АНГЛІЙСЬКА МОВА: ПРАКТИКУМ · 2018-04-07 · АНГЛІЙСЬКА МОВА: ПРАКТИКУМ ДЛЯ СТУДЕНТІВ ФАКУЛЬТЕТУ МІЖНАРОДНИХ

Східноєвропейський національний університет імені Лесі Українки

Факультет міжнародних відносин

Кафедра іноземних мов

Оксана Черняк

АНГЛІЙСЬКА МОВА: ПРАКТИКУМ

ДЛЯ СТУДЕНТІВ

ФАКУЛЬТЕТУ МІЖНАРОДНИХ ВІДНОСИН

СПЕЦІАЛЬНОСТІ “КОНСОЛІДОВАНА ІНФОРМАЦІЯ”

Луцьк

2016

2

УДК 811.111 (076.5)

ББК 81.432.1-923

Ч-49

Рекомендовано до друку науково-методичною радою

Східноєвропейського національного університету імені Лесі Українки

(протокол № 10 від 15 червня 2016)

Рецензенти:

Карпчук Н. П. - кандидат філологічних наук, доцент кафедри

міжнародної інформації Східноєвропейського національного університету імені

Лесі Українки

Маковська Г. Я. - кандидат педагогічних наук, доцент кафедри іноземних

мов Луцького національного технічного університету

Черняк О. П.

Ч-49 Англійська мова: практикум: для студентів факультету міжнародних

відносин спеціальності ―Консолідована інформація‖ / Оксана Павлівна

Черняк, 2016. - 74 с.

Методична розробка містить спеціалізовані тексти та тренувальні вправи

для студентів факультету міжнародних відносин спеціальності ―Консолідована

інформація‖. Призначено для студентів факультету міжнародних відносин, а

також усіх, хто вивчає англійську мову.

УДК 811.111 (076.5)

ББК 81.432.1-923

© Черняк О.П., 2016

© Східноєвропейський національний

університет імені Лесі Українки, 2016

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Зміст

Вступ .......................................................................................................................... 4

UNIT 1

INFORMATION CONSOLIDATION ….................................................................. 5

UNIT 2

BARRIERS TO USE OF INFORMATION …........................................................ 15

UNIT 3

OBJECTIVES AND AUDIENCES FOR INFORMATION CONSOLIDATION .... 24

UNIT 4

JUSTIFYING INFORMATION CONSOLIDATION …......................................... 33

UNIT 5

USER BENEFITS …............................................................................................... 42

UNIT 6

METHODOLOGIES FOR USER STUDIES …...................................................... 52

UNIT 7

SELECTION AND EVALUATION OF INFORMATION …................................. 59

UNIT 8

INFORMATION ANALYSIS

AND CONSOLIDATION (IAC) CENTRES .......................................................... 69

Список використаних джерел ....................................................................................... 74

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ВСТУП

Підготовка фахівців з консолідованої інформації забезпечує формування

особливого мислення – системного, аналітичного, креативного, що забезпечить

реалізацію сучасних стандартів інформаційної й організаційної культури. У

процесі навчання магістри отримають цілісні знання та навички самостійного

проведення комплексних інформаційно-аналітичних досліджень щодо

функціонування та розвитку соціально-економічної системи, її рівнів,

прогнозування змін й оцінки наслідків прийняття науково обґрунтованих та

економічно доцільних практичних рішень, а також знання та навички створення

програмно-технічних систем і засобів консолідації інформації.

При підготовці фахівців з консолідованої інформації особлива увага

приділяється вивченню іноземних мов. Важливим є оволодіння фаховою

лексикою та вмінням її застосовувати. Методична розробка містить фахові

тексти та завдання щодо вивчення лексики та вміння застосовувати її у

мовленні. Тексти фахового спрямування мають тематику: ―Консолідована

інформація‖, ―Бар'єри щодо використання інформації‖, ―Цілі консолідованої

інформації‖, ―Переваги користувачів‖, ―Методологія вивчення користувачів‖

тощо.

Методична розробка призначена для студентів факультету міжнародних

відносин, а також усіх, хто вивчає англійську мову.

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UNIT 1

INFORMATION CONSOLIDATION

TEXT

At the UNESCO Symposium on Information Analysis and Consolidation held

12-15 September 1978 in Colombo, Sri Lanka the following definitions were

established:

INFORMATION CONSOLIDATION ACTIVITIES is used to define the

responsibilities exercised by individuals, departments, or organizations for

evaluating and compressing relevant documents in order to provide definite user

groups with reliable and concise new bodies of knowledge. Individuals or groups of

individuals performing information consolidation activities would each constitute an

INFORMATION CONSOLIDATION UNIT (ICU).

A related, but more elaborate definition was offered by Tefko Saracevic in

Consolidation of Information:

CONSOLIDATED INFORMATION is public knowledge specifically selected,

analyzed, evaluated, and possibly restructured and repackaged for the purpose of

serving some of the immediate decisions, problems, and information needs of a

defined clientele or social group, who otherwise may not be able to effectively and

efficiently access and use this knowledge as available in the great amounts of

documents or in its original form. The criteria for selection, evaluation,restructuring,

and repackaging of this knowledge are derived from the potential clientele.

Development is purposeful social change toward a kind of social and

economic system that a society decided it wanted.

Development is a highly complex process by which a society is changed

toward more self-sufficiency and less dependence. Development is designed to

produce higher levels of living and higher per capita income and productivity,

coupled with equitable distribution. Development involves introduction of new ideas

and configurations particularly concerning modern production methods and health,

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educational and other practices contributing to a higher quality of life.

As such, development is an evolutionary, organic process where a positive

interaction of many elements is needed to create a success. To create positive

conditions for development a number of resources are needed: human, economic,

physical, technical, and not the least informational. In other words, information,

particularly scientific, technical commercial, health and related information is a vital

resource needed for development, in addition to the other resources.

Information has great potential value in decision making, problem solving,

and in the conduct of work and life. The importance of information for development

has been stressed a great number of times by international organizations, by

numerous studies, and by national bodies and plans throughout the world.

Obviously, the main factor in making information a valuable contributor to

development is in its use. Information that is not used is as useless as a buried, lost

treasure. Minimum conditions for effective use of information include:

1. A level of information infrastructure that make information available and

accessible for use. Clearly, resources are needed to create and maintain such an

infrastructure.

2. A propensity on the part of potential users to use information. Educational,

cultural, economic, political, and social factors play a role in recognition of the value

and need for information and thus in its eventual use.

Over the past decades considerable progress has been made in improvements

of availability and accessibility of information in a large number of developing

countries. Information infrastructures are being built, information technology is being

introduced and applied, information professionals are being educated. However,

information problems and needs are still great and in many instances the lack of

information and the lack of resources for building and up-keep of information

infrastructure are still a challenge.

However, in a great many instances even where the two minimum conditions

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are met the utilization of information has by no means reached its potential. The

problem is a lack of appropriate information. APPROPRIATE INFORMATION

means: the right information at the right time in the right amounts and at the right

comprehension level of a given group of users.

In other words, available and accessible information is often unused because it

is simply not presented in a content and form that are appropriate for a given group

(or level) of users.

Consolidation of information is suggested as a solution of problems caused by

a lack of appropriate information. As such, consolidated information is particularly

geared toward increasing utilization of information by various user groups in

developing countries.

However, providing consolidated information is a task which in itself requires

considerable skills, efforts and resources. Efforts and resources are needed to

establish and maintain information consolidation units, to ensure the essential

cooperation between subject specialists and information specialists, and to educate

and train professionals skillful in creating information consolidation products and in

provision of associated services.

Information consolidation is not in competition with traditional forms of

intellectual organization of information (i.e. indexing, abstracting, classifying,

cataloging, coding, etc.). To the contrary, it can only be achieved using the standard

secondary information services and in cooperation with such services.

Therefore, education and training for information consolidation is not in

competition with education and training for secondary information services. To the

contrary, it can only be successful if done within the broader framework of education

and training of information professionals.

Information consolidation is not a panacea to information needs and problems,

but it is one of the important approaches to be considered together with a host of

other information products and services. Consolidated information products and

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services can play an important role in satisfying a number of critical information

needs. In turn, proper education and training of information professionals in the art

and science of information consolidation is a key to success of any and all

information consolidation efforts.

ACTIVE VOCABULARY

to evaluate – оцінювати

relevant documents — відповідні документи

to elaborate — розробляти

to repackage — перекомпонувати, надати привабливішого вигляду

clientele — клієнтура

access — доступ

available — наявний

to derive (from) — походити від

purposeful — цілеспрямований

self-sufficiency — самодостатність

per capita — на душу населення

income — дохід

equitable distribution — справедливий розподіл

vital — життєво важливий

decision making — прийняття рішення

problem solving — вирішення проблем

throughout the world — по всьому світу

to maintain — підтримувати

propensity — схильність

on the part of — з боку (когось)

in a great many instances — у багатьох випадках

a lack of appropriate information — нестача належної інформації

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to gear — спрямовувати по наміченому плану

competition — конкуренція

indexing — індексування, класифікація

abstracting — абстрагування, вибірка

approach — підхід

EXERCISES

1. Read the text and match the corresponding parts

Консолідована інформація

1. Інформаційно-аналітична

діяльність, безсумнівно, є вагомою і

багатогранною сферою актуальних

трансформацій сучасного

інформаційного суспільства, яка

формує передумови для розвитку

національної економіки, наукомістких

виробництв та високих технологій.

2. Необхідність в отриманні

релевантної інформації зумовлена

переходом владних структур до

прогностичних форм діяльності з

використанням багатоваріантних

моделей розвитку подій, що потребує

не просто констатації фактів для

доведення тієї чи іншої тези, а

системного підходу до вирішення

проблеми загалом на основі поєднання

a) The need to obtain the relevant

information is caused by the conversion

of authorities to prognostic activity forms

while using multiple-choice models of

events development that require not just a

statement of facts to prove a thesis but a

systematic approach to solving the

problem in general through a combination

of intellectual abilities of a person with

the functionality of modern automated

information systems.

b) Information and analytical work

is undoubtedly a significant and many-

sided (multifaceted) area of urgent

transformations of the modern

information society, which creates

preconditions for the development of

national economy, high-tech industries

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інтелектуальних здібностей людини з

функціональними можливостями

сучасних автоматизованих

інформаційних систем.

3. Інформаційний пошук та

аналітичне опрацювання інформації як

технології сформувалися на перетині

когнітивної психології, інформатики,

інформаційного дизайну, лінгвістики,

семіотики й бібліотечної справи.

4. Проте діяльність

інформаційно-аналітичних фахівців з

консолідованої інформації покликана

істотно змінити засади накопичення,

підходи до процесів опрацювання та

подавання інформаційних ресурсів, а

сама галузь знайшла свою нішу та

зайняла гідну позицію у структурі

сучасних наук.

5. Консолідована інформація

недавно утвердилася як самостійна

наукова галузь, і навколо її статусу ще

ведуться дебати.

and high technologies.

c) Consolidated information has

recently established itself as an

independent branch of science, and the

debates are still being carried as to its

status.

d) However, the activity of

information and analytical professionals

of consolidated information is intended to

significantly change the principles of

accumulation, approaches to the

processing and supply of information

resources, and the very branch has found

its niche and took a decent position in the

structure of modern sciences.

e) The technologies of information

search and analytical processing of

information were formed at the

intersection of cognitive psychology,

computer science, information design,

linguistics, semiotics, and library science.

2. Fill in the words from the list. Translate into Ukrainian

Goal, sources, best to bid, underwent, competitors, includes, different,

decisions, importance, conferences

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Competitive intelligence means 1) ____ things to different people within an

organization. For example, to a sales representative, it may mean tactical advice on

how 2) _______ for a lucrative contract. To top management, it may mean unique

marketing insights to gain market share against a formidable competitor. The ultimate

end 3) _______ of competitive intelligence is to help make better 4) ______ and

enhance organizational performance.

While most companies can find substantial information about their 5) _____

online, competitive intelligence goes way beyond merely trawling the Internet, on the

premise that the most valuable information is seldom – if ever – easily accessible

online. A typical competitive intelligence study 6) ______ information and analysis

from numerous 7) _______. These include the news media, customer and competitor

interviews, industry experts, trade shows and 8) ______, government records and

public filings.

In acknowledgement of the growing 9)________ of competitive intelligence,

the Society of Competitive Intelligence Professionals (SCIP) was founded in the U.S.

in 1972. It 10) ______ a name change to Strategic and Competitive Intelligence

Professionals in 2010.

3. Read the text and fill in the necessary prepositions. Translate into

Ukrainian.

Competitive intelligence (CI) is the gathering (1) ____ publicly-available

information (2) ____ an enterprise's competitors and the use of that information to

gain a business advantage. The goals (3) _____ competitive intelligence include

discerning potential business risks and opportunities and enabling faster reaction (4)

____ competitors' actions and events.

Publicly-available information, (5) ____ this context, refers (6) ____ any

information that can be legally obtained, rather than information that the business

being investigated offers freely. Sources (7)____ publicly available information

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include – among a great number of other possibilities – company directories, legal

filings and documentation from government agencies and regulatory bodies.

According (8) ____ the Society of Competitive Intelligence Professionals

(SCIP) code of ethics, those conducting CI investigations must refrain (9) ____

illegal activities, disclose information about their identity and corporate affiliation

prior to any interviews, and provide honest and reliable information as a result (10)

____ the investigation. The covert and often illegal gathering of competitors'

information is known as industrial espionage.

4. Choose the correct variant

An information society is a society where the creation, distribution, use,

integration and manipulation of information is a significant________(1), political,

and cultural activity. The aim of the information society is to gain________ (2)

advantage internationally, through using information technology (IT) in a creative

and productive way. The knowledge economy is its economic counterpart, whereby

wealth is created through the economic exploitation of understanding. People who

have the means to partake in this form of society are sometimes called digital

______(3). This is one of many dozen labels that have been identified to suggest that

humans are entering a new phase of society.

The markers of this rapid change may be_______(4), economic, occupational,

spatial,______(5), or some combination of all of these. Information society is seen as

the successor to industrial society. Closely related_______(6) are the post-industrial

society (Daniel Bell), post-modern society, knowledge society, telematic society,

Information Revolution, and network society (Manuel Castells).

There is______(7) no universally accepted concept of what exactly can be

termed information society and what shall rather not so be termed. Most______ (8)

agree that a transformation can be seen that started (9) ______ between the 1970s and

today and is changing the way societies work fundamentally. Information technology

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goes______(10) the internet, and there are discussions about how big the influence of

specific media or specific modes of production really is.

1 a) economical b) economic c) economics

2 a) competitively b) competitive c) competition

3 a) citizens b) citizenships c) citizenship

4 a) technological b) technical c) technologically

5 a) culturally b) cultural c) culture

6 a) concept b) conceptions c) concepts

7 a) currents b) current c) currently

8 a) theoreticians b) theories c) theoretical

9 a) somewhere b) anywhere c) nowhere

10 a) on b) after c) beyond

5. Render the following text in English

Вимоги сучасного суспільства потребують підготовки фахівців нового

рівня. У цьому році Східноєвропейський національний університет імені Лесі

Українки на факультеті міжнародних відносин розпочинає підготовку магістрів

за новою спеціальністю 8.18010015 «Консолідована інформація».

Розширення міжнародних зв‘язків на рівні регіонального та місцевого

самоврядування, розвиток транскордонного співробітництва та збільшення

іноземних інвестицій у прикордонних регіонах України потребує

інформаційних аналітиків із сучасним світоглядом, професійними знаннями

інноваційного характеру, вміннями їх практичного використання при

розв‘язанні соціально-економічних і політичних проблем. Необхідність

підготовки таких спеціалістів зумовлена зростанням попиту на комп‘ютерні та

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інформаційні технології, підвищенням вимог до якості інформації, її змісту,

достовірності і форм подання.

Саме тому підготовка аналітика консолідованої інформації буде

здійснюватися спільними зусиллями кафедр міжнародної інформації і вищої

математики та інформатики.

Підготовка фахівців з консолідованої інформації забезпечує формування

особливого мислення – системного, аналітичного, креативного, що забезпечить

реалізацію сучасних стандартів інформаційної й організаційної культури. У

процесі навчання магістри отримають цілісні знання та навички самостійного

проведення комплексних інформаційно-аналітичних досліджень щодо

функціонування та розвитку соціально-економічної системи, її рівнів,

прогнозування змін й оцінки наслідків прийняття науково обґрунтованих та

економічно доцільних практичних рішень, а також знання та навички створення

програмно-технічних систем і засобів консолідації інформації.

Спеціальність «Консолідована інформація» як самостійний вид

професійної діяльності є дуже перспективною, оскільки таких фахівців

потребують установи усіх форм власності, сфер економічної, політичної та

соціальної діяльності. Випускники можуть працювати в різних структурах,

зокрема: у наукових, науково-організаційних, інформаційних та патентних

підрозділах наукових установ, науково-виробничих комплексів; в інформаційно-

маркетингових підрозділах підприємств і організацій виробничої сфери та

сфери послуг різних галузей; в інформаційно-аналітичних службах

центральних органів влади та місцевого самоврядування, фінансово-

економічних установах тощо; у ЗМІ.

Магістри цієї кваліфікації зможуть визначати пріоритети діяльності

організацій, плани і заходи щодо інформаційного забезпечення зацікавлених

осіб, накопичувати, обробляти, структурувати і систематизувати дані,

забезпечувати їх тривале зберігання і оперативне використання, а також доступ

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до них зацікавлених осіб. Вони будуть здатні розробляти для сучасного

підприємства підходи до проектування інформаційно-організаційних систем,

створювати рекомендації з інформаційно-аналітичного забезпечення організації

управління, нові алгоритми реалізації менеджменту інформаційних ресурсів.

«Консолідована інформація» є аналогом спеціальності «Business intelligence»,

прийнятою у США та Європі.

UNIT 2

BARRIERS TO USE OF INFORMATION

TEXT

Clearly, on almost any topic today there is an overabundance of information.

The so called ―information explosion‖ presents most formidable problems to

organizing information and to making it available and accessible. However, there is

an equal and even at times more serious problem of actual use of existing

information, particularly in science, technology, health, business and related areas.

Even when such information is readily available it may not be used by potential

users.

A paradox is at work: in many instances when users could benefit from

information and the actual information is available, the information is not used.

Why is that? What are the barriers to effective use of information? Among

others such barriers involve the following aspects:

*There is too much information on a topic and the potential user is overloaded

or overwhelmed – the sheer (=absolute) amount decreases the willingness to use

information, taking too much time and effort.

*Information is presented in a language and/or terminology which is outside

the user's experience – the language (be it a foreign tongue or 'technicaleese')

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impedes comprehension.

*Information is presented in a context or with examples that are outside the

user's cultural framework – the divergent cultural attributes impede the ability to

relate to specific circumstances.

*Information is presented in a form that is hard to follow – the packaging may

be an impediment to information absorption.

*Information may not be trusted – validity and reliability of information is not

evaluated and thus information is questioned.

These and similar barriers have been and still are a most serious impediment to

the use of information throughout the world. They have been recognized as serious

information problems and a number of solutions have been proposed and

implemented. Information consolidation is one of such solutions.

Solutions to Information Barriers

Bibliographic organization, classification, indexing, abstracting and related

secondary information services are a most important solution to organizing and

controlling information. Without them there would be total and unthinkable chaos. A

great many important activities, such as science would grind to a halt.

However, the processes and services dealing with bibliographic organization,

indexing, abstracting and the like do not address directly many of the critical barriers

to information use as enumerated above. For a long time it was recognized that other

solutions are needed. Over the years a number of such solutions have been tried and

proven successful, among them:

*Scientific and technical reviews and state-of-the-art reports.

*Handbooks synthesizing data from a number of sources.

*Compilations of critical, evaluated data.

*Business, commerce and market summaries.

*Briefings on a topic requiring a decision and discussing alternate courses of

action.

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*Technical writings producing information on a complex technical topic in a

simplified language for wide use by non-specialists.

*Popularizations of science writings producing information on scientific

advances and cause-effect findings comprehensible to nonscientists.

*Dissemination of information through demonstration and show-how.

Information analysis centers using a high degree of selectivity and then

evaluation and synthesis of existing information producing any of the products

enumerated above. Extension services oriented mostly toward agriculture and

providing demonstration, information, and advice to farmers in the framework of

local circumstances. Public health services providing not only health care, but even

more so health information and advice to broader populace.

All of these information products and services as enumerated have one main

thing in common: they are directed toward fruitful use of information. To achieve

this, they promote cooperation between subject specialists and information

specialists. Some of their products and services have been directed toward specialists

(scientists, engineers, government officials, doctors and health officials, educators,

businessmen, etc.) while others were directed toward broader groups in the

population (workers, farmers, technicians, parents, etc.) A concept of a well defined

audience of information users was clearly present in all of them.

The concept of information consolidation has evolved from the products and

services as enumerated.

ACTIVE VOCABULARY

overabundance – надлишок

information explosion – інформаційний вибух

formidable – величезний, значний

overwhelmed – перевантажений

to impede – перешкоджати

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divergent – відмінний, той, що відрізняється

impediment [ɪm'pedɪmənt] – перешкода

to implement – втілювати

halt – зупинка

state-of-the-art – сучасний, передовий

compilation – збірник

to require – вимагати

dissemination – поширення

to enumerate – перераховувати

populace – простий народ

EXERCISES


Інформаційний менеджмент

1. Так вже історично склалось,

що з самого спочатку інформаційний

менеджмент сприймався як

менеджмент створення систем,

пов‘язаних із розробкою, рекламою,

торгівлею та експлуатацією

комп‘ютерних мереж, які

обслуговують різноманітні

інформаційні потреби сучасних

промислових підприємств, банків,

комерційних організацій, навчальних

закладів тощо.

2. На сьогоднішній день майже

a) The information management

process which is underway in modern

organizations is an integral part of the

organization management process as well

as the necessary process to increase the

efficiency of business processes in

modern economic conditions.

b) Nowadays almost every firm

strives for having the system like this (it

is also called ―corporate information

system‖ or ―information platform‖).

c) Surely, this system is connected

with the external world (internet, e-mail

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кожна велика фірма прагне мати таку

систему (її ще також називають

«корпоративною інформаційною

системою» або «інформаційною

платформою»).

3. Звичайно, така система

пов‘язана із зовнішнім світом

(Інтернет, електронна пошта тощо).

4. З часом таке поняття

інформаційного менеджменту дещо

видозмінилось та розширилось.

5. Зараз коректніше буде

вважати, що інформаційний

менеджмент – це те, що загалом

відповідає за управління процесом

взаємодії бізнесу та інформаційних

технологій.

6. Процес інформаційного

менеджменту, який відбувається у

сучасних організаціях, являється

невід‘ємною частиною процесу

управління організацією та

необхідним процесом для збільшення

ефективності бізнес-процесів у

сучасних економічних умовах.

7. Звичайно, цей процес мають

підтримувати та контролювати

and so on).

d) Historically from the very

beginning information management was

regarded as the management of systems

creation connected with the development,

promotion, trade and usage of computer

networks which serve different

information needs of modern enterprises,

banks, commercial organizations,

educational establishments etc.

e) At present it is more correct to

think that information management

means the responsibility for the

management of the process of business

and information technologies interaction.

f) Over time such understanding of

information management has mutated and

extended.

g) This process is sure to be

supported and controlled by qualified

professionals.

h) The information management

concept comprises the next approaches:

economic, considering the issue of

attracting new documented information,

taking into account the utility and

financial costs; analytical, based on the

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кваліфіковані фахівці.

8. Концепція ІМ об‘єднує

наступні підходи: економічний, що

розглядає питання залучення нової

документованої інформації із

урахуванням корисності та фінансових

затрат; аналітичний, що базується на

аналізі потреб користувачів щодо

інформації та комунікації;

організаційний, розглядає вплив

інформаційних технологій на

організаційні аспекти; системний,

розглядає обробку інформації в

організації, приділяючи особливу

увагу оптимізації комунікаційних

каналів, інформації, матеріальних

коштів та інших витрат, методів

роботи.

analyses of the users‘ needs as to

information and communication;

organizational, which deals with the

influence of information technologies on

organizational aspects; systemic which

considers the information processing in

an organization, paying special attention

to the optimization of communication

channels, information, material costs and

other expenses, methods of work.

2. Read the text and express your point of view on its ideas

Do you consume information? Or does it consume you?

Each of us hear or read about 100,000 words in a given day. And each and

every one of those words slightly changes us forever, whether we like it or not.

The problem is that we don‘t choose very many of these 100,000 words. Most

of them are not sought out by us and consumed deliberately. Rather, they are thrust

upon us and we consume them thoughtlessly. It‘s one of the main ways the world

shapes us and changes us without us really knowing it.

From the moment we wake up, we are bombarded with information. Phones

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ringing. Notifications popping up in our face. Email inboxes overflowing. Social

networks buzzing. Radio blaring. TV humming. And advertisements around every

corner and crammed into every space of silence along the way.

All of it competing for our attention.

“What information consumes is rather obvious: it consumes the attention of its

recipients. Hence, a wealth of information creates a poverty of attention and a need

to allocate that attention efficiently among the overabundance of information sources

that might consume it.” – Herbert Simon, Recipient of Nobel Memorial Prize in

Economics.

On top of that, the information we do choose to consume, we often choose

poorly. Drawn impulsively in by stimulating entertainment and driven by a fear of

missing out.

Every morning we wake up and immediately begin reacting to the urgent

promptings of the world. And by the time we catch our breath, another day has

somehow passed, never having quite found the time to focus on the things most

important to us.

Rather than us consuming information, it has begun to consume us.

We‘ve become information gluttons. Lacking the discipline to control our

information appetite. Lacking the humility of our limitations. And lacking the faith to

know that God has already given us the ability and grace to accomplish everything

today in order to live an extraordinary life.

The world is filled with an abundance of information. Only the top 0.1% of it is

worth your time. Don‘t waste your time with the rest. It‘s not only a waste of your

life, but it is turning you into something lesser than your best self. Be deliberate about

what you consume so that it doesn‘t end up consuming you.

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Concept, users, new, restricted, jargons, rate, languages, nature, due to,

published

Historically, the 1) _______ of information analysis and consolidation evolved

in response to the difficulties encountered by the 2) _______ in the use of information

leading to nonuse of information by them and the potential users who would have

otherwise benefited if information was available to them in more usable form. These

difficulties or barriers in the use of information by the users are basically 3) _______

the inherent characteristics of the world of information, which are as follows:

• Exponential growth of information and increasing 4) _______ of

obsolescence: Users have inadequate time reading and assimilating 5) _______

information;

• Interdisciplinary 6) _______ of information leading to scattering and seepage

of information: Users can specialise only in 7) _______ subject fields;

• Wide variation in quality and reliability of information: Users find it difficult

and have inadequate time for evaluating and selecting the right information;

• Information is presented in multiplicity of 8) _______: Users are not familiar

with the language(s) to use the information;

• Information presented in a wide range of standards and formats: Users may

not be familiar with that standard or format to use the information;

• Required information is 9) _______ in documents with restricted circulation:

Leading to inaccessibility of information; and

• S&T information is highly technical in nature with technical and trade 10)

_______: Potential user with no technical background cannot comprehend it.


There are many different kinds of information industries, and many different

ways (1) _____ them. The term "information industry" is (2) ______ identified with

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computer programming, system design, telecommunications, and (3) _______.

First, there are companies which produce and sell information in the form of

(4) _______ or services. Media products such as television programs and movies, (5)

______ books and periodicals would constitute probably among the most accepted

part of what information goods can be.

Second, there are information (6) _______ services, such as legal services,

banking, insurance, computer programming, data processing, testing, and market

research. Third, there are industries that are vital (7) ______ the dissemination of the

information goods mentioned above. For example, telephone, broadcasting and book

retail industries.

Fourth, there are manufacturers of information-processing devices that require

research and (8) ______ decision-making. Fifth, there are very research-intensive

industries that (9) ______ as infrastructure to information-production or sophisticated

decision-making.

Finally, there are industries that (10) ______ not research intensive, but serve

as infrastructure for information production and sophisticated decision-making.

Manufacturing of office furniture would be a good example.

1 a) to classify b) classify c) classified

2 a) mostly b) most c) the most

3 a) others b) other c) the others

4 a) the good b) good c) goods

5 a) publish b) publishing c) published

6 a) processed b) processing c) process

7 a) to b) on c) at

8 a) sophisticated b) sophisticating c) sophisticate

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9 a) does not serve b) do not serve c) not serve

10 a) does b) do c) are


Потоки інформації, постійні наради та онлайн режим підвищують

рівень стресу – і як наслідок, тиснуть на психіку.

Психологи попереджають, щонадлишок інформації стає справжньою

проблемою для сучасних людей і для бізнесу. Як показують дослідження,

проведені в Австралії та Новій Зеландії, 40% компаній страждають від цієї

проблеми. 81% компаній роздумують над тим, як впоратися з напливом

інформації. Два роки тому ця проблема хвилювала 68% компаній.

На думку експертів, надлишок інформації став причиною психологічних

розладів серед працівників, і в майбутньому ця проблема лише посилитися. У

середньому офісні працівники отримують близько 36 імейлів в день і величезні

обсяги іншої інформації. Якщо додати до цього соціальні мережі, мобільні

телефони, щоденні збори, не дивно, що люди не справляються з кількістю

даних, які вони отримують.

Більшість людей визнає, що надмірна кількість інформації знижує якість

їх роботи, деморалізуючи ти виснажуючи їх.

UNIT 3

OBJECTIVES AND AUDIENCES FOR INFORMATION

CONSOLIDATION

TEXT

The basic objectives of information consolidation can be summarized as

follows:

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1. To increase the effectiveness of information transfer to and within

developing countries.

2. To encourage more intensive information use in a wide array of

developmental activities, and

3. To widen the circle of the population of potential users particularly by

fulfilling specific information needs for evaluated and synthesized information.

Several distinct types of user groups are addressed by various information

consolidation products and services:

*Scientists, engineers and professionals engaged in R&D activities,

manufacturing, health services, planning, education, etc.

*Managers and business people engaged in small and large businesses,

commerce, marketing, etc.

*Policy and decision makers in government.

*Technicians, supervisors, paraprofessionals.

*Communicators such as extension workers and services, teachers, local

leaders in adapting new technology or practices.

*Agricultural and industrial workers from rural and urban populations.

Three types of technical sophistication can be readily distinguished among

these audiences:

1. High degree of sophistication about a subject linked with a relatively high

general education level.

2. Some degree of sophistication about a subject linked with relatively higher

general education and/or technical training.

3. Little sophistication about a subject linked with little or no general education

and/or technical training, even to the extreme of semi-literacy or illiteracy.

The information needs of these last two groups are receiving particular

attention from information consolidation efforts, because these are the groups that are

left unserved by the majority of existing information services and products produced

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in both developed and developing countries. Thus, there is a great need for

synthesised, condensed, evaluated and repackaged information along with

appropriate information products and services that are addressed primarily toward

know-how, know-where, and know-who.

A special audience for information consolidation are services that are

themselves devoted to information transfer, such as agricultural extension services,

public health units, literacy campaigns, and the like. These services as well as persons

acting as communicators (teachers, extension agents, demonstrators of equipment or

processes) can be greatly strengthened by information consolidation products and

services. Their own array of information and services can be updated more

thoroughly and much faster. Thus, information consolidation can play a role for

intermediary users (such as the mentioned extension services and communicators)

as well as for end-users.

The effectiveness of information consolidation be it for intermediaries or end-

users depends, of course, on a large number of factors; the principal one being

whether the products are tailored to the user's economic, social and cultural situation

and other user variables.

Processes in Information Consolidation

Implied in the definitions presented above are these basic processes involved in

information consolidation:

1. Study of potential users to derive criteria for all the other processes.

2. Selection of information source(s) potentially containing the most useful

information for given user problems and information needs; the selection can be done

from a variety of primary and secondary sources.

3. Evaluation of information as to its intrinsic merit, validity, and reliability.

4. Analysis to identify and extract the most salient features.

5. Restructuring (if necessary) the extracted information into a content that can

be used most effectively and efficiently by users; this may involve synthesis,

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condensation, rewriting, simplifying, review, state-of-the-art presentation, etc.

6. Packaging and/or repackaging of restructured information in a form that will

enhance the potential of its use. (Restructuring deals with the contents or substance

of information while packaging deals with the media, format and the form of its

presentation.)

7. Diffusion or dissemination of information in ways that will encourage and

promote its use: this may also involve education of users in the use of information

and marketing of information.

8. Feedback from users, evaluation of the efforts, and adjustments.

Although related to a number of other information activities, most notably

abstracting and indexing, information consolidation is a proposition of much higher

complexity and greater demands. In this lies a basic problem of information

consolidation:

In comparison to many, (if not most) information activities, it involves higher

complexity of processes and organizations and greater demands in human technical,

and economic resources. Being selective and evaluative, information consolidation

also involves a different philosophy and approach. Essential to the success of

information consolidation is a close cooperation between subject and information

specialists.

ACTIVE VOCABULARY

wide array – велика кількість

to fulfill needs – задовольняти потреби

R&D activities – науково-дослідна діяльність

paraprofessionals – середній технічний або медичний персонал, спеціалісти

без вищої освіти

extension workers – робітники служби інформування про інновації

sophistication – досвід, вдосконалення

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to distinguish – відрізняти, розрізняти

illiteracy – неписемність, неграмотність

to condense – стисло виражати

intermediary users – проміжні користувачі, посередники

to tailor – спеціально пристосувати

evaluation – оцінка

intrinsic – властивий

validity – значимість, правомірність

reliability – надійність

salient – помітний, яскраво виражений

to enhance – збільшити, покращити

feedback – відгук, зворотна інформація

adjustment – регулювання, управління

EXERCISES


Становлення нового фаху

1. Передумови виникнення нового

фаху ―консолідована інформація‖

(варіантом прототипу цього фаху деякі

вітчизняні дослідники вважають

англомовне Competitive Intelligence)

заклали зарубіжні і вітчизняні фахівці

з інформаційного аналізу.

2. Динаміка розвитку цього

напряму інформаційної сфери є доволі

високою. В США поняття ―Competitive

a) The discussions of the topical

problems of the branch lasted on the pages

of the professional magazine ―Competitive

Intelligence‖ founded by the Society.

b) The dynamics of the development

of this information sphere direction is

pretty high. In the USA the notion

―Competitive Intelligence‖ has been used

since early 70-s of the ХХ century.

c) In 1980 one of the researchers of

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Intelligence‖ використовується з

початку 70-х років ХХ ст.

3. У 1980 р. один із дослідників

цього питання Майкл Портер

опублікував працю ―Конкурентна

розвідка: методи аналізу галузей і

конкурентів‖, у якій виклав основні

засади нового фаху.

4. Відправною точкою

організаційного оформлення цієї галузі

інформаційно-аналітичної діяльності

як самостійної професії в Європі і

Америці можна вважати заснування

професійного товариства, системи

підготовки кадрів і вироблення

основних кваліфікаційних вимог до

професії інформаційного аналітика.

5. Створене у 1986 році

Товариство фахівців конкурентної

розвідки (Society of Competitive

Intelligence Professionals (SCIP)),

об‘єднало 7000 членів з 64 країн світу,

якими велася творча дискусія щодо

напрямів удосконалення діяльності та

організації підготовки кадрів у цій

галузі.

6. Обговорення актуальних

this issue Michael Porter published his

work ―Competitive Strategy: Techniques

for Analyzing Industries and Competitors‖,

where he offered the fundamentals of a

new specialty.

d) The Society of Competitive

Intelligence Professionals (SCIС) founded

in 1986 comprised 7000 members from

64 countries of the world, that held

creative debates concerning the ways of

improving the activity and the organization

of personnel trainings in the branch.

e) The prerequisites of the

establishment of ―Consolidated

Information‖ as a new specialty (the

version of the specialty prototype is

considered to be ―Competitive

Intelligence‖) were grounded by foreign

and domestic professionals in information

analyses.

f) The foundation of the Professionals

Society, the system of personnel training

and the elaboration of the main

qualification requirements to the

information analyst profession could be

viewed as the starting point of the

institualisation of the information and

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проблем галузі продовжилось на

сторінках заснованого товариством

фахового журналу ―Конкурентна

розвідка‖

analytical activity branch as an

independent profession in Europe and the

USA.


Majority, database, effective, usable, to create, changing, case, published,

regardless, delivery.

What is Data Consolidation?

A large 1) _______ of us are familiar with news broadcasts, weather

announcements, presidential speeches, and even military briefings given to senior

commanders. In each 2) _______, the data used 3) _______ these informational

sessions are a result of 4) _______ data consolidation. There are thousands of news

stories 5) _______ every minute, weather patterns are constantly 6) _______, and

business and military briefings are presented on a regular basis.

Material used to create each presentation, 7) _______ of the audience, must be

combined, analyzed, and controlled. By organizing the information into a 8) _______

and manageable amount, responsible individuals are able to consolidate the

information and organize it into a single source. Then through analysis, they can

extract the most critical components for 9) _______.

We can define the term data consolidation as a process during which a vast

amount of information is gathered, stored, and combined into a single manipulative

file, typically within a 10) _______. Usually, consolidation is accomplished by using

a computer with special software applications, such as a spreadsheet or a database

program, designed to gather, organize and store data.

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Ukrainian.

The Data Consolidation Process

Data consolidation involves the collection (1)_______ a vast amount of data or

information (2)_______ several networked servers, usually belonging (3)_______ a

company, organization or enterprise. Data consolidation is actually one of three data

integration techniques (4)_______ use today. The other techniques are data

propagation, which includes data replication, and data federation which enables the

viewing (5)_______ consolidated files.

The third data integration technique, data consolidation, consists of two

technologies: Extract, Transform and Load (ETL) and Extract, Load and

Transform (ELT).

Storage such as databases, data stores, and associated software applications

must allow and enable data consolidation (6)_______ multiple applications. The

objective is to make the extracted data readily available and usable, allowing

(7)_______ detailed reporting and analysis.


Knowledge workers are workers (1) ______ main capital is knowledge. Typical

examples may include software engineers, architects, engineers, scientists and

lawyers, because they "think for a living".

What (2) ______ knowledge work from other forms of work is (3)_____

primary task of "non-routine" problem solving that (4) ______ a combination of

convergent, divergent, and creative thinking.

They are "all workers (5) ______ in the chain of producing and distributing

knowledge products". Knowledge workers spend 38% of their time searching (6)

_____ information. They are also often displaced from their bosses, working in

various departments and time zones or from remote sites such as home offices.

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Knowledge workers are (7) _______ who have a deep background in education

and experience. As businesses increase their (8) ______ on information technology,

the number of fields in which knowledge workers must operate (9) ______

dramatically.

(10) ______ they sometimes are called "gold collars", because of their high

salaries, as well as because of their relative independence in controlling the process

of their own work, current research shows that they are also more prone to burnout,

and very close normative control from organizations they work for, unlike regular

workers.

1 a) whose b) who c) which

2 a) differentiate b) differentiates c) does differentiate

3 a) his b) it c) its

4 a) requiring b) require c) requires

5 a) involved b) involving c) involve

6 a) for b) in c) at

7 a) employees b) employers c) employings

8 a) dependent b) dependency c) dependence

9 a) has expanded b) have expanded c) expand

10 a) Even as b) Even though c) Even so


Поняття «консолідована інформація» охоплює одержані з декількох

джерел і системно інтегровані різнотипні інформаційні ресурси, які в

сукупності наділені ознаками повноти, цілісності, несуперечності та складають

адекватну інформаційну модель проблемної області з метою її аналізу,

опрацювання та ефективного використання в процесах підтримки прийняття

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рішень. Процес консолідації інформації – це процес перетворення даних на

інформацію і знання про бізнес, метою якого є супровід і підтримка прийняття

неформальних рішень. Тобто інформаційне забезпечення бізнесу, причому в

найширшому сенсі, засноване на принципі об'єднання таких складових як

інформація, бізнес-процеси, апаратні засоби, програмні засоби, люди. Сьогодні

конкурентна розвідка є дуже розповсюдженою, а відділи, що займаються

обробкою зібраної інформації, існують на більшості загальновідомих провідних

світових корпорацій. Їхня практика переконливо свідчить про те, що в

маркетинговому середовищі конкурентна розвідка має бути вибудувана не як

«обслуговуюча», а як «активна» система. Вона повинна бути настільки

активною, наскільки це тільки можливо. Тільки в цьому випадку конкурентна

розвідка буде здатна забезпечити компанії стійке економічне зростання,

збільшення прибутків, збереження і зміцнення конку рентного імунітету.

UNIT 4

JUSTIFYING INFORMATION CONSOLIDATION

TEXT

Information consolidation is a process of higher complexity than indexing or

abstracting. However, offsetting the problem of higher complexity and need for

greater resources is the higher value of consolidated information. But what values and

benefits should be stressed? This question is not considered often even though the

answers are crucial for justification of information consolidation to funders, and for

communication and promotion to users.

On a general level information consolidation is justified (= to explain) for its

contribution to the processes of social and economic development. On a specific level

its benefits can be argued as a contribution to problem solving and decision making.

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Let's discuss each in turn.

The process of development in an increasingly interdependent world involves

and requires an increase in sophistication and use of scientific, technical, commercial

and related information. The value of such information does not lie in its existence

(or even in the systems that assure its availability and accessibility), but in its

acceptance and use. In turn, chances for acceptance and use of information are

increased by its being more appropriate. Consolidated information aims at being

more appropriate to the users, their needs, and levels, the capacities and time

allotments given to information absorption and similar user-related factors.

Clearly, arguments for consolidated information should involve economic

aspects (savings, earnings, productivity, competitiveness, etc.), but its value may be

even greater because it is related to other values in a society. Consolidated

information may contribute to information sophistication of a population, which in

turn contributes to quality of life. For instance, consider the value of consolidated

information that helps to improve sanitation, which in turn decreases disease, pain

and suffering.

Value in decision making

More specifically, the value of consolidated information can be argued in

relation to its role in decision making and problem solving. Making decisions and

solving problems, even those encountered in everyday work, requires information.

Moreover:

*As complexity of decisions or problems increases, the need for information

intensifies;

*As the amount of available information proliferates, it becomes harder to get

and use relevant information;

*As complexity, interdisciplinarity, and technical sophistication of available

information increases, less can be used by decision makers and problem solvers as

presented in its original form.

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All this points to the need for consolidated information.

But the value of consolidated information changes with the type and amount of

information. To illustrate: a pile of documents on a given topic on a decision maker's

desk or in a worker's hand, has little value to the decisions they have to make on that

topic or problems they have to solve, even though the documents may have all the

information that is needed. Summaries may have a bit more value. Mergers of

excerpts from a number of documents may have still more value. Evaluated

information further increases the value while studies addressing the topic (reviews,

state-of-the-art, market studies, statistical summaries and correlations, etc.) increase

this value considerably. The highest value of information is in a set of alternative

choices summarized from all the other sources mentioned and recommendations for

decisions or resolution of the problems.

In other words,

*as the amount of information presented to a decision maker is increasingly

consolidated, its value increases;

*as the information is increasingly expressed in the everyday language and the

social/cultural framework of the user, its value increases for that user:

*as the information is increasingly packaged in a way that will make its use

easier, its value increases.

Another way to look at the value of information consolidation is in relation to

loss of information or the information that never reaches a user or group of users even

though such information is readily available in the public knowledge and through

various primary and secondary literature sources. Not all primary or secondary

sources may reach the users or be appropriate for users and their problems and

associated decisions they have to make. The role of information consolidation is to be

as appropriate to the users as possible.

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ACTIVE VOCABULARY

offset – компенсувати, балансувати

crucial – вирішальний, важливий

justification – пояснення

funder – фінансист, інвестор

existence – існування

assure – запевнити

availability – наявність

accessibility – доступність

acceptance – прийняття

appropriate – належний

capacity – здатність,спроможність

allotment – розподіл

absorption – поглинання

competitiveness – конкурентноздатність

sanitation – оздоровлення

encounter – зустрічати

proliferate – швидко поширюватися

interdisciplinarity – міжгалузева взаємодія

point to – вказувати на

merger – об'єднання, поглинання

excerpt – уривок, фрагмент

EXERCISES


1. Інформаційне суспільство –

суспільство, в якому створення,

a) The specific feature of this kind of

society is that the problem of data

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поширення, дифузія, використання,

інтеграція і маніпулювання інформації

– важлива господарська, політична і

культурна діяльність.

2. Специфікою цього виду

суспільства є те, що задача

консолідації даних (об‘єднання даних,

розміщених у різних, наперед не

узгоджених джерелах) виникає досить

часто.

3. Так, для університету прикладом

консолідації є формування наукових

звітів, визначення показників

успішності та якості навчання,

формування рейтингу кафедри тощо;

для туристичної сфери – це визначення

критичних показників розвитку

регіону.

4. Для прийняття адекватних рішень

у певній галузі необхідно, щоб дані,

які надаються різними

інформаційними ресурсами та у

подальшому використовуються для

прийняття керівних рішень,

задовольняли таким вимогам: були

повними, несуперечливими та

надходили вчасно; були

consolidation (integration of data located

in different, previously not agreed

sources) occurs rather frequently.

b) For adequate decision-making in a

particular area it is necessary that data

granted to various information resources

and subsequently used for executive

decision-making should satisfy the

following requirements: be complete,

consistent and arrive on time; be

informative as they apply to decision-

making; have the same structure as to be

able to load them into a single database

and analysis; be stored in the same data

model and be independent from the

platform of development to be able to use

the data in other ways.

c) Thus, the example of consolidation for

the University is development of

scientific reports, determination of

success indicators and education quality,

formation of department ranking etc.; for

the tourism industry it is the definition of

critical indicators of the region

development.

d) Information society is a society in

which the creation, distribution, diffusion,

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інформативними, оскільки вони

застосовуватимуться для прийняття

рішень; були однакової структури, щоб

мати можливість завантажити їх у

єдине сховище даних та

проаналізувати; зберігалися в

однакових моделях даних та були

незалежними від платформи

розроблення, щоб мати можливість

використання цих даних іншими

засобами.

use, integration and manipulation of

information is an important economic,

political and cultural activity.


Cultural, successor, concepts, to partake, combination, entering, way, to gain,

citizens, manipulation,

An information society is a society where the creation, distribution, use,

integration and 1)_______ of information is a significant economic, political, and

2)______ activity. The aim of the information society is 3)______ competitive

advantage internationally, through using information technology (IT) in a creative

and productive 4)_______. The knowledge economy is its economic counterpart,

whereby wealth is created through the economic exploitation of understanding.

People who have the means 5)_______ in this form of society are sometimes called

digital 6)_______. This is one of many dozen labels that have been identified to

suggest that humans are 7)_______ a new phase of society.

The markers of this rapid change may be technological, economic,

occupational, spatial, cultural, or some 8)_______ of all of these. Information society

is seen as the 9)_______ to industrial society. Closely related 10)______ are the post-

industrial society (Daniel Bell), post-fordism, post-modern society, knowledge

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society, telematic society, Information Revolution, liquid modernity, and network

society (Manuel Castells).


Ukrainian

Some people, such as Antonio Negri, characterize the information society as

one in which people do immaterial labour. By this, they appear to refer (1)_____ the

production of knowledge or cultural artifacts. One problem with this model is that it

ignores the material and essentially industrial basis (2)_____ the society. However it

does point to a problem (3)_____ workers, namely how many creative people does

this society need to function? For example, it may be that you only need a few star

performers, rather than a plethora of non-celebrities, as the work (4)_____ those

performers can be easily distributed, forcing all secondary players to the bottom

(5)_____ the market. It is now common _____ publishers to promote only their best

selling authors and to try to avoid the rest—even if they still sell steadily. Films are

becoming more and more judged, (6)_____ terms of distribution, by their first

weekend's performance, (7)_____ many cases cutting out opportunity for word-of-

mouth development.


A mind map is a diagram (1) _____ to visually outline information. A mind

map is often created around a single word or text, placed in the center, to (2) ______

associated ideas, words and concepts are added. Major categories radiate from a

central node, and lesser categories are sub-branches of larger branches. Categories

can (3) ______ words, ideas, tasks, or other items related to a central key word or

idea.

Mindmaps can be drawn (4) _____ hand, either as "rough notes" during a

lecture or meeting, for example, or as higher quality pictures when more time is

available. Diagrams that visually map information using branching and radial maps

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trace back centuries. (5) _____ pictorial methods record knowledge and model

systems, and a long history in learning, brainstorming, memory, visual thinking, and

problem solving by educators, engineers, psychologists, and (6) ______.

The semantic network (7) _____ in the late 1950s as a theory (8) ______

human learning and developed further by Allan M. Collins and M. Ross Quillian

during the early 1960s.

The term "mind map" was first by British popular psychology author and

television personality Tony Buzan when BBC TV ran a series hosted by Buzan called

Use Your Head. In this show, and companion book series, Buzan (10) _____

promoted his conception of radial tree, diagramming key words in a colorful, radiant,

tree-like structure.

1 a) used b) using c) to used

2 a) which b) whom c) whose

3 a) represented b) represent c) to represent

4 a) with b) by c) at

5 a) It b) This c) These

6 a) the others b) others c) other

7 a) was developed b) is developed c) was develop

8 a) understand b) to understand c) understood

9 a) popularized b) popularizing c) popularize

10 a) enthusiastic b) enthusiastical c) enthusiastically


Продукти консолідації інформації

Необхідно розрізняти: фізичну консолідацію – реально зібрану в одному

місці інформацію і логічну консолідацію або федеративну – інформацію

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розподілену, але з точки зору користувача, знаходиться в єдиному сховищі, що

має загальний каталог і однаковий доступ до неї.

Продукти консолідації інформації, основні їх типи включають:

Огляди: критичні огляди, звіти про сучасний стан.

Звіти: оцінні, маркетингові та технічні звіти; сигнальні бюлетені або

листи.

Дані: компіляції і таблиці даних; статистичні зведення, кореляції і

композиції; критичні дані.

Бази даних: експертні бази даних; бази знань з предметів.

Технічні записи: путівники, довідники, аркуші інструкцій, пояснення

складного предмета, виконане у стилі і мові, адресованому рівню даної

аудиторії. Популярні статті на наукові або технічні теми.

Керівництва: компіляції істотних даних та інформації щодо предмету.

Критичні дослідження: порівняння різних практик чи політик зі

списками за і проти; вплив і майбутні дослідження.

Запити: оцінка досліджень і компіляцій на вимогу; брифінги

Звичайно, кожен з цих продуктів має власні вимоги, критерії і процедури.

Деякі з продуктів можуть бути підготовлені за допомогою аналітико-

синтетичної переробки інформації.

Спираючись на сучасні термінологічні словники, стандарти, посібники,

можна встановити, що під аналітико-синтетичною обробкою інформації

розуміють процеси переробки, збирання, введення, записування, перетворення,

зчитування, зберігання, знищення, реєстрація інформації, з метою вилучення

необхідних відомостей, їх оцінки, порівняння і узагальнення, а це, як правило,

анотування, реферування, вилучення фактів, підготовка оглядів, складання

бібліографічних описів, анотування, індексування.

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UNIT 5

USER BENEFITS

TEXT

The values of consolidated information is clear to information workers.

Unfortunately, the values and benefits are far from clear to many users or potential

users. Even the users with a high level of education and responsibility fail to see the

benefits of consolidated information for them and for the aims of their organizations.

This is another problem:

Often the values and benefits of consolidated information are not clear to the

target clientele i.e. to the users and potential users.

The users may not even think about benefits involved. Neither do the

information workers try often to enumerate the values and benefits, nor do they try

to communicate them to users. In many cases, user education efforts in producing

such information. Otherwise, even good products and services may lie fallow and

unused. Therefore, it may be of interest to provide a list of benefits which could be

derived from usage of consolidated information. These benefits, when adopted to

specific types of consolidated information and specific clientele may be used by

information consolidation units in promotion of their products/services and in

communication with and education of their clientele. Furthermore, the

products/services should be deliberately aimed toward potential achievement of these

benefits.

Characteristics of users and uses studied

The basic point of a user study is to gather information that is useful in design,

provision, and/or evaluation of specific information consolidation products or

services geared to specific users. To underscore: user studies are a necessity in all

phases of information consolidation activities, from design, to evaluation, to

marketing, to management. Thus the central question is: what useful information

about users or uses should be collected? In other words, what user and use variables

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should be studied? The choice of such variables for study is wide.

Depending on the objective, individual studies will concentrate on a limited

number of specific variables. Provided here is a list of general variables possible to

examine in user studies, based on a model of what affects human information

processing and the diffusion (transfer, use) of information among individuals:

1. Individual characteristics: the factors or variables in the receivers or users of

information that effect (a) their perception of the problem faced and their definition

of needed information and (b) the specific ways they are most likely to use

information and their capacity to use a given type of information.

2. Stages in the information diffusion or transfer process: relates to the amount

of knowledge an individual (or group) has about a specific idea or innovation.

Information needs at various stages are different and thus information products and

services have to be adjusted for each stage.

3. Environmental or social characteristics: the factors or variables in the social

system, (the norms, situation, reference groups, etc.) that have an important effect on

(a) individual behavior and (b) communication in general.

4. Communication characteristics: the elements related to use and diffusion of

information, particularly including: (a) information sources, (b) information

structures, (c) information forms, (d) communication channels, and (e) information

systems. These are correlated with other variables.

Here are some of the individual characteristics that have been studied in

various user studies:

* Demographic data: age, sex, national origin, etc.

* Social status data: income and other economic aspects; status in a group:

values: cultural traits: opinion leadership and gate-keeping position:

cosmopolitanism (orientation outside or inside social group); etc.

* Psychological data: behavioral traits and patterns; personality; intelligence;

mental ability and conceptual skills; decision making patterns: security-anxiety, etc.

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* Educational data: level and subject of education; knowledge or skills in given

topics; language and terminology proficiency in given subjects; literacy; numeracy;

etc.

* General work data: place, type and subject of work; position; responsibilities

and authorities; work times, habits, requirements; etc.

In the diffusion or transfer of information the following stages can be

described:

1. Awareness (or first exposure): a person (or group) is only becoming aware

of the existence of information on a given subject. (This suggests provision of very

basic information.)

2. Interest/knowledge: a person (or group), has shown interest in furthering

his/her knowledge on the subject; active participation in gathering of information.

(Suggests provision of more detailed information.)

3. Attitude formation: a person evaluates mentally provided information,

develops attitudes, feelings. (Suggests provision of critical evaluations.)

4. Trial/decision: a person is putting the information to test and work, i.e. a

person is beginning to act upon gathered information. (Suggests provision of specific

operational information, demonstrations.)

5. Adoption/confirmation: based on experience a person is making or

reinforcing decisions about use and value of information and further

implementations. (Suggests provision of evaluative data and information on various

choices.)

Social or environmental factors characterize the society and environment of the

group as a whole rather than the individual. However, these factors have been found

to have a great effect on how individuals act upon information. Here are some of the

classes of factors for which data was collected in user studies:

* Unit characteristics: data on places of work or habitat (farm, agency, industry,

school); organizational patterns, authority-responsibility channels; products, services;

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requirements; etc.

* Social and cultural norms: cultural traits; social values: priorities: traditional-

modern dimension; attitudes toward innovation; cross-cultural interactions and

problems; etc.

* Political aspects: political base and subdivision: development plans, attitudes,

priorities; legal aspects: desired directions, etc.

* Economic aspects: constraints; incentives; incomes; productivity;

projections; micro and macroeconomics of areas of interest; etc.

* Population data: demographic, educational, occupational, and other

characteristics of the population: population trends.

* International aspects: comparative data about any of the above from other

countries and regions or global interactions.

ACTIVE VOCABULARY

target clientele – цільові користувачі

to enumerate – перераховувати

fallow – необроблений

derive from – походити від, виникати

furthermore – більше того

provision – надання

to underscore – підкреслити, робити акцент

variables – змінні показники

diffusion – розповсюдження

transfer – передача

perception – сприйняття

to relate to – відноситися до

to adjust – встановлювати

reference group – контрольна група

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to correlate with –співвідноситися із

income – дохід

gate-keeping – кураторство

intelligence – розумові здібності

skills – навички

literacy – грамотність

numeracy – здатність математичного мислення

awareness – усвідомлення

furthering – сприяння, стимулювання

attitude – ставлення

trial – випробування

confirmation – підтвердження

interaction – взаємодія

constraints – обмеження

incentives – засоби заохочення

EXERCISES


Менеджмент знань

1. «Менеджмент знань»

тлумачиться як створення таких умов в

організації, за яких накопичені знання

та досвід ефективно використовуються

для виконання важливих для неї

завдань.

2. Знання – найбільш динамічний

і мінливий ресурс організації, отже,

a) Knowledge is inseparable from the

people. The creation of an electronic

knowledge base will facilitate the sharing

of knowledge, but it does not replace the

resources contained in people's heads.

Therefore, implementing the enterprise

system of knowledge management we

should not exaggerate the importance of

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управління ними повинно бути

безперервним, гнучким, адаптивним,

тобто суб‘єкт управління повинен

володіти достатнім вмінням,

інформацією про зміни в системі та

повноваженнями, щоб вчасно

відреагувати на відповідні зміни і

прийняти рішення щодо них;

3. Знання невіддільні від людей.

Створення електронної бази знань

полегшить обмін знаннями, але аж

ніяк не замінить тих ресурсів, що

містяться в головах людей. Тому,

впроваджуючи на підприємстві

систему управління знаннями, не слід

перебільшувати значення

інформаційних технологій в її

функціонуванні;

4. Людей не можна змусити

ділитись думками, але можна створити

умови, за яких вони самі захочуть це

зробить. Тому, плануючи

впровадження системи управління

знаннями, не слід забувати про

важливу роль мотивування персоналу;

5. Метою створення бази знань є

не нагромадження великої кількості

information technology in its functioning;

b) Knowledge is the most dynamic

and volatile resource of an organization,

so its management should be continuous,

flexible, adaptive, that is the subject of

management must have sufficient skills,

information about changes in the system

and the power to promptly respond to

relevant changes and make decisions on

them.

c) The purpose of the knowledge

base development is not the accumulation

of a large amount of information which is

not used, but rather the formation and

structuring of these messages (reports)

system that would be understandable,

user-friendly and easily accessible to the

recipient (any employee if necessary), and

what is more important useful and able to

facilitate achieving the daily production

targets.

d) "Knowledge Management" is

interpreted as creating an environment in

the organization in which the accumulated

knowledge and experience are efficiently

used to perform important tasks.

e) People cannot be forced to share

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інформації, що не використовується, а

навпаки, формування і структурування

системи таких повідомлень (звітів), які

були б зрозумілі, зручні та

легкодоступні для адресата (будь-якого

працівника організації за

необхідності), а головне, корисні й

здатні полегшити виконання щоденних

виробничих завдань.

their opinions, but you can create the

conditions under which they will be

willing to do so. Therefore, when planning

the implementation of knowledge

management system, we should not forget

the important role of the staff motivation.


Needs, most accurate, ways, reliability, audience, databases, detailed, indicated,

decades, widely.

Information scientists and librarians have been studying users' information

finding habits for 1)________. Until recently, these studies usually pertained to

traditional information systems, such as how to ask a library patron the right

questions to learn their information 2) _________, or how to make it easier to search

for information in online library card catalogs or other 3) _________.

Many studies 4) _________ that users of information systems aren't members

of a single-minded monolithic 5) ________ who want the same kinds of information

delivered in the same 6) _________. Some want just a little information, while others

want 7) ________ assessments of everything there is to know about a topic. Some

want only the 8) ________, highest quality information, while others don't care much

about the 9) _________ of the source. Some will wait for the results, while others

need the information yesterday. Some are just plain happy to get any information at

all, regardless of how much relevant stuff they're really missing. Users' needs and

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expectations vary 10) _________, and so the information systems that serve them

must recognize, distinguish, and accommodate these different needs.


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(1) _______ the widespread adoption of social media sites like Twitter and

Facebook, there has been a shift in the way information is produced and consumed.

Earlier, the only producers (2) ________ information were traditional news

organizations, which broadcast the same carefully-edited information (3) ________

all consumers over mass media channels. Whereas, now, (4) _______ online social

media, any user can be a producer of information, and every user selects which other

users she connects to, thereby choosing the information she consumes. Moreover, the

personalized recommendations that most social media sites provide also contribute

towards the information consumed (5) _______ individual users. In this work, we

define a concept of information diet – which is the topical distribution of a given set

of information items (e.g., tweets) – to characterize the information produced and

consumed (6) _______ various types of users in the popular Twitter social media. (7)

_______ a high level, we find that (i) popular users mostly produce very specialized

diets focusing on only a few topics; in fact, news organizations (e.g., NYTimes)

produce much more focused diets (8) ________ social media as compared (9)

_______ their mass media diets, (ii) most users‘ consumption diets are primarily

focused towards one or two topics of their interest, and (iii) the personalized

recommendations provided by Twitter help to mitigate some of the topical

imbalances in the users‘ consumption diets, (10) ________ adding information on

diverse topics apart from the users‘ primary topics of interest.


The growth of technologically (1)_______ information has been quantified in

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different ways, including (2) _____ technological capacity to store information, to

communicate information, and to compute information. It is estimated that the

world's technological capacity to store information (3) _____ from 2.6 (optimally

compressed) exabytes in 1986, which is the informational equivalent to (4) _____

than one 730-MB CD-ROM per person in 1986 (539 MB per person), to 295

(optimally compressed) exabytes in 2007. This is the informational equivalent of 60

CD-ROM (5) _____ person in 2007 and represents a sustained annual growth rate of

some 25%. The world‘s combined technological capacity to receive information (6)

______ one-way broadcast networks was the informational equivalent of 174

newspapers per person per day in 2007.

The (7) ______ combined (8) ______ capacity to exchange information

through two-way telecommunication networks was 281 petabytes of (optimally

compressed) information in 1986, 471 petabytes in 1993, 2.2 (optimally compressed)

exabytes in 2000, and 65 (optimally compressed) exabytes in 2007, which is the

informational equivalent of 6 newspapers per person per day in 2007. The world's

technological capacity to compute information (9) _____ humanly guided general-

purpose computers grew from 3.0 * 10^8 MIPS in 1986, to 6.4 x 10^12 MIPS in

2007, experiencing the fastest growth rate of over 60% per year (10) _____ the last

two decades.

1 a) mediating b) mediate c) mediated

2 a) society's b) societys' c) societie's

3 a) grew b) grewed c) grow

4 a) least b) less c) lest

5 a) at b) on c) per

6 a) through b) by c) as

7 a) world's b) worlds' c) worlds's

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8 a) effectively b) effective c) effectiveness

9 a) with b) on c) at

10 a) during b) at c) on


Сучасні підприємства змушені збирати й зберігати значні обсяги

інформації - відомості про клієнтів та оперативні дані, що надходять в

організацію з різних джерел, тощо. Обсяги і швидкість цих інформаційних

потоків постійно збільшуються, тому підприємства все частіше звертаються до

бізнес-аналізу як засобу, який дає змогу отримувати корисні для підприємства

відомості з величезної кількості інформації, що зберігається в корпоративних

базах даних.

Уперше термін Business Intelligence (ВІ) введено в обіг Г. Дреснером

(тодішнім співробітником аналітичної компанії Gartner) у 1989 р. для

визначення процесу, який включає доступ і дослідження інформації, її аналіз з

метою оптимізації прийняття рішень.

ВІ - це інструментарій для аналізу даних, побудови звітів і запитів, які

можуть допомогти користувачам обробити потужні масиви даних для того, щоб

синтезувати з них значущу інформацію.

Сьогодні немає однозначного трактування терміна ВІ. Частина визначень

трактує ВІ як процес, інша - як результат процесу здобуття знань, тобто знань

для прийняття рішень, ще деякі - як бізнес-аналітику.

UNIT 6

METHODOLOGIES FOR USER STUDIES

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TEXT

After it has been decided why to study users (objectives) and what to study

(variables) comes logically the decision on how to do the study (methods). Thus, the

selection of methods depends on previous decisions, on objectives of the study and

on variables to be studied. Three aspects are involved in selection of methods:

1. Selection of a sample of user population.

2. Determination of procedures for collection of data from or about the

sample.

3. Determination of procedures for analysis of collected data to derive or

summarize results.

Each one of these has to be determined in great detail before one plunges into

designing questionnaires or the collection of data. One of the most often committed

mistakes (and a sure prescription for disaster) in user studies is to collect data

without any idea of how they will be analyzed. e.g.

"Here we have a number of filled out questionnaires (surveys, interviews).

Now, what should we do with them?" At that point a statistician may be contacted but

it is much too late. It is advisable to consult a statistician to help in the selection of

methods. However, a user study should not be completely turned over to a statistician

without experience in communication and/or users to be studied, because

meaningless statistics will follow.

As to the sampling, there are a number of methods available, among the most

common being

1.Convenience sampling: picking the first 25-50 etc. users that come along as

subject of study.

2. Random sampling: picking the users for study from a population at random.

3. Stratified sampling: subdividing the population into subgroups and then

picking users for study at random from each subgroup.

4. Representative sampling: determining beforehand individuals, pairs of

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individuals, or small groups with some characteristics in common as subject of study.

There are also a number of methods available for collection of data and a great

number of textbooks describe those. The most often used are:

1.Surveying: questioning users and obtaining answers directly from users

about their behavior, attributes, values, conditions and/or preferences. This is by far

the most often used method in user studies, but also the most obtrusive and thus

potentially the most biased or limited of methods.

2. Observation: making direct observations on the communication behavior of

users in given situations, practices, time periods, etc.

3. Records analysis: obtaining written records or other artifacts of previous

communications (such as papers, correspondence, statistics) and deriving

observations about users from the records.

4. Experimentation: introducing an element of communication to a carefully

defined group of users and observing the results or consequences; possibly also

comparing the group with another where the element was not introduced.

For the formal analysis the most often used methods are:

1. Statistical analysis: application of standard statistical techniques to

summarize, compare and test for significance data which is expressed numerically.

2. Semantic analysis: application of semantic techniques to summarize and

compare data which is expressed verbally.

3. Psycho-sociological analysis: application of psychological, sociological, or

anthropological techniques to classify or describe data which is expressed

conceptually, logically, or representatively.

4. Economic analysis: application of macro or micro-economic techniques to

derive conclusions in economic terms on data expressed in either or all of the above

ways.

Each of these formal analysis methods do require knowledge of the respective

fields, although elementary statistical and semantic analysis can be accomplished

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rather easily with a rudimentary knowledge of statistics and of semantic

differentials. Standard statistical packages are widely available which will

accomplish calculations of sums, means, medians, variances, standard deviations,

percentages, chi-squares, regressions, or cross-tabulations of data. Standard

semantic analysis techniques are not available, however, appropriate techniques can

be adapted relatively easily from the myriad of previous user studies.

Finally, to stress again some of the more commonly found mistakes or pitfalls

in user studies:

* jumping into a study (e.g. administering a questionnaire) without clearly

elaborated objectives and methods of analysis,

* selection of variables (e.g. questions) which are extraneous to a study and

omission of variables which are crucial,

* poor design of study instruments (e.g. questionnaires),

* specification of inadequate, biased or wrong samples,

* sloppy data collection procedures,

* applying statistical analysis methods that are not appropriate for the type of

data collected', and

* reading into results what one wants to see.

ACTIVE VOCABULARY

determination – визначення

to plunge into – поринути

questionnaire – анкета

to commit mistake – зробити помилку

prescription – інструкція, вказівка

meaningless – недоцільний

sampling – відбір зразків

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convenience – зручність

random – випадковість

stratified – розділений на шари

surveying – огляд

preferences – вподобання

biased – упереджений

observation – спостереження

records analysis – аналіз даних

consequences – наслідки

application – застосування

techniques – розумові здібності

techniques – методи

rudimentary knowledge – елементарні знання

to accomplish – здійснювати

chi-square – хі-квадрат

cross-tabulations – складання крос-таблиць

appropriate – належний

to adapt – пристосовувати

myriad – велика кількість

pitfall – типова помилка

to elaborate – розробляти

extraneous – не пов'язаний

omission – пропуск

sloppy – неакуратний

EXERCISES


Takes, skills, obtrusive, being, viewed, either, in context, alter, useful,

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investigator.

Observational methods involve an 1) _______ viewing users as they work in a

field study, and taking notes on the activity that 2) ______ place. Observation may be

3) ______ direct, where the investigator is actually present during the task, or

indirect, where the task is 4) ______by some other means such as through use of a

video recorder. The method is 5) ______ early in user requirements specification for

obtaining qualitative data. It is also useful for studying currently executed tasks and

processes.

Allows the observer to view what users actually do 6) _____. Direct

observation allows the investigator to focus attention on specific areas of interest.

Indirect observation captures activity that would otherwise have gone unrecorded or

unnoticed.

It should be noted that observation can be 7) _____ and subjects may 8)

______ their behaviour due to the presence of an observer. Co-operation of users is

vital, so the interpersonal 9) ______of the observer are important. Notes and

videotapes need to be analysed by the note-taker, which can be time consuming and

prevents the task 10) ______ split up for analysis by a number of people.


Ukrainian

Brainstorming is one (1) ____ the oldest known methods for generating group

creativity. A group of people come together and focus (2) ____ a problem or

proposal. There are two phases (3) ____ the activity. The first phase generates ideas,

the second phase evaluates them. An experienced facilitator is useful.

Although some studies have shown that individuals working alone can generate

more and better ideas than when working as a group, the brainstorming activity

enables everyone (4) _____ the group to gain a better understanding (5) _____ the

problem space, and has the added benefit of creating a feeling (6) ____ common

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ownership of results.

Brainstorming is done (7) _____ a group of people, which may be as small as

two, but usually no larger than 12. One of the group should be nominated as

facilitator. It is useful if the facilitator has had previous experience (8) ____

brainstorming. The group should be assembled, and the facilitator should explain (9)

_____ the group: firstly the problem or idea to be explored; and secondly, the

sequence (10) _____ events that will take place during the method.


Contextual interviews tend to be (1) ____ like observations rather than real

Q&As. You can certainly ask questions along the way, but there are usually no (2)

_____ scenarios or tasks to complete and all you have to do is take notes or record

what the user thinks and does.

During contextual interviews you will gather (3) _____ qualitative data which

can be especially (4) ______ when combined with other UX research methods, like

usability testing or online surveys. They can also be used when you need to

understand specific problems that users (5) _____when using the product.

For instance, if you have a mobile app analytics service and users have trouble

setting up the tracking of custom events, you might decide (6) _____ them using the

service on their own computers (7) _____ their own internet connection to better

understand the core of this issue.

While it might seem that contextual interviews are (8) _____ one-on-one

interviews because you get to talk to individual users, but the actual research

activities for these two methods are (9) ______ different. During a one-on-one

interview, the researcher usually has a semi-formal conversation with the user

without (10) ______her perform product-related tasks. So it is more like a real

interview which helps you dive deeper into the attitudes, beliefs, desires, and

experiences of the user so that you can better understand how to satisfy their needs.

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1 a) more b) most c) the most

2 a) predefine b) predefined c) predefining

3 a) lots of b) a lots of c) lots

4 a) use b) usefully c) useful

5 a) encountering b) encounters c) encounter

6 a) to see b) see c) seeing

7 a) with b) on c) at

8 a) same as b) the same as c) the same

9 a) completely b) complete c) completeness

10 a) has b) having c) have


У залежності від джерела відомостей про інформаційні потреби методи

вивчення поділяють на прямі і непрямі.

Під прямими розуміють методи взаємодії (у тому числі опосередковані) із

фахівцями - користувачами інформації. До цих методів відносять: анкетування;

інтерв'ювання; використання рубрикаторів; використання карт зворотного

зв'язку; використання уніфікованих бланків-запитів або технічних завдань на

інформаційне обслуговування.

Анкетування - (метод анкетного опитуванння фахівців) - метод

експертних оцінок, що полягає в розробці спеціальної анкети, збиранні даних,

їхньому аналізі й обробці з метою виявлення необхідних показників

інформаційних потреб. Він дає можливість одночасно вивчати інформаційні

потреби багатьох фахівців, автоматизувати обробку даних. Точність методу

залежить від досконалості методології проведення опитування, якості

формалізованої анкети і попередньої роботи з користувачами інформації.

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Метод інтерв'ювання передбачає попередню розробку програми

можливих цільових запитань, отримання відповідей на них у процесі зустрічей

із фахівцями й аналіз даних. Цей метод потребує високої точності при

формулюванні запитань, значного часу на опитування й обробку даних.

Метод рубрикаторів передбачає існуючі і можливі напрямки

інформаційного забезпечення. Фахівець відзначає, а при необхідності доповнює

рубрикатори новими темами.

Позитивні результати забезпечують уточнення інформаційних потреб під

час їхнього практичного задоволення. З цією метою матеріали, що

направляються користувачу, супроводжуються картками зворотного зв'язку, що

містять шкалу оцінок інформації.

Непрямі (документальні) методи базуються на аналізі документальних

джерел інформації.

Серед непрямих методів на першому місці стоїть метод вивчення

планово-директивних документів, у яких із неоднаковою мірою деталізації

відображається зміст і терміни виконуваних робіт, а також визначені їхні

учасники.

UNIT 7

SELECTION AND EVALUATION OF INFORMATION

TEXT

The processes and problems of consolidation do not start with how to

consolidate but with what to consolidate. Selection which incorporates evaluation is a

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basic, essential and inseparable part of consolidation of information.

Selection is always present in any and all information systems and particularly

in information consolidation units...be it recognized as such or not, be it done

consciously or subconsciously, formally or informally, with or without articulate

criteria. Unfortunately, one of the often found weaknesses in many information

systems is inadequate attention paid to criteria and methods for selection,

particularly in comparison to the great attention paid to later processes in connection

with materials that have been selected. The essential operational cooperation between

subject specialists and information specialists starts with selection.

Selection is a crucial process in that it eventually determines the content of

information consolidation services and products. Selection is a judgment and it

clearly involves evaluation. Specifically, selection is the application of the selection

policy on the one hand and evaluation criteria on the other with the help of

selection and evaluation aids. Economic and other constraints enter as well. The

problems in selection and evaluation can be subdivided into these three areas:

A. Selectors: Who selects? Who is the person or people who make the

ultimate judgments? This is one of the perennial problems of all information systems

particularly including information consolidation units, fraught with many problems

and implications. Involved is the necessity to balance (i) subject expertise, (ii) user

sensitivity, (iii) information expertise, (iv) economic considerations, and (v) other

indirect (but powerful) aspects, such as political considerations. In different systems

selectors can be found to be:

* information specialists, librarians with necessary subject knowledge

* experts in given subjects

* committees involving either one or both

* committees involving users.

Information specialists and librarians who have familiarity with the subject can

be and often are among the best selectors because they often combine a knowledge or

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sensitivity of all of the five aspects enumerated above. However, the more the subject

becomes specialized the more there is a need to use subject experts as selectors. Quite

often selection committees turn out to be a proper answer to the problems of

balancing all of the five needed aspects: however, one has to realize that traditionally

committees are not the most effective way to get a thing done. Advice from users can

be sought or users can be incorporated as selectors to balance the user viewpoint.

Leaving selection to information specialists without subject background has obvious

drawbacks. Leaving selection to experts and users alone can also have drawbacks:

this is not their vocation and they perform accordingly: their view may be narrow or

even subject-biased, thus the need for cooperation.

B. Procedures for judging intrinsic values: involved is judgment of the

quality, validity, and reliability of materials selected. How can this be done? There is,

of course, the method of making the judgment directly on the basis of stated or

unstated evaluation criteria. However, there are also methods, a bit more objective,

which may aid in such a judgment. These include examination of:

* Reviews and state-of-the-art of a topic: those reviews done by recognized

experts in the field, include synthesis, evaluative judgments and citations of usually

highly selected literature on a given topic or subject; all of these can be used for

selection. Parts of them can be used even for incorporation as information

consolidation products.

* Refereeing and peer review: the method involves consensus among peers

(experts) in the given area; a refereeing system has been present in some version or

other from the early days to the present, thus it has an international tradition and well

defined ways and means. This method particularly is suitable for selection of

scientific materials.

* Citation indexes: involves an analysis of the number of citations received by

an item, an author, an institution, a journal, etc. With availability of large citation

indexes such analyses are relatively easy to perform. Various other results can be

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obtained, such as co-citation patterns or bibliographic couplings. Citation analyses

are more suitable for scientific materials, both basic and applied, however, due

caution should be used because after all they provide quantitative data to be used only

as a support for qualitative decisions. In many instances, data provided in given

sources needs to be examined. There are procedures (more costly and cumbersome)

which may be involved, such as:

* Comparison: data on the same aspect from different sources is compared for

similarities and differences and selection made accordingly.

* Testing: data is tested in a variety of ways or samples are recollected to check

its reliability.

C. Procedures for judging demand and user appropriateness: these involve

judging the utility of the materials which pass the selection on their own intrinsic

value. Results of user studies are matched against the materials.

Besides the direct judgment by a selector (or selection committee) some other

procedures may include:

* relevance feedback: examination of materials previously judged relevant by

users and subsequent selection of similar items;

* use analysis: examination of materials previously cited, circulated, read,

requested, etc.;

* demand analysis: findings about items in demand;

* user tests: talking to users: testing samples of materials and candidates for

selection;

* consultation: seeking experiences from systems and situations similar to the

present.

Quite often, both of the procedures for judging intrinsic merit and user

appropriateness are merged into one. Even if they were not, ultimately they have to

be merged. Because this is what selection is all about.

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ACTIVE VOCABULARY

consciously – свідомо

articulate – чіткий, зрозумілий

inadequate attention – неналежна увага

crucial – вирішальний, важливий

application – застосування

on the one hand – з одного боку

on the other hand – з іншого боку

constraints – обмеження

ultimate – остаточний

fraught – переповнений

sensitivity – чутливість, точність сприйняття

viewpoint – точка зору

background – кваліфікація, досвід

drawbacks – недоліки

to be subject-biased – мати необ'єктивні знання з предмета

referee – давати відгук

peer review – огляд роботи колегами, дружня оцінка

couplings – об'єднання

cumbersome – громіздкий, проблематичний

relevance feedback – релевантний зворотній зв'язок

demand – попит

intrinsic merit – внутрішня цінність

appropriateness – доцільність, відповідність

EXERCISES

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Criteria, most, general, relevant, been evaluated, to remember, information

sources, comprising, matches, evaluating

Why Evaluate?

Once you have found information that 1) _____ the topic and requirements of

your research, you should analyze or evaluate these2) ______. Evaluating

information encourages you to think critically about the reliability, validity, accuracy,

authority, timeliness, point of view or bias of information sources.

Just because a book, article, or website matches your search 3) _____ and thus

seems, at face value, to be relevant to your research, does not mean that it is

necessarily a reliable source of information.

It is important 4) ______ that sources of information 5) ______ the Library's

print and electronic collections have already 6) _____ for inclusion among the

Library's resources. However, this does not necessarily mean that these sources are 7)

______ to your research

This does not necessarily apply to sources of information on the Web for the 8)

_____ public. Many of us with Internet/Web accounts are potential publishers of

websites; 9) _____ of this content is published without editorial review. Think about

it. Many resources are available to help with 10) _____ web pages.


Ukrainian

Selection (1) _____ information resources is one of most essential steps during

the process of an information seeking task. The rapid growth of Web information

technology has expanded the range of information sources available (2) _____ end

users. (3) _____ particular, online information sources, such as search engines, Web

pages and digital libraries, have increased. Recently, many researchers have

addressed the substantial change (4) _____ information selection, namely, the

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preference (5) _____ online electronic sources (6) _____ printed resources. Online

sources are being utilised more often than traditional printed sources for academic

tasks. A variety of factors influence the selection of information sources. These

include the characteristics (7) _____ the sources, search purposes, user preferences,

user knowledge, information literacy and others. Research on these factors is

important (8) _____ understanding the breadth and depth of (9) _____ information

source selection in various search situations and to help users choose adequate

resources (10) _____ line with their search objectives.


Knowledge management (KM) (1) _______ a range of strategies and practices

used in an organization to identify, create, represent, distribute, and enable adoption

of insights and experiences.

An (2) _____ discipline since 1991, KM includes courses taught in the fields of

business administration, information systems, management, and library and

information sciences. More recently, other fields (3) _____ contributing to KM

research; these include information and media, computer science, public health, and

public policy.

Many large companies and non-profit organizations have resources dedicated

(4) ______ internal KM efforts, often as a part of their business strategy, information

technology, or human resource management departments. Several consulting

companies also exist that provide strategy and advice regarding KM to these

organizations.

Knowledge management efforts typically (5) ______ on organizational (6)

_____ such as improved performance, competitive advantage, innovation, the sharing

of lessons (7) ______, integration and continuous improvement of the organization.

KM software in (8) ______ cases provides a (9) ______ for individuals, small

groups or mid-sized businesses to innovate, build new knowledge in the group,

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and/or improve customer experience. KM Software (10) _______ from small

software packages for an individual to use, such as brainstorming software, to highly

specialised enterprise software suitable for use by hundreds of employees.

1 a) comprises b) comprising c) comprise

2 a) establishing b) established c) establish

3 a) have started b) has started c) had started

4 a) at b) on c) to

5 a) focuses b) focus c) focusing

6 a) objectivities b) objectives c) objects

7 a) learn b) learning c) learned

8 a) most b) the most c) more

9 a) meanings b) mean c) means

10 a) ranging b) ranges c) range


Інформація (від латинського informatio – роз'яснення), з самого початку

означала відомості, передані людьми усним, письмовим або іншим способом (за

допомогою умовних сигналів, технічних засобів, і т.д.), а десь із середини 20

століття стала загальнонауковим поняттям, що поєднує в собі обмін

відомостями між людьми, людиною й автоматом, автоматом і автоматом.

Найбільш вираженою властивістю для інформації є здатність вносити

зміни.

Практична цінність інформації залежить від того, яку роль вона відіграє у

прийнятті рішення, а також від уміння її використати

На будь-якому підприємстві, в організації, галузі, та й у світовій економіці в

цілому, можна виділити три основні компоненти: бізнес (він реалізується за

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допомогою певних комерційних операцій, організованих структур та стратегій);

предметні технології (з їхньою допомогою виробляється різна продукція) та

інформація, яка все це зв‘язує в єдине ціле.

В науці про управління, на жаль, поки що не існує однозначного розуміння

такого поняття як інформаційний менеджмент (ІМ).

Тому що різні види менеджменту тісно пов‘язані між собою (наприклад,

документний та інформаційний), а також тому, що, як правило, менеджмент

трактується як синонім ‘управління‘ і не завжди враховуються його специфічні

особливості.

Крім того, мода на використання іноземних термінів заважає коректному

розумінню поняття ‘інформаційний менеджмент‘.

UNIT 8

INFORMATION ANALYSIS

AND CONSOLIDATION (IAC) CENTRES

TEXT

Information analysis and consolidation activities are not of recent origin. Its

history can be traced back to the 19th century and according to Kertesz (1983) these

―are embedded in the tradition of 19th century scientists such as Beilstein and

Gmelin, who accepted the challenge to bring some kind of order in the ever

increasing flood of data, to make experimental findings conveniently available to

other scientists‖ by means of handbooks and data compilations. According to

Kertesz, Beilstein and Gmelin were one-man analysis centres in the truest meaning of

the concept and their data compilations are precursors of data books and handbooks

of 20th century.

However, the term ‗Information Analysis and Consolidation‘ is of recent origin.

General Information Programme (PGI) of UNESCO, while seeking solutions to the

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Information Institutions barriers to the use of information in developing countries,

suggested ‗information consolidation‘ as possible solution.

PGI, UNESCO sponsored three meetings in the years 1975, 1978 and 1983

respectively on the above topic. In its second meeting, ‗UNESCO Symposium on

Information Analysis and Consolidation (1978)‘ the definitions and distinctions,

particularly of the terms ‗Analysis‘ and ‗Information Consolidation Unit‘ in relation

to their particular function, were discussed at great length. It was observed that

‗Analysis‘ comprised a wide range of functions, such as abstracting, indexing,

translation, reviewing, consolidation, etc.

However, a number of analysis centres do not always perform the

consolidation function. It was also pointed out that ‗information consolidation

activities‘ can be performed within institutions or systems other than information

analysis centres, even by individuals or groups of individuals. It was therefore

decided that the term ‗information consolidation activities‘ should be used.

Individuals or groups of individuals performing information consolidation

activities would each constitute an ‗INFORMATION CONSOLIDATION UNIT

(ICU)‘. It was pointed out that the most important consolidation function was

evaluation, i.e. the retaining of reliable information only. Therefore, the resultant

products of information consolidation activities are reliable and concise carrying

usually an added value.

While origin of Information Analysis Centres (IACs) was due to untiring

efforts of a few dedicated and devoted specialists, the present day Information

Consolidation Units (ICUs) have been due to the interest and efforts of numerous

sponsoring agencies belonging to both the private and public sectors. It is observed

that most of these ICUs are located in the parent institutions and their activities are in

conformity with the objectives of the parent institutions, though they may be

sponsored or supported by other organizations.

Activities, Products and Services of IAC Centres or ICUs

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Products and services of Information Analysis Centres (IACs) or Information

Consolidation Units (ICUs) vary with the needs of target group to be served, but the

basic objectives and processes involved in information analysis and consolidation

enumerated above, remain the same. IACs are committed to provide users timely,

authoritative, evaluated, information in most convenient and usable form. The staff of

such centres has a high level of expertise, as they are actively involved in work in

their subject field and also in information processing.

Another distinguishing characteristic in the mode of operation of IACs is the

use of specialists as consultants. The centres are in constant interaction with the

specialists and keep track of research and development activities in the respective

subject field.

ACTIVE VOCABULARY

to trace back – брати початок

to be embedded – бути закладеним

handbook – довідник

data compilations – збір даних, компіляція даних

precursors – попередники

to comprise – включати

within – в межах

to retain – утримувати

concise – точний

untiring efforts – невтомні зусилля

in conformity with – у відповідності з

to vary – змінюватися

to be committed – нести відповідальність

timely – своєчасно

distinguishing – відмінний

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EXERCISES


Categorised, the least, reports, as well as, specialists, contain, actively, subject

concerned, subject, relevant.

Based on the information needs of the user and the type of IAC product, (1)

______ information sources are selected. Information sources can be (2) ______ into:

i) Documentary sources, ii) Institutional sources, and iii) Human sources.

Documentary sources are primary, secondary and tertiary sources. While

primary and secondary sources (3) ______ information on a subject, tertiary sources

are used as an aid for selection of primary, secondary, institutional (4) ______ human

sources. Among documentary sources, advanced treatises from reputed

institutions/publishers, primary peer reviewed periodicals, ad-hoc bibliographies,

indexing and abstracting periodicals on the (5) _____, annual reviews or advances in

particular subject series from reputed publishers should be selected for consolidation

purposes.

Publications (like research (6) ______, conference proceedings, etc.) of the

institutions (7) ______ engaged in research in that subject area should also be

considered among the selection of sources. Last but not (8) ______ human resources,

i.e. specialists in the subject concerned should be identified for consultation purposes.

Such (9) ______, when consulted may provide information on the subject concerned

which is not readily available from any other source. Persons involved in selection

process are information specialists/librarians, experts in given (10) _____ area, or

committees involving either one or both.


Ukrainian

Policies which act as guide for management to take decisions should be

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formulated. Polices formulated may be used to direct, or improve, (1) ____ long term

basis, the operations, programme (2) _____ services, and resources. Policies should

be so formulated that they are generally applicable and flexible (3) _____ meeting a

number (4) _____ contingencies, and (5) ______ the same time they must clearly

indicate the intention (6) _____ IAC centre (7) _____regard (8) ______ specific areas

of concern. Policies formulated should cover four areas viz. Collection (9) _____

materials, IAC products and clientele to be served, staff resources and overall

management consideration like administrative and working relationship (10) _____

the parent institution and cooperative relationship with other information services.


Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) : The Council supports study

and research in agricultural (1) _____ including agriculture, horticulture, animal

sciences, agricultural engineering, fisheries and home sciences. The council (2)

_____ agricultural R&D programmes and develops linkages (3) ______ national and

international level (4) _____ related organisations to enhance the quality of (5) _____

of the farmers. ICAR has established (6) _____ research centres to meet the

agricultural research and education needs of the country. It has 7) ______ 38 state

agricultural universities (SAUs) spanning the entire country for 8) ______, research

and extension activities. The Technology Intervention Programme of ICAR is 9)

_____ part of ICAR‘s agenda which establishes Krishi Vigyan Kendras (KVKs) 10)

______ training, research and demonstration of improved technologies to farmers.

1 a) sciences b) scientists c) scientific

2 a) coordinating b) coordinates c) coordinate

3 a) in b) on c) at

4 a) with b) on c) to

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5 a) lifes b) live c) life

6 a) various b) vary c) variable

7 a) set on b) set in c) set up

8 a) taught b) teaching c) teach

9 a) integral b) integration c) integrating

10 a) for b) at c) in


Українські неурядові аналітичні центри складають відносно нечисленну

групу неурядових організацій (приблизно 1% від загальної кількості

зареєстрованих в Україні громадських організацій), більшість з яких мають

невеликий (до 10 чоловік) штат. Діяльність центру зосереджена на

дослідженнях у 3-4 сферах. Аналітична продукція адресована, головним чином,

підготовленій аудиторії, а публічна діяльність має на меті вплив на громадську

думку. Представники центру, як правило, входять у якийсь дорадчий орган при

державній структур.

Діяльність українських мозкових центрів у сфері зовнішньої політики

можна умовно розбити на п‘ять головних напрямів. Перший – здійснення

незалежних аналітичних досліджень. Результати проведеного аналізу, як

правило, розміщуються у власному друкованому виданні та на веб-сайті

організації в мережі Інтернет.

Другий напрям – проведення соціологічних опитувань громадської думки

населення України та експертних опитувань. Отримані результати – індикатор

стану та перспектив європейської політики України, отже, потенційне джерело

для вироблення ефективної політики державними органами на європейському

напрямі.

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Третій напрям – організація публічних акцій (круглих столів,

конференцій, семінарів, брифінгів, зустрічей).

Четвертий напрям – співпраця з представниками ЗМІ. Саме цей напрям

діяльності аналітичних центрів дозволяє недержавним організаціям доносити

думку громадськості до влади. Науково-публіцистичні та періодичні видання

регулярно публікують статті незалежних експертів з проблем євро інтеграції

України.

П‘ятий напрям – співпраця з органами держаної влади.

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Список використаних джерел

1. http://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/competitive-intelligence-CI

2. http://eenu.edu.ua/uk/structure/faculties-and-institutes/fakultet-mizhnarodnih-

vidnosin?query=Консолідована-інформація

3. http://matthewwarner.me/do-you-consume-information-or-does-it-consume-you

4. http://www.newsmarket.com.ua/2012/01/nadlishok-informatsiyi-provokuye-stres-u-ofisnih-

pratsivnikiv/

5. http://eenu.edu.ua/uk/structure/faculties-and-institutes/fakultet-mizhnarodnih-

vidnosin?query=Консолідована-інформація

6. http://www.business-inform.net/pdf/2013/8_0/357_361.pdf

7. http://www.mpi-

sws.org/~juhi/icwsm15_submission_179_Info_diets_of_social_media_users.pdf

8. http://westudents.com.ua/glavy/27257-83-ntelektualn-sistemi-analzu-zvtnost-na-

pdprimstvah-prikladi-vikoristannya-ntelektualnih-v-platform.html

http://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/competitive-intelligence-CI

http://eenu.edu.ua/uk/structure/faculties-and-institutes/fakultet-mizhnarodnih-vidnosin?query=?????????????-??????????


http://matthewwarner.me/do-you-consume-information-or-does-it-consume-you

http://www.newsmarket.com.ua/2012/01/nadlishok-informatsiyi-provokuye-stres-u-ofisnih-pratsivnikiv/

http://www.newsmarket.com.ua/2012/01/nadlishok-informatsiyi-provokuye-stres-u-ofisnih-pratsivnikiv/



http://www.business-inform.net/pdf/2013/8_0/357_361.pdf

http://www.mpi-sws.org/~juhi/icwsm15_submission_179_Info_diets_of_social_media_users.pdf

http://www.mpi-sws.org/~juhi/icwsm15_submission_179_Info_diets_of_social_media_users.pdf

http://westudents.com.ua/glavy/27257-83-ntelektualn-sistemi-analzu-zvtnost-na-pdprimstvah-prikladi-vikoristannya-ntelektualnih-v-platform.html

http://westudents.com.ua/glavy/27257-83-ntelektualn-sistemi-analzu-zvtnost-na-pdprimstvah-prikladi-vikoristannya-ntelektualnih-v-platform.html

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Навчально-методичне видання

Автор: Черняк Оксана Павлівна

Англійська мова: практикум:

для студентів факультету міжнародних відносин спеціальності

“Консолідована інформація”

Друкується в авторській редакції

Documents

АНГЛІЙСЬКА МОВА: ПРАКТИКУМ · 2018-04-07 · АНГЛІЙСЬКА МОВА: ПРАКТИКУМ ДЛЯ СТУДЕНТІВ ФАКУЛЬТЕТУ МІЖНАРОДНИХ