文法ぶんぽう

■ これ、それ、あれ、どれ : this, that, that (over there), which one

■ この、その、あの、どの : this, that, that (over there), whichこの、その、あの and どの are demonstrative adjectives. These are used with nouns.You can refer to a specific item without using a proper name by adding a demonstrative adjective to a common noun. この is used if the item is located near the speaker but not near the listener. その is used if it is near the listener but not near the speaker. あの is used if it is far from both of them.

このほん ですか? Is it this book? 　　 そのじしょですか ? Is it that dictionary?

あのかばん ですか? Is it that bag? どのペン ですか? Which pen?

-Note-Don’t confuse これ、それ、あれ、and どれ with この、その、あの and どの。この、その、あの and どの are always followed by nouns.

X これじしょ　 X それじしょ　 X あれじしょ

○ このじしょ　○ そのじしょ　○あのじしょ : this dictionary, that dictionary

これ、それ、あれ and どれ are demonstrative pronouns. The Japanese equivalents to the English “this” “that” and “which one”are これ、それ、あれ and どれ. When referring to people, don’t use demonstrative pronouns.これ indicates a thing near the speaker.それ indicates a thing near the listener.あれ indicates a thing away from both.

これは えんぴつです。 This is a pencil.kore wa enpitsu desu それは　ペンです。 That is a pen. sore wa pen desuあれは　ざっしです。 That(over there) is a magazine.are wa zasshi desu

This That That Which one...?

This + Noun That + Noun That + Noun Which+ Noun...?

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これ それ あれ

練習問題れんしゅう もんだい

Complete the following sentences.1. ＿＿＿ は ＿＿＿＿＿ です。

This is a hospital.

2. ＿＿＿ ＿＿ ＿＿＿＿＿ です。 That is a pencil.

3. ＿＿＿ は ＿＿＿＿＿ ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿。 That (over there) is not a school.

4. わたしのじしょ は ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿？ Which one is my dictionary?

5. ＿＿＿＿ ＿＿＿＿ は おもしろい ですか? Is this book interesting?

6. ＿＿＿＿ ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ です。 It is that university (over there).

7. ＿＿＿＿ ＿＿＿＿ は ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿? Is that person a teacher?

8. ＿＿＿＿＿ じしょ ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿? Which dictionary?

Translate the following sentences into Japanese.1. What is that (over there)?

2. This person (he) is Spanish.

3. This country is France.

4. That student is Takeshi.

5. This dictionary is expensive. *expensive...たかい

6. Which one is it?

7. Which book is more interesting? *interesting...おもしろい

8. Which person is Sarah?

文法ぶんぽう

■ Particle がWe have seen that the particle は (wa) indicates the subject of a sentence but the particle が (ga) also indicates it. The particle は (wa) cannot be marked interrogative pronouns such as だれ(dare) who, なに(nani) what, どれ(dore) which one, etc.You have to need the particle が and don’t forget repeat it to indicate the subject when answering.

A: だれが がくせいですか?　 B: わたしが　がくせいです。 A: dare ga gakuseidesu ka　　 B: watashi ga gakusi desuA: Who is the student?　　 B: I am the student.

A: なにが むずかしいですか?　　 B: ぶんぽうが　むずかしいです。 A: Nani ga muzukashii desu ka　　 B: bunpou ga muzukashii desuA: What is difficult?　　 B: THE GRAMMAR is difficult.

A: どれが おもしろいですか?　 B: これが　おもしろいです。 A: dore ga omoshiroi desu ka　　 B: kore ga omoshiroi desuA: Which one is more interesting? 　B: THIS is more interesting.

Country Nationality Language

Japan

USA

UK

China

Spain

France

Germany

-Note -If it doesn’t start with a interrogative pronoun as the subject of a sentence, you can use the particle は.

せんせいは だれですか? Who is A teacher?

but

だれが せんせいですか? Who is THE teacher?

かれは にほんじんです。 He is Japanese.

ニコラは フランスじんです。 Nicolas is French.

わたしは にほんごを はなします。 I speak Japanese (langueage).

あのひとは えいごが わかります。 That person(over there) understands English (language).

■ 〜じん : NationalityNationality, 　〜ご : Language

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練習問題れんしゅう もんだい

Complete the following sentences.1. A: なに ＿＿ たいへん＿＿＿＿＿?

B: にほんごのべんきょう＿＿ たいへんです。 A: What is hard for you?　 B: Studying Japanese is hard.

2. A: だれ ＿＿ にほんごのせんせい＿＿＿＿＿? B: かれ＿＿ にほんごのせんせいです。 A: Who is the teacher? B: He is the Japanese teacher.

3. A: どれ ＿＿ にほんのえいが＿＿＿＿＿? B: あれ＿＿ にほんのえいがです。 A: Which one is the Japanese movie? B: That one is the Japanese movie.

4. カルロス は ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿。 Carlos is Spanish.

5. かれ は ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿。 He is not Japanese.

6. サラ ＿＿ ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿。 Sarah is an American.

7. ニック ＿＿ ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿です。 Nick is British.

Translate the following sentences into Japanese.1. Who is Chinese?

2. She is not German.

3. Which one is more interesting? - This one is more interesting.

4. Who is the teacher? - She is the teacher.

5. What is difficult? - Kanji is difficult.

6. Sarah is not British. She is an American.

7. It is not English (language). It is German.

8. Who is Sarah ? - That person (over there) is Sarah.

文法ぶんぽう

■ Personal pronouns

■ Particle の : Noun2 の Noun1 / Noun1 of Noun2In general the particle の puts between two nouns. You need to add the particle の no at the end of the added noun to indi-cate that it is a modifier. “Noun1 of Noun2” is expressed as.“Noun2 の Noun1” Yet this の can be used more widely than the Engrish “of”. It also makes adjectivals, indicates positions and makes possessi-ve adjectives or pronouns, etc

1) Possession

わたしの ほんです。 It is my book.

それは たなかさんの ペンです。 It is Mr Tanaka’s pen.

このかさは だれの ですか? Whose umbrella is this?

たなかさんの です。 It is Mr.Tanaka’s.

だれの ですか? Whose is it?

2) Location

とうきょうの かいしゃです。 It is a company in Tokyo / It is a company which is based in Tokyo.

3) Time

それは きのうの しんぶんです。 That is yesterday’s newspaper.

あしたの あさです。 It is tomorrow morning. (lit: the morning of tomorrow)

4) Nature, state

にほんごの ほんです。 It is a Japanese book.

5) Materialきの いすです。 It is a wooden chair (a chair made of wood).

I We

You You (plural)

He They (men)

She They (women)

-Note-In Japan かれ and かのじょ are not use much to say “he”and “she”because these means colloquially “boyfriend”and “girlfriend”.このひと(this person), そのひと(that person) and あのひと(that person) corres-pond to “he”and “she” in English. These are used to indicate people who we don’t know well and to whom we need to show respect.

あのひとは がくせいですか? He (She) is a student. (That person)

そのひとは がくせいですか?

Is the person you are talking about a student?

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Personal pronouns are usually omitted. The Japanese rarely use pronouns such as it, I, you, and he.Ins-tead, you can say the name of the person you are talking to or about. The singular/plural distinction is also not usually clarified.

練習問題れんしゅう もんだい

Complete the following sentences.1. ＿＿＿＿＿は ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ です。

I am a office worker.

2. ＿＿＿＿＿は ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ です＿＿? Are you a student?

3. ＿＿＿＿＿は わたしの＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ではありません。 He is not my older brother.

4. ＿＿＿＿＿は わたしの＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ です。 She is my older sister.

5. ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿は ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ です。 We are engineers.

6. ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿は ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ ＿＿＿ ＿＿? Are you teachers?

7. ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿は ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ ＿＿＿。 They (men) are Japanese.

8. ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿は ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿。 They (women) are not Americans.

9. トム ＿＿ てちょうです。 It is Tom’s (pocket) diary.

10. ＿＿＿＿は ＿＿＿＿＿＿ の ＿＿＿＿＿です? This is my umbrella.

11. ＿＿＿＿＿は あなた ＿＿ ＿＿＿＿＿＿ですか？ Is this your watch?

12. ＿＿＿＿＿は ＿＿＿＿ ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ です。 That is his PC.

13. ＿＿＿＿＿は ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ ＿＿ くるま＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿。 That (over there) is not our car.

14. ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿の＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ です。 It is a Japanese company.

15. ＿＿＿＿＿は ＿＿＿＿ ＿＿ ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿? That is the yesterday’s newspaper?

Translate the following sentences into Japanese.1. Sarah is a student of Japanese.

2. My camera is expensive.

3. This coffee is mine.

4. Which one is your car?

5. This fruit is delicious.

6. This is my father’s watch.

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