THE LTE SYSTEM AND FOUR GENERATION

By :

Aya fawzi alawad

Hanan sameer abu_qbeta

Aya eyad baek

Dania sofyan matar

Under The Supervision of Dr.Zouhair ALQudah

A Senior Project Submitted In Partial Fulfillment Of The Requirements For The Degree Of Bachelor Of Science In Communication Engineering

Communication Engineering Department Al-Hussein Bin Talal University

Ma'an-Jordan Year : 2015-2016

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ABSTRACT

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS :

We Would Like to Dedicate This Work To Our Parents, Who Were Beside us Throughout The Step-By-Step, We Also Give Thanks And Appreciation To Dr, Zouhair ALQudah And Who Was Our Consultant And Gave Us Help, Guidelines And Ttips Academy To Complete This Work And This Paper First We Was A Great Experience.

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Table of Contents:

Project Proposal ……………………………………………………………….....5

Introduction ……………………………………………………………………...6

Chapter 1: LI-FI Technique

1.1 : What Is Li Fi …………………………………………………....7 1.2 : Present Scenario ………………………………………………...8 1.3 : Why VLC ………………………………………………………..10

1.4 : How Li Fi Is Work ………………………………………....…...11 1.5 : Application of Areas …………………………………………….13

1.6 : Comparision between Li-Fi and Wireless …….............................14

Chapter 2 WI-FI Technique

2.1 : What is Wi-Fi and How Does it Work ………………………..….16 2.2 : Li-Fi vs Wi-Fi comparison …………………………………..........17

Chapter 3 : Bluetooth

3.1 : What is Bluetooth ……………………………………………...…20 3.2 : Comparision between bluetooth and WiFi …………………….....21 3.3 : Comparision between bluetooth and LiFi …………………….......22

Chapter 4 : WI-MAX

4.1: What is WI-MAX ………………………………..………………23 4.2 : Fundamental WiMAX Concepts ………………..……………….23 4.3 : RANGE OF WI-MAX ………………………..………………….27 4.4 : Uses Of WI-MAX …………………………….…………………28

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Project Proposal

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Introduction of Li-Fi Technology:-

In simple terms, Li-Fi can be thought of as a light-based Wi-Fi. That is, it uses light instead of

radio waves to transmit information. And instead of Wi-Fi modems, Li-Fi would use

transceiver-fitted LED lamps that can light a room as well as transmit and receive information.

Since simple light bulbs are used, there can technically be any number of access points.

This technology uses a part of the electromagnetic spectrum that is still not greatly utilized-

The Visible Spectrum. Light is in fact very much part of our lives for millions and millions of

years and does not have any major ill effect. Moreover there is 10,000 times more space

available in this spectrum and just counting on the bulbs in use, it also multiplies to 10,000

times more availability as an infrastructure, globally.

It is possible to encode data in the light by varying the rate at which the LEDs flicker on and

off to give different strings of 1s and 0s. The LED intensity is modulated so rapidly that

human eyes cannot notice, so the output appears constant.

More sophisticated techniques could dramatically increase VLC data rates. Teams at the

University of Oxford and the University of Edinburgh are focusing on parallel data

transmission using arrays of LEDs, where each LED transmits a different data stream. Other

groups are using mixtures of red, green and blue LEDs to alter the light's frequency, with each

frequency encoding a different data channel.

Li-Fi, as it has been dubbed, has already achieved blisteringly high speeds in the lab.

Researchers at the Heinrich Hertz Institute in Berlin, Germany, have reached data rates of over

500 megabytes per second using a standard white-light LED. Haas has set up a spin-off firm to

sell a consumer VLC transmitter that is due for launch next year. It is capable of transmitting

data at 100 MB/s - faster than most UK broadband connections

CHAPTER 1

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LI-FI Technique

1.1 What is Li-FiLiFi is Light -Fidelity

LI-FI is transmission of data through illumination, sending data through a LED light bulb that

varies intensity faster than human eye can follow .

Li-Fi can be thought of as a light-based Wi-Fi. That is, it uses light instead of radio waves to

transmit information. And instead of Wi-Fi modems, Li-Fi would use transceiver-fitted LED

lamps that can light a room as well as transmit and receive information.

Working Process

Operational procedure is very simple, if the led is on, you transmit a digital 1, if its off you

transmit a 0. The LEDs can be switched on and off very quickly, which gives nice

opportunities for transmitting data. Hence all that us required is some LEDs and a controller

that code data into those LEDs. We have to just vary the rate at which the LED’s .

Flicker depending upon the data we want to encode .

Thus every light source will works as a hub for data transmission.

LI-FI CONSTRUCTION:-

The LIFI™ product consists of 4 primary sub-assemblies:

• Bulb

• RF power amplifier circuit (PA)

• Printed circuit board (PCB)

• Enclosure

The PCB controls the electrical inputs and outputs of the lamp and houses the

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microcontroller used to manage different lamp functions.

An RF (radio-frequency) signal is generated by the solid-state PA and is guided into

an electric field about the bulb.

The high concentration of energy in the electric field vaporizes the contents of the

bulb to a plasma state at the bulb’s center; this controlled plasma generates an

intense source of light.All of these subassemblies are contained in an aluminum

enclosure

1.2 : Present ScenarioRadio Spectrum is congested but the demand for wireless data double each year .Every thing,

it seems want to use wireless data but the capacity is drying up.

1.4 Million Base Stations 5 Billion

Issues regarding Radio Spectrum

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Capacity

� Radiowaves

� Cost and Expensive

� Less Bandwidth compared to other spectrums

� Insufficient spectrum for increasing data

�Efficiency

� Millions of base stations consume huge amount of energy for

Transmitting the radio waves

To cool the base station cabins

� 5% Efficiency

Availability

� Available within the range of Base stations

� Limited availabity

� Unavailable in aircrafts

�Security

� Less secure(passes through the walls)

Electromagnetic Spectrum

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1.3 Why VLC

Why only VLC ?

Gama rays cant be used as they could be dangerous.

X-rays have similar health issues.

Ultraviolet light is good for place without people, but otherwise dangerous for the

human body.

Infrared, due to eye safety regulation, can only be used with low power.

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Radio Waves Infrared Rays Visible Rays

UltravioltRays

X-Rays GamaRays

HENCE WE LEFT WITH THE ONLY THE VISIBLE - LIGHT

SPECTRUM.

1.4 How Li Fi Is Work

On one end all the data on the internet will be streamed to a lamp driver when the

led is turned on the microchip converts the digital data in form of light .

A light sensitive device (photo detector) receives the signal and converts it back into

original data. This method of using rapid pulses of light to transmit information

wirelessly is technically referred as Visible Light Communication .

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Transmitting Elements

LED Fluorescent Lamp

Receiving Elements

Photo Diode Image Sensor

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1.5 Application of Areas

Li Fi technology is still in its infancy .However some areas where it seems perfectly applicable are:-

TRAFFIC LIGHTS

Traffic lights can communicate to the car and with each other. Cars have LED-based

headlights, LED-based cack lights, and cars can communicate with each other and

prevent accidents in by exchanging information.

INTRINSICALLY SAFE ENVIRONMENT

Visible Light is more safe than RF, hence it can be used in places where RF can't be

used such as petrochemical plants

Airlines

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Whenever we travel through airways we face the problem in communication media

because the whole airways communication are performed on the basis of radio

waves. To overcomes this drawback on radiowavs , li-fi is introduced.

ON OCEAN BEDS

Li-Fi can even wok underwater were Wi-Fi fails completely, thereby throwing open

endless opportunities for military/navigation operations.

1.6 : Comparision between Li-Fi and Wireless

Table 1

COMPARISON BETWEEN CURRENT & FUTURE WIRELESS

TECHNOLOGIES

Technology Speed Data Density

Wireless(current)

WI-FI

IEEE802.11n

150Mbps *

Bluetooth 3Mbps *

IrDA 4Mbps ***

Wireless(Future)

WiGig 2Gbps **

Giga-IR 1Gbps ***

LI-FI <1Gbps ****

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Comparision between Li-Fi and Wi-Fi

Li-Fi can be thought of as a light-based Wi-Fi. That is, it uses light instead of radio waves to transmit information.

Instead of Wi-Fi modems, Li-Fi would use transceiver-fitted LED lamps that can light a room as well as transmit and receive information.

WI-FI is great for general wireless coverage within buildings, and li-fi is ideal for high density wireless data coverage in confined area and for relieving radio interference issues .

So the two technologies can be considered complimentary.

S.NO. Parameters Wireless TechnologiesLight fidelity

Wireless fidelity1. Speed for data transfer Faster transfer speed (<1 Gbps) Data transfer speed

(150 Mbps)2. Medium through which

data transfers occurs Used light as a carrier Used radio spectrum

3. Spectrum range Visible light spectrum has 10.000time broad spectrum in comparison to radio frequency

Radio frequency spectrum range is less than Visible light spectrum

4. Cost Cheaper than Wi-Fi because free band doesn’t Need license and it uses light

Expensive in comparison to Li-Fi because its uses radio spectrum

5. Network topology Point to point Point to point

6. Operating frequency Hundreds of Tera Hz 2.4GHz

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CHAPTER 2 WI-FI Technique

2.1 What is Wi-Fi and How Does it WorkWi-Fi is the name of a popular wireless networking technology that uses radio

waves to provide wireless high-speed Internet and network connections. A common

misconception is that the term Wi-Fi is short for "wireless fidelity," however this is

not the case. Wi-Fi is simply a trademarked phrase that means IEEE 802.11x.

Wi-Fi works with no physical wired connection between sender and receiver by

using radio frequency (RF) technology -- a frequency within the electromagnetic

spectrum associated with radio wave propagation. When an RF current is supplied

to an antenna, an electromagnetic field is created that then is able to propagate

through space.

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The cornerstone of any wireless network is an access point (AP). The primary job of

an access point is to broadcast a wireless signal  that computers can detect and

"tune" into. In order to connect to an access point and join a wireless network,

computers and devices must be equipped with wireless network adapters

Some major benefits of Wi-Fi technology are:

Global Accessibility

Ease of Communication

Cost Effective

Eliminate cellular usage charges

Eliminate cabling and wiring for PC's

2.2 Li-Fi vs Wi-Fi comparison.

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We are living in the age of internet and Wi-Fi is a very famous as well as useful

wireless network technology which is used for the purpose of allowing electronic

devices to connect to the internet. The world is very accustomed to the

Technology of Wi-Fi but how familiar are you with the term “Li-Fi”. While Wi-Fi

is a technology which is local- area wireless network- based internet service, Li-Fi is

bidirectional as well as a fully- connected wireless communication technology

which is similar to Wi-Fi in functionality and a lot of other ways

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This page on LiFi vs WiFi describes basic difference between LiFi and WiFi technologies.

Following table mentions feature comparison between both.

Feature LiFi WiFi

Full form Light Fidelity Wireless Fidelity

Operation

LiFi transmits data using light with the help of LED bulbs.

WiFi transmits data using radio waves with the help of WiFi router.

Interference

Do not have any intereference issues similar to radio frequency waves.

Will have intereference issues from nearby access points(routers)

TechnologyPresent IrDA compliant devices

WLAN 802.11a/b/g/n/ac/ad standard compliant devices

Applications

Used in airlines, undersea explorations, operation theaters in the hospitals, office and home premises for data transfer and internet browsing

Used for internet browsing with the help of wifi kiosks or wifi hotspots

Merits(advantages)

Interference is less, can pass through salty sea water, works in densy region

Interference is more, can not pass through sea water, works in less densy region

Privacy

In LiFi, light is blocked by the walls and hence will provide more secure data transfer

In WiFi, RF signal can not be blocked by the walls and hence need to employ techniques to achieve secure data transfer.

Data transfer speed About 1 Gbps

WLAN-11n offers 150Mbps, About 1-2 Gbps can be achieved using WiGig/Giga-IR

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Frequency of operation

10 thousand times frequency spectrum of the radio 2.4GHz, 4.9GHz and 5GHz

Data densityWorks in high dense environment

Works in less dense environment due to interference related issues

Coverage distance About 10 meters

About 32 meters (WLAN 802.11b/11g), vary based on transmit power and antenna type

System components

Lamp driver, LED bulb(lamp) and photo detector will make up complete LiFi system.

requires routers to be installed, subscriber devices(laptops,PDAs,desktops) are referred as stations

LI-FI is not the replacement of wifi technology. It can be considered as incredible

companion of the wifi technology. It operates between 380 nm to 780 nm optical

range. LiFi is used to exchange data incredibly rapidly and securely at much lower

power level compare to WiFi.

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CHAPTER 3 Bluetooth

3.1 What is Bluetooth

is a wireless technology standard for exchanging data over short distances (using

short-wavelength UHF radio waves in the ISM band from 2.4 to 2.485 GHz) from

fixed and mobile devices, and building personal area networks (PANs).

The IEEE standardized Bluetooth as IEEE 802.15.1, Bluetooth operates at

frequencies between 2402 and 2480 MHz, or 2400 and 2483.5 MHz including guard

bands 2 MHz wide at the bottom end and 3.5 MHz wide at the top.

Bluetooth uses a radio technology called frequency-hopping spread spectrum,

Bluetooth divides transmitted data into packets, and transmits each packet on one of

79 designated Bluetooth channels, Each channel has a bandwidth of 1 MHz it

usually performs 1600 hops per second, with Adaptive Frequency-Hopping (AFH)

enabled, Bluetooth low energy uses 2 MHz spacing, which accommodates 40

channels.

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3.2 Bluetooth vs. Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11)

Bluetooth Wi-Fi

Frequency 2.4 GHz 2.4, 3.6, 5 GHz

Cost Low High

Bandwidth Low ( 800 Kbps ) High (11 Mbps )

Specifications authority Bluetooth SIG IEEE, WECA

Security It is less secure Security issues are already being debated.

Year of development 1994 1991

Primary Devices Mobile phones, mouse, keyboards, office and industrial automation devices. Activity trackers, such as Fit bit and Jawbone.

Notebook computers, desktop computers, servers, TV, Latest mobiles.

Hardware requirement Bluetooth adaptor on all the devices connecting with each other

Wireless adaptors on all the devices of the network, a wireless router and/or wireless access points

Range 5-30 meters With 802.11b/g the typical range is 32 meters indoors and 95 meters (300 ft) outdoors. 802.11n has greater range. 2.5GHz Wi-Fi communication has greater range than 5GHz. Antennas can also increase range.

Power Consumption Low High

Latency 200ms 150ms

Bit-rate 2.1Mbps 600Mbps

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3.3 Bluetooth vs. Li-fi (IEEE 802.15.7r1)

Bluetooth Li-Fi

Frequency 2.4 GHz Free and unregulated channels. Li-Fi uses the visible light spectrum instead of radio frequencies to enable wireless data communication.

Cost Low Li-Fi will be very much efficient and economical than Wi-fi. Li-Fi or VLC communication - can be achieved without interfering with the regular illumination role of the LED.

Bandwidth Low ( 800 Kbps ) Nearly infinite bandwidth. The visible light spectrum is plentiful (10,000 more than RF spectrum), unlicensed & free. Li-fi exceeds the abilities & qualities of wireless RF technology. Li-Fi can achieve about 1000 times the data density of Wi-Fi.

Specifications authority Bluetooth SIG Li-Fi consortium - a non-profit organization - has been formed to work out the technical standards and to introduce optical wireless technology.

Security It is less secureLine-of-sight means hard to hack. Li-Fi signals are confined to the illumination area and will not travel through walls. So, they give the most secure control over data link. Optical beams are very difficult to hack without detection.

Year of development 1994 Development in processPrimary Devices Mobile phones, mouse, keyboards,

office and industrial automation devices. Activity trackers, such as Fit bit and Jawbone.

High data content devices such as TV sets, mobile phones, tablets, laptops, digital cameras, camcorders, hard-drives and even flash memory drives. The first commercial Li-Fi LED bulbs and Li-Fi-equipped laptops/smart phones are yet to be introduced.

Hardware requirement Bluetooth adaptor on all the devices connecting with each other

Requires fewer components than radio technology.

Power Consumption Low Low. LED illumination is already efficient and the data transmission requires negligible additional power.

CHAPTER 4 Wi-Max

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4.1 What is WI-MAX

WIMAX stands for Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access

WiMAX refers to broadband wireless networks that are based on the IEEE 802.16 standard,

which ensures compatibility and interoperability between broadband wireless access

equipment

WiMAX, which will have a range of up to 31 miles, is primarily aimed at making broadband

network access widely available without the expense of stringing wires (as in cable-access

broadband) or the distance limitations of Digital Subscriber Line.

4.2Fundamental WiMAX Concepts

Base Station (BS) The BS is the node that logically connects wireless subscriber devices to

operator networks. The BS maintains communications with subscriber devices and governs

access to the operator networks.

Subscriber Station (SS). The SS is a stationary WiMAX-capable radio system that

communicates with a base station, although it may also connect to a relay station in multi-hop

relay network operations.

Mobile Station (MS). An MS is an SS that is intended to be used while in motion at up to

vehicular speeds. Compared with fixed (stationary) SSs, MSs typically are battery operated

and therefore employ enhanced power management.

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Relay Station (RS). RSs are SS configured to forward traffic to other RSs or SSs in a multi-

hop Security Zone The RS may be in a fixed location (e.g., attached to a building) or mobile

(e.g., placed in an automobile). The air interface between an RS and an SS is identical to the

air interface between a BS and an SS.

A WIMAX system consists of

A WiMAX tower, similar in concept to a cell-phone tower - A single WiMAX tower can

provide coverage to a very large area as big as 3,000 square miles (~8,000 square km).

A WiMAX receiver - The receiver and antenna could be a small box or Personal Computer

Memory card, or they could be built into a laptop the way WiFi access is today

WIMAX TOWER WIMAX RECEIVER25

4.3 HOW WIMAX works?

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WIMAXScenarioConsider a scenario where a WiMax-enabled computer is 10 miles away from the WiMax

base station.

A special encryption code is given to computer to gain access to base station

The base station would beam data from the Internet required for computer (at speeds

potentially higher than today's cable modems)

The user would pay the provider monthly fee for using the service. The cost for this service

could be much lower than current high-speed Internet-subscription fees because the provider

never had to run cables

The WiMAX protocol is designed to accommodate several different methods of data

transmission, one of which is Voice Over Internet Protocol (VoIP)

If WiMAX-compatible computers become very common, the use of VoIP could increase

dramatically. Almost anyone with a laptop could make VoIP calls

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4.3 RANGE OF WI-MAX

Optimized for up to 50 Km

Designed to handle many users spread out over kilometres

Designed to tolerate greater multi-path delay spread (signal reflections) up to 10.0μ seconds

PHY and MAC designed with multi-mile range in mind

BENEFITS OF WIMAX

Speed

• Faster than broadband service

Wireless

• Not having to lay cables reduces cost

• Easier to extend to suburban and rural areas

Broad Coverage

• Much wider coverage than WiFi hotspots

Benefits to Customers

Range of technology and service level choices from both fixed and wireless broadband

operators

DSL-like services at DSL prices but with portability

Rapidly declining fixed broadband prices

No more DSL “installation” fees from incumbent

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4.4 USES OF WIMAX

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