上海第二医科大学物理教研室 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1901 "in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by the discovery of the remarkable rays subsequently

上海第二医科大学物理教研室

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1901The Nobel Prize in Physics 1901The Nobel Prize in Physics 1901The Nobel Prize in Physics 1901

"in recognition of the extraordinary services he has ren"in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by the discovery of the remarkable rays subsedered by the discovery of the remarkable rays subsequently named after him" quently named after him"

Wilhelm Conrad RötgenWilhelm Conrad Rötgen Germany Munich University Germany Munich University

Munich, Germany Munich, Germany b. 1845b. 1845

d. 1923d. 1923


What lay behind this What lay behind this spectacular success spectacular success What lay behind this What lay behind this spectacular success spectacular success

Röntgen took a shadow-graph of the bones of his wife Bertha’s hand with her wedding ring clearly visible.


What lay behind this What lay behind this spectacular success spectacular success What lay behind this What lay behind this spectacular success spectacular success

The medical implications were immediately

realized and the first images of fractured bones

were being made by January 1896 even though

none yet knew what the mystery rays were.


The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 19791979The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 19791979

"for the development of computer assisted tomography"

Godfrey N. Hounsfield Central Research Laboratories, EMI London, United Kingdom b. b. 1919

Allan M. Cormack Tufts University Medford, MA, USA b. 1924(in Johannesburg, South Africa) d. 1998


The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1979 1979 The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1979 1979

Neither of this year's laureates in Neither of this year's laureates in

physiology or medicine is a physiology or medicine is a

medical doctor. Nevertheless, medical doctor. Nevertheless,

they have achieved a revolution they have achieved a revolution

in the field of medicinein the field of medicine


X-CTX-CTX-CTX-CT

Shortcomings of conventional X-rayShortcomings of conventional X-ray

Methods of X-CTMethods of X-CT

First Imaging of X-CTFirst Imaging of X-CT

Application Application


Picture of the first brain scanned on the Picture of the first brain scanned on the laboratory machinelaboratory machinePicture of the first brain scanned on the Picture of the first brain scanned on the laboratory machinelaboratory machine

Laboratory machine, showing X-ray tube and detector traversing along a lathe bed across a human brain. At the end of the stroke the brain would be rotated 1” and the traverse would be repeated.

Picture of the first brain scanned on Laboratory machine


First clinical prototype brain scanner installed at Atkinson Morley’s Hospital, London

First clinical prototype brain scanner installed at Atkinson Morley’s Hospital, London

In 1972 the first patient was scanned by this machine. She was a woman who had a suspected brain lesion, and the picture showed clearly in detail a dark circular cyst in the brain


New era in Radiology New era in Radiology New era in Radiology New era in Radiology

In those images, we will be able to discern In those images, we will be able to discern

not only structure, but also function, not only structure, but also function,

physiology, or biochemistry. In this, new physiology, or biochemistry. In this, new

voyages of discovery are being prepared: voyages of discovery are being prepared:

voyages into man's own interior, into inner voyages into man's own interior, into inner

space.space.


The 2003 Nobel Prize in Physiology or The 2003 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Medicine The 2003 Nobel Prize in Physiology or The 2003 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Medicine

The Nobel Assembly at Karolinska Institutet has today decided to award The Nobel Prize in Physiol

ogy or Medicine for 2003jointly to

Paul C Lauterbur and Peter Mansfieldfor their discoveries concerning

"magnetic resonance imaging"


Paul LauterburPaul LauterburPaul LauterburPaul Lauterbur

Discovered that two-dimensional images Discovered that two-dimensional images

could be produced by introduction of could be produced by introduction of

gradients in the magnetic fieldgradients in the magnetic field. .

By analysis of the characteristics of the By analysis of the characteristics of the

emitted radio waves, he could determine emitted radio waves, he could determine

their origin. This made it possible to build up their origin. This made it possible to build up

two-dimensional pictures of structures that two-dimensional pictures of structures that

could not be visualized with other methods. could not be visualized with other methods.


Peter MansfieldPeter MansfieldPeter MansfieldPeter Mansfield

Discovered that use of Discovered that use of gradients in the magnetic gradients in the magnetic

fieldfield gave signals that rapidly and effectively gave signals that rapidly and effectively

could be analyzed and transformed to an image.could be analyzed and transformed to an image.

Mansfield also showed how extremely rapid Mansfield also showed how extremely rapid

imaging could be achieved by very fast gradient imaging could be achieved by very fast gradient

variations (EPI). This approach became possible variations (EPI). This approach became possible

in clinical practice a decade later.in clinical practice a decade later.



Imaging with exact and non-invasive methodsImaging with exact and non-invasive methods

Discoveries of importance to medicine Discoveries of importance to medicine

Rapid development within medicineRapid development within medicine

valuable for examination of the brain and the valuable for examination of the brain and the

spinal cordspinal cord

Important preoperative toolImportant preoperative tool

Improved diagnostics in cancerImproved diagnostics in cancer

Reduced suffering for patientsReduced suffering for patients

SummarySummarySummarySummary


MRIMRIMRIMRI


MRI of the neck. The red arrow indicates a disk herniation bulging into the spinal canal.

MRI of a patient with MS (multiple sclerosis). The white round spots represent characteristic MS-plaques

Documents

上海第二医科大学 物理教研室 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1901 "in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by the discovery of the remarkable rays subsequently

上海第二医科大学物理教研室 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1901 "in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by the discovery of the remarkable rays subsequently