手机射频校准手机射频校准

什么是射频校准？什么是射频校准？

• The process of obtaining RF parametric data to be used by the phone for the purpose of compensating for non-linear devices, frequency variations, and temperature variations

• Output from the calibration process is stored in non-volatile (NV) memory

• DMSS uses RF NV items during normal operation to ensure system performance is met.

射频校准的意义射频校准的意义 ? (1)? (1)

• Subscriber units have differing RF charaSubscriber units have differing RF characteristics.cteristics.-Some characteristics vary from one unit -Some characteristics vary from one unit to the nextto the next-Other characteristics vary from one desi-Other characteristics vary from one design to the nextgn to the next

射频校准的意义射频校准的意义 ?? (2) (2)

• The subscriber unit must estimate the RThe subscriber unit must estimate the Rx power properly to maximize signal to nx power properly to maximize signal to noise ratios and to provide a basis for Tx oise ratios and to provide a basis for Tx power output.power output.

• The subscriber unit must transmit at corThe subscriber unit must transmit at correct Tx power level over its large dynamirect Tx power level over its large dynamic range.c range.

射频校准的意义射频校准的意义 ?? (3) (3)

• The MSM device and system software coThe MSM device and system software combination must “know” the RF characmbination must “know” the RF characteristics of the particular unit. This inforteristics of the particular unit. This information is known as RF calibration data.mation is known as RF calibration data.

• Failure to compensate for differing RF chFailure to compensate for differing RF characteristics may cause the unit to fail maracteristics may cause the unit to fail minimum performance specifications.inimum performance specifications.

射频校准的意义射频校准的意义 ?? (4) (4)

• Calibration Consideration:Calibration Consideration:

- Some NV Items will be static per phone- Some NV Items will be static per phone

designdesign

» Ex: NV_CDMA_ENC_BTF

- - Other NV items will vary from one phone to the next and need to be

calibrated » Ex: NV_CDMA_TX_LIN_MASTER_1

射频校准的信号流图射频校准的信号流图

射频校准工位搭建射频校准工位搭建

NVNV 项项• Calibration compensates for nonlinear characteristics,Calibration compensates for nonlinear characteristics,

and temperature and frequency variations in the perf and temperature and frequency variations in the performance of the Tx and Rx path components in a subscormance of the Tx and Rx path components in a subscriber unitriber unit

• Output from the calibration process are stored in nonOutput from the calibration process are stored in nonvolatile (NV) memory items in AMSS softwarevolatile (NV) memory items in AMSS software

• DMSS software loads calibration values into MSM regiDMSS software loads calibration values into MSM registers or uses them for software processing during norsters or uses them for software processing during normal DMSS operationmal DMSS operation

• NV items can be accessed using raw DIAG commands NV items can be accessed using raw DIAG commands or using DIAG-based tools, such as the QPST RF Calibror using DIAG-based tools, such as the QPST RF Calibration Toolation Tool

• • Some NV items will be static per the hardware designSome NV items will be static per the hardware design• Other NV items will vary from one unit to the nextOther NV items will vary from one unit to the next• Some elements within an NV item can be extrapolatedSome elements within an NV item can be extrapolated

NVNV 项类型项类型• Static RF NV Items: Value is determined by design and does not change for the same design. Ex: NV_CDMA_NONBYPASS_TIMER_I• Calculated RF NV Items: Value is calculated based on other parameters of the design configuration and valu

e does not change for a given configuration. Ex: NV_CDMA_LNA_RANGE_RISE_I• Measured RF NV Items: Value is defined by RF calibrati

on process and each device may have a different value. Ex: NV_CDMA_TX_LIN_MASTER_0_I

FTMFTM 介绍介绍• FTM is expandable, allowing customers to build onto t

he functions for manufacturer-specific testing• FTM is now a part of QPST• Extensive documentation is available for customer ref

erence– 80-V4690-25 Rev. B MSM 6250 RF NV Items– CL-93-V5368-1 Rev. C Factory Test Mode WCDMA Commands– CL93-V5370-1 Rev. F Factory Test Mode GSM Commands– 80-V5359-1 Rev. E FTM Overview

运行 FTM

• Released DMSS can be made to boot up in one of two operatingmodes– Normal “DMSS” mode with regular cellular operation– FTM mode with no cellular system determination and call-processing

• By default, DMSS will power up in normal mode• AMSS software is also capable of switching modes at run-time (no reset

required)– To switch from online to FTM, send a “Mode FTM” command to the phone.– To switch from FTM to online, send a “Mode Online” command.

• To activate FTM:– Send Off_line command to target– Send Diag Command NV_WRITE and set NV item NV_FTM_I to 1.– Reset target by sending a MODE_RESET command. Target will boot up inFTM mode. Target LCD screen should display “Factory Test Mode”

• At this point the unit is ready to receive FTM commands

FTMFTM 命令介绍（命令介绍（ 11 ））• Bool Set PDM(pdm_id_type type) – This command sets the val

ue of a PDM output, based on PDM_ID such asTx_Agc_Pdm or Rx_Agc_Pdm

• Byte Get ADC(adc_id_type type, word* data = NULL) This command returns the value of the specified analogto-

digital converter (ADC) channels.

• Word GetCAGC_RX_AGC() – This command returns the 10-bit 2’s complement output of the RX AGC loop

• Bool GetSynthLockState() – This command returns thestate of the RF synthesizers.

FTMFTM 命令介绍（命令介绍（ 22 ））• Bool SetCDMAWaveCW(bool on_off) – This command sets the

modulation ON/OFF for the uplink waveform. Pass in “true” for CW waveform and “false” for WCDMA uplink waveform

• Bool SetChannel(word channel) – This command sets the uplink and downlink channel

• Bool SetLNAOffset(byte index, int value) – This command sets the LNA offset register

• Bool SetLNARange(lna_range_type range) – This command sets the LNA range state machine to the specified state

FTMFTM 命令介绍（命令介绍（ 33 ））• Bool SetMode(mode_id_type mode) – This function makes a selection between GSM and WCDMA operating modes. It initialize

s all of the necessary registers to place the phone in the requested mode

• Bool SetPARange(pa_range_type range) – This command sets the PA range state machine to the specified state

• Bool SetTxOFF() – This command turns off the phone’s transmit chain including the power amplifier and the MSM Tx clocks

• Bool SetTxON() – This command turns on the phone’s transmit chain including the power amplifier and the MSM Tx clock

FTMFTM 命令介绍（命令介绍（ 44 ））• Word GetCDMAIM2(byte* Idac, byte* Qdac, byte* Trans) – Thi

s command returns the optimum IM2 value for the current mode and channel of the mobile. Rx signal input are required to be set before issuing this command or results will not be accurate. The resulting word contains two values:

– The most significant byte contains the I value – The middle byte contains the Q value – The least significant byte contains the transconductance value

• Bool SetDVGAOffset(word offset) – This function sets the DVGA (Digital VGA) offset register

• Word GetDVGAOffset(void) – This function gets the DVGA offset register value

Automatic Gain Control Automatic Gain Control (AGC)(AGC)• The phone does not use dB and dBm to manage power.• In the embedded software, all power is defined in terms of A

GC units– AGC units» AGC is stored as 10-bit number» Range is 210,1024 total units» dB/AGC = Dynamic Range (dB) / 1024» For Dynamic Range = 85.3 dB

• There are 12 AGC units per dB– Both RX and TX use AGC units for all power calculations» E.g. Rx must measure power and determine RX AGC.

• » E.g. Tx AGC units are used to calculate transmit power (e.g. max power and access probe step sizes).

RX AGCRX AGC 和和 dBmdBm 的转换的转换• Given

– Min RSSI = -106 dBm– AGC/dB conversion = 12 AGC / 1 dB– dB/AGC conversion = 0.08 dB / 1 AGC

TX AGCTX AGC 和和 dBmdBm 的转换的转换• Given• – Min MSM Tx linearizer power = -57.3 dBm• – AGC/dB conversion = 12 AGC / 1 dB• – dB/AGC conversion = 0.08 dB / 1 AGC

HDETHDET• Phone looking up HDET to get power:

– Upper 25% of the Tx dynamic is used to obtain power vs. HDET curve.– HDET dynamic range = 0.25 * 85.3 =21.33– HDET dynamic range is divided into

16 segments.– HDET max table power = 28.0 dBm– HDET min table power = 6.67 dBm

• HDET offset and span– Offset and span define the range in

which the power-limiting algorithm is active– Offset: Lowest HDET value used for power limiting = HDET reading at

(max Tx power limit - 6dB)– Span: Highest HDET value used for power limiting = HDET reading at

(max Tx power limit + 2dB) - offset

Rx Calibration (1) Rx Calibration (1)

Rx Calibration (2)Rx Calibration (2)

Rx Calibration- IM2 (3)Rx Calibration- IM2 (3)• IM2 calibration is done to improve recIM2 calibration is done to improve rec

eption in certain types of jamming siteption in certain types of jamming situations. uations.

• Improper IM2 calibration may cause tImproper IM2 calibration may cause the mobile station’s FER to increase ihe mobile station’s FER to increase in these jamming situations.n these jamming situations.

Rx Calibration- IM2 (4)Rx Calibration- IM2 (4)• Using a signal generator, place an AM modulated carrier with the Using a signal generator, place an AM modulated carrier with the

following characteristics at the input to the antennafollowing characteristics at the input to the antenna »The frequency of the carrier must be offset from the Rx referenc»The frequency of the carrier must be offset from the Rx referenc

e frequency by 5.0 MHz.e frequency by 5.0 MHz. »Program the modulation tone be sinusoidal and to have a frequ»Program the modulation tone be sinusoidal and to have a frequ

ency of 20 kHz.ency of 20 kHz. »Program the signal generator such that the AM modulation dept»Program the signal generator such that the AM modulation dept

h is 56 %.h is 56 %. »Program the signal strength to be –25 dBm at the antenna’s inp»Program the signal strength to be –25 dBm at the antenna’s inp

ut. »Check the RSSI using the FTM function ut. »Check the RSSI using the FTM function Get RX AGCGet RX AGC. If the RSS. If the RSSI is saturated (at the extreme limit), adjust the signal’s strength I is saturated (at the extreme limit), adjust the signal’s strength accordingly until the RSSI is no longer saturated.accordingly until the RSSI is no longer saturated.

• Call the FTM function Call the FTM function Get CDMA IM2Get CDMA IM2. It may take approximately 5 . It may take approximately 5 seconds before the function returns a value.seconds before the function returns a value.

• Store the two values in Store the two values in NV_CDMA_IM2_I_VALUENV_CDMA_IM2_I_VALUE and and NV_CDMANV_CDMA_IM2_Q_VALUE_IM2_Q_VALUE..

Rx Calibration (5)Rx Calibration (5)• FTM command sequenceFTM command sequence

-1.SET_MODE {FTM}-1.SET_MODE {FTM}-2.RESET-2.RESET-3.TEST_SET_MODE {PHONE_MODE_CDMA_800}-3.TEST_SET_MODE {PHONE_MODE_CDMA_800}-4.TEST_SET_CHANNEL {CDMA reference=202} -4.TEST_SET_CHANNEL {CDMA reference=202} -5.Input CDMA waveform at ref. channel and at LNA_FALL1 -5.Input CDMA waveform at ref. channel and at LNA_FALL1 power.power.-6.TEST_GET_DVGA_OFFSET-6.TEST_GET_DVGA_OFFSET-7.TEST_GET_LNA_OFFSET {ID=0}-7.TEST_GET_LNA_OFFSET {ID=0}-8.Change input power level to LNA_FALL2.-8.Change input power level to LNA_FALL2.-9.TEST_GET_LNA_OFFSET {ID=1}-9.TEST_GET_LNA_OFFSET {ID=1}-10.Change input power level to LNA_FALL3.-10.Change input power level to LNA_FALL3.-11.TEST_GET_LNA_OFFSET {ID=2}-11.TEST_GET_LNA_OFFSET {ID=2}-12.Repeat steps 4 through 11 for all 16 channels.-12.Repeat steps 4 through 11 for all 16 channels.

Rx Calibration (6)Rx Calibration (6)

• Stored in following NV items: Stored in following NV items: NV_CDMA_VGA_GAIN_OFFSETNV_CDMA_VGA_GAIN_OFFSETNV_CDMA_VGA_OFFSET_VS_FREQNV_CDMA_VGA_OFFSET_VS_FREQNV_LNA_RANGE_OFFSETNV_LNA_RANGE_OFFSETNV_CDMA_LNA_RANGE_OFFSET_VS_FREQNV_CDMA_LNA_RANGE_OFFSET_VS_FREQNV_LNA_RANGE_12_OFFSETNV_LNA_RANGE_12_OFFSETNV_CDMA_LNA_RANGE_12_OFFSET_VS_FREQNV_CDMA_LNA_RANGE_12_OFFSET_VS_FREQNV_CDMA_LNA_3_OFFSETNV_CDMA_LNA_3_OFFSETNV_CDMA_LNA_ 3_OFFSET_VS_FREQNV_CDMA_LNA_ 3_OFFSET_VS_FREQNV_CDMA_LNA_ 4_OFFSETNV_CDMA_LNA_ 4_OFFSETNV_CDMA_LNA_ OFFSET_VS_FREQNV_CDMA_LNA_ OFFSET_VS_FREQNV_CDMA_IM2_I_VALUENV_CDMA_IM2_I_VALUENV_CDMA_IM2_Q_VALUENV_CDMA_IM2_Q_VALUENV_CDMA_IM2_TRANSCONDUCTOR_VALUENV_CDMA_IM2_TRANSCONDUCTOR_VALUE

Tx Calibration (1)Tx Calibration (1)

Tx Calibration (2)Tx Calibration (2)

Nonlinear RF characteristics of the Tx AGNonlinear RF characteristics of the Tx AGC amplifier are captured in linearizer tabC amplifier are captured in linearizer tables les

Tx Calibration (3)Tx Calibration (3)

• FTM command sequenceFTM command sequence– 1.SET_MODE {FTM}1.SET_MODE {FTM}– 2.RESET2.RESET– 3.TEST_SET_MODE {PHONE_MODE_CDMA_800}3.TEST_SET_MODE {PHONE_MODE_CDMA_800}– 4.TEST_SET_CHANNEL {CDMA reference=202} 4.TEST_SET_CHANNEL {CDMA reference=202} – 5.TEST_SET_TX_ON5.TEST_SET_TX_ON– 6.TEST_SET_PA_RANGE {LOW_POWER}6.TEST_SET_PA_RANGE {LOW_POWER}– 7.Measure Tx power and use TEST_SET_PDM {Tx_AGC,x} to adju7.Measure Tx power and use TEST_SET_PDM {Tx_AGC,x} to adju

st until the desired Tx power for index 0 is achieved. Record Tx_st until the desired Tx power for index 0 is achieved. Record Tx_AGC PDM.AGC PDM.

– 8.Repeat Step 7 for all other indices from 1 to 36.8.Repeat Step 7 for all other indices from 1 to 36.– 9.TEST_SET_PA_RANGE {HIGH_POWER}9.TEST_SET_PA_RANGE {HIGH_POWER}– 10.Adjust the Tx power as described in Step 7, and record Tx AG10.Adjust the Tx power as described in Step 7, and record Tx AG

C PDMs and HDET values for all 37 indices.C PDMs and HDET values for all 37 indices.

Tx Calibration (4)Tx Calibration (4)

• Stored in the following NV items:Stored in the following NV items:NV_CDMA_TX_LIN_MASTER0NV_CDMA_TX_LIN_MASTER0NV_CDMA_TX_LIN_MASTER1NV_CDMA_TX_LIN_MASTER1NV_TX_COMP0NV_TX_COMP0NV_TX_COMP1NV_TX_COMP1NV_HDET_OFFNV_HDET_OFFNV_HDET_SPNNV_HDET_SPNNV_CDMA_TX_LIM_VS_FREQNV_CDMA_TX_LIM_VS_FREQNV_CDMA_EXP_HDET_VS_AGC NV_CDMA_EXP_HDET_VS_AGC

RF Calibration-RF Calibration- 硬件设备接口 硬件设备接口 (1)(1)• GPIBGPIB 硬件接口硬件接口

-GPIB-GPIB 接口是一个数字化接口是一个数字化 2424 脚并行总线，其中脚并行总线，其中 1166 根为根为 TTLTTL 并行总线，包括并行总线，包括 88 根双向数据线、根双向数据线、 55根控制线、根控制线、 33 根握手线，另根握手线，另 88 根为地线和屏蔽线。根为地线和屏蔽线。-GPIB-GPIB 卡作为计算机与测量仪表之间的桥梁，主卡作为计算机与测量仪表之间的桥梁，主要承担着命令、数据的传送功能，计算机通过控要承担着命令、数据的传送功能，计算机通过控制制 GPIBGPIB 卡向测试仪表发送控制命令，控制测试卡向测试仪表发送控制命令，控制测试仪表执行相应的动作、进行相应的测试；计算机仪表执行相应的动作、进行相应的测试；计算机向测试仪表发送数据读取命令，控制测试仪表将向测试仪表发送数据读取命令，控制测试仪表将测试数据通过测试数据通过 GPIBGPIB 接口送入计算机；接口送入计算机；

RF Calibration-RF Calibration- 硬件设备接口 硬件设备接口 (2)(2)• NINI 公司提供的常用公司提供的常用 IEEE488.2IEEE488.2 函数函数

-viOpenDefaultRM (ViPSession vi)-viOpenDefaultRM (ViPSession vi) -viOpen(ViSession vi, …)-viOpen(ViSession vi, …) -viPrintf(ViSession vi, ViString writeFmt, ...)-viPrintf(ViSession vi, ViString writeFmt, ...) -viQueryf (ViSession vi, …)-viQueryf (ViSession vi, …) -viClose(ViObject vi)-viClose(ViObject vi)