工作分析Job Analysis

Questions:

What is the content of each job?

How will you know when people are doing a good job?

How should you measure their performance?

What qualifications will people need in each job?

What should you train each person to do in each job?

How much should you pay for doing each job?

人力資源管理流程

HR Planning

Staffing

Training

Compensation

Performance Appraisal

Labor Relation

Controlling

Job Analysis

Job Description

Job Specification

Recruitment

Selection

Orientation

Socialization

Training

Wages

Benefits

Observation

Appraisal Interview

Communication

Job

Satisfaction

Discipline

Termination

工作分析

對象 : 職位 以系統化的方式來蒐集分析特定職位的工作內容，方法‧及

職責等相關資訊 界定完成工作所須具備之知識‧技能，及人格特質

Occupation 客務部服務員Position 房務員Job 清潔客房 Tasks 客房清潔，客房備品補給，

協助客人問題Elements (activities)

客房清潔 清理垃圾桶 (element 1) 清潔廁所地面 (element 2)

SOURCE OF DATA

Job analystEmployeeSupervisor

METHODS OF COLLECTING DATA

ObservationInterviewsQuestionnaires/ChecklistsCritical IncidentsOthers

JOB DATA

TasksPerformance standardsResponsibilitiesTools/Equipment/AidsKnowledgeSkillsAbilities

JOB DESCRIPTION

TasksDutiesResponsibilities

JOB SPECIFICATION

Skill requirementsKnowledge requirementsAbilities neededPhysical demands

HUMAN RESOURCES FUNCTIONS

RecruitmentSelectionTraining & DevelopmentPerformance AppraisalCompensationControl

Job Analysis Model

Steps in Job Analysis

Select Jobs for Analysis

Determine What Information to Collect

Determine How to Collect the Information

Determine Who Collects the Information

Process the Information

Write Job Descriptions

Write Job Specifications

如何蒐集工作分析資訊 ?

Top-down approach 適用於新的或未來的工作 由組織發展所欲達成目標來思考工作內容項目

Bottom-up approach 適用於 existing jobs

由工作人員提供訊息告知工作業務內容

Bottom-up approach of JA

Observations 觀察法 Interviews 面談法 Questionnaires 問卷法 (Job Inventory)

Critical incidents technique (CIT) 重要事件法

diaries 日記法

Job descriptions & Job specifications

工作分析所得的管理工具 Job descriptions 工作說明書

記錄工作內容，方法，責任，環境，及活動 可供員工及該職位主管參考 summarize the duties, responsibilities, working conditi

ons and activities of a specific job

Job specification 工作規範 記錄擔任該職為所需具備的資格與條件 describe the qualifications required to perform the job

工作說明書

主要內容1.Job identification 工作識別2.Job summary 工作摘要3.Responsibilities and duties 關係與職責4.Authority 職權5.Standards of performance 績效標準6.Working conditions 工作條件7.Job specifications 工作規範

Job Design

Job Design

設計搭配不同的工作內容 (tasks, functions)以提高生產效率並提升工作的內外性工作價值

A systematic process through with the work content (tasks, functions, and relationships), the rewards (extrinsic and intrinsic), and the qualifications required (KSA) is determined for each job.

Job Characteristics

Skill variety (makes job interesting) 技能多樣 Task identity (sees the products) 可見成果 Task significance (effort worthwhile) 工作重要性 Autonomy (personal responsibilities) 工作自主性 Feedback (know the results) 持續性回饋

工作設計方法

Job simplification 簡單化Job enlargement 擴大化Job rotation 輪調Job enrichment 豐富化

工作簡單化

Job simplification 將複雜工作分為細小單位，每人只執行其中一部

份 非常專業分工 重複動作提升工作正確性 “time and motion analysis”

Job enlargement 工作擴大化 藉由增加類似工作以擴大工作內容 水平層面的擴大工作內容 A horizontal job expansion

Job rotation 工作輪調 員工在各個不同職位或部門輪調 Reduces boredom Easier to staff unpleasant job 輪調方法

水平輪調 垂直輪調

Job enrichment 工作豐富化 除擴大工作項目外並負與員工更多的權利，責任，

及自主性 Increase ees’ authority, responsibility, and auton

omy (Vertical job expansion) less supervision and more self-esteem

結果 : higher quality work, less turnover, higher job satisfaction

工作時間的安排

壓縮工作週 compressed workweek彈性上班時間 Flextime工作分擔 Job sharing電子通勤 Tele-community機動辦公室 Mobile office