.. Study of lifeStudy of life

Chapter 1 Biology: The Study of Chapter 1 Biology: The Study of LifeLife

Characteristics of LifeCharacteristics of Life Scientific MethodologyScientific Methodology

Investigate: Investigate: Interdependencies between organismsInterdependencies between organisms Interactions with environment: biotic and abiotic Interactions with environment: biotic and abiotic

factorsfactors

1.1 Why Study Biology?1.1 Why Study Biology?

Understand our worldUnderstand our world Make it betterMake it better Advance medicineAdvance medicine Protect its futureProtect its future

TROPICAL RAIN FORESTSTROPICAL RAIN FORESTS

Despite covering only 6% of our Despite covering only 6% of our planet's surfaceplanet's surface…………

………………over half of the earth's animal, over half of the earth's animal, insect species, and flora live there.insect species, and flora live there.

FACTS1.) Once covered 14% of the world but now

cover a mere 6%!

2.) One and a half acres of the rainforest are destroyed each second!

3.) We lose 137 plants, animal and insect species/day. About 50,000/yr!

25 % of modern medicines 25 % of modern medicines originate here.originate here.

The leaves of this plant , The leaves of this plant , foxglove, contain foxglove, contain digitalis, a substance used digitalis, a substance used to treat heart problems.to treat heart problems.

4). 1 out of every 4 ingredients in our medicines is 4). 1 out of every 4 ingredients in our medicines is from the rainforest.from the rainforest.

For example, more than 70 percent of the plants For example, more than 70 percent of the plants known to produce compounds with anti-known to produce compounds with anti-cancerous properties live in rainforestscancerous properties live in rainforests

They regulate They regulate our climate.our climate.

How Do You Study How Do You Study Life?Life?

Study interactions—Study interactions— Biotic and abioticBiotic and abiotic

Honeybees, flowers, pollination,plant Honeybees, flowers, pollination,plant reproduces, provides oxygen, provides reproduces, provides oxygen, provides foodfood

CHARACTERISTICS OF CHARACTERISTICS OF LIVING THINGS (Organism)LIVING THINGS (Organism)

1. Cell (s)1. Cell (s)2. Displays Organization2. Displays Organization3. Grows & Develops 3. Grows & Develops 4. Reproduces4. Reproduces5. Responds to Stimuli5. Responds to Stimuli6. Requires Energy6. Requires Energy7. Maintains homeostasis7. Maintains homeostasis8. Adaptations evolve over time8. Adaptations evolve over time

1. Cells1. Cells Basic unit of lifeBasic unit of life One or moreOne or more

2. Displays Organization2. Displays Organization

Atoms to molecules to organelles to cells to Atoms to molecules to organelles to cells to organs to organ systems to organismorgans to organ systems to organism

Each organized structure has specific functionEach organized structure has specific function

Fig. 1.5a, p. 6

(see next slide)

Fig. 1.5b, p. 6

(see previous slide)

3. Grows and Develops3. Grows and Develops Growth: add massGrowth: add mass

More cells & new structures.More cells & new structures.

Organisms increase in size and Organisms increase in size and complexitycomplexity

Development: all the changes throughout a Development: all the changes throughout a lifetime.lifetime.

..

such as a HUMMINGBIRD…such as a HUMMINGBIRD…

……....

Almost ready to hatch!!Almost ready to hatch!!

Growing…growing…Growing…growing…

4. Reproduces4. Reproduces

Pass traits to offspringPass traits to offspring

Continuation of Continuation of

the speciesthe species

Species__________Species__________

Organisms reproduce their own kind.Organisms reproduce their own kind.

55. Respond to Stimuli. Respond to Stimuli Stimulus: Stimulus:

Causes some reactionCauses some reaction external or internalexternal or internal

ResponseResponse Reaction to a stimulusReaction to a stimulus

The speed of the response may be “fast” or The speed of the response may be “fast” or “slow”.“slow”.

Even bacteria sense and respond.Even bacteria sense and respond.

6. Requires Energy6. Requires Energy

Required for all life processesRequired for all life processes

Organisms are “open” systems, they must Organisms are “open” systems, they must continually take in energy.continually take in energy.

7.Maintains Homeostasis7.Maintains Homeostasis ““homeo” = same “stasis” =statehomeo” = same “stasis” =state Maintain stable internal environment\within Maintain stable internal environment\within

tolerable limits.tolerable limits.

8. Adaptations Evolve over time8. Adaptations Evolve over time

Inherited changesInherited changes Occur over timeOccur over time

Help species surviveHelp species survive

1.2 The Nature of Science1.2 The Nature of Science

Theory: Theory: Explanation of a natural phenomenonExplanation of a natural phenomenon Supported by many experiments and observationsSupported by many experiments and observations

Pseudoscience: not science-basedPseudoscience: not science-based

1.3 methods of Science1.3 methods of Science

Scientific MethodScientific Method Logical, objective approach to investigating a Logical, objective approach to investigating a

problem, or attempt to explain observations.problem, or attempt to explain observations.

Forming a hypothesisForming a hypothesis

Hypothesis: A testable explanation of a Hypothesis: A testable explanation of a situationsituation

Serendipity: the occurrence of unexpexted, Serendipity: the occurrence of unexpexted, but fortunate resultsbut fortunate results PenicillinPenicillin Post-it-notesPost-it-notes

Collect the DataCollect the Data

ExperimentExperiment Controlled settingControlled setting Testing of a hypothesisTesting of a hypothesis

1. Controlled Experiments1. Controlled Experiments A) Control Group: basis of comparisonA) Control Group: basis of comparison B) Experimental Group: exposed to factor being B) Experimental Group: exposed to factor being

tested.tested.

2. Experimental Design2. Experimental Design Only one factor can be changed at a timeOnly one factor can be changed at a time

A) Independent Variable: A) Independent Variable: The tested factorThe tested factor

B) Dependent Variable: B) Dependent Variable: What is measured (measures the effect of the What is measured (measures the effect of the

Independent variable).Independent variable). C) Constant: factor (s) that remain fixedC) Constant: factor (s) that remain fixed

3. Data Gathering3. Data Gathering Quantitative: numericalQuantitative: numerical

mass, temperature, linear measure, volumemass, temperature, linear measure, volume

Qualitative: what our senses detectQualitative: what our senses detect Flavor, color, smellFlavor, color, smell

4. Investigations4. Investigations When a controlled experiment is not possibleWhen a controlled experiment is not possible Involves ObservationsInvolves Observations

Can’t be completely controlledCan’t be completely controlled BehaviorBehavior

Analyze the DataAnalyze the Data Has my hypothesis been _________?Has my hypothesis been _________? Do I need more data?Do I need more data? Do I need to change my procedure?Do I need to change my procedure?

Replicate Experiment to ________ findings.Replicate Experiment to ________ findings.

Lastly—Report ConclusionsLastly—Report Conclusions

Review Scientific MethodReview Scientific Method

The Scientific Method

Parts of the Scientific Parts of the Scientific MethodMethod

Identify an unknown.Identify an unknown. Make a Make a hypothesishypothesis

(a testable prediction).(a testable prediction). ExperimentExperiment to test to test

the hypothesis.the hypothesis. Draw a valid Draw a valid conclusionconclusion..

DataDataObservations are also called Observations are also called datadata..

There are two types of data.

qualitative data quantitative data

descriptions; measurements; no numbers must have numbers

Controlled ExperimentsControlled ExperimentsOnly one condition is changed at a Only one condition is changed at a

timetime..

The Independent VariableThe Independent Variable: The condition : The condition that’s changed or manipulated.that’s changed or manipulated.

The Dependent Variable:The Dependent Variable: What you are What you are measuring.measuring.

A Controlled Experiment?A Controlled Experiment?

Control Experiment PracticeControl Experiment Practice 1.) State Your Problem: Will the salt content of my soil impact the growth of the 1.) State Your Problem: Will the salt content of my soil impact the growth of the

corn plants?corn plants? 2) Hypothesis: Salt in the soil will have an effect on the growth of my corn plants.2) Hypothesis: Salt in the soil will have an effect on the growth of my corn plants. 3) Design experiment to test your hypothesis (Procedure & Experiment). Collect 3) Design experiment to test your hypothesis (Procedure & Experiment). Collect

datadata QuantitativeQuantitative qualitativequalitative

Analyze dataAnalyze data Does it support your hypothesis?Does it support your hypothesis?

TheoriesTheories

Explanation of a natural phenomenon that is Explanation of a natural phenomenon that is supportedsupported by _____separate observations; by _____separate observations; subjected to repeated testing.subjected to repeated testing.

Have limited certaintiesHave limited certainties

Scientific Law vs. Scientific Law vs. Scientific TheoryScientific Theory

Law of GravityLaw of Gravity

A A lawlaw –facts of nature. –facts of nature.

A A theorytheory tries to explain why tries to explain why

or how something happens; supported by many separate or how something happens; supported by many separate investigations.investigations.

Cell TheoryCell Theory Atomic TheoryAtomic Theory

No amount of No amount of experimentation can ever experimentation can ever

prove me right; prove me right; A single experiment can A single experiment can

prove me wrong."prove me wrong."

- Einstein- Einstein

Unit 1: ECOLOGYUnit 1: ECOLOGYChapter 2Chapter 2

..

Chapter 2:Chapter 2: Principles of Ecology Principles of Ecology

.. Ecology: Study…Ecology: Study… Organisms and their Organisms and their

environment.environment.

Relationships among living Relationships among living organismsorganisms

Interaction with their Interaction with their environmentenvironment

BiosphereBiosphere

The portion of the Earth that The portion of the Earth that supports lifesupports life

FromFrom High in the atmosphereHigh in the atmosphere To the bottom of the oceanTo the bottom of the ocean

Components of the BiosphereComponents of the Biosphere

Biotic Factors: LivingBiotic Factors: Living

Abiotic Factors: NonlivingAbiotic Factors: Nonliving Organisms are adapted to surviving in the abiotic Organisms are adapted to surviving in the abiotic

factors in their natural environment.factors in their natural environment.

Abiotic factors: influence what survives.Abiotic factors: influence what survives.

For Example:Ozone LayerFor Example:Ozone Layer

Region 17 to 27 kilometers above sea level in the Region 17 to 27 kilometers above sea level in the

stratospherestratosphere

Molecules of ozone absorb most layers of Molecules of ozone absorb most layers of

ultraviolet lightultraviolet light

Protects living organisms from excess exposure to Protects living organisms from excess exposure to

UV lightUV light

Levels of Organization-used to Levels of Organization-used to study these interactions.study these interactions.

1. Individual Organism1. Individual Organism

An individual organism.An individual organism.

2. Population2. Population Members of the same Members of the same

speciesspecies may interbreedmay interbreed living in same place at living in same place at

same time.same time. Compete for….Compete for….

3. Biological Community3. Biological Community Interacting populationsInteracting populations Occupy same geographic area at same timeOccupy same geographic area at same time

Biological Community Biological Community

Factors Shaping Factors Shaping Community StructureCommunity Structure

Climate and topographyClimate and topography

Available foods and resourcesAvailable foods and resources

Adaptations of species in communityAdaptations of species in community

Species interactionsSpecies interactions

Arrival and disappearance of species Arrival and disappearance of species

Physical disturbancesPhysical disturbances

EcosystemEcosystem A biological Community AND the abiotic A biological Community AND the abiotic

factors that affect its make-up.factors that affect its make-up.

EcosystemEcosystem

Ecosystems can changeEcosystems can change Because the animals, plants and abiotic factors Because the animals, plants and abiotic factors

within may change.within may change. Boundaries somewhat flexibleBoundaries somewhat flexible

Coral reefCoral reef A puddleA puddle

BiomeBiome

Formed by a group of ecosystemsFormed by a group of ecosystems That share the same climate & have similar types That share the same climate & have similar types

of communitiesof communities Examples: Marine, Fresh Water, DesertExamples: Marine, Fresh Water, Desert

BiosphereBiosphere

Highest level of Biological OrganizationHighest level of Biological Organization

EcosystemsEcosystems- - 2major kinds2major kinds

1. 1. TerresterialTerresterial 2. 2. AquaticAquatic

Marine (saltwater)--70 % of Earth’s Marine (saltwater)--70 % of Earth’s surfacesurface

Freshwater: ponds, lakes, streamsFreshwater: ponds, lakes, streams

Ecosystems InteractionsEcosystems Interactions HabitatHabitat-place where org. lives-place where org. lives

Example: for a birdExample: for a bird A single treeA single tree A grove of treesA grove of trees

Several species may share a habitatSeveral species may share a habitat Examples: stream, lawnExamples: stream, lawn

NicheNiche: An organism’s role in its environment: An organism’s role in its environment How it meets its needs for food, shelter and How it meets its needs for food, shelter and

reproduction.reproduction.

Community InteractionsCommunity Interactions

1. Competition1. Competition

2. Predation2. Predation AnimalsAnimals Even some plants-Venus Fly TrapEven some plants-Venus Fly Trap

3. Symbiotic Relationships: close relationship 3. Symbiotic Relationships: close relationship between 2 + species that live closely together.between 2 + species that live closely together. 3 Kinds3 Kinds

3 types of Symbiosis3 types of Symbiosis

MUTUALISM

Both species benefit.

Some obligatory

Example:

Lichen( fungi & algae)

COMMENSALISM

One species benefits

AND the other is

Either unharmed

nor is benefited.

Example:

Lichens on a tree

PARASITISM

One species benefits,

AND one is harmed—

But usually not killed.

Examples:

ticks, heartworms

ParasitismParasitism

Natural selection favors parasites Natural selection favors parasites

that do not kill that do not kill

their host too quickly.their host too quickly.

SYMBIOSIS-What SYMBIOSIS-What kind is this??kind is this??

Isn't Symbiosis cool?Isn't Symbiosis cool?That's when two different That's when two different species live together and help species live together and help each other to survive.each other to survive.

<== In this case the tickbird <== In this case the tickbird is eating the ticks off the is eating the ticks off the zebra.  This partnership zebra.  This partnership feeds the bird and keeps the feeds the bird and keeps the zebra from having ticks zebra from having ticks sucking on it.sucking on it.

Mutualism example: Yucca and Mutualism example: Yucca and Yucca MothYucca Moth

Moth feeds AND pollinatesMoth feeds AND pollinates

Moth larvae can grow only in that Moth larvae can grow only in that

one species of yuccaone species of yucca

Commensalism:Commensalism:Spanish Moss ;OrchidsSpanish Moss ;Orchids

2.2: Flow of energy in an Ecosystem2.2: Flow of energy in an Ecosystem

2 ways organisms obtain food for energy.2 ways organisms obtain food for energy.

1. Autotrophs 1. Autotrophs 2. Heterotrophs2. Heterotrophs

energy input from sun

nutrientcycling

PHOTOAUTOTROPHS(plants, other producers)

HETEROTROPHS(consumers, decomposers)

energy output (mainly heat)

Tracing the Energy Flow.Tracing the Energy Flow.

Sun—ultimate source of Sun—ultimate source of energy for the planet.energy for the planet.

1. The Producers: Autotrophs1. The Producers: Autotrophs

Able to make their own food.Able to make their own food. Capture sunlight or chemical energy & convert it Capture sunlight or chemical energy & convert it

into energy-rich compounds (like glucose)into energy-rich compounds (like glucose) Plants, algae, SOME bacteriaPlants, algae, SOME bacteria Foundations for all ecosystems!!!Foundations for all ecosystems!!!

2. Heterotrophs2. Heterotrophs

Gets its energy from consuming other organismsGets its energy from consuming other organisms

Also called ConsumersAlso called Consumers HerbivoresHerbivores CarnivoresCarnivores OmnivoresOmnivores Detritivores (decomposers): eat fragments of dead matter & return Detritivores (decomposers): eat fragments of dead matter & return

nutrients to the ecosystem—making it available for the Producers.nutrients to the ecosystem—making it available for the Producers. Fungus, some bacteria –planet’s biggest decomposers.Fungus, some bacteria –planet’s biggest decomposers.

Flow of matter and Energy in Flow of matter and Energy in EcosystemsEcosystems

Matter and energy is cycled.Matter and energy is cycled.

3. Models of Energy Flow through 3. Models of Energy Flow through an Ecosysteman Ecosystem

1. Food Chains1. Food Chains 2. Food Webs2. Food Webs

Each step in FC & FW : Tropic LevelEach step in FC & FW : Tropic Level

3. Ecological Pyramids3. Ecological Pyramids

Food ChainsFood Chains Simplified modelSimplified model LinearLinear Shows only one possible route of energy Shows only one possible route of energy

transfer and material in an ecosystem.transfer and material in an ecosystem. Many other routes exist.Many other routes exist. Arrows represent one-way energy flowArrows represent one-way energy flow

From Autotroph to heterotrophFrom Autotroph to heterotroph

Trophic LevelsTrophic Levels

Represent Links in the ChainRepresent Links in the Chain All the organisms at a given trophic level are the All the organisms at a given trophic level are the

same number of steps away from the energy input same number of steps away from the energy input into the systeminto the system

Producers are closest to the energy input and are Producers are closest to the energy input and are

the first trophic level.the first trophic level.

Trophic Levels-feeding relationshipsTrophic Levels-feeding relationships

Primary ProducersPrimary Producers Primary Consumers: HerbivoresPrimary Consumers: Herbivores Secondary Consumers: Carnivores that eat HerbivoresSecondary Consumers: Carnivores that eat Herbivores Tertiary Consumers: Carnivores that eat other carnivoresTertiary Consumers: Carnivores that eat other carnivores

Detritivores– heterotrophs found at varying levelsDetritivores– heterotrophs found at varying levels

Food WebFood Web

A network of interconnected Food Chains in A network of interconnected Food Chains in an ecosystem.an ecosystem.

All the possible feeding relationships between All the possible feeding relationships between organisms living within an ecosystem.organisms living within an ecosystem.

Most org. feed on more than one species.Most org. feed on more than one species.

Food WebFood Web..

The arrows The arrows indicate the indicate the

flow of flow of materials and materials and energy being energy being passed alongpassed along

Identify the Food ChainsIdentify the Food ChainsInstructions:Instructions:

Get out your markers and highlighters!! Step 1: Print this page out. Get out your markers and highlighters!! Step 1: Print this page out. Step 1: Use the picture above to answer the following question. Step 1: Use the picture above to answer the following question.

1. Identify the organism(s) that are producers? 1. Identify the organism(s) that are producers?

2. Identify the organism(s) that are consumers? 2. Identify the organism(s) that are consumers? Identify them as one of the following: Producers; Primary Consumers; Secondary Consumers; Identify them as one of the following: Producers; Primary Consumers; Secondary Consumers;

Tertiary ConsumersTertiary Consumers2. Identify all the food chains food chains 4. How many food chains can you find in the above 2. Identify all the food chains food chains 4. How many food chains can you find in the above

food web? food web?

Food Web Assignment: Name: _________________ Due:__________Food Web Assignment: Name: _________________ Due:__________ 35 point assignment35 point assignment You will turn inYou will turn in: Food Web poster with Key and Answers to 3 questions together.: Food Web poster with Key and Answers to 3 questions together.

( 30 points for both these items) Food web, ( 30 points for both these items) Food web, with key (see below): on a poster board maximumwith key (see below): on a poster board maximum ( 5 points) Answers to the 3 questions below (typed, complete sentences (or a ven diagram)—( 5 points) Answers to the 3 questions below (typed, complete sentences (or a ven diagram)—

with the questions):with the questions): (attach these to an area of your poster—the front).(attach these to an area of your poster—the front).

1. What is the difference between a Food Web and a Food Chain?1. What is the difference between a Food Web and a Food Chain? 2. What do the arrows indicate?2. What do the arrows indicate? 3. What would be a possible impact on this ecosystem if one of the Primary Consumers was removed (disease wiped them 3. What would be a possible impact on this ecosystem if one of the Primary Consumers was removed (disease wiped them

out), and explanation?out), and explanation? Your full name and class section are to be on the poster.Your full name and class section are to be on the poster.

The Food Web Details:The Food Web Details: A). ( 20 points) Make a food web for an ecosystem. A). ( 20 points) Make a food web for an ecosystem. ( you can even make one up!)( you can even make one up!) B). This food web should include a minimum of 10 food chains.B). This food web should include a minimum of 10 food chains.

C) ( 10 points) C) ( 10 points) Make a key for the following:Make a key for the following: producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers, tertiary consumers, detritivore. producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers, tertiary consumers, detritivore.

PastPaste/tape ( or draw) the pictures to/onto posterboarde/tape ( or draw) the pictures to/onto posterboard..

Draw arrowsDraw arrows connecting the organisms to show feeding relationships. connecting the organisms to show feeding relationships. Be sure your arrows are pointing in the direction that the energy flows. Be sure your arrows are pointing in the direction that the energy flows.

Use magazines or other picture source ( hand drawing would be great) Possible magazines to search: Dog Fancy, National Geographic, Use magazines or other picture source ( hand drawing would be great) Possible magazines to search: Dog Fancy, National Geographic, Field and Stream, Outdoor Life.Field and Stream, Outdoor Life.

Food Web Assignment: Name: _________________ Due:__________Food Web Assignment: Name: _________________ Due:__________ 35 point assignment35 point assignment You will turn inYou will turn in: Food Web poster with Key and Answers to 3 questions together.: Food Web poster with Key and Answers to 3 questions together.

( 30 points for both these items) Food web, ( 30 points for both these items) Food web, with key (see below): on a poster board maximumwith key (see below): on a poster board maximum ( 5 points) Answers to the 3 questions below (typed, complete sentences (or a ven diagram)—( 5 points) Answers to the 3 questions below (typed, complete sentences (or a ven diagram)—

with the questions):with the questions): (attach these to an area of your poster—the front).(attach these to an area of your poster—the front).

1. What is the difference between a Food Web and a Food Chain?1. What is the difference between a Food Web and a Food Chain? 2. What do the arrows indicate?2. What do the arrows indicate? 3. What would be a possible impact on this ecosystem if one of the Primary Consumers was removed (disease wiped them 3. What would be a possible impact on this ecosystem if one of the Primary Consumers was removed (disease wiped them

out), and explanation?out), and explanation? Your full name and class section are to be on the poster.Your full name and class section are to be on the poster.

The Food Web Details:The Food Web Details: A). ( 20 points) Make a food web for an ecosystem. A). ( 20 points) Make a food web for an ecosystem. ( you can even make one up!)( you can even make one up!) B). This food web should include a minimum of 10 food chains.B). This food web should include a minimum of 10 food chains.

C) ( 10 points) C) ( 10 points) Make a key for the following:Make a key for the following: producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers, tertiary consumers, detritivore. producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers, tertiary consumers, detritivore.

PastPaste/tape ( or draw) the pictures to/onto posterboarde/tape ( or draw) the pictures to/onto posterboard..

Draw arrowsDraw arrows connecting the organisms to show feeding relationships. connecting the organisms to show feeding relationships. Be sure your arrows are pointing in the direction that the energy flows. Be sure your arrows are pointing in the direction that the energy flows.

Use magazines or other picture source ( hand drawing would be great) Possible magazines to search: Dog Fancy, National Geographic, Use magazines or other picture source ( hand drawing would be great) Possible magazines to search: Dog Fancy, National Geographic, Field and Stream, Outdoor Life.Field and Stream, Outdoor Life.

Energy and Trophic LevelsEnergy and Trophic Levels

Ecological Pyramids(see p. 52)Ecological Pyramids(see p. 52)

Model energy flow through ecosystem.Model energy flow through ecosystem. 3 Types3 Types

1. Pyramid of Energy1. Pyramid of Energy 2. Pyramid of Numbers2. Pyramid of Numbers 3. Pyramid of Biomass3. Pyramid of Biomass

Show the relative amounts of energy, biomass or Show the relative amounts of energy, biomass or numbers of organisms at each tropic level in an numbers of organisms at each tropic level in an ecosystem.ecosystem.

1.Pyramid of Energy (flow)1.Pyramid of Energy (flow) Each level represents the energy available within that trophic level.Each level represents the energy available within that trophic level.

detritivores

21

383

3,368

20,810 kilocalories/square meter/year

top carnivores

carnivores

herbivores

producers

decomposers

Energy Losses Energy Losses

Energy transfers are never 100 % efficient.Energy transfers are never 100 % efficient.

Some energy is lost at each step.Some energy is lost at each step.

Pyramid of EnergyPyramid of Energy The amount of energy available decreases with The amount of energy available decreases with

each succeeding trophic level.each succeeding trophic level. Total energy transfer to next level is 10%Total energy transfer to next level is 10%

90% is transformed90% is transformed Energy for organism or as heatEnergy for organism or as heat

Least Energy AvailableLeast Energy Available

Most Energy AvailableMost Energy Available

2. Pyramid of Biomass2. Pyramid of Biomass

The total mass of living The total mass of living matter at each tropic matter at each tropic level.level.

DecreasesDecreases

3. Pyramid of Numbers3. Pyramid of Numbers

Relative number of organisms Relative number of organisms also decreases at each also decreases at each successive tropic level.—successive tropic level.—

there is less energy available there is less energy available to support organisms.to support organisms.

..

Biological MagnificationBiological Magnification

A nondegradable or slowly degradable A nondegradable or slowly degradable

substance becomes more and more substance becomes more and more

concentrated in the tissues of organisms at concentrated in the tissues of organisms at

higher trophic levels of a food webhigher trophic levels of a food web

How biomagnification works: How biomagnification works: Injested chemical becomes Injested chemical becomes increasingly concentrated .increasingly concentrated .

DDT in Food WebsDDT in Food Webs Synthetic pesticide banned in Synthetic pesticide banned in

the United States since the United States since 1970s.1970s.

Top carnivore birds Top carnivore birds accumulated DDT in their accumulated DDT in their tissues.tissues.

Shells are soft, crack, babies die.Shells are soft, crack, babies die.

DDT banned in US in 1972!DDT banned in US in 1972!

Biome ProjectBiome Project Choose a group of 3 studentsChoose a group of 3 students Select a specific biomeSelect a specific biome Get approvalGet approval Each person will have a role in the presentationEach person will have a role in the presentationEach will turn in a summary for their job.Each will turn in a summary for their job.

BotanistBotanist ZoologistZoologist MeteorologistMeteorologist

Cycling of MatterCycling of Matter

Law of conservation of mass.Law of conservation of mass.

Natural processes cycle matter through the Natural processes cycle matter through the biosphere.biosphere.

Matter:Matter:

Nutrient:Nutrient: Nutrient cycling: organism and physical forces Nutrient cycling: organism and physical forces

involvement.involvement.

Cycles in the BiosphereCycles in the Biosphere

Biogeochemical Cycle: The exchange of Biogeochemical Cycle: The exchange of matter through the _____________.matter through the _____________. Living organismsLiving organisms Geological processesGeological processes Chemical processesChemical processes

4 Major Cycles 4 Major Cycles biologygmh.combiologygmh.com

1. Water –or Hydrologic cycle1. Water –or Hydrologic cycle

2. Carbon Cycle2. Carbon Cycle

3. Nitrogen cycle3. Nitrogen cycle

4. Phosphorous Cycle4. Phosphorous Cycle

Water Cycle Constantly moving from Water Cycle Constantly moving from Earth to atmosphere.Earth to atmosphere.

evaporation from ocean

4 precipitation into ocean

Transpiration

Precipitation

surface and groundwater flow

Atmosphere

Oceans

Land

The Water CycleThe Water Cycle

Evaporation and Transpiration, respiration Evaporation and Transpiration, respiration release water into the atmosphere;release water into the atmosphere;

forms rain, snow or ice;forms rain, snow or ice;

falls back to earth, bodies of water;falls back to earth, bodies of water; PercolationPercolation Evaporation; absorption by autotrophsEvaporation; absorption by autotrophs

2. The Carbon Cycle2. The Carbon Cycle

Life based upon carbon molecules.Life based upon carbon molecules.

Such as …Such as …

DNA, Proteins, Carbohydrates, FatsDNA, Proteins, Carbohydrates, Fats

Carbon in AtmosphereCarbon in Atmosphere

Atmospheric carbon is mainly carbon dioxideAtmospheric carbon is mainly carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide is added to atmosphere…..Carbon dioxide is added to atmosphere…..

Aerobic respiration, volcanic action, burning fossil fuels Aerobic respiration, volcanic action, burning fossil fuels

Removed by plants (photosynthesis)Removed by plants (photosynthesis)

Carbon CycleCarbon Cycle

photosynthesisTERRESTRIAL

ROCKS

volcanic action

weathering

diffusion

Bicarbonate, carbonate

Marine food webs

Marine Sediments

Atmosphere

TerrestrialRocks

Soil WaterPeat, Fossil

Fuels

Land Food Webs

3. The Nitrogen Cycle3. The Nitrogen Cycle

Critical for living organismsCritical for living organisms Protein & DNAProtein & DNA

78% of atmosphere is Nitrogen78% of atmosphere is Nitrogen Not usable by plants in this formNot usable by plants in this form Converted by bacteria in soil.Converted by bacteria in soil.

CLASS ACTIVITYCLASS ACTIVITY

Using your textbook, in trios, IDENIFY THE Using your textbook, in trios, IDENIFY THE ROLES OF THE PRODUCERS, ROLES OF THE PRODUCERS, CONSUMERS, AND DECOMPOSERS IN CONSUMERS, AND DECOMPOSERS IN THE CYCLING OF NITROGEN.THE CYCLING OF NITROGEN.

Nitrogen CycleNitrogen Cycle

NO3-

IN SOIL

NITROGEN FIXATION

by industry for agriculture

FERTILIZERS

FOOD WEBS ON LAND

NH3-, NH4

+

IN SOIL

1. NITRIFICATION

loss by leaching

uptake by autotrophs

excretion, death,

decomposition

uptake by autotrophs

NITROGEN FIXATION

loss by leaching

AMMONIFICATION

2. NITRIFICATION

NITROGENOUS WASTES, REMAINS IN SOIL

GASEOUS NITROGEN (N2)

IN ATMOSPHERE

NO2-

IN SOIL

The 2 ways P cyclesThe 2 ways P cycles

1.Plants get phosphorous from soil.1.Plants get phosphorous from soil.Animals eat plants.Animals eat plants.Organisms die, decomposers return it to the soil.Organisms die, decomposers return it to the soil.

2. Also incorporated into rocks; upon weathering; it is 2. Also incorporated into rocks; upon weathering; it is returned as runoff!returned as runoff!

Phosphorus CyclePhosphorus Cycle

GUANO

FERTILIZER

ROCKS

LAND FOOD WEBS

DISSOLVED IN OCEAN

WATER

MARINE FOOD WEBS

MARINE SEDIMENTS

excretion

weathering

mining

agriculture

uptake by autotrophs

death, decomposition

sedimentation setting out leaching, runoff

weathering

uplifting over geolgic time

DISSOLVED IN SOILWATER,

LAKES, RIVERS

uptake by autotrophs

death, decomposition

Greenhouse EffectGreenhouse Effect

Greenhouse gases impede the Greenhouse gases impede the

escape of heat from Earth’s surfaceescape of heat from Earth’s surface

Global WarmingGlobal Warming

Long-term increase in the temperature of Long-term increase in the temperature of

Earth’s lower atmosphereEarth’s lower atmosphere

Carbon Dioxide IncreaseCarbon Dioxide Increase

Carbon dioxide levels fluctuate seasonally Carbon dioxide levels fluctuate seasonally

The average level is steadily increasingThe average level is steadily increasing

Burning of fossil fuels and deforestation are Burning of fossil fuels and deforestation are

contributing to the increasecontributing to the increase

Other Greenhouse GasesOther Greenhouse Gases

CFCs - synthetic gases used in plastics and in CFCs - synthetic gases used in plastics and in

refrigerationrefrigeration

Methane - produced by termites and bacteriaMethane - produced by termites and bacteria

Nitrous oxide - released by bacteria, fertilizers, and Nitrous oxide - released by bacteria, fertilizers, and

animal wastesanimal wastes

Nitrogen FixationNitrogen Fixation

Plants cannot use nitrogen gasPlants cannot use nitrogen gas

Nitrogen-fixing bacteria convert nitrogen gas Nitrogen-fixing bacteria convert nitrogen gas

into ammonia (NHinto ammonia (NH33))

Ammonia and ammonium can be taken up by Ammonia and ammonium can be taken up by

plantsplants

Ammonification & NitrificationAmmonification & Nitrification

Bacteria and fungi carry out ammonification, Bacteria and fungi carry out ammonification,

conversion of nitrogenous wastes to ammoniaconversion of nitrogenous wastes to ammonia

Nitrifying bacteria convert ammonium to nitrites and Nitrifying bacteria convert ammonium to nitrites and

nitratesnitrates

Nitrogen LossNitrogen Loss

Nitrogen is often a limiting factor in ecosystemsNitrogen is often a limiting factor in ecosystems

Nitrogen is lost from soils via leaching and runoff Nitrogen is lost from soils via leaching and runoff

Denitrifying bacteria convert nitrates and nitrites to Denitrifying bacteria convert nitrates and nitrites to

nitrogen gasnitrogen gas

Human EffectsHuman Effects

Humans increase rate of nitrogen loss by clearing Humans increase rate of nitrogen loss by clearing forests and grasslandsforests and grasslands

Humans increase nitrogen in water and air by using Humans increase nitrogen in water and air by using fertilizers and by burning fossil fuelsfertilizers and by burning fossil fuels

Too much or too little nitrogen can compromise plant Too much or too little nitrogen can compromise plant healthhealth