文學的 寫實主義 與 自然主義Realism and Naturalism in Liter

ature

I. 何謂 Realism?

– Portrayal of life with fidelity ( 逼真描寫人生 ) or truthful representation of reality ( 忠實再現實体 )

– Depiction ( 描寫 ) of subjects as they appear in everyday life, without embellishment ( 修飾 ) or interpretation ( 詮釋 ), and without personal bias ( 偏見 ).

– A mid-19th Century movement following Romanticism.

– Champfleury’s “Le Réalisme”

II. 何謂 Naturalism?

– 學術語指 materialism, Epicureanism ( 享樂主義 ), secularism ( 世俗主義 ), etc.

– 後指 belief that every existing thing is a part of nature and thus can be explained by natural and material causes.

– An extreme form of Realism.– Zola’s Le Roman expérimental (The Experi

mental Novel )

III. 兩主義之同與異：1. Method: inductive, observational, and hence

objective ( 歸納、觀察、客觀 )

• 觀察分析 a slice of life ( 人生的「切片」 )

2. Implications: a. material determinism ( 物質決定論 )

b. all-inclusiveness of subject matter ( 題材全包 )

• 強調 heredity ( 遺傳 ) & environment ( 環境 )

• 認為 Nothing is unclean: 什麼都可寫。

III. 兩主義之同與異：3. Interest: contemporary ( 當代的 ), real life

• 要 the everyday, the normal, the observable, the pragmatic ( 實用的 ), etc. • 不要 the historical, the remote ( 遙遠的 ), the imaginary,

the fantastic, the idyllic ( 田園的 ), the idealistic, the unsullied ( 不污染的 ), etc.

4. Reaction: against classicism, Romanticism, “art for art sake”

5. Difference: More than Realism, Naturalism is preoccupied with “ugliness”:

• 喜歡寫 slums ( 貧民區 ), poverty, disease, dirt, sex, etc.

IV. 影響兩主義之背景：– The invention of photography in 1839– Comte’s application of scientific ideas to th

e study of society.– Taine’s application of deterministic ( 決定的 ) t

heories to literature– Darwin’s evolutionary ( 進化 ) theories– English utilitarianism ( 功利主義 ): Bentha

m and Mill– The realistic or naturalistic paintings of Cou

rbet

Burial at Ornans by Courbet

V. 一些名言：• “A novel is a mirror walking along the road.” --Stendhal• “My book is an analytical labor on two living bodies like

that of a surgeon on corpses.” --Zola, Preface to Thérèse Raquin• “To a chemist nothing on earth is unclean. A writer mu

st be as objective as a chemist; he must abandon the subjective line; he must know that dung heaps play a very respectable part in a landscape, and that evil passions are as inherent in life as good ones.” --Chekhov

• “Even the most artful of writers will give himself (and his morality) away in about every third sentence.” --Conrad

VI. 兩個寫實方向：1. Social realism: 講究 accuracy of external detail ( 外在細

節 )

• Towards Marxism ( 馬克斯主義 )

2. Psychological realism: 注意 complexity of the inner workings o

f the mind ( 心靈內部作用之複雜性 )

• Towards the “stream of consciousness” technique ( 「意識流」技巧 )

VII. 代表作家與作品 :

– France:• Balzac: Père Goriot ( 《高老爹》 ) in

La Comèdie Humaine (90 多個故事 )• Flaubert: Madame Bovary ( 《包法利夫人》 )• Dumas, fils ( 小仲馬 ): LaDame aux Camélias ( 《茶花女》 )• Maupassant: “The Necklace” ( 〈項鍊〉 )• Zola: Thérèse Raquin, the Rougon-Macquart novels (20 冊 )• Stendhal: Le rough et le noir (The Red and the Black, 《紅與黑》 )

VII. 代表作家與作品 :

– England:• Dickens: David Copperfield ( 《塊肉餘生錄》 ),

Oliver Twist ( 《孤雛淚》 ), Hard Times ( 《艱硬的時代》 ),

A Tale of Two Cities ( 《雙城記》 )• Thackeray: Vanity Fair ( 《浮華世界》 )• George Eliot: Adam Bede, The Mill on the Floss, Silas Marner• Hardy: The Return of the Native, Tess of the

D’Urbervilles ( 《黛絲姑娘》 ), The Mayor of Casterbridge, Jude the Obscure

• Shaw: Pygmalion ( 電影 My Fair Lady 《窈窕淑女》 ), • Joyce: The Dubliners, Ulysses

VII. 代表作家與作品 :

– Russia:• Gogol 果戈里 : “The Cloak” ( 〈大衣〉 ),

Dead Souls• Turgenev 屠格涅夫 : Fathers and Children• Tolstoy 托 爾斯泰 : War and Peace,

Anna Kerenina• Dostoevsky 朵斯妥也夫斯基 :

Crime and Punishment, The Brothers Karamazov

• Gorky 高爾基 : The Lower Depths• Chekhov 契柯夫 : The Cherry Orchard

VII. 代表作家與作品 :

– Germany:• Hauptmann: The Weavers

-- Scandinavia: 挪威 與 瑞典• Ibsen 易卜生 : A Doll’s House ( 娃娃之家 ),

Hedda Gabler, Ghosts

• Strindberg 史特林保 : Miss Julie ( 朱莉小姐 )

VII. 代表作家與作品 :

– America:• Howells: The Rise of Silas Lapham• Anderson: Winesberg, Ohio ( 小城故事 )• Steinbeck: The Grapes of Wrath ( 憤怒的葡萄 )• Dreiser: Sister Carrie, An American Tragedy• Mark Twain: Tom Sawyer, Huckleberry Finn

( 頑童歷險記 )• Henry James: The Portrait of a Lady,

The Ambassadors, Daisy Miller

VIII. Conclusion:

• There has been realism of all sorts since the year dot. ( 自古就有各種寫實 )

• Realism is often hardly differentiated from naturalism. ( 寫實主義與自然主義很難分辨 )

• Realism or naturalism is best expressed in the novel and the drama. ( 小說與戲劇為主 )

• Realism or naturalism has spread from Europe to America and other parts of the world. ( 兩主義已推展至全世界 )