Науки о Земле (Geo-Science) №4-2013

ISSN 2223-0831, 77-44805 29.04.2011

"GEO SCIENCE" ()

04 - 2013

s c i i r i

-

-

" "INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC, TECHNICAL AND INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONIC JOURNAL

http:// geo-science.ru e-mail: [email protected]

/ ABOUT JOURNAL

- (International scientific, technical and industrial electronic journal GeoScience) , , , - . 4 .

77-44805 29.04.2011, ISSN: 2223-0831, , DOAJ (Directory of open access jomals). ..., . / Baranov Vladimir N. ..., . / Batrakov Yuriy G. ..., . / Gavrilova Larisa . , , .-.., . / Garetsky Radim G. ..., .. / Dokukin Petr . .-.., ... / Dokukina Ksenia . ..., . .. / Zaitsev ....., . / Karpik Alexandr . ..., ... / Kaftan Vladimir I. ..., . / Kosinskij Vladimir V. ..., . / Levin Eugene..., . Malinnikov Vasily . .-.., . / Nagorny Victor D. ..., . / Pevnev Anatoly . .-.., . / Plushikov Vadim G. -. , ..., . / Savinykh Victor . ..., . / Tatevian Suriya . .-.., . / Kharchenko Sergey G. ..., . / Chepurin Eugene . ..., . / Yuzefovith Alexandr . / Dokukin Petr . / Poddubsky Anton . / Poddubsky OlgaN. / Komkov Dmitry S. : [email protected] -: [email protected] : (): , , , 109129, / 39 : : , 117198, , . -, 8 2, . 445 Russia, Moscow, index 109129, 39 : http://geo-science.ru : [email protected] : http://vkontakte.ru/geoscience Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/pages/edit/?id=297004870315291

- http://geo-science.ru . . . . / , . , , - . , , , .

- 4-2013

/ CONTENTS

/ GEOLOGY AND GEOPHYSICS .., .., ... .. / Taraborin G.V., Demina T.Ya., Taraborin D.G., Savilova E.B. LATE - PERMIAN RIVERSIDE PALEOVALLEYS OF ORENBURG PRIURAL 4 AREA ).., .., .., .. / Dolomansky Yu.., Konoplin A.D.. Muravyev L.A.. Ponomarev V.V. APPLICATION OF MAGNETIC SHIELDS FOR TESTING MAGNETIC FIELDS SENSORS

/ GEODYNAMICS . . . / Simonyan V.V. EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON 22 SETTING REGRESSION EQUATIONS DESCRIBING THE REGULAR CRUSTAL DEFORMATION DURING EARTHQUAKES

/ GEODESY

.. / ^Mozzhukhin .A. SIMILARITY'S METHOD FOR THE REFRACTION IN LEVELING

/ GEOINFORMATICS .. / Mayorov .. THE ATTITUDE GEOINFORMATICS AND GEOMATICS ' 4.. / Kuja S.A. SPLIT-LEVEL TRAINING AND TESTING IN EARTH SCIENCES 4 .. / Solovjev I.V. FORMATION OF DEFINITIONS OF EARTH SCIENCES bU

/ SPACE RESEARCH C.A., ., .. / Kuja S.A.. Solovjev I.V, Tsvetkov V.Ya. NEAR-EARTH SPACE 56 AS RESEARCH OBJECT

/ LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE .., M.C. / Kordyukov P.S., Osintseva M.S. 63 CULTIVATION OF CROPS ON ROOFS OF BUILDINGS OF THE EUROPEAN PART OF RUSSIA

/ REMOTE SENSING AND LAND MONITORING

REMOTE SENSING TECHNIQUES FOR FLOOD MONITORING USING ENVISAT ASAR DATA / Trinh Hung 69 ENVISAT ASAR

/ HYPOTHESIS AND OPINIONS ... .. . . . ( ) / Vclgas L.B.. Yavolinskaya L.L. THE EARTH'S ROTATION - THE SIMPLEST EXPLANATION IS SIMPLE 74 BUT NOT PRIMITIVE. (UNCONVENTIONAL VIEW ON THE PROBLEM)

11 11-1II 4-2013

/ GEOLOGY AND GEOPHYSICS 551

LATE - PERMIAN RIVERSIDE PALEOVALLEYS OF ORENBURG PRIURAL AREA

.. / Taraborin G.V.

- , / Candidate of Geological and Mineralogical Sciences, Associate Professor, Department of Geology of the Orenburg State Universitye-mail: [email protected]

.. / Demina T.Ya.

- , / Dr. Geo - Mineralogical Sciences, Professor, Department of Geology of the Orenburg State University

.. / Taraborin D.G.

- , , . / Candidate of Geological and Mineralogical Sciences KNI and the exhibition center Geoecology, Orenburg

e-mail: [email protected]

.. / Savilova E.B.

, / Graduate Student, Department Geological, Department of Geology of the Orenburg State University


, - , - , .

,

, . .

Abstract

The article gives the lithological and facial characteristic of riverside paleovalleys. The detailed facial- paleogeographic maps are presented, demonstrating the change of physiographic conditions, the main features of paleolandscape with anomalously high capacity of riverbed alluvium and the steadiest elements of paleogeography.

KeywordsRiverside paleovalley, the Preural regional

deflection, ground-flat facial belt, the Ural paleoraise.

,

(. 1).

4 - 4-2013

/ GEOLOGY AND GEOPHYSICS

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- 4-2013


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1. . . // , . . . - , 1961. - . 177 - 196.

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3. . ., . . . . - , 2004. - 112 .

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// . . - . . . . . - -, 2008. - . 389 - 392.

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6. . . . . . , . , . 92. - ., 1955.

.., .., .., .., 2013

14 - 4-2013

/ GEOLOGY AND GEOPHYSICS 550.380.8

APPLICATION OF MAGNETIC SHIELDS FOR TESTING MAGNETIC FIELDS SENSORS

.. / Dolomansky Yu.K.

- , . / Candidate of physical and mathematical sciences, research associate, Institute of geophisics Ural branch of Russian Academy of Sciences .. / Konoplin A.D.

, . /Candidate of technical sciences, research associate, Institute of geophisics Ural branch of Russian Academy of Sciences

e-mail: [email protected] .. / Muravyev L.A.

, . /Candidate of technical sciences, research associate. Institute of geophisics Ural branch of Russian Academy of Sciences


B.B. /Ponomarev V.V.

. . / Chief engineer. Institute of geophisics Ural branch of Russian Academy of Sciences


, . , : - POS, MIPA .

, ,

, , .

Abstract

Physical principles of designing of magnetic shields intended for technogeneous magnetic noises suppression in actual city laboratory practice are reviewed. An example of making such a shield is adduced. Results of testing up-to- date magnetosensitive apparatus, such as: nuclearprecession modulus magnetometers POS, flux-gate component magnetometers MIPA and inductive sensors for magnetotelluric sounding in constant and variable magnetic fields are presented.

KeywordsMagnetic shield, shielding factor, Overhauser

magnetometer flux-gate magnetometer, inductive sensor for magnetotelluric sounding.

15 - 4-2013


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- 4-2013


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- 4-2013


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11. Sapunov V. Metrology of proton and Overhauser magnetometers / V. Sapunov, A. Denisov, O. Denisova // Contributions to Geophysics & Geodesy. -V .30, N.2. -2000. - P.149

12. .. / .. // IV . - . - : . -2003. -.136-137.

13. .. / . . // 33 . .. , . - , 2006, -C. 147.

.., .., .., .., 2013

21 - 4-2013

/ GEODYNAMICS 551.2:528.481

,

EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON SETTING REGRESSION EQUATIONS DESCRIBING THE REGULAR CRUSTAL DEFORMATION DURING EARTHQUAKES

B.B. / Simonyan V.V. , , / candidate of Technics, assistant professor, Russian State University of Civil Engineering


.

, ,

.

[2] . , . . , , , . .

, , (, ..), () ..

,

Abstract

The results of experimental studies on the establishment of the regression equation to describe the regularities dscheformatsy poi crustal earthquakes.

KeywordsEarthquake, the regression equation, crustal

deformation.

"-" 1940 . = 7.10 (.1). , ( ) ; - ().

, . , , , , .

, : , , ,

- 4-2013

/ GEODYNAMICS

. , .

. , (2 2 = min').

:

1. - , . +, - , b - Y. , .

2. , , , . y=alnx+b, , In - .

3. , , , . . , . = , - .

4. , . , , . =, b - .

5. , . . ( ) . . . . y=arj-aix+citx2 +... +, , - .

(. 1), "-" 1940 . [3]. "" , "" - . , Excel 2007. . 1 (.1).

1.

X, , 2,04 0,891,39 4,890,82 10,200,26 20,740,18 25,950,08 32,73

2,50

2,00

1,50

1,00

,

0,000,

/ GEODYNAMICS

(.2):

(. 3):

. 3.

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. 4.

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. 5.

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. 6.

(. 7):

. 7.

. . 1 , , 2 : - . 2, - . 3, - . 4, - . 5,

- 4-2013

/ GEODYNAMICS

- . 7. - . 6, . 8.

2. 1,680 1,444 1,132 0,512 0,206 -0,190

2,040 1,390 0,820 0,260 0,180 0,080

= . - -0,363 0,051 0,311 0,252 0,025 -0,269 2 0,132 0,003 0,097 0,063 0,001 0,072

1 0,367 2

=

2 _ 0,367- - = 0,271 6 - 1

3. 2,160 1,183 0,761 0,353 0,225 0,092

2,040 1,390 0,820 0,260 0,180 0,080 = . - 0,117 -0,210 -0,060 0,093 0,044 0,013

2 0,014 0,044 0,004 0,009 0,002 0,000

1 0,072 2

=

2 _ - ! "

0,072- - = 0,120 6 1

4. 3,404 0,803 0,430 0,236 0,195 0,160

2,040 1,390 0,820 0,260 0,180 0,080

= . - 1,361 -0,590 -0,391 -0,024 0,014 0,081 2 1,851 0 ,3 4 8 0,153 0,001 0,000 0,007

< 2,364 2 =

2 _ - 1 _

2,364- - = 0,688 6 1

5. 2,076 1 ,386 0,811 0,28 0,165 0 ,0 8 3

2,040 1 ,390 0,820 0,260 0,180 0,080

= . - 0,03 -0 ,01 -0,01 0,02 -0,02 0,002 0,001 0 ,0 0 0 0,000 0,000 0,000 0,000

0,002 2 2 _71 1 ^ 0,002- - = 0,020 6 1 6

1,967 1,453 0,896 0,206 0,07 0,096

2,040 1,390 0,820 0,260 0,180 0,080

= . - -0,076 0,060 0,075 -0,054 -0 ,111 0,017 2 0,006 0,004 0,006 0,003 0 ,0 1 2 0 ,0 0 0

0,030 2 =

2 _ 1 ^

0,030- - = 0,077 6 1

7 2,041 1,401 0,809 0,240 0,119 -0,027

2,040 1,390 0,820 0,260 0,180 0,080

= . - 0,001 0,011 -0,011 -0,020 -0,061 -0,107 2 0 0 0 0,001 0,004 0,011

2> 0,016 2

2 _ 1 ^

0,016- - = 0,056 6 - 1

25 - 4-2013

/ GEODYNAMICS

8 / 2,2 ,

1 () = -0,0588+1,732 0,367 0,2712 () = -0,5741()+2,0938 0,072 0,120

3 () '"i AO/io "0,848 = 3,0842 2,364 0,6884 () = 2,27141 0,002 0,020

5 ( 2- ) = 0,00252-0,1428+2,092 0,030 0,0776 ( 3- ) = -8-0, 5xJ+0,0065x2-0, 1954+2,2103 0,016 0,056

. 8 , , ,

(. 9), [1] 1954 , .

9X, , 1,80 0,011,09 3,751,08 6,331,44 8,870,85 15,600,63 17,360,92 18,800,68 22,480,46 32,080,16 49,44

. 9 (. 8).

2,00 -

/ GEODYNAMICS

(. 12):

. 12.

(. 13):

0,00052 - 0,0511 + 1,5703v .1,)

1, > > ' 0,50

^ -------,

0,

/ GEODYNAMICS 12

. 2 ,5 2 4 0 ,8 6 8 0 ,7 9 0 0 ,7 4 4 0 ,6 7 2 0 ,6 5 9

1,80 1,09 1 ,08 1 ,44 0 ,8 5 0 ,6 3

= . - 0 ,7 2 -0 ,2 2 -0 ,2 9 -0 ,7 0 -0 ,1 8 0 ,0 3 2 0 ,5 2 4 0 ,0 4 9 0 ,0 8 4 0 ,4 8 4 0 ,0 3 2 0 ,0 0 1

1 ,4 1 62

=

2 _ 1 ^

1,416 - = 0,397 1 0 - 1

13 1,679 1,424 1,271 1,138 0,845 0,782

1,80 1,09 1,08 1,44 0,85 0,63 = . - - 0 , 1 2 1 0,334 0,191 -0,302 -0,005 0,152

2 0,015 0 , 1 1 2 0,036 0,091 0 , 0 0 0 0,023

0,318 2

2 _ 1

0,318 - = 0,188 1 0 - 1

14. 1,570 1,386 1,267 1,156 0,895 0,834

1,80 1,09 1,08 1,44 0,85 0,63 = - -0,230 0,296 0,187 -0,284 0,045 0,204

2 0,053 0,088 0,035 0,081 0,002 0,042

I *2 0,329 2

=

2 _ 1

0,329 - = 0,191 1 0 - 1

15. 1,632 1 , 3 8 4 1 , 2 3 8 1 , 1 1 2 0 , 8 4 4 0 , 7 8 7

1,80 1 ,0 9 1 ,0 8 1 , 4 4 0 , 8 5 0 , 6 3 = - -0,168 0 , 2 9 4 0 , 1 5 8 - 0 , 3 2 8 - 0 , 0 0 6 0 , 1 5 7

2 0 , 0 2 8 0 , 0 8 6 0 , 0 2 5 0 , 1 0 8 0 , 0 0 0 0 , 0 2 5

2> 0,437 2 =>

^=0,0342 /). (-15-20 ) , (4), . .

. 1(a) = hV A = h2 + 2-

: = 0,5 (hx +h2)-0 ,5 - (- 2) = - . /*! - /*2 = + 2 = .

. 1 (]0 : ho =hcp+t5 /^ - / ^ = - .

, h :

/ GEODESY

(), -. 6, .

. 1 - 0,18 -1,44, -0,46, . , , . ,

() . , (5) 0,5 p Y. (5) =0,0342 /, :

1-0,37 ( f h ' T 2\P ' S 2

10-6 (18)

1 / S, .5

/ GEODESY

2

S,km , 2> 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 . 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

3,95 24 31 23 18 30 28 18 28 25

0,192 20 16 17 24 11 16 15 14 17

5,61 Pi90 80 53 54 45 40 24 40 53

0,262 40 36 23 24 27 17 37 47 31

6,42Pi 99 90 81 89 83 77 95 73 86 0,262 56 68 40 47 48 42 55 40 50

8,37 Pi115 99 125 120 101 105 117 112 112

0,192 96 75 73 75 65 75 68 81 76

11 2 8 , 60, . . ; 42, 84, 136 188 . . 60, : 4, 11, 18 18 . 0. 0,22. : 0,16; 0,14; - 0,06; 0,15, : 0,0055; 0,0048; - 0,0020; 0,0051 /, .

, . hcp , ,0 .

(. 3) . ( 2-4), [21],

. , = hcp - h0. : , , .

5 0, 3,4. (16), 3 0 = 0,19 . 2, 6 6. 0 - . , , 15,8 21,2 ( 13,14).

(. 4), 4 . 25 ( , =0,09 /, = 293 , = 1003 ) . . 3-4

35 - 4-2013

/ GEODESY

3 / S,km Pj, 8 , 1

1 2 3 4 5 6 71 6,0 1,10 0,13 0,24 0,10 0,032 8,8 1,85 0,21 0,23 0,18 0,033 8,8 2,05 0,20 0,19 0,19 0,014 8,8 2,08 0,23 0,22 0,20 0,035 10,2 1,25 0,36 0,32 0,12 0,246 10,9 3,42 0,47 0,27 0,32 0,157 10,9 3,66 0,31 0,17 0,35 -0,048 10,9 3,45 0,39 0,23 0,33 0,069 11,1 2,02 0,03 0,03 0,19 -0,1610 12,2 3,52 0,71 0,40 0,33 0,3811 12,6 4,08 0.18 0,09 0,39 -0,2112 14,9 5,44 0,36 0,13 0,51 -0,1513 15,8 6,60 0,10 0,03 0,62 -0,5314 21,2 12,08 0,49 0,08 1,15 -0,66

. 10,9 3,54 0,30 0,19

4 , hx. h2, ^ ?. Z S, / / / 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 121 19,76 20,01 19,43 19,71 0,58 -0,05 0,09 0,01 15 7,30 0,652 30,32 30,95 29,39 30,17 1,56 -0,15 0,09 0,07 36 8,51 0,303 0,55 1,18 0,05 0,62 U 3 0,07 0,09 0,04 20 8,04 0,604 -20,60 23,39 20,35 21,87 3,04 1,27 0,00 0,09 17 7,78 -0,62

2 , , 7 6 = hcp - ho . /, \, ( 8). " 9. 10 , , 1:50 . , (18). , : 0,0222; 0,0102; 0,0205; -0,0212 /. , 2 7,

. 12, 8 9, , ( 4) . . (11), , (4), , 2 2 = - , (12) 8 :0,54; 0,59; 0,66. = 0,60. .5.

= 0,23 6 (4,11), 7 - 02= /72- - = -0,21, 8

36 - 4-2013

/ GEODESY

2. , 2 3 (4,11), 4 - 1. h ( 4).

( ,

). .6 , , [3]. 13 ( =298 , = 994 ) (S=1006 , z ~3,0 ). /, (J ~1,5 ) - (J ~2,4 ).

5/

1

2 0

>

P i

6,

0 - ,

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 81 0,25 0,33 -0,14 0,23 0,35 -0,06 0,012 0,63 0,93 -0,19 0,61 0,95 -0,16 0,013 0,63 0.50 0,12 0,46 0,55 -0,04 0,114 2,79 0,25 0,84 2,70 0,34 1,18 0,09

6/

Yi,/

1

2

0,

, 6 6

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 121 7,7 0,05 -38 -30 -68 -4 -10 6 -4 6 2 8,7 0,12 -67 -52 -119 -8 -18 10 -12 16 4,93 9,6 0,15 -90 -48 -138 -21 -21 0 -33 16 5,54 10,7 0,16 -135 -57 -192 -39 -30 -9 -72 7 7,35 11,8 0,17 -127 -68 -195 -30 -30 0 -102 7 7,46 12,2 0,18 -116 -36 -152 -40 -23 -17 -142 -10 6,07 14,3 0,17 -156 -71 -227 -42 -35 -7 -184 -17 8,48 15,2 0,17 -105 -55 -160 -25 -25 0 -209 -17 6,29 16,3 0,17 -91 -54 -145 -18 -22 4 -227 -13 5,710 17,3 0,14 -48 -43 -91 -2 -14 12 -229 -1 4,0

-973 -514 -1487 -229 -228 0

, . =5,8 = 0,1084 /, = 0,0342 /.

, ,0=0,308 8. 9.

. , 7 9, 10 11.

2 (13). hx 0,3489, 0,2511. = 0,15 / : -91 -61 , = 0,20. .

- 4-2013

/ GEODESY

,0=0,31. . 6 f h, .

. 7 , h . . 8 10 13 .

(=291 , =988 ).

h0 = 35787 . , 80= hcp-ha = -19 , ,0= -38/-218 = 0,17. 6 8, - . h0.

, 1 11 16 . (.8).

7 / S, , yOz, 8, 8, ,.>

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 81 0,38 4164 -15 -7 -1 1465 4,32 1,01 17622 -104 -3 -9 17631 4,23 0,53 13982 -99 -9 -8 13990 12,2

35768 -218 -19 -18 35786

8 / S, /,, h2, V p^i 8 , h , .5

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 81 0,24 4944 4915 4930 29 10 49202 0,21 1562 1555 -1558 7 2 -15563 0,45 11251 11126 11188 125 43 111454 0,36 11666 11629 -11648 37 13 -116355 0,32 2896 2870 -2883 26 9 -2874

6 16195 16041 16118 154 53 160657 -16124 -16054 -16089 -70 -24 -16065

71 -13 29 84 29 0

6,7 , 5. (). : 1 =2/ -h 0 =71; 2 =h0 - 2 = 13 ;

/ GEODESY

, , , . [ 18,31].

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39 - 4-2013

/ GEODESY31. Mozzhukhin .A. Zur Genauigkeitsschatzung von

Nivellementergebnissen. Allgemeine Vermessungs- Nachrichten. 3 /2011. s. 95-97.

32. Mozzhukhin O.A. Die Anwendung der Ahnlichkeittheoria zur Bestimmung von Refraktionskorrektionen beim Nevellement. Allgemeine Vermessungs-Nachrichten, . 4/2013. s. 145-147.

33. Mozzhukhin O.A. Die Beriicksichtigung der Refraktion beim Nivellement und ihre Entwicklungsgeschicht. Allgemeine Vermessungs- Nachrichten. 11-12/2013.

34. Mozzhukhin O.A. Zur Berechnung des Refraktionseinflusses beim trigonometrischen Nivellement. Allgemeine Vermessungs-Nachrichten. 11- 12/ 2010.

35. Reiterer A. Modeling Atmospheric Refraction influences by Optical Turbulencie Usig an Image - Assisted Total Station. - Zeitschrift fur Vermessungswesen. 3/2012. 137. p. 156-165.

36. Witte B. DeuPen D. . - . . , . 2: ., 2001. . 130 - 139.

.., 2013

40 - 4-2013

/ GEOINFORMATICS 51-7:528.9

THE ATTITUDE GEOINFORMATICS AND GEOMATICS

A.A. / Mayorov A.A. , , / doctor of Technics, professor, Rector of Moscow State University of Geodesy and Cartography of Russia


. . . , . , . . , . .

, ,

, ,

Abstract

The article analyzes the cuirent state of Geoinformatics and geomatics. This article describes the features of geomatics and geoinfoimatics. The paper analyzes the similarities and differences between them. We prove that these teims are synonymous. The paper shows that Geoinfoimatics is a generic for the geomatics. The article noted the emergence of geomatics engineering. It is shown that in teims of the global geo-informatics research is more universal. The article noted the advantage of Geoinformatics for global monitoring and management of moving objects.

KeywordsGeoinformatics, geomatics. remote sensing, the study

of water areas, spatial management.

.

( Pollock Wright in 1969) , ,

, [1]. [2]. ,

, ,, , ,, , .. , , . , [3].

(Geomatics Engineering, Geomatic Engineering, Geospatial Engineering). , , , , . [3], ,

- 4-2013

/ GEOINFORMATICS

. ( ,

2012) [5] . 2- () [6]. , , - , [6].

, , [7].

. , , , , . . [8, 9] . [10. 11].

, , . , [12]. , , , ,, , . .

, .

- . , - . , ..

, , , , . , [13]. , , . , .

ISO/TC 211 [3]. .

, , , , [13]. . . . [14]. [6].

, ,

- 4-2013

/ GEOINFORMATICS

[15, 16]. . , [17].

. . OLAP . . , , , , .

. , .

, .

[13] [1, 2]. () , [18] . .1 -.

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, . . [6].

, , , .

- 4-2013

/ GEOINFORMATICS

. 1.

, , , , . : ,, , . ( ). . [19].

, , , , , . ,

- , , ,

. . . [18, 20] , (.2) .

. 2.

, , , [21], ,

- 4-2013

/ GEOINFORMATICS

,, , .

, .

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, . ( ) ( ).

( ) "" "" . . , ( ).

, , . .

. - , , .

.

. , , .

() (), ( ) . .

, , , .

[22]. , , [6].

1. . . // ,- 2012. - 7. - . 12-15.

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3. ISO OSI/TC 211: Geographic Information/ Geomatics, International Draft Standart.

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6. Steven Frank Professional Education for Surveyors http://fig.miigaik.ru/papers/02 steven frank full text.p df

7. A.A. // . - 2013. - 2. -.71-77.

8. .. // " 1-2013 - .4- 13

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- 4-2013

/ GEOINFORMATICS: / . ., ..; .. .. - : . 2008.

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11. .. // . - 2013. - 5 - . 136-138

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13. Lexikon der Kartographie und Geomatik: in zwei Banden.- Heidelberg; Spekrum Akademisher verlag - Berlin/Bdl/A bis Karti/-2001 -453 s.

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// -2011,- 5.. 107 -111/

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.., 2013

46 - 4-2013

/ GEOINFORMATICS 51-7:378

SPLIT-LEVEL TRAINING AND TESTING IN EARTH SCIENCES

../ Kuja S.A.

, , , , Doctor of Science Professor, Rector of the Moscow State University of Technical University of Radio Engineering, Electronics and Automation, Russia

E:mail: [email protected]

. , . , .

, , ,

Abstract

The article analyzes the methods of training and retraining. The article shows that effective learning tool in the field of Earth Sciences is a two-tier system of education. The first level of training is called normative, the second - the creative.

Keywords

Earth sciences, geoinformatics, education, knowledge

. . , . , . , [1]. .

[2] [3].

. [4],

. , .

, [5]. [6], [7].

: , , .

. ,

- 4-2013

/ GEOINFORMATICS

. [8] [9]. . , [10]. : ,, , , .

- , , , .

- , , .

- , , .

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- , , [11] .

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[13], ..

. () . , . [3]. . [14, 15] [17].

. , . , . . [3].

() (/ [16] [2].

. , .

- 4-2013

/ GEOINFORMATICS

[13, 17]. , , , , , . , .

, .

1. .., .. // . -2010,- 1. - . 85-86

2. 2. .., .. // . - 9. - 2013. -.4- 11

3. .., .. // . -2013.-3. - 95-101.

4. .., .. // . -2007,- 4.- . 169-176

5. .., .., . . // -2009. - 5. - . 146-148

6. .., .. . //

. -2010. - 2. - .23-33.7. ..

// - . - 4-2012,- .28-33.

8. Tsvetkov V.Ya. Information objects and information Units // Eurupean Journal of Natural History. - 2009. . - 2 . - p 99

9. Viktor Ya. Tsvetkov. Semantic Information Units as L. Floridis Ideas Development // European Researcher, 2012, Vol.(25), 7, p.1036- 1041

10. A.H., ,., .., .., .. - - .: , 20.-136.

11. Viktor Ya. Tsvetkov. Information Situation and Information Position as a Management Tool // European Researcher, 2012, Vol.(36), 12-1, p.2166- 2170

12. .., .., . // . . 2011. 6. . 80-84.

13. .. // . 2012. 01. . 54-58/

14. Viktor Ya. Tsvetkov. Framework of Correlative Analysis // European Researcher, 2012, Vol.(23), 6-1, p.839- 844

15. .. // - 2013. - 5. -9 -13.

16. .. // . - 2008. -.1 -. 62-64

17. .. // - . - 4-2012,- .72-76

.., 2013

49 - 4-2013

/ GEOINFORMATICS 51-7:378:

FORMATION OF DEFINITIONS OF EARTH SCIENCES

. / Solovjev I.V.

, , . , ( ), / Professor, DSc, Vice-rector for scientific work. Moscow State Technical University of Radio Engineering, Electronics and Automation (MGTU MIREA), Russia

Abstract

. . . , . .

The article analyzes the construction of terms and definitions in the field of earth sciences. The article shows the error in the construction and use of terms and definitions. The article shows the possible causes of incorrect formation of terms Article shows that the introduction of a new term must be accompanied by the introduction of a definition. The article shows that the imposed terms and definitions must comply with the unified nomenclature system.

, ,

, , .

KeywordsLinguistics, education, terminological system, the

definitions of Earth science.

. , . [1]. .

. : (25.00.32), (25.00.33), , (25.00.34), (25.00.35), , (25.00.26).

, , , - . . .

, . , . .

, [2, 3, 4]. [6]. [6], , , .

- 4-2013

/ GEOINFORMATICS

. , .

. , .

, , . , . - , .

. , , . (, ) ( , ). .

- . , . .

, . , , , - ().

, . ,

.

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- ? [7], ,, .

- . . , : (), ( ), ( ).

, [7], 24 , , - , - , .

. , , . , , . ?. , (

- 4-2013

/ GEOINFORMATICS

), . . ? : , . . , , . ( ) . , .

. , . , , , , . . , .

. [8, 9]. . - () . , [10] : , .

, . () - . [9] , . , , () .

[11]. , , . , .

, ( ) [12] ( ). .

, , [13] . . . [1].

, [14]. , , . .

? .

- , , , , . [15]. , , , . , . . .

- 4-2013

/ GEOINFORMATICS

, ( ) . , , , . . , .

. - .

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- 4-2013

/ GEOINFORMATICS

, .

- . .

. . . .

- . .

- , . , . [16, 17]. . , .

. . .

. , . . () . . , .

. , .

. , .

. , .

. , , , .

. . , , . . . , . , , .

1. .., .., . . // . -2009. - 5. - . 146- 148.

2. .. // - . - 4-2012,-34-36.

3. .. , . // . - 2008. - 3. - 60- 63.

4. .. //. -2012. -.4. - .58-61.

5. .. // , 2013 - 27 . 76-78

6. .., .., .. // , 2000, 11, .11-16.

7. , , , : . 2- . / . .. , ..

- 4-2013

/ GEOINFORMATICS. - .: , 2008. - . I -496 .

8. .., ,., .., . - - .: , 2010.-136.

9. . . // . - 2007,-12,- . 123 - 124.

10. .., . .: - - , 1991.

11. .., . : , 1987.

12. .. // . - 2008. - .6 - . 85-86.

13. / .., .., .., .., .., .., .. / /

(), , - ., 2010. - 455 ., .. 19247 02.06.2010. 0321000884.

14. .. . . . . - -, 1996.

15. .. . .. . - .: 2001 -312 .

16. .. // . - 2007. -3. - . 174-184.

17. . . // - . - 4-2012,- .77-81.

.., 2013

55 - 4-2013

/ SPACE RESEARCH 52

NEAR-EARTH SPACE AS RESEARCH OBJECT

C. A./ Kuja S.A.

, , , , / Doctor of Science Professor, Rector of the Moscow State University of Technical University of Radio Engineering, Electronics and Automation, Russia

E:mail: mirearec 1 @yandex.ru

.. / Savinikh V.P.

, , - , , / Doctor of Science Professor, Corresponding memberof RAS, President of the Moscow State University of Geodesy and Cartography, Russia

. / Solovjev LV.

, , . , ( ), / Professor, DSc, Vicerector for scientific work. Moscow State Technical University of Radio Engineering, Electronics and Automation (MGTU MIREA), Russia

.. / Tsvetkov V.Ya.

, , / Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor, Advisor to the Rector of the Moscow State University of Geodesy and Cartography


. , . . .

, ,

, , .

Abstract

The article analyzes the near-Earth space as a future Habitat for Humanity. This article investigates the factors affecting the location in this environment. We estimate the boundaries of space and related space. The article highlights the main features of the near-Earth space as the human environment.

KeywordsAstronomy, space exploration, remote sensing, near

space, planetology.

56 - 4-2013

/ SPACE RESEARCH

[1] [2]. () [3,4, 5].

. [1]. , - [6].

[7]. , , [8]. , . . [9, 10] [11]

. - , . . , [12].

. , , . [13, 14, 15], [16], [17] [18], [19] . [20] [21].

. ,

. , 930 . 1500 . . , , . 36000. 36000 . 47000.

100 8Re ( ) ( 51000 ).

, ( ) 9 8 .

, . () (384 400 60Re), () (2348 IRe).

- ( 60%).

(700-1500 ) , , , . , , 100 , 30% . 5000 /, - 5-8

, 5000-15000 . , 8-12 (. Spaceway NGSO, ICO, ); , 1,5-2 .

- 4-2013

/ SPACE RESEARCH

. () . : , . 36000 . . , , . - , .

() ( 50000 ) (500 )

:

, ;

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.

, . , - .

, , 1/656 g [3]. , (930), .

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, . .

. , , 70000 (10-12 Re, Re = 6371 ). , , 15 Re. ( ), 20-25 Re. , 200 Re, [3].

: , . . , , . - . () .

, .

- 4-2013

/ SPACE RESEARCH

. , . .

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, : ; ; .

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D (6090 ), (90120 ) F ( 130140 ) [3]. ( ) , , , . , , . .

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- 4-2013

/ SPACE RESEARCH

. , , . . , . .

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[22]. ,

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. , , . - , , [22].

700 - 800 . ; ; ; .

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- 4-2013

/ SPACE RESEARCH

. .

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1964 : . . , .

,

1. .., , .., .. . - : , 2013. -176.

2. .. . // . 2013. 6-1. . 66- 71

3. . . - . -

61 - 4-2013

/ SPACE RESEARCH . 2012. 1519.

4. .., .. . -.: , 2012, -84.

5. .., .., .. // - 2013. -5. 129-133

6. .. // . 2012. 05. . 80-84

7. .. - // . 2012. 01. . 38-44/

8. .., .., .. // . 2010. 9. . 62- 65

9. .. // - 2013. - 5. -9 -13.

10. S. A. Kuja Geoinformation Analysis // European Researcher, 2013, Vol.(60), 10-1 , p.2358- 2365

11. .., .., .., . ., .. - .:- , 2012, 198

12. S. A. Kuja, I. V. Solovjev, V. Y. Tsvetkov System Elements Heterogeneity // European Researcher, 2013, Vol.(60), 10-1 , p.2366- 2373

13. .. // . 2012. 01. . 54-58.

14. .., ..

// . - . 2012. 4. . 34-37.

15. .., .., .. // . .. . - 2013. - 3. - . 26-29.

16. .. // . - 2009,- 1. - 45 -55.

17. Viktor Ya. Tsvetkov. Global Monitoring // European Researcher, 2012, Vol.(33), 11-1, p. 1843- 1851.

18. .. // - . 03-2012,- . 5-10.

19. .., .., .. . - .: , 2007, - 392.

20. 20 .., .. // . - 2010. - 5. - .41-43.

21. . .. // 2- 3,2013- 82-84

22. ., . : . - .: , 2008 - 464.

.., .., .., .., 2013

62 - 4-2013

/ LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE 63

CULTIVATION OF CROPS ON ROOFS OF BUILDINGS OF THE EUROPEAN PART OFRUSSIA

.. / Kordyukov P.S.

. / Graduate student, Peoples Friendship University of Russia.

e-mail: pkordyukov@mai 1.ru

M.C. / Osintseva M.S.

. / Graduate student, Peoples Friendship University of Russia.


, .

, , ,

.

. , . . , . ,

Abstract

In article features of gardening of roofs, and methods of preparation of cultivation of crops on roofs of buildings of the European part of Russia are considered.

KeywordsSelection of plants, sedum, drainage system, green

roofs.

, , , [2].

, , , , . : , , , , , , . . ,

- 4-2013

/ LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE

, , . - , . [1].

, . , . [3].

. . -3-79 . , , , .

. ( ), , , 1,5 /2, , , , , 2244-001-47547616-00, 5767-002- 46261013-99 , .

2- , . , , .

, .. - , , ( ). , 15, , . , 4 , , .

, ( ), . (, .)

64 - 4-2013


. ( ) , , , .

- (Icopal, Firestone, Delta). Sedum, :

(Sedum acre). (Sedum rupeste). (Sedum spurium) [10]. , , , . . . .

.

, , , , . , 5-10 , , .

, - , , -

10 1,5 , .

. , , , . , (),

- 4-2013

/ LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE (HOPE, Tefond), , (Floradrain) [7].

. , 2013 . . ( ) . 2.

5UX

40.0

30.0

20.0

10.0

0.0 1 l U I L A h I M a jJ lI jlii ._______ .2. ( ).

42 . [12].

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: , 25, , [5]. , , . ( 100 ) - 1 0 - 12 [6].

[8]. . , , , -, , , . - . , , . - , , [9].

, , , , . : , , , .

66()11 11-1II1 ()1 1 4-2013


, . 2.04.01-85:

1,5% - Q=Fq20 / 10000;

1,5% - Q=Fq5 / 10000;

F - , ..; q20 - , / 1 ( ), 20 , 1 ( CHnIT 2.04.03-85); q5 - , / 1 ( ), 5 , 1 , : q5=4nq20, - , 2.04.03-85.

30% , , , [11].

, , . , , . , , , .1 ( [13]).

1. ,

, 85 100 150 200

, /

10 20 50 80

. . , 200 .., 1,5%.

, . Q=Fq20 / 10000. 1,5% . F. 200 .. q20 2.04.03-85, . , / 1 , 20 80.

:

Q=200*80/10000=l,6 /.

. , 200 .., 1, 85 . , , 2 .

, , , .

1. . ., , , , , 2002, . 185.

2. .., .., .. . : , , 2012. .302.

3. . ., 3. ., . , , 1, 1980, .75.

67 - 4-2013

/ LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE4. .., ..

. . .: . , 2012. .300.

5. .., .. - . .: , , 2012. .304.

6. ., . 2. , , 2008, . 143

7. . Hugues, R.R. Rubite, Y. Kono et C.-I. Peng, Begonia blancii (sect. Diploclinium), a new species endemic to the Philippine island of Palawan , dans Botanical Studies, vol. 52, 2011, p. 203-209

8. K.C., .. . :

. ,2011. .231.

9. Preface, Le Vert. Dictionnaire de la couleur. Mots et expressions d'aujourd'hui (XXe-XXIe siecles), CNRS Editions, coll. CNRS Dictionnaires, Paris,2012. ISBN : 978-227107095-1

10. .., .. . .: , , 2011. .237.

11. 2.04.03-85, . . , 1986

12. -http://www.adas-yakutia mAveather/2013/prec/climate 2013 prec.ht ml

13. http://kry shikrovl i ru/vodostochnaya-si stem a/raschet -11 vne vy x-stoko v. htm 1

.., M.C., 2013

68 - 4-2013


528.8

REMOTE SENSING TECHNIQUES FOR FLOOD MONITORING USING ENVISAT ASARDATA

ENVISAT ASAR

/ Trinh Le Hung

, . , , / PhD, lecturer of Department of Geodesy and Cartography, Le Quy Don Technical University, Hanoi, Vietnam


. , . , ENVISAT ASAR . .

, ,

ENVISAT, SAR, , .

I. INTRODUCTION

Floods are one of the most wide spread natural disasters. They regularly cause large numbers of casualties with increasing economic loss. Remote sensing data has been widely used for flood mapping and monitoring. If optical data's utility in flood detection depends on cloud cover, active remote sensing with all weather monitoring capability and its large coverage is an important tool in flood monitoring. Data from the ENVISAT ASAR instrument supports many industries such as fishing, shipping, agriculture, oil and gas exploration and the military. Especially in cloudy and rainy environment, ENVISAT ASAR has wide application prospect when spectral remote sensing cannot be effective [1-3]. The article discusses the contribution of multi-temporal

Abstract

Flooding is the most common natural disaster and can occur anywhere. Flash flood may be caused by heavy rainfall, levee breaches or dam failures. For extraction of flooded areas, pre and post event ENVISAT ASAR satellite images were analyzed. This work may be helpful for policy makers to immediate assessment of flood risk and damage

Keywordsflood, remote sensing, ENVISAT, SAR,

classification, damage.

ENVISAT ASAR Wide Swath Mode data in monitoring flooding events in areas of the Delta of the Meghnas river, in Bangladesh.

II. METHODS AND RESULTS

2.1 Study area

Flooding is a natural annual phenomenon in Bangladesh. The rivers are large by international standard, and can inundate over 30% of the land mass. The coastal flooding twinned with the bursting of Bangladesh's river is common and severely affects the landscape and Bangladeshi society. 75% of Bangladesh is less than 10m above sea level and 80% is flood plain, therefore rendering Bangladesh a nation which has a lot of risk of further widespread damage.

69 - 4-2013


09-2005 10-2005Fig. 1 The difference in river flooding in Bangladesh from satellite image

Each year in Bangladesh about 26000 km2, (around 18%) of the country is flooded, killing over 5000 people and destroying 7 million homes. During severe floods the affected area may exceed 75% of the country, as was seen in 1998. This volume is 95% of the total annual inflow. By comparison, only about 187000 million m3, of stream flow is generated by rainfall inside the country during the same period. The floods have caused devastation in Bangladesh throughout history,

especially during the years 1966, 1987, 1988 and 1998. The 2007 South Asian floods also affected a large portion of Bangladesh [7].

To extracting and mapping flooded areas, we used multi-temporal ENVISAT ASAR image: one acquired on 26 July 2007 (post - flooding) and another on 12 April 2007 (pre - flooding). The ENVISAT ASAR image with medium spatial resolution (150m) can be used effectively for extracting and mapping flooded areas in the region study.

Fig. 2 ENVISAT ASAR image pre- (a, 12 -0 4 - 2007) and post-flooding (b, 27 - 07 - 2007)

2.2 Methodology

One of the major advantages of using ENVISAT ASAR images corresponds to the ease of distinguishing between water and other classes, given by the high contrast. Water bodies act as a mirror reflecting surface, their response

is low (low backscatter coefficient in SAR images) and then looks like a dark area. The earth, for its part, gives a much greater amount of radar energy due to example to the surface roughness and this generates the high contrast between surfaces: soil and water [1-6].

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a. Pre-processing ENVISAT ASAR data

Pre-processing consists of the calibration and orthorectification of ENVISAT ASAR image. The antenna pattern was corrected and data ware converted in to linear backscattering values to the following equation:

D N 2 ( RcL \ A ( l \ . ,

ai = ' W J f e ) - s m | N

Where, is the absolute calibration constant, DN2 is the pixel intensity, G2 is two - way antenna gain at distributed target look angle, Rd is distributed target slant range distance, Rref is reference slant range distance and Ij is incidence angle at each pixel location

b. Filtering

The homogeneous areas on ENVISAT data were enhanced using iterative processing with a growing window size relying on the alternate calculation of two sub-filters based on a moving median filter 7 x 7 window size.

c. Changing detection calculation

A ratio method was preferred to extracting flooded areas. Band rationing is a useful method of preprocessing satellite image, especially in areas where topographic effects are important. The reason for this is twofold: one is that differences between the spectral reflectance curves of surface types can be brought out. The second is that illumination and consequently radiance may vary the ratio between an illuminated and an unilluminated area of the same surface type will be the same. The ratio image is applied to homogenized data resulting from following equation:

__ I p r e - f l o o d i n g

I p o s t - f l o o d i n g

Where. Ipreflooding is backscattering value on the texturally filtered image at a time pre - flooding andIpost-flooding is calibrated backscattering value on the texturally filtered image at a time post - flooding.

(2)

calibrated

Fig. 3 Method o f extraction and mapping flooded areas

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d. RGB color composite

A color composite is elaborated to enhance flood changes with the aim of facilitating their representation and interpretation with the post - flooding image, the pre - flooding image and the change detection ratio image R in RGB. This color composite highlights permanent water between the two dates in dark blue, infilling or submersion of land surfaces in light blue, and the positive changes such as land surface in red (fig. 4b).

e. Supervised classification

Change extraction flooded areas performed by supervised classification to the color composite elaborated above. The most powerful classifier in common use is that of Maximum Likelihood. Based on statistics (mean; variance/covariance), a (Bayesian) probability function is calculated from the inputs for classes established from training sites. Each pixel is then judged as to the class to which it most probably belongs.

The result of classification flooded areas showed in fig. 5.

a) b)Fig. 4 Band ratio image (a) and result RGB combination (b)

. CONCLUSIONS

Satellite remote sensing images are useful data sources to detect, determine and estimate the flood extent, damage and its impact. The analyses of this study showed that extraction flooded areas was focused on plain flood recognition using ENVISAT ASAR Wide Swath Mode data which appears highly adapted to large sensitive area monitoring. SAR data has the advantage of penetrate through cloud cover

and forest canopies, but they require high costThis result can be used for quick

response plan and move swiftly to take appropriate remedial measures. It can help the residents in the flood affected areas to visualize and assess the amount of flooding and the lost of their property. The effectiveness of the remote sensing imagery for flood mapping has been amply demonstrated for many recent flood events

72 - 4-2013


Fig. 5 Result o f classification offlooded areas

REFERENCES

1. J.P. Ormbsy, J.P. Blanchard and A.J. Blanchard (1985). Detection of lowland flooding using active microwave systems, Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, 51, 317 - 328.

2. S. Takeuchi, T. Konishi and Y. Suga (1999). Comparative study for flood detection using JERS - 1 SAR and LANDSAT - TM data, Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, IGARSS99 Proceedings, IEEE International, Volume 2, 873 - 875.

3. K.S. Lee and S.I. Lee (2003). Assessment of post - flooding conditions of rice fields with multi-temporal SAR data. International journal of Remote sensing, 24(17), 3457 - 3465.

4. Andreoli R. and Yesou H. (2007). Change detection analysis dedicated to flood monitoring using

ENVISAT wide swath mode data, Proc. ENVISAT symposium 2007, Monteux, Switzerland.

5. Juan Piedra Vilches (2003). Detection of areas affected by flooding river using SAR images, Master in Space applications for emergency early warning and response, 40 pp.

6. L.T.K. Ho, M. Umitsu and Y. Yamaguchi (2010). Flood hazard mapping by satellite images and SRTM DEM in the Vu Gia - Thu Bon alluvial plain, central Vietnam, International archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Science, Volume XXXVIII, part 8, Kyoto, Japan.

7. Bangladesh flooding, www.coolgeography.co.uk

Trinh Le Hung, 2013

73 - 4-2013

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APPLICATION OF MAGNETIC SHIELDS FOR TESTING MAGNETIC FIELDS SENSORS

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Науки о Земле (Geo-Science) №4-2013