fwcmd} add pass
tcp from any to any 119${fwcmd} add pass tcp from any 119 to any #
POP3 ${fwcmd} add pass tcp from any to any 110 ${fwcmd} add pass
tcp from any 110 to any # FTP # 20 # TCP # ${fwcmd} add pass tcp
form any 21 to any ${fwcmd} add pass tcp from any to any 21
${fwcmd} add pass tcp from any 20 to any ${fwcmd} add pass tcp from
any to any 20 # ssh # IP 200.200.200.15 ${fwcmd} add pass tcp from
200.200.200.15 22 to {isp}${fwcmd} add pass tcp from {isp} to
200.200.200.15 22 # vx2 # ${fwcmd} add deny all from 192.168.1.0/24
to ${net}:${mask} via vx1 ${fwcmd} add deny all from${net}:${mask}
to 192.168.1.0/24 via vx1 # TCP vx2${fwcmd} add pass tcp from
192.168.1.0/24 to any 25 via vx2${fwcmd} add pass tcp from any 25
to 192.168.1.0/24 via vx2${fwcmd} add pass tcp from 192.168.1.0/24
to any 110 via vx2 ${fwcmd} add pass tcp from any 110 to
192.168.1.0/24 via vx2${fwcmd} add pass udp from 192.168.1.0/24 to
any 53 via vx2 ${fwcmd} add pass udp from any 53 to 192.168.1.0/24
via vx2${fwcmd} add pass tcp from 192.168.1.0/24 to any 80 via
vx2${fwcmd} add pass tcp from any 80 to 192.168.1.0/24 via vx2 #
vx2 64 Kb.# ${fwcmd} add pipe 1 ip from any to any in via vx0
${fwcmd} add pipe 1 config bw 64Kbit/s # vx2 64 Kb.# ${fwcmd} add
pipe 2 ip from any to any out via vx0 ${fwcmd} add pipe 2 config bw
64Kbit/s
TCP/IP NMAP ( FreeBSD INSECURE.ORG), : ./nmap 200.200.200.1
./nmap 200.200.200.2 , , ISP.
3. MAC-
IP "" TCP/IP , 200.200.200.0/28. , IP MAC ISP. , , IP , . ;)
MAC , :
petya 00:20:af:4a:3e:e3vasya 00:20:fg:3a:3e:21sasha
00:20:fg:3a:3e:21markins 00:20:fg:3a:3e:21... /etc/ethers.
Ethernet , arp -a. arp -f /etc/ethers IP MAC ARP /etc/ether
"".
arpwatch ( FreeBSD), /etc/hosts name_hosts IP_adress /etc/ethers
. IP , arpwatch root' arp . 4. . ipfm, FreeBSD. /usr/local/etc/
ipfm.conf. : ##### FIRST LOGGING CONFIGURATION ##### # LOG
200.200.200.0/255.255.255.240 NOT WITH 200.200.0.0/255.255.0.0#
FILENAME /var/log/ipfm/local_net-%d.%m-%H.%M.%S # # TIME 7 day SORT
IN RESOLVE ##### SECOND LOGGING CONFIGURATION #####NEWLOG #
192.168.1.0/24 subnet 192.168.1.0/255.255.255.0 NOT WITH
192.168.0.0/255.255.0.0# 1 FILENAME
/var/log/ipfm/ipfm-%d.%m-%H.%M.%S # Log on a period of one week
TIME 1 day SORT IN RESOLVE
count ipfw: # HTTP ipfw add count tcp from any to any 80 in via
vx0ipfw add count tcp from any to any 80 out via vx0# HTTP :ipfw
add count tcp from any to any 80 in via vx2 ipfw add count tcp from
any to any 80 out via vx2ipfw add count tcp from any to any 21 in
via vx2ipfw add count tcp from any to any 21 out via vx2 c IP :
ipfw add count tcp from any to 200.200.200.3 in via vx1
... 200.200.200.3 - IP , www.playboy.com . :
ipfw add log deny all from any to www.playboy.com
... .
MRTG (Multi Router Transfeer Grapheer) snmp, . , Chapter 7.
Table of Contents7.1. 7.2. BIOS7.3. 7.4. 7.5. 7.6. : , Network,
Memory, and File-Based Filesystems7.7. 7.1.
, , , FreeBSD.
7.2. BIOS
, FreeBSD , .
PC DOS BIOS (WINxxx), BIOS , . , " ". , , , , Ghost XCOPY. , , -
, BIOS . , .
SCSI BIOS, SCSI.
, , FreeBSD. FreeBSD BIOS " BIOS". , .
FreeBSD, BIOS FreeBSD, . , , , .
: Wintel- FreeBSD . SCSI SCSI FreeBSD.
, , SCSI , .
, , SCSI "" . , SCSI , . , , , , , SCSI BIOS SCSI . FreeBSD
.
, , -- FreeBSD. SCSI , , "". FreeBSD SCSI FTP . .
FreeBSD , ... . SCSI ( FreeBSD). , SCSI .
?
SCSI SCSI , " ". SCSI BIOS, SCSI , . FreeBSD SCSI . BIOS , BIOS,
FreeBSD, BIOS , FreeBSD . SCSI , , SCSI . , SCSI , .
, . SCSI ( , ).
SCSI, IDE.
7.3.
, IDE SCSI; , RAID-, . , .
Table 7-1. ,
IDEad 4.0-RELEASE, wd 4.0-RELEASE.
IDE CDROMacd, 3.1-RELEASE, wcd 4.0-RELEASE.
SCSIda, 3.0-RELEASE, sd 3.0-RELEASE.
SCSI CDROMcd
CDROMmcd Mitsumi CD-ROM, scd Sony CD-ROM, matcd
Matsushita/Panasonic CD-ROM
fd
SCSIsa, 3.0-RELEASE, st 3.0-RELEASE.
IDEast, 4.0-RELEASE, wst 4.0-RELEASE.
-fla - DiskOnChip, 3.3-RELEASE.
RAIDmyxd Mylex amrd AMI MegaRAID, idad Compaq Smart RAID,
4.0-RELEASE. id 3.2-RELEASE 4.0-RELEASE.
7.3.1.
, , "dangerously dedicated". s: "da0s1".
, , "dangerously dedicated", , a h. b , c , . Section
7.5>.
7.4.
, , , /. /dev, /usr , , , /usr/local .
. /var , , . , /var / .
, , CDROM.
7.4.1. fstab
, /etc/fstab, ( noauto).
/etc/fstab :
device /mount-point fstype options dumpfreq passnodevice ( ) ,
.
mount-point ( ), .
fstype mount(8). FreeBSD ufs.
options rw , -, ro , , , . noauto , . mount(8).
dumpfreq , passno , .
7.4.2. mount
mount(8) , .
:
# mount device mountpoint mount(8), , :
mount-a , /etc/fstab, -t, .
-d , .
-f .
-r .
-t fstype , , -a.
"ufs".
-u .
-v .
-w , .
-o , :
nodev
. , .
noexec
. , .
nosuid
. , .
7.4.3. umount
umount , , -a -A.
-f -v .
-a -A , , -t. -A .
7.5.
David O'Brien 26 1998 , SCSI , . , . - ..
root. , , /var/run/dmesg.boot, , . , da1 /1 ( IDE, wd1 , 4.0,
ad1 4.X).
FreeBSD IBM-PC , PC BIOS. BSD. PC BIOS. FreeBSD, dedicated.
FreeBSD PC BIOS. FreeBSD PC BIOS , BSD. , FreeBSD, , . , fdisk
.
/dev/da1s1e. : SCSI, 1 ( SCSI), 1 ( PC BIOS 1), BSD e.
/dev/da1e.
7.5.1. sysinstall
/stand/sysinstall . root su. /stand/sysinstall Configure.
FreeBSD Configuration Menu, Partition. . da1, dmesg
/var/run/dmesg.boot.
da1, FDISK. A , FreeBSD . , " ", YES. W. FDISK q. . , None.
Disk Label Editor. BSD. , a-h. . a (/). (, , ), a. b , . c
FreeBSD . .
sysinstall e . C. , (FS) , FS (, /mnt). , sysinstall /etc/fstab,
.
. , W. sysinstall . sysinstall.
/etc/fstab .
7.5.2.
7.5.2.1.
, , fdisk . . !
# dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/rda1 bs=1k count=1 # fdisk -BI da1 #
.
# disklabel -B -w -r da1s1 auto # .
# disklabel -e da1s1 # .
# mkdir -p /1 # newfs /dev/da1s1e # .
# mount -t ufs /dev/da1s1e /1 # ()
# vi /etc/fstab # / /etc/fstab.
IDE, ad da. 4.x wd.
7.5.2.2.
, . , Microsoft; . OS/2 IBM " " , .
# dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/rda1 bs=1k count=1 # disklabel -Brw
da1 auto # disklabel -e da1
# create the `e' partition
# newfs -d0 /dev/rda1e # mkdir -p /1 # vi /etc/fstab
# add an entry for /dev/da1e
# mount /1 :
# dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/rda1 count=2 # disklabel /dev/rda1 |
disklabel -BrR da1 /dev/stdin # newfs /dev/rda1e # mkdir -p /1 # vi
/etc/fstab
# add an entry for /dev/da1e
# mount /17.6. : , Network, Memory, and File-Based
Filesystems
, ; , -, , FreeBSD - .
, , Network Filesystem Coda, , , md , vnconfig.
7.6.1. vnconfig:
vnconfig(8) - vnode. vnode . , vnconfig(8) . -, .
:
Example 7-1. vnconfig # vnconfig vn0 diskimage # mount /dev/vn0c
/mnt vnconfig:
Example 7-2. vnconfig # dd if=/dev/zero of=newimage bs=1k
count=5k 5120+0 records in
5120+0 records out
# vnconfig -s labels -c vn0 newimage # disklabel -r -w vn0 auto
# newfs vn0c Warning: 2048 sector(s) in last cylinder
unallocated
/dev/rvn0c:10240 sectors in 3 cylinders of 1 tracks, 4096
sectors
5.0MB in 1 cyl groups (16 c/g, 32.00MB/g, 1280 i/g)
super-block backups (for fsck -b #) at:
32
# mount /dev/vn0c /mnt # df /mnt Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Avail
Capacity Mounted on
/dev/vn0c 4927 1 4532 0% /mnt
7.6.2. md:
md .
, , , vnconfig(8) :
Example 7-3. md # dd if=newimage of=/dev/md0 5120+0 records
in
5120+0 records out
# mount /dev/md0c /mnt # df /mnt Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Avail
Capacity Mounted on
/dev/md0c 4927 1 4532 0% /mnt
7.7.
- , / . , , . , .
7.7.1.
, , , . :
options QUOTA
GENERIC , , . , FreeBSD .
/etc/rc.conf. :
enable_quotas="YES" . , quotacheck. quotacheck . , . , :
check_quotas="NO" FreeBSD 3.2-RELEASE, , . /etc/rc.conf:
check_quotas="YES", /etc/fstab . , , .
, userquota , , /etc/fstab. :
/dev/da1s2g /home ufs rw,userquota 1 2
, groupquota userquota. , , :
/dev/da1s2g /homeufs rw,userquota,groupquota 1 2
quota.user quota.group . man fstab. , , , .
. /etc/rc , /etc/fstab, .
quotacheck, quotaon quotaoff. .
7.7.2.
, , . :
# quota -v , , .
edquota.
, , , , . ( ), ( inode) . , , ; .
. , . , 500 490 , 10 . 11 .
, . , . , , . , , , .
, edquota. edquota, , EDITOR, vi, EDITOR , .
# edquota -u test Quotas for user test:
/usr: blocks in use: 65, limits (soft = 50, hard = 75)
inodes in use: 7, limits (soft = 50, hard = 60)
/usr/var: blocks in use: 0, limits (soft = 50, hard = 75)
inodes in use: 0, limits (soft = 50, hard = 60)
, , . , inode. , 50 75, 500 600, :
/usr: blocks in use: 65, limits (soft = 50, hard = 75)
:
/usr: blocks in use: 65, limits (soft = 500, hard = 600)
.
. -p edquota. -, , edquota -p protouser startuid-enduid. , test
, 10000 19999 :
# edquota -p test 10000-19999 man edquota .
7.7.3.
quota repquota. quota , , . . repquota .
quota -v , .
Disk quotas for user test (uid 1002):
Filesystem blocks quota limit grace files quota limit grace
/usr 65* 50 75 5days 7 50 60
/usr/var 0 50 75 0 50 60
/usr 50 15 5 . *, .
, , , quota, . -v , , , /usr/var .
7.7.4. NFS NFS
NFS. rpc.rquotad(8) quota(1) NFS, .
rpc.rquotad /etc/inetd.conf :
rquotad/1 dgram rpc/udp wait root /usr/libexec/rpc.rquotad
rpc.rquotad
inetd:
# kill -HUP `cat /var/run/inetd.pid`Chapter 8. Table of
Contents8.1. 8.2. 8.3. 8.4. ?8.1.
. - , FreeBSD .
8.2.
4 8, QIC, - DLT.
8.2.1. 4 (DDS: Digital Data Storage)
4 QIC . Conner Archive, QIC . 4 , , 8. (3 x 2 x 0.5 , 76 x 51 x
12 ), 8-. 4, 8, , (helical scan).
~150kB/s, ~500kB/s. 1.3 GB 2.0 GB. , , . 6 . 240 GB.
DDS-3 12GB ( 24GB ).
4, 8, . 4, 8 .
, 2000 , 100 .
8.2.2. 8 (Exabyte)
8 SCSI-; . , 8. , . (4.8 x 3.3 x 0.6 ; 122 x 84 x 15 ). 8 -
.
~250kB/s ~500kB/s. 300 7. , , . , 6 120 . . , 840 .
Exabyte "Mammoth" 12 (25 ) , .
, ( 6 ). 270 , . . , .
8.2.3. QIC
QIC-150, , . QIC "" . . QIC 8 4 , . , QIC . QIC . QIC - . QIC (
) . QIC . , , . QIC (6 x 4 x 0.7 ; 15.2 x 10.2 x 1.7 ). -, 1/4", .
.
~150kB/s ~500kB/s. 40 15 . QIC. QIC ; DAT.
. . , , , , . , ( ). QIC ( , , ).
5,000 .
8.2.4. * -
8.2.5. DLT
DLT . 1/2" (12.5) (4 x 4 x 1 ; 100 x 100 x 25 ). . , . , "" . .
, ( 9- ), , .
1.5MB/s, 4, 8 QIC. 10 20 . , , , 5 900 1 20 , 50 9.
DLT Type IV 70 .
, ( , QIC). . / ; , .
8.2.6. AIT
AIT - Sony, 50 ( ) . , . , , , . , SAMS:Alexandria, AIT, , , , ,
.
$20,000, .
8.2.7.
, , , . :
sa0(ncr1:4:0): NOT READY asc:4,1
sa0(ncr1:4:0):Logical unit is in process of becoming ready
( 0). QIC-525 QIC (Identifier Block). :
mt fsf 1 .
.
dump(8) .
dump(8) DUMP: End of tape detected, : HARDWARE FAILURE info:280
asc:80,96 : mt rewind .
8.3.
dump(8), tar(1) cpio(1).
8.3.1. Dump Restore
dump(8) restore(8) Unix . , , , . dump(8) , , , ln(1) . dump(8)
, , . dump(8) , Version 6 ATT Unix ( 1975). , , 9- (6250 bpi), (
62,182 ftpi). .
rdump(8) rrestore(8) , . rcmd(3) ruserok(3) . , , rhosts.
rdump(8) rrestore(8) . (, rdump FreeBSD Exabyte, Sun komodo, :
/sbin/rdump 0dsbfu 54000 13000 126 komodo:/dev/nrsa8 /dev/rda0a
2>&1) : rhosts. .
8.3.2. Tar
tar(1) Version 6 ATT Unix ( 1975). tar(1) ; tar(1) . tar(1) ,
cpio(1), , cpio(1).
tar(1) . GNU tar(1), FreeBSD, , rdump(8). Exabyte, Sun komodo, :
/usr/bin/tar cf komodo:/dev/nrsa8 . 2>&1. , rsh(1) .
# tar cf - . | rsh hostname dd of=tape-device obs=20b , rsh(1)
ssh(1).
8.3.3. Cpio
cpio(1) Unix . cpio(1) ( ), , . cpio(1) . cpio(1) , , stdin.
cpio(1) . rsh(1) . (XXX )
8.3.4. Pax
pax(1) IEEE/POSIX tar(1) cpio(1). tar(1) cpio(1) . , , POSIX .
pax(1) cpio(1) tar(1), , , . cpio(1), tar(1).
8.3.5. Amanda
Amanda (Advanced Maryland Network Disk Archiver) / , . Amanda ,
Amanda Amanda. , , , . Amanda . Amanda " " . Amanda " ": , ,
Amanda. " " ( ) . .
, Amanda. Amanda . Amanda , , .
8.3.6.
" " - , . . , . . - , !
, " " . , Unix , , , .
" " /usr/obj , . , - SGML. HTML . SGML .
8.3.7. ?
dump(8) . Elizabeth D. Zwicky , . Unix dump(8). , ( ) , . : , ,
, , , , , . LISA V 1991 . torture-testing Backup and Archive
Programs.
8.3.8.
8.3.8.1. ,
, .
-, (, disklabel da0 | lpr), (/etc/fstab) , , .
-, , (boot.flp fixit.flp). , . , .
, , . : fdisk(8), disklabel(8), newfs(8), mount(8) - . .
dump(8), restore(8).
-, . , , . .
-, ( boot.flp fixit.flp, , ) . . , . , , ( ? tar xvf /dev/rsa0
tar cvf /dev/rsa0 ).
, . - , . . .
:
#!/bin/sh
#
# create a restore floppy
#
# format the floppy
#
PATH=/bin:/sbin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin
fdformat -q fd0
if [ $? -ne 0 ]
then
echo "Bad floppy, please use a new one"
exit 1
fi
# place boot blocks on the floppy
#
disklabel -w -B /dev/rfd0c fd1440
#
# newfs the one and only partition
#
newfs -t 2 -u 18 -l 1 -c 40 -i 5120 -m 5 -o space /dev/rfd0a
#
# mount the new floppy
#
mount /dev/fd0a /mnt
#
# create required directories
#
mkdir /mnt/dev
mkdir /mnt/bin
mkdir /mnt/sbin
mkdir /mnt/etc
mkdir /mnt/root
mkdir /mnt/mnt
# for the root partition
mkdir /mnt/tmp
mkdir /mnt/var
#
# populate the directories
#
if [ ! -x /sys/compile/MINI/kernel ]
then
cat
