回顧與總結

• 本次講課內容出自 Saskia Sass

en 的 Guests and Aliens

Point of Departure

• International migrations stand at the

intersection of a number of

economic and geopolitical processes

that link the countries involved; they

are not simply the outcome of

individuals in search of better

opportunities. (p.1)

Understanding International Migration

• Part of the problem of understanding

immigration is recognizing how, why, and

when governments, economic actors,

media, and populations at large in …

countries participate in the immigration

process. (P.1)

Migration: Highly Selective Processes

• Migrations are highly selective

processes; only certain people leave,

and they travel on highly structured

routes to their destinations, rather

than gravitate blindly toward any rich

country they can enter.

• The reason migrations take this highly

structured form has to do with the

interactions and interrelations between

sending and receiving countries. (P.2)

Immigration is embedded in a complex system

• Immigration happens in a context of

inequality between countries, but

inequality by itself is not enough.

This inequality needs to be activated

as a migration push factor-through

organized recruitment, neocolonial

bonds, etc. (P.136)

國家和移民移出國 ( 移民流動 ) 移入國

1 ）困難的經濟狀況 國家之間已經 1 ）市場需求 存在的連結 婚姻 勞動 2 ）政策

遷移開始

2 ）網絡與組織 3 ）市場依賴 4 ）移民社群建立

遷移繼續成長

國家和移民（續上頁）移出國 ( 移民流動 ) 移入國

3 ）國家開始鼓勵移民 4 ）政府開始緊縮 （以民意為名）

4）移民得到原居國政府 5 ）市場反擊，民間與社區的特殊對待遇 團體組織維護移民人權

遷移的複雜性 1. 非法增加 2. 雙重國籍的可能性 3. 多種公民身份的形式 4. 不定期的非法合法化

Binding sending and receiving countries

The mechanisms binding immigration

countries to emigration countries :

1. Past colonial and current neo- or quasi-

colonial bounds.

2. Launching of organized recruitment

either directly by the government or in

the framework of a government. (P.137)

Migration: Bonded Flows

• Migration flows are bounded in space,

time, and scale. In the collective

imagination of receiving societies..floods

of immigrants and refugees coming from

every where, with no end in sight. But

this is not the case today, nor was it in

the past when there were no border

controls. (P.133)

Migration: Bonded Flows

• Labor migrations took place within

systemic settings and there appear

to have been multiple mechanisms

contributing to their size, geography,

and duration. (P.134)

Migration: Shaped by Networks and Organizations

• The importance of recruitment and

networks, often spatially circumscribed

networks, the frequency of circular

migrations that connected specific places

of origin which specific destinations over

long periods of times, all of these signal

the extent to witch migrations were

embedded in and shaped by specific

systems. (P.134)

Migration: Much More Than Migrant Decisions

• If immigration is thought of as the result of

the aggregation of individuals in search of

better life, immigration is, from the

perspective of the receiving country, an

exogenous process, one formed and

shaped by conditions outside the

receiving country. (P.136)

Are Receiving Countries “Innocent”?

• In conventional view, the receiving

country’s experience is understood to be

that of a passive bystander to processes

outside its domain and control, and hence

with few options but tight closing of

frontiers if it is to avoid an “invasion.”

(P.136)

Receiving Countries are “Partners” in Migrants’ Journey

• The immigration-receiving countries

behave as though they were not

parties to the process of

immigration. But in fact

they(receiving countries) are

partners.(p.1)

Receiving Countries are “Partners” in Migrants’ Journey

• Immigration is conditioned on the

operation of the economic system in

receiving countries, including direct

recruitment, then the receiving

country cannot consider itself a

mere, passive, bystander to the

whole matter.

• The economic, political, and social

conditions in the receiving country

set the parameters for immigration

flows.

Conclusions on immigration flows

1. Emigration always encompasses a small

share of country’s population.

2. Immigrants always are a minority of a

country’s population.

3. There is considerable return migration.

Policy(I): Citizenship or What?

• Given major changes under way and given limite

d interest in naturalization among immigrants it

may be questioned whether citizenship is the fin

al and most effective form of civic incorporati

on of immigrants. Scholars have suggested tha

t “denizenship” might be a way of giving immigr

ants the full range of rights without the necessity

to acquire a new citizenship. This would allow mi

grants to become significant collective actors. (P.

146)

Citizenship as Identity

• Immigrants are often reluctant to give up their rig

ht in countries of origin (such as returning, ownin

g property, inheriting property, participating in nat

ional elections) but do want full integration in cou

ntries of residence. Further, naturalization is ofte

n loaded with symbolic questions of identity and l

oyalty that immigrants may not be ready to take

on. Denizenship would give full rights (to employ

ment, residence, social rights) but not participatio

n in national elections or access to public office.

(P.146-147)

Participation Matters

• There is growing reorganization that it is

important to liberalize naturalization procedures

and to allow dual citizenship. There is also

growing interest in granting full political rights

even for those not willing to naturalize as long as

they reside in what is their country of birth and

upbringing. Another concept is that of the new

citizenship, referring not necessarily to

membership via naturalization but via

participation and residence in a community

(P.147)

Policy(II): What do migrants want?• There is a growing presence of immigrants who

are not searching for a new home in a new

country; they think of themselves as moving in a

cross-border and even global labor market. .when

illegal immigrants are regularized, they often

establish permanent residence in their country of

origin and work a few months in the immigration

country, an option that becomes available when

they can circulate more freely.(p.144)