1.BackgroundsNuclear symmetry energyInduced by the difference
between neutron and proton (numbers/density
distributions);Temperature- and density- dependent;Various of
observables promoted in theory and exp.; no consistent results
obtained;Important parameter in nucl. Phys., nucl astrophys
etc.;Still an open question.Heavy-ion reactions (HICs)(RIB) Provide
the lab of sub-saturate and supra-saturate nuclear mattersHigh
temperature of primary fragment, relatively low temperature of
final fragmentdecrease of temperature in secondary decay
processFinite neutron-rich isotopes measured with some low
temperature, which relates to sub-saturate nuclear matterDifficult
to understand the symmetry energy of neutron-rich nucleus
1.BackgroundsIsotopic yields in HICsFragments: measured after
the secondary decay process (after particle emitting ceases )A low
but nonzero temperature;Yields reflect its free energy (due to
temperature) and the chemical property of the colliding source;Free
energy: alter the terms contributing to the binding energy
B(T);Chemical property of the colliding source the symmetry energy
of the source;Important for the search of the very neutron-rich
nucleus near the dripline.From fragments-- probes to symmetry
energy in HICsIsotopic scalingsymmetry energy of the source (T and
density depended)Neutron-skin thickness indirect probes for
symmetry energyIsobaric ratiosymmetry energy of neutron-rich
fragments at low T;From fragments-- probes to temperature in
HICsIsotopic temperatures (Albergo thermometer)Excitation energy,
kinetic energy spectrum, thermal energy, etc.Isobaric ratio
1. backgroundsisobaric yield ratioHIC
2. Theoretical analysis,(isoscaling)
2.1Methods: isoscalingisoscalingRelating the yields of fragments
to the source propertyn/p fixed source, nandp vary slowly with the
size of source; temperature in reactions to be the same (same
fragment)Isotopic ratio () to n, and isotoinc ratio() to p ,
difference between and to Csym. Csym: temperature
dependenceSecondary decay
effectPRL85,716(2000);JPG34,2173(2007);PRC81,064613(2010);PRC72,064603(2005);PRC78,014605(2008);PRC80,044606(2009);PRC73,044601(2006);PRC68,051601(R)(2003);EPJA30,129(2006);PRC64,054615(2001);PRC65,044610(2002Different
type of models;Different type of reactions
2.2 Isobaric ratio difference methodisoscaling,.,
I=N-Z,,
,
F,isoscaling,()
3. Results and discussionIsoscaling results
3. Results and discussion140A MeV 48Ca/40Ca+9Be,I,AI=01,A,
3. Results and discussion140A MeV 58Ni/64Ni
+9Be48,40Ca,,I,AI=01,A,
3. Results and discussion140A MeV 58Ni/40Ca +9Be,A,
3. Results and discussion140A MeV 48Ca/64Ni +9BeI
result and discussiondifferent targetsisospin diffusion? need
carefully check
3. Results and discussion,lnR21isoscaling-IYR,Tisobaric
fragments,isoscaling,T.,IYRlnR21> (-):-,IYR, lnR21,
