12
!!""!## $%!%$&% &'() *+&,-' ./ ./-' '()*+,-./0-/1)20*./)3 4+.0(50.6/)3.*7289/23-./0-/3 :/.;.0< =/>.0<50.6/)3.*7 ?2@A!"B2A# C(7 $%!% !"#$ $%!% %D $E %&#$ $%!% %& !E '()* FG(.7GHG(0 012 3 4+56-'789:;&<=>?@AB &CDE'FG HIJK&LMNOPQRS&TU V&<WXYZ[\ 'IJ(.@ +G(.7GA7G(0 K/)>/@/6A/LG !"#$%&'#()(*+ ,-.*/ 0#.1" '"$'1$%2$"3 -4 &5"0!"'"*&&$1" 3,-1$*/#$&5-'05"!" ]^_`P&Ta 1bc8defR&T&<g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email protected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`a)@349X\-b\c)DXdPefgQRSGH[\]^_`a )@AQRShiE)FGHjkl)*m. Z.*+2=)2K/9bnop=>?]^qrsAE)Fhitu +fv wKfpIxAE)Fyz{|O}+ ~phiE)FGH{|IxfpA= >?1L9=>?_`aA.-E)FS kl)*AG{|1fp + +=>?E)FAQS85678A,~+P9 p:;<=>?A[\]^5678- A¡¢,/012£29=>?)D¤¥)@ P9c)DQR+wK¦N§¨©ª«O}A¬1§-®+ ~c)DQR+P9¦1LA= >?b\-X\)@ [\=>?)@¯°A1±²=>?A³\)@´µ H/@@2R3*20/)FZ A¶·/012YRA)FZ¸¹¨)@ºc»¼µ½¾&%%>J 9y¿§¨©A°M §À-®

0#.1 ’$’1$%2$3 -4 &50!’*&&$13,-1$*/#$&5-’05!seismo.berkeley.edu/~yuan/papers/20100310.yuan.ESF.2010.pdf · 2014. 8. 22. · e) *.0< (#&) /*(@!!!#$!!

  • Upload
    others

  • View
    0

  • Download
    0

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

Page 1: 0#.1 ’$’1$%2$3 -4 &50!’*&&$13,-1$*/#$&5-’05!seismo.berkeley.edu/~yuan/papers/20100310.yuan.ESF.2010.pdf · 2014. 8. 22. · e) *.0< (#&) /*(@!!!#$!!

书书书

!

!"

" !

#

#

$%!%

$

&

%

&'()

!

*+&,-'

!

./

"#

./-'

"

'()*+,-./0-/1)20*./)3

!

4+.0(50.6/)3.*

7

289/23-./0-/3

!

:/.

;

.0

<

"#

=/>.0

<

50.6/)3.*

7

"

?2@A!"B2A#

C(

7

$%!%

!"#$

!

$%!% %D $E

#

%&#$

!

$%!% %& !E

'()*

!

FG(.

7

GHG(0

!

012

"$

3

$

4+56-'789:;&<=>?@AB

$

&CDE'FG

$

HIJK&LMNOPQRS&TU

V&<WXYZ[\

%

'IJ(.@

&

+G(.

7

GA

7

G(0

!

K/)>/@/6A/LG

!"#$%&'#()(*+,-.*/0#.1"

&

'"$'1$%2$"3 -4

&5"0!"'"*&&$1"3,-1$*/#$&5-'05"!"

]^_`P&Ta

&

1bc8defR&T&<gZ

FG(.

7

GHG(0

!

$

!

M/00/*+9NOG/>/)

$

!N!"#$"%"

&

'"()*+%+

,

(-.%/.0

$

$!&1-2+3"4.%%

$

52!"#$"%"

&

$

26PD"%Q

$

5'6

$N7"

8

.#9*"39+

:

;"+%+

,&

.3<;"+

8

=

&

)(-)

$

53(>"#)(9

&

+

:

?

&

+*(3

,

$

/.#.*("

$

?@E$%"!

$

5'6

,6785679

:

6

$

+6;<;=>/?!;@9ABC@7D78E

:

F68

GH

@6I;

&

';9CI9AJ9;KFLBM;

H

=;C;8BB9I;3

:

FI98

G

@9BMFC

H

M;=;?!"#$%&'()*')

+#,*$()#-

$

NOPO

$

PQ

!

R

"&

PNQSPRT

(DCB=7AB

&

,.0-/0/()@

7

*R2L/-(L/3(

<

2

$

J(0

7

*/J

S

2)()

7

())(

7

3+(6/K//0L/

S

@2

7

/L.0*+/T)-+/(0U

7

2J.0

<

S

)26.0-/(0L.*30/.

<

+K2).0

<

()/(3AOG/*2*+/3J(@@3*(*.203

S

(-.0

<

!

G

S

*2$>J

"

28*+/3/())(

7

L/

S

@2

7

J/0*3

$

.*.302R

S

233.K@/*2.J(

<

/*+/3/.3J.-3*)G-*G)/.0*+/U

7

2J.0

<

-)G3*(0LG

SS

/)J(0*@/R.*+()/32@G*.203-(@/

-2J

S

()(K@/*2(-*.6/32G)-/

S

)[email protected]

<

3*GL./3AV/J()>(K@/(

<

)//J/0*3K/*R//0*+/

S

(33.6/(0L(-*.6/32G)-/

3*GL./3()/82G0L.0*+/-)G3*(0L3+(@@2RG

SS

/)J(0*@/AT+.

<

+6/@2-.*

7

L.

SS

.0

<

3*)G-*G)/L2R0*2

"

!&%>J.3

)/6/(@/L8)2J*2J2

<

)(

S

+

7

(**+/32G*+/)0-)(*20/L

<

/A,G

SS

2)*/LK

7

2*+/)@.0/328/6.L/0-/

$

(8)2W/0I.08233.@

3GKLG-*.203@(KJ2L/@(**+/-)(*20J()

<

.0.3

S

)/8/))/L

$

R+.-+.0L.-(*/3*+(*@(*/)(@3@(K(--)/*.20J(

7

K/(0

.J

S

2)*(0*J/-+(0.3JLG).0

<

*+//()@

7

-)(*20(33/JK@

7

AF.

<

+6/@2-.*

7

@2R/)-)G3*J(

<

J(*.-G0L/)

S

@(*/3()/

S

)/3/0*.0*+/02)*+/)0(0L-/0*)(@-)(*20

$

KG*()/

S

/)+(

S

3.0/X.3*/0*.0*+/32G*+

$

.0L.-(*.0

<

*+(**+/

7

()/)/I

@(*/L*2

S

233.K@/L.88/)/0*-)(*20.W(*.20

S

)2-/33/3(J20

<

*+/-)(*203GK

S

)26.0-/3AY+/3

S

(*.(@-2.0-.L/0-/28

*+/3/)/@.-*3/.3J.-3*)G-*G)/3R.*+*+/3G)8(-/3G*G)/33G

<<

/3*3*+//()@

7

@.*+23

S

+/).-)/3

S

203/3*26().2G3

J(0*@/L/82)J(*.20

S

)2-/33/3+(6/K//0R/@@

S

)/3/)6/LAH2G0

<

*/-*20.3J3

$

82)/X(J

S

@/*+/H/@@2R3*20/+2*3I

S

2*

$

+(6/3.

<

0.8.-(0*@

7

(@*/)/L*+/-)G3*(0L@.*+23

S

+/)/.0*+/R/3*/)03.L/28*+/-)(*20A

>;

:

KF=EC

&

U

7

2J.0

<

#

-)(*20

#

@.*+23

S

+/)/

#

3/.3J.-.J(

<

.0

<

#

J(0*@/

S

@GJ/

#

R/L

<

/

%#%86ID;=

&

=#!&N$

!

+FA6I;8BAFE;

&

T

!

(=B9A@;$+

&

!%%& $#$!

!

$%!%

"

%# %!$" !$

+

!

,

!

!"#$%&'()*+,-.,/0123456789:;<=>?)@ABC

!

:;<=>

?)@A)D-E)FGHI3JGK=>?1LMNAOPQRSTU34VWX

H/@@2R3*20/

YR)

FZ

!

9=>?[\]^_`a)@349X\-b\c)DXdPefgQRSGH

!

[\]^_`a

)@AQRShiE)FGHjkl)*m.

Z.*+2=)2K/

9bnop=>?]^qrsAE)Fhitu

+fv

!

wKfpIxAE)Fyz{|O}+

"

~phiE)FGH���{|��Ix�fp��A=

>?1L��

!

9=>?_`aA��.-E)F�S

"

kl)*A��G���{|�����1fp�

�+

"

+��=>?E)FA�Q�S�8

!

5678A��,�����������~���+P9�

�p:;<=>?A[\]^

!

5678-��� A¡¢,/012£2���9=>?)D¤¥)@

P9c)DQR+

!

wK¦N§¨©ª«��O}A¬1§­®+

"

~�c)DQR+P9��¦1LA=

>?b\-X\)@

"

���[\=>?)@¯°A�1±²

!

=>?A³\)@´µ

H/@@2R3*20/

)FZ

A¶·

!

/012��YRA)FZ¸¹¨)@ºc»¼µ½¾

&%%>J

!

9y¿§¨©A°M

"

§À­®

Page 2: 0#.1 ’$’1$%2$3 -4 &50!’*&&$13,-1$*/#$&5-’05!seismo.berkeley.edu/~yuan/papers/20100310.yuan.ESF.2010.pdf · 2014. 8. 22. · e) *.0< (#&) /*(@!!!#$!!

!$E

!! !!

FG(.

7

GHG(0

$

M/00/*+9NOG/>/)

'

!"#$

!

'()*+,-./0-/1)20*./)3

"

$%!%

#

!"

!

#

"

+Áe

+2*3

S

2**)(->

9X)DÂÃA�1

"

ÄÅÆc)D§¨AǺÈÉ

!

-./

!

:;<

#

=>?

#

§¨©

#

)*12

#

)FZ

#

��+

!

!

U

7

2J.0

<

-)(*2082)J(*.20(0LL/I

82)J(*.20

!!

T)-+/(0-)(*203()/*+/)/

<

.203.0*+/R2)@L

R+23/-)G3*+(3)/J(.0/L3*(K@/82)K.@@.20328

7

/()3A:@//>/)

(

!

)

)/

S

2)*3#&

S

./-/328

S

)/3/)6/L-)(I

*20.-3/

<

J/0*3.0*+/R2)@LA,.0-/*+/

S

(3*L/-(L/3

-203/03G3+(3K//0)/(-+/L*+(**+/-)(*20>//@.3

KG2

7

(0*(0L J/-+(0.-(@@

7

3*)20

<

*2)/*(.0*+/

-)(*20[3@20

<

/6.*

7

(

$I#

)

A\G/3*.203)/

<

()L.0

<

*+/

-)(*2082)J(*.20(0LL/82)J(*.20

S

)2-/33/3

$

+2RI

/6/)

$

3*.@@)/J(.0A12)/X(J

S

@/

$

+2R-)(*20>//@3

82)J/L.0*+/8.)3*

S

@(-/.33*.@@2

S

/082)L/K(*/A

YR2-@(33/328-)(*20.-@.*+23

S

+/).-)22*382)J(I

*.20()/

S

)2

S

23/L

(

DI&

)

$

20/.062>.0

<

2020/2)J2)/

+2*

S

@GJ/3

$

(0L*+/2*+/)

S

)2

S

23.0

<

(--)/*.20K

7

3+(@@2R3GKLG-*.20.0/.*+/)(-20*.0/0*(@2)()-

3/**.0

<

A

TR/@@I3G.*/L)/

<

.20*23*GL

7

*+/-)(*2082)I

J(*.20(0LL/82)J(*.20.3*+/U

7

2J.0

<S

)26.0-/

.0*+/02)*+R/3*/)050.*/L,*(*/3

!

1.

<

N!

"

AY+.3.3

(

"

!%%%%%>J

$

T)-+/(0

S

)26.0-/3G))2G0L/L*2.*3

*+)//3.L/3K

7

=)2*/)2W2.--2@@.3.20(@2)2

<

/03

(

QIE

)

&

*+/9)/(*1(@@*/-*20.-W20/8)2J02)*+

$

*+/O(>2I

*(3/

<

J/0*28*+/ Y)(03IFGL320 ])2

<

/08)2J

/(3*

$

(0L*+/4+/

7

/00/K/@*

(

P

)

8)2J32G*+AY+/

R/3*/)[email protected].*28*+/-)(*20.3

S

22)@

7

-203*)(.0/LA

123*/)/*(@

(

!%

)

3G

<<

/3*.*J(

7

@./.0*+//(3*/)[email protected]

.*28*+/,/6./)82@L(0L*+)G3*K/@*.032G*+R/3*/)0

C20*(0(AY+/-)(*20.3J.LL@/*2*+/Z(*/T)-+/I

(0.0(

<

/

(

E

$

!!

)

AY+/02)*+/)0(0L-/0*)(@3GK

S

)26I

.0-/3R/)/-)(*20.W/L

"

-($NE%9(

$

R.*+(G0.

^

G/

/0).-+/L

$%"

=K

'

$%D

'

=K.32*)2

S

.-3.

<

0(*G)/.0*+/T)I

-+/(0)2->3

$

R+.-+3G

<<

/3*3(0/6/0/()@./)

S

/).2L

28-)G3*(@-20*)(-*.20)/-2)L/L.0*+/3GK

S

)26.0-I

/3

(

Q

)

A]0*+/2*+/)+(0L

$

*+/32G*+/)0

S

)26.0-/

$

>02R0(3*+/32G*+/)0(--)/*/L*/))(0/3

!

,TY

"

(

!$

)

$

.3

$NQ&$NQ#9(.0(

<

/(0L)/

S

)/3/0*3/

S

.32L/328

;

GI

6/0.@/*/))(0/(--)/*.20(0(@2

<

2G3*2J2L/)0

S

@(*/I

*/-*20.-

S

)2-/33/3

(

!$

)

AC2)/L/*(.@328*+/

<

/2@2

<

.-

(0L*/-*20.-+.3*2)

7

28*+/

S

)26.0-/-(0K/82G0L.0

(3/)./328

S

(

S

/)3

(

Q

$

E

$

!%

$

!$

)

A

Y+/L/82)J(*.20 +.3*2)

7

28*+/ U

7

2J.0

<

S

)26.0-/-(0K/*)(-/LK(->*2(3/()@

7

(3.0@(*/

T)-+/(0

&

82)/X(J

S

@/

$

S

/)6(3.6/L/82)J(*.20.3)/I

-2)L/L.0*+/

<

0/.33/3

!

"

$NE9(

"

(0LL.3-)/*/

3+/()W20/3.0*+/02)*+(0L-/0*)(@3GK

S

)26.0-/3

K/*R//0$N"&$N&&9(

(

E

)

A'

S

.32L/328=)2*/)2W2.-

).8*.0

<

()/)/-2)L/L.0J(8.-L

7

>/3R()J3.0*+/

)(0

<

/32832G*+/)0(--)/*/L*/))(0/3

!

$N!$N%9(

"

(0L.0*+/R/3*/)0)/

<

.2028*+/U

7

2J.0

<S

)26.0-/

!

!N&!ND9(

"

AY+/3/).8*.0

<

/6/0*3()/)/@(*/L*2

*+/=)2*/)2W2.-

S

(33.6/J()

<

.0(@20

<

*+/4+/

7

/00/

K/@*

!

*+/32G*+/)0K2)L/)

"

(0L*+/:/@*K(3.082)I

J(*.20

!

*+/ R/3*/)0 K2)L/)

"$

)/3

S

/-*.6/@

7

(

E

)

A

H2G0

<

/)

!

%NE% %N"%9(

"

L

7

>/3()/82G0L(@20

<

*+/R/3*/)0J()

<

.028*+/-)(*20

$

)/8@/-*.0

<

J2)/

).8*.0

<

(@20

<

*+/R/3*/)0-)(*20K2)L/)(0L

S

/)+(

S

3

*+/L/6/@2

S

J/0*28*+/

S

)2*2I=(-.8.- ]-/(0

(

!#

)

A

CG/@@/)(0L1)23*

(

Q

)

3G

<<

/3**+//X*/03.20(0L

J(8.-L

7

>//J

S

@(-/J/0*J(

7

-20*).KG*/3.

<

0.8.I

-(0*@

7

*2*+/@2R/)-)G3*(@J(8.-G0L/)

S

@(*.0

<

.0

*+/U

7

2J.0

<S

)26.0-/AY+/"% D%C(Z()(J.L/

G

S

@.8*3()/R.L/@

7

3

S

(-/L.0U

7

2J.0

<

A4+(JK/)I

@(.0/*(@A

(

E

)

02*.-/*+/8.)3*I2)L/)2)./0*(*.203(0L

L.3*).KG*.20328G

S

@.8*382@@2R*+/*/-*20.-*)/0L328

*+/3GK

S

)26.0-/3/3*([email protected]+/L.0*+/C.LL@/*2Z(*/

T)-+/(0AY+.33G

<<

/3*3*+(**+/@20

<

[email protected]/L=)/-(JK).I

(0@.*+23

S

+/).-8/(*G)/3(0LR/(>W20/3+(6/

S

2*/0*.(@

.08@G/0-/320*+/3GK3/

^

G/0**/-*20.-/6/0*3A

V/-/0*+.

<

+ L/03.*

7

3/.3J.-())(

7

L/

S

@2

7

I

J/0*3

$

[email protected]

<

*+/5,T))(

7

Y)(03

S

2)*(K@/())(

7

(0LJ(0

7

=T,,4TZ*/J

S

2)()

7

())(

7

3.0*+/U

7

2I

J.0

<S

)26.0-/

$

S

)26.L/L(0G0

S

()(@@/@/L2

SS

2)*G0.I

*

7

*2.J(

<

/*+/8.0/3-(@/3/.3J.-3*)G-*G)/328*+/

-)(*20.--)G3*

$

@.*+23

S

+/)/(0LG

SS

/)J(0*@/A_0

*+.3

S

(

S

/) R/3GJJ().W/32J/ 28*+/)/-/0*

*/@/3/.3J.-)/3G@*38)2J*+23/())(

7

L/

S

@2

7

J/0*3A

1.0L.0

<

38)2J*+/3/*/@/3/.3J.-3*GL./3-2))/@(*/

R/@@R.*+*+23/8)2J(-*.6/32G)-/3/.3J.-

S

)28.@/3

$

(0L*2

<

/*+/)*+/

7

)/6/(@L/*(.@/L3*)G-*G)/3.0*+/

U

7

2J.0

<

-)(*20.--)G3*(0L@.*+23

S

+/)/A42))/@(I

*.2028*+/3/.3J.-.J(

<

/3R.*+3G)8(-/

<

/2@2

<7

3G

<<

/3*3*+/3*)G-*G)(@+/*/)2

<

/0/.*./3.0*+/-)(I

*20-)G3*(0LG

SS

/)J(0*@/+(6/K//0

S

)/3/)6/L

3.0-/*+/-)(*2082)J(*.20

$

(0L)/J(.0/L.0*(-*

LG).0

<

@(*/)3GK3/

^

G/0**/-*20.3J3A

$

!

1233.@-)(*20.-3*)G-*G)/3

&

V/@.-*3@(K

$

R/L

<

/*/-*20.-3(0L"AX@(

7

/)

NUP

!

!;@9ABC@7D

,.0-/!PP#3/6/)(@=T,,4TZ*/J

S

2)()

7

()I

)(

7

3+(6/K//0L/

S

@2

7

/L(@20

<

*+/32G*+/)0K2)L/)

28*+/

S

)26.0-/

!

1.

<

N$(

"

A]0/28*+/J(.0

<

2(@3

R(3*23*GL

7

*+/3/.3J.-3*)G-*G)/(-)233*+/=)2*I

/)2W2.- 4+/

7

/00/ K/@*

$

*+/20@

7

R/@@/X

S

23/L

K2G0L()

7

(

Q

$

!D

)

*+(*3/

S

()(*/3*+/-)(*208)2J.*3

=)2*/)2W2.-2)2

<

/03AT 02)*+IL.

SS

.0

<

3@(K@.>/

Page 3: 0#.1 ’$’1$%2$3 -4 &50!’*&&$13,-1$*/#$&5-’05!seismo.berkeley.edu/~yuan/papers/20100310.yuan.ESF.2010.pdf · 2014. 8. 22. · e) *.0< (#&) /*(@!!!#$!!

FG(.

7

GHG(0

$

M/00/*+9NOG/>/)

'

!"#$

!

'()*+,-./0-/1)20*./)3

"

$%!%

#

!"

!

#

"

!!

!$P

!!

1.

<

N!

!

U

7

2J.0

<

=)26.0-/

$

.*3=)2*/)2W2.-])2

<

/03

$

(0L3/.3J.-

())(

7

3

!

C(

S

J2L.8./L8)2J

(

Q

)"

Y+/O//

S

=)2K/(-*.6/

S

)28.@/.33+2R0(3*+/K@G/@.0/3AY+/

S

(33.6/32G)-/@.0/3

'

())(

7

3()/*+/

[email protected](0LL(3+/[email protected]/3.0)/LAY+/0/.

<

+K2).0

<

=)2*/)2W2.-2)2

<

/03()/3+2R0.0L(3+/LK@(->

@.0/A

+.

<

+6/@2-.*

7

(02J(@

7

.0*+/3+(@@2RG

SS

/)J(0*@/

.382G0L0/()*+/U

7

2J.0

<

'

42@2)(L23*(*/K2)L/)

K

7

*+/=I(0L,IR(6/*2J2

<

)(

S

+

7

3*GL

7

28*+/4OI

V]C

S

)2

;

/-*

(

!&

)

A9.6/0*+/3

S

(*.(@-2.0-.L/0-/28

*+/4+/

7

/00/K/@*R.*+*+/02)*+L.

SS

.0

<

3@(KI@.>/

+.

<

+6/@2-.*

7

8/(*G)/

$

(=)2*/)2W2.-3GKLG-*.203@(K

*)(

SS

/L.0*+/T)-+/(0U

7

2J.0

<

@.*+23

S

+/)/+(3

K//0

S

)2

S

23/L

(

!&I!Q

)

AY+.3

S

)2

S

23(@.33G

SS

2)*/LK

7

@(*/)(@-20*.0G.*

7

28*+/+.

<

+6/@2-.*./3G0L/)*+/

4+/

7

/00/K/@*8)2J2*+/)*/J

S

2)()

7

())(

7

(0L)/I

<

.20(@*2J2

<

)(

S

+.-3*GL./3

(

!"I!E

)

!

1.

<

N$

"$

(0LK

7

(

*+/)J2IK()2J/*).-(0(@

7

3.328X/02@.*+ 3(J

S

@/3

8)2J*+/0/()K

7

,*(*/@.0/O.3*).-*

(

!P

)

$

.0R+.-+(

L.3*.0-*L/

S

@/*/LT)-+/(0I*

7S

/3.

<

0(*G)/.382G0L

.0*+/G

SS

/)

!

L2R0*2!D%>J

"

3GKI-20*.0/0*(@

@.*+23

S

+/).-J(0*@/

!

,4ZC

"

A_0*/)/3*.0

<

@

7

*+.3

3*GL

7

3+2R3G0L/)@

7

.0

<

.3(J2)/J/*(32J(*.3/L

@2R/)@.*+23

S

+/)/

$

R+.-+(33/JK@/3=)2*/)2W2.-

,4ZC3/-*.203R2)@LR.L/A

C2)/3G

SS

2)*82)*+/8233.@3@(K+

7S

2*+/3.3

-2J/38)2J*+/3+/()R(6/3

S

@.**.0

<

3*GL

7

28*+/

4OIV]C 02)*[email protected]/

(

$%

)

$

.0 R+.-+*+/(

SS

()/0*

3

S

@.**.0

<S

()(J/*/)3-(0K/ J2L/@/L(38)2J (

02)*+/)@

7

L.

SS

.0

<

(0.32*)2

S

.-3*)G-*G)/(-)233*+/

4+/

7

/00/K/@*

!

4:

"

A,

7

0*+/*.-*2J2

<

)(

S

+.-/X

S

/)I

.J/0*.3-20LG-*/L*2*/3**+/(0.32*)2

S

.-/88/-*328

(L.

SS

.0

<

8(3*(X.3(02J(@

7

.0*+/.32*)2

S

.-*2J2I

<

)(

S

+.-.06/)3.20

(

!&

)

AV/J()>(K@/-203.3*/0-./3K/I

*R//0*+/.06/)*/L*2J2

<

)(

S

+.-.J(

<

/(0L*+/

S

)/I

L.-*.208)2J(0(0.32*)2

S

.-3

7

0*+/*.-3@(KJ2L/@()/

2K3/)6/L

!

1.

<

N#

"$

*+/)/82)/8(62)*+/+.

<

+6/@2-.*

7

(02J(@

7

K/.0

<

(@32(0.32*)2

S

.-AY+/(0.32*)2

S7

R.*+.0*+/+.

<

+6/@2-.*

7

(02J(@

7

.3-203.3*/0*R.*+

@(**.-/

S

)/8/))/L2)./0*(*.20L/6/@2

S

/L.0*+/(0.32I

*)2

S

.-J.0/)(@3.0(8233.@2-/(0.-3@(KAT02*+/)/6I

.L/0-/.38)2J*+/)/-/.6/)8G0-*.20-2JJ20-20I

6/)3.203*(->.J(

<

/

(

$!

)

(@20

<

*+/4OIV]C 02)*+

@.0/44[AB2)*+28*+/4:(-20*.0G2G3@(

7

/).0

<

K/@2R*+/C2+2L/

S

*+.32K3/)6/L.0*+/U

7

2J.0

<

@.*+23

S

+/)/AY+.3@(

7

/).0

<

.3+2R/6/)*)G0-(*/LK

7

*+/+.

<

+6/@2-.*

7

3@(KR+/)/.*.3

S

)/3/0*A1G)*+/)

*2*+/32G*+(-)233*+/4:*+/)/-/.6/)8G0-*.20.JI

(

<

/3+2R3L.88/)/0*3*

7

@/28@(

7

/).0

<

.0*+/=)2*/)2I

W2.- (--)/*.20()

7

*/))(0/3A Y+/ *)G0-(*.20 (0L

-+(0

<

/28*+/)/-/.6/)8G0-*.20@(

7

/).0

<

3*

7

@/3G

<<

/3*

L.3*.0-*@.*+23

S

+/).-8(K).-3(-)233*+/4:A

1233.@3@(K3()/-2JJ20@

7

)/

S

2)*/L*2)/3.L/

.0*+/-)(*20.-@.*+23

S

+/)/.0*+/B2)*+TJ/).-(0

-20*.0/0*

(

$$I$&

)

A:/0/(*+ *+/ 02)*+/)0

S

)26.0-/

K2G0L()

7

$

R+/)/*+/9)/(*1(@@3Y/-*20.-W20/

3/

S

()(*/3*+/U

7

2J.0

<

-)(*208)2J*+/C/L.-.0/

F(*:@2->

(

Q

)

$

(0(-*.6/32G)-/3*GL

7

(

$Q

)

+(3)/I

6/(@/L*R202)*+L.

SS

.0

<

)/8@/-*2)3.0*+/G

SS

/)

J(0*@/AY+/3/L.

SS

.0

<

)/8@/-*2)3()/.0*/)

S

)/*/L

(3)/@.-*3GKLG-*/L3@(K3

$

/0*2JK/LLG).0

<

*+/

-2@@.3.20K/*R//0*+/U

7

2J.0

<

(0LC/L.-.0/F(*

Page 4: 0#.1 ’$’1$%2$3 -4 &50!’*&&$13,-1$*/#$&5-’05!seismo.berkeley.edu/~yuan/papers/20100310.yuan.ESF.2010.pdf · 2014. 8. 22. · e) *.0< (#&) /*(@!!!#$!!

!#%

!! !!

FG(.

7

GHG(0

$

M/00/*+9NOG/>/)

'

!"#$

!

'()*+,-./0-/1)20*./)3

"

$%!%

#

!"

!

#

"

书书书

!"

#

$%

!

&'()'(

*

(++(,-./

!

0(-"12,-./,(

#

3(+2,"+2'(,452'(6+

7

*

43"+

#8

649"+1(5

88

(63.+2-(

"

.

#

:41.2"4+,4;,(",3"1.66.

*

,5,(<;462434

#

6.

8

'

*

=>"+?1"61-(,.6(94-1.+"1;"(-<,

!

@)

$

@(--4A,24+().-<(6.

%

:B

$

:(51"2(

B"--,94-1.+"1;"(-<

%

!&

$

!-.2&4

8

,94-1.+"1;"(-<

%

.+<CD

$

C6.+<

D(,.94-1.+"1;"-(<=E2'(6-./(-,.6(

!

@B&

$

@(--4A,24+(B42,

8

42&6.1?

%

FF

$

F+143

8

.'

#

6(5

8

-";2

%

.+<)G

$

)'(

*

(++(G(-2=>)

B"+

#

(:"+(",2'((.,2(6+3.6

#

"+4;2'(>6(1.3/6".+

6";2(<3.6

#

"+4;2'(H462'I3(6"1.+16.24+=

"

/

#

>JA.9(2434

#

6.

8

'"1

8

64;"-(

&

KL

'

.-4+

#

2'(+462'

8

.624;-"+())M=)G",2'()'(

*

(++(/(-2=C!",2'(C(41'64+!64+2

&

LN

'

$

A'"1'",,

8

.2".--

*

14"+1"<(+2A"2'2'(,5/

8

649"+1(/45+<.6"(,"+1(+26.-.+<,452'(6+

7

*

43"+

#8

649"+1(=&'('"

#

'9(-41"2

*

.+43.-

*

.,,41".2(<A"2'2'()'(

*

(++(/(-2","+<"1.2(</

*

2'(-"

#

'2<.6?9(62"1.--"+(=

"

1

#

OJA.9(2434

#

6.

8

'"1"3.

#

(

&

KL

'

=

"

<

#

O56;.1(A.9(2434

#

6.

8

'

*

"3.

#

(

&

KP

'

.-4+

#

2'(,.3(

8

64;"-("+

"

/

#

.+<

"

1

#

=

"

(

#

.+<

"

;

#$

>JA.9(2434

#

6.

8

'"1"3.

#

(,.-4+

#

GGM.+<IIM

&

KQ

'

$

6(,

8

(1J

2"9(-

*

=

"

#

#

)43

8

.6",4+4;2'(>JA.9(2434

#

6.

8

'"1"3.

#

(

"

14+2456(<;462'('"

#

'9(-41"2

*

+462'<"

88

"+

#

,2651256(4+-

*

#

A"2'2'(-"2'4,

8

'(6"1-.

*

(6"+

#

"

9(-41"2

*#

6.<"(+2,

#

;6436(1("9(6;5+1J

2"4+,

&

%K

'

=&'(<(

8

2'(R2(+<,24STT?3=H42(2'(265+1.2"4+4;2'(-.

*

(6"+

#

.164,,2'(,-./=&'(RJ.R","+

"

/

#

J

"

#

#

",

8

64

U

(12(<-.2"25<("+<(

#

6((,.-4+

#

2'(

8

64;"-(,=

Page 5: 0#.1 ’$’1$%2$3 -4 &50!’*&&$13,-1$*/#$&5-’05!seismo.berkeley.edu/~yuan/papers/20100310.yuan.ESF.2010.pdf · 2014. 8. 22. · e) *.0< (#&) /*(@!!!#$!!

FG(.

7

GHG(0

$

M/00/*+9NOG/>/)

'

!"#$

!

'()*+,-./0-/1)20*./)3

"

$%!%

#

!"

!

#

"

!!

!#!

!!

K@2->

(

$Q

)

A_08(-*

$

J2)/)/@.-*3@(K)/@(*/LG

SS

/)

J(0*@/)/8@/-*2)3()/)/

S

2)*/L8)2J *+/(-*.6/

32G)-/Z.*+2=)2K/3*GL./3

(

$"

)

*+)2G

<

+2G**+/B2)*+

TJ/).-(0-)(*20.-)/

<

.20AY+.33G

<<

/3*38233.@

3GKLG-*.20J(

7

K/

S

)2K(K@

7

GK.

^

G.*2G3LG).0

<

*+/

R/@L.0

<

28-)(*20.-

S

./-/3(0L*+/.)=)2*/)2W2.-

2)2

<

/03.0*+/=)/-(JK).(0*.J/

$

(*@/(3*.0*+/

B2)*+TJ/).-(0-20*.0/0*A

NUN

!

3;E

G

;B;ABF89AC

T02*+/)-2JJ20@

7

2K3/)6/L8/(*G)/.0*+/

-)(*20J()

<

.0-)G3*(0L3+(@@2RG

SS

/)J(0*@/.3

*+/32I-(@@/L R/L

<

/*/-*20.-3

(

$E

)

$

.08/))/L8)2J

L//

S

3/.3J.-)/8@/-*.20

S

)28.@/3(0L3GJJ().W/L.0

*+/-()*220.01.

<

ND(AT--2)L.0

<

*2*+.3J2L/@

$

*+/J2)/).

<

.L-)(*20.-@.*+23

S

+/)/(

SS

/()3*282)J

(R/L

<

/28G

SS

/)J23*J(0*@/)2->.0*2*+/@.*+2I

3

S

+/)/28

;

G6/0.@/K@2->3.0(-206/)

<

/0-/3/*I

*.0

<

(

$E

)

AT@20

<

*+/4+/

7

/00/K/@*

$

3/6/)(@*/@/3/.3I

J.-)/-/.6/)8G0-*.20.J(

<

/3-208.)J*+.3R/L

<

/

3*)G-*G)(@

<

/2J/*)

7

&

82)/X(J

S

@/

$

=I(0L,IR(6/

)/-/.6/)8G0-*.20-2JJ20-206/)3.20

S

2.0*3*(-I

>.0

<

.J(

<

/38)2J($I>J3

S

(-.0

<

L/03.*

7

())(

7

)/I

6/(@*R2

S

23.*.6/6/@2-.*

7<

)(L./0*3.0*+/L/

S

*+K/I

*R//0D%(0LQ%>J

(

$P

)

A_0*+.3

S

(

S

/)*+/*R26/I

@2-.*

7<

)(L./0*3()/.08/))/L(3L2GK@/IC2+2

$

R.*+

*+/3+(@@2R20/K/.0

<

*+/C2+228*+/T)-+/(0

-)G3*

$

(0L*+/L//

S

/)3@.

<

+*@

7

L.

SS

.0

<

20/K/.0

<

*+/L2R0R()LI*+)G3*/L C2+228*+/=)2*/)2W2.-

-)G3*AY+.3L2GK@/IC2+2.3-203.3*/0*@

7

2K3/)6/L.0

*+/)/-/.6/)8G0-*.203(@20

<

*+/R+2@/32G*+/)0K2)L/)

28*+/U

7

2J.0

<S

)26.0-/

(

$!

$

#%I#$

)

!

1.

<

ND(0L&

"

A

_8*+/

S

)2

S

23(@82)*+/02)*+IL.

SS

.0

<

L//

S

*+)G3*

=)2*/)2W2.-C2+2.3*)G/

$

.*-2J

S

@/J/0*3*+/)/J0(0*

8233.@3GKLG-*/L3@(K J2L/@8)2J*+/*2J2

<

)(

S

+.-

3*GL./3AY(>/0*2

<

/*+/)

$

*+/3/*2J2

<

)(

S

+.-(0L)/I

-/.6/)8G0-*.202K3/)6(*.2033G

<<

/3**+(*8233.@3GKLG-I

*.20.3R/@@

S

)/3/)6/LK/0/(*+*+/32G*+/)0K2)L/)28

*+/U

7

2J.0

<S

)26.0-/

$

(0L*+/*/-*20.-3@(K3*(->.0

<

J(

7

+(6/

S

@(

7

/L(0.J

S

2)*(0*)2@/3.0*+/=)/-(JK).(0

@.*+23

S

+/)/

<

)2R*+A

NUR

!

&M;Q?V@7

:

;=

]0/

S

)2J.0/0*2K3/)6(*.20.0*+/ T)-+/(0

-)G3*.3*+/

S

)/3/)6(*.2028(+.

<

+6/@2-.*

7

(0L+.

<

+

L/03.*

7

@2R/)-)G3*(@@(

7

/)

$

2)*+/"AX@(

7

/)

$

8.)3*

)/

S

2)*/LK

7

(-*.6/32G)-/3*GL./3(@20

<

*+/O//

S

=)2K/@.0/3

(

$Q

$

##

)

AY+/0(J/28*+.3"AX@(

7

/)-2J/3

8)2J*+/+.

<

+=IR(6/6/@2-.*

7

!

"N&"NP>J

'

3

"

.0

*+/@(

7

/)J2L/@/L.0*+/(-*.6/32G)-/3*GL./3

(

$Q

$

##

)

A

Y+/"AX@(

7

/).3.0*/)

S

)/*/L(3J(

<

J(*.-G0L/)

S

@(*/3.0

*+/@2R/)-)G3*

!

1.

<

NQ(

"

AT

<

)(6.*

7S

)28.@/(@20

<

@20

<

.*GL/!%Q̀U

$

S

()(@@/@*2*+/O//

S

=)2K/@.0/3

$

.0L.-(*/3*+/+.

<

+L/03.*

7

@2R/)-)G3*(@G0L/)

S

@(*/

/X*/0L3JG-+8G)*+/)*2*+//(3*

!

1.

<

NQK

"

AU.*+

*+/+.

<

+L(*(82@L*/@/3/.3J.-:.@@.0

<

3())(

7

R(6/I

82)J3

$

)/-/.6/)8G0-*.20.J(

<

/382)*+/8.)3**.J/

-208.)J*+//X.3*/0-/28*+/"AX@(

7

/).0*+/02)*+I

/)0 U

7

2J.0

<

3GK

S

)26.0-/

(

#D

)

!

1.

<

NQ-

"$

R+/)/(

3*).>.0

<

+.

<

+6/@2-.*

7

-20*)(3*.32K3/)6/L20*2

S

28

*+/C2+2.0*/)8(-/A12@@2RG

S

3*GL./3G3.0

<

(@@(I

6(.@(K@/3/.3J.-3*(*.203.0*+/)/

<

.20

$

[email protected]

<

*+/5,T))(

7

Y)(03

S

2)*(K@/T))(

7

$

J(

S

*+.3"AX

@2R/)-)G3*(@@(

7

/).0*2(JG-+@()

<

/))/

<

.20R+/)/

*+.->/0/L-)G3*.32K3/)6/L

!

1.

<

NQL/

"

A12)/X(JI

S

@/

$

3+/()R(6/*2J2

<

)(

S

+.-.J(

<

/38)2J(JK./0*

02.3/.J(

<

.0

<

*/-+0.

^

G/

(

#&

)

-208.)J*+.3+.

<

+6/@2-I

.*

7

@2R/)-)G3*.3

S

)/3/0*.0*+/)/

<

.203R+/)/)/I

-/.6/)8G0-*.20.J(

<

/33+2R(*+.->/0/L-)G3*R.*+

(3/-20L()

7S

23.*.6/6/@2-.*

7<

)(L./0*(K26/.*

!

1.

<

NQ/

"

A

:(3/L20X/02@.*+3L(*(8)2J*+/ C/L.-.0/

F(*K@2->(0L9)/(*1(@@3*/-*20.-W20/

$

92)J(0

/*(@

(

$Q

)

S

)2

S

23/(=)2*/)2W2.-2).

<

.082)*+/@2R/)

-)G3*G0L/)

S

@(*/AB2*.-.0

<

*+/-2.0-.L/0-/28*+/

"AX@(

7

/)R.*+*+/2@L/3*3GK

S

)26.0-/3(0L*+/

*+.00.0

<

(0L6(0.3+.0

<

28*+/"AX@(

7

/).0*+/

32G*+/)0

S

)26.0-/

$

4+(JK/)@(.0/*(@A

(

E

)

()

<

G/*+/

G0L/)

S

@(*/.3Z(*/T)-+/(0.0(

<

/(0LJ(

7

K/)/I

@(*/L*2*+/R.L/3

S

)/(LJ(

<

J(*.3JK/*R//0$NP

9((0L$N"&9(.0*+/02)*+/)03GK

S

)26.0-/AT0

.0*/)/3*.0

<

2K3/)6(*.20.3*+(**+/"AX@(

7

/)/0L3(*

*+/])/

<

20Y)(.@,*)G-*G)/

(

E

)

R+.-+.3*+/K2G0L(I

)

7

K/*R//0*+/-/0*)(@(0L32G*+/)03GK

S

)26.0-/3A

Y+/+2J2

<

/02G3@(*/)(@L.3*).KG*.2028*+/"AX

@(

7

/).0*+/02)*+(0L-/0*)(@3GK

S

)26.0-/3.3-20I

3.3*/0*R.*+*+/

S

)2

S

23(@*+(**+23/3GK

S

)26.0-/3

()/

^

G.*/L.3*.0-*8)2J*+/32G*+/)0(--)/*/L*/))(I

0/3A

#

!

H2G0

<

*/-*20.-L/82)J(*.20

&

H/@I

@2R3*20/+2*3

S

2*

!!

T

7

2G0

<

*/-*20.3J*+(*3.

<

0.8.-(0*@

7

L/82)J/L

*+/@.*+23

S

+/)/.0*+/U

7

2J.0

<S

)26.0-/3.0-/.*3

3*([email protected](*.20.3*+/B/2

<

/0/H/@@2R3*20/+2*3

S

2*

3

7

3*/JAY+.3.3(8(J2G3-20*.0/0**

7S

/+2*3

S

2*

S

)2

S

23/LK

7

C2)

<

(0

(

#Q

)

&

*+/+2*3

S

2**)(->3*()*/L

()2G0L!"C(.0,'])/

<

20(0LJ.

<

)(*/L"%%>J

02)*+/(3*/)@

7

*2.*3-G))/0*@2-(*.20.0 H/@@2RI

3*20/AY+/3/.3J2@2

<7

$

<

/2L

7

0(J.-3

$

62@-(0.3J

(0L*/-*20.-3(3

S

/-*328*+/+2*3

S

2*()/L.3-G33/L

.0J(0

7S

(

S

/)3

(

#"I#E

)

AF/)/R/3+2R32J/*2J2I

<

)(

S

+.-)/

S

)/3/0*(*.2028*+/+2*3

S

2*.0*+/G

SS

/)

J(0*@/*2.@@G3*)(*/*+(**+/-)(*20.-@.*+23

S

+/)/

+(3K//03.

<

0.8.-(0*@

7

L/82)J/LK

7

*+/G

S

R/@@.0

<

S

@GJ/

$

(0L*+/K(3/28*+/@.*+23

S

+/)/.3

S

/)+(

S

3

.0*+/J.LL@/28L/@(J.0(*.20

S

)2-/33A

Page 6: 0#.1 ’$’1$%2$3 -4 &50!’*&&$13,-1$*/#$&5-’05!seismo.berkeley.edu/~yuan/papers/20100310.yuan.ESF.2010.pdf · 2014. 8. 22. · e) *.0< (#&) /*(@!!!#$!!

!#$

!! !!

FG(.

7

GHG(0

$

M/00/*+9NOG/>/)

'

!"#$

!

'()*+,-./0-/1)20*./)3

"

$%!%

#

!"

!

#

"

1.

<

N#

!

=IR(6/(0.32*)2

S

.-3

7

0*+/*.-.06/)3.203

(

!&

)

3+2R.0

<

*+/*2J2

<

)(

S

+.-.J(

<

/-(0K/)/-203*)G-*/L

8)2J(-2JK.0/L.32*)2

S

.-+.

<

+6/@2-.*

7

(02J(@

7

(0L*+/8(3*3

7

JJ/*)

7

(X.3(0.32*)2

S7

R.*+.0.*

Y+/

S

)28.@/.3(@20

<

44[.01.

<

N$AY+/8(3*(X.3.3

S

()(@@/@*2*+/L.

S

28*+/+.

<

+6/@2-.*

7

A

!

(

"

=IR(6/.06/)3.20)/3G@*38)2J

)/(@L(*(A

!

K

"

,

7

0*+/*.-.06/)3.20)/3G@*382)(0.32*)2

S

.-3@(KJ2L/@*(>.0

<

8)2J*+/$a-20*2G))/

<

.20.0*+/+.

<

+6/@2-.*

7

3@(K)/

<

.20.0

!

(

"

AY+/3@(KR.*+.0*+/-20*2G).3)/-26/)/LR/@@A

!

-

"

,

7

0*+/*.-.06/)3.20)/3G@*382)(

S

G)/@

7

(0.32*)2

S

.-

3@(KJ2L/@.0

S

G*

!

Ea

S

/(>I*2I

S

/(>*2*+/K(->

<

)2G0LJ2L/@.0*+/3@(K(0L02.32*)2

S

.-6/@2-.*

7S

/)*G)K(*.20

"

AY+/8(3*

(0L3@2R6/@2-.*

7

(X/328*+/3@(K()/3+2R0(3*+/3.J

S

@.8./L6/@2-.*

7

*/032)*2*+/G

SS

/)).

<

+*-2)0/)AB2*/()*.8(-*3()/

S

)/3/0*

!

@(K/@/L(3!*2D

"

LG/*2*+/.32*)2

S

.-*2J2

<

)(

S

+.-.06/)3.20-2J

S

/03(*.0

<

*+/(0.32*)2

S

.-

S

(*+/88/-*(@20

<

(0L

S

/)I

S

/0L.-G@()*2*+/3@(KAY+/3@(K.*3/@8.3)/-26/)/LKG*R.*+6/)

7

3J(@@(J

S

@.*GL/)/-26/)

7

A

!

L

"

1.0(@3

7

0*+/*.-J2L/@R+.-+

-2JK.0/L*+/.32*)2

S

.-6().(*.20

!

K

"

(0L*+/(0.32*)2

S7

6().(*.20

!

-

"

AB2*/*+/3.J.@().*

7

K/*R//0*+/.06/)*/L.J(

<

/38)2J

*+/3

7

0*+/*.-(0L*+/)/(@L(*(

&

*+/3@(K

$

@2R6/@2-.*

7

()*.8(-*!*2DA]*+/)8/(*G)/3

!

&(0LQ

"

()/02*J2L/@/LATJ

S

@.*GL/3

.0

!

K

"

*2

!

L

"

()/3-(@/L*2E%a28

!

(

"

A1.

<

G)/8)2JHG(0(0LOG/>/)

(

!&

)

A

1.

<

ND

!

U/L

<

/*/-*20.-3

!

(

"

U/L

<

/Y/-*20.-3J2L/@

S

)2

S

23/L8)2J(-*.6/32G)-/

S

)[email protected]

<

A1.

<

G)/8)2J,0

7

L/)

(

$E

)

AB2*/*+/+.

<

+6.3-23.*

7

-)(*20.-@.*+23

S

+/)/

R/L

<

/3.0*2*+/R/(>

7

2G0

<

@.*+23

S

+/)/LG).0

<

(-20*.0/0*(@2)2

<

/0

7

AY+/K@(->@.0/3()/*+/L.

SS

.0

<

)/8@/-*2)38)2J(-*.6/32G)-/3*GL

7

A

!

K

"

T))(

7

@2-(*.2033+2R.0

<

R+/)/*+/U/L

<

/2--G)3(@20

<

*+/4+/

7

/00/K/@*

$

)/6/(@/L8)2J)/-/.6/)8G0-*.203

&!

!

"

Z()(J./())(

7

(

$P

)

#

!

$

"

4OIV]C())(

7

(

$!

)

#!

#

"

O//

S

=)2K/

S

(33.6/@.0/

(

#%

)

#

(0L

!

D

"

Z2L2)/$O())(

7

(

#!

)

A

Page 7: 0#.1 ’$’1$%2$3 -4 &50!’*&&$13,-1$*/#$&5-’05!seismo.berkeley.edu/~yuan/papers/20100310.yuan.ESF.2010.pdf · 2014. 8. 22. · e) *.0< (#&) /*(@!!!#$!!

FG(.

7

GHG(0

$

M/00/*+9NOG/>/)

'

!"#$

!

'()*+,-./0-/1)20*./)3

"

$%!%

#

!"

!

#

"

!!

!##

!!

1.

<

N&

!

V/-/.6/)8G0-*.203*GL./33+2R.0

<

*+/R/L

<

/*/-*20.-3(@20

<

*+/4+/

7

/00/K/@*

!

(

"

Z()(J./())(

7

(

$P

)

#!

K

"

4OIV]C())(

7

(

$!

)

#!

-

"

O//

S

=)2K/

S

(33.6/@.0/

(

#%

)

#

(0L

!

L

"

Z2L2)/$O())(

7

(

#!

)

AY+/

*

4)2-2L.@/

+

3+(

S

/.0L.I

-(*/LK

7

*+/*R2L(3+/[email protected]/3(**+/C2+2L/

S

*+(@20

<

*+/4+/

7

/00/K/@*

!

@(K/@/L(34:

"

3+2R3*+/@2-(*.2028L2R0I*+)G3*/L=)2*/)2W2.-

C2+2

!

*2

S

"

(0L*+/T)-+/(0C2+2

!

K2**2J

"

AB2*/*+/

S

23.*.6/6/@2-.*

7<

)(L./0*

!

/A

<

A

$

*+/C2+2

"

.3K@G/.0

!

(

"$

)/L.0

!

K

"

(0L

!

-

"$

(0LK@(->.0

!

L

"

A

!!

1.

<

G)/"3+2R3(#O)/0L/).0

<

28*+/H/@@2RI

3*20/

S

@GJ/.J(

<

/.06/)*/L8)2J*+/=IR(6/*)(6I

/@*.J/)/3.LG(@3)/-2)L/L(*(6(.@(K@/K)2(LK(0L

3*(*.203K/82)/$%%Q

(

#P

)

AY+/3G)8(-/(

S

/)*G)/28

*+/3*(*.20-26/)(

<

/.3G

S

*2Q%%>J*+/)/82)/

<

G()(0*//3

<

22L)/32@G*.20L2R0*2(*@/(3*&%%

>JAT

S

)202G0-/L@2R6/@2-.*

7

*

S

.

S

/

+

/X*/0L3

8)2J3G)8(-/K/0/(*+*+/H/@@2R3*20/

S

()>L2R0

*226/)&%%>JA,*).>.0

<

@

7

$

(**+/L/

S

*+R+/)/*+/

S

@GJ/

S

/0/*)(*/3*+/D!%>JL.3-20*.0G.*

7

$

*+/*2I

S

2

<

)(

S

+

7

28*+/.0*/)8(-/3+2R3(

*

L/

S

)/33.20

+

8)2J)/-/.6/)8G0-*.203

(

D%

)

!

1.

<

N"K L

"$

-203.3*/0*

R.*+(R()JG

S

R/@@.0

<

-)233.0

<

*+/[email protected]/

S

+(3/

-+(0

<

/K2G0L()

7

(

D!

)

AY+.3G

SS

/)J(0*@/

S

@GJ/.JI

(

<

/.3 -208.)J/L K

7

2*+/)*2J2

<

)(

S

+.- 3*GLI

./3

(

D$ID&

)

AC2)/)/-/0**2J2

<

)(

S

+.-.J(

<

/3*+(**(>/

(L6(0*(

<

/28*+/5,T))(

7

Y)(03

S

2)*(K@/T))(

7

L(I

*((0L*+/8.0.*/8)/

^

G/0-

7

>/)0/@3

(

DQID"

)

$

3+2R*+(*

*+/

S

@GJ/J(

7

/X*/0LL//

S

/)

$

(0L J(

7

@223/@

7

-200/-**2(JG-+@()

<

/)

S

20L28@2R6/@2-.*./3(*

"

!%%%>JL/

S

*+A

Y+/

S

@GJ/+(33.

<

0.8.-(0*@

7

J2L.8./L*+/-)G3*

(0L@.*+23

S

+/)/.0*+/R/3*/)03.L/28*+/

S

)26.0-/A

T3.@@G3*)(*/L.0*+/L.88G3.6/(0LK(@@.3*.-V(

7

@/.

<

+

R(6/*2J2

<

)(

S

+.-.06/)3.20.J(

<

/3

(

#&

)

$

(*E%>J

*+/-)(*20.-@.*+23

S

+/)/+(3JG-+3@2R/)6/@2-.*./3

(@20

<

*+/'(3*/)0,0(>/V.6/)=@(.0*+(0.*33G)I

)2G0L.0

<

3

!

1.

<

N!D28,*(-+0.>/*(@A

(

#&

)

"

AY+.3.JI

S

@./3*+(*.0)/3

S

20L.0

<

*2*+/*.J/

S

)2

<

)/33.6/

B2)*+TJ/).-(0

S

@(*/3+/()

$

*+/

S

@GJ/+(33.

<

0.8.I

-(0*@

7

.0L/0*/L*+/-)(*20.-@2R/)@.*+23

S

+/)/(I

@20

<

*+/+2*3

S

2**)(->AC(0*@/L/).6/L(0L8)(-I

*.20(*/L8/))2IK(3(@*3

$

2)*+/32I-(@@/LC.LI-)G3*(@

J(8.-3.@@-2J

S

@/X

(

DE

)

$

2).

<

.0(*/L8)2J*+/

S

@GJ/I

@.*+23

S

+/)/.0*/)(-*.20

(

DP

)

$

()/-203.3*/0*R.*+2KI

3/)6(*.2038)2JV(

7

@/.

<

+R(6/*2J2

<

)(

S

+

7

(0L)/I

-/.6/)8G0-*.20 3*GL./3

(

#DI#&

)

(@20

<

*+/ +2*3

S

2*

*)(->AY+.3J.LI-)G3*J(8.-8.@@R(38.)3*L/*/-*/L

8)2J(0(-*.6/32G)-/3/.3J.-

S

)[email protected]

<

3*GL

7

(

DE

)

A

Y+/

S

@GJ/I@.*+23

S

+/)/.0*/)(-*.20+(3-(G3/L(K2G*

Page 8: 0#.1 ’$’1$%2$3 -4 &50!’*&&$13,-1$*/#$&5-’05!seismo.berkeley.edu/~yuan/papers/20100310.yuan.ESF.2010.pdf · 2014. 8. 22. · e) *.0< (#&) /*(@!!!#$!!

!#D

!! !!

FG(.

7

GHG(0

$

M/00/*+9NOG/>/)

'

!"#$

!

'()*+,-./0-/1)20*./)3

"

$%!%

#

!"

!

#

"

书书书

!"

#

$%

!

&'()*+*,-./01"+,23)*

4

50."2

#

"2.6)

7

8

'/"2

#

9*':"2+)

!

0

"

;+.":)-',*+)

4

*'1"5)/'3)5"2

#

05'2

#

.6)<))

4

9*'=)5"2)

#

>>

$

?!"

#

,*)1*'/

@60/=)*50"2

#

A

$

?B6)5'+0."'2'1.6)

4

*'1"5)"-"23"+0.)30-.6)=5,)5"2)-"2!"

#

,*)C02305-'"2

!

)

"

0-.6)

.6"+D=50+D5"2)-?E'.).6)F?G9H:)5'+".

8

50

8

)*=).())2IJ023KJD/3)

4

.6=)2)0.6.6)

7

8

'/"2

#4

*':"2+)?B6"-50

8

)*:02"-6)-2)0*.6)L*)

#

'2B*0"5M.*,+.,*)

!

LBM

"%

.6)=',230*

8

=).())2.6)+)2.*05023-',.6)*2-,=

4

*':"2+)-"2

7

8

'/"2

#

#

A

$

?

!

=

"

<)2-".

84

*'1"5)/'3)5"2

#

05'2

#

.6)HCJ%5'2

#

".,3"2055"2)

#

>>

$

?!"

#

,*)1*'/

@60/=)*50"2

#

A

$

?E'.).6)6"

#

63)2-".

8

5'()*

+*,-.0550

8

)*"-+'2-"-.)2.(".6.6)F?G50

8

)*"20

"

?

!

+

"

N)+)":)*1,2+."'2-.0+D"2

#

"/0

#

)-05'2

#

.('5"2)-1*'/.6)O"55"2

#

-0**0

8

"2.6)2'*.6-,=

4

*':"2+)

#

>K

$

?B6)+'5'*-"23"+0.):)5'+".

8

#

*03")2.0.3)

4

.6-?E'.).6).('

4

'-".":)

#

*03")2.-0.IP.'PJD/3)

4

.6*02

#

)?B6)3))

4

)*'2)"-.6)Q'6'

%

023.6)-6055'()*'2)"-.6).'

4

'1.6)F?G5'()*+*,-./01"+50

8

)*?

!

3

"

@'/H

4

0*"-'2=).())2.6)-6)0*(0:)-

4

))3"/0

#

)

#

>P

$

023*)+)":)*1,2+."'2-.0+D"2

#

"/0

#

)

#

>K

$

05'2

#

0

4

*'1"5)

!

5'+0."'2"2.6)"2-).02305-'"2)

"

?E'.).6)6"

#

6:)5'+".

8

5'()*+*,-.2'*.6'1R)5H

5'(-.'2)0

#

*))-(".6.6)

4

'-".":):)5'+".

8#

*03")2.1*'/.6)*)+)":)*1,2+."'2"/0

#

)?

!

)

"

@*,-.05.6"+D2)--/0

4

-6'("2

#

.6).6"+D)2)3+*,-.+'**)50."2

#

(".6.6)-

4

0."053"-.*"=,."'2'1.6)

F?G5'()*+*,-.05/01"+50

8

)*?B6)=50+D5"2)3)2'.)-.6)<))

4

9*'=)0+.":)5"2)"2.6)*)

#

"'2?B6)30*D

#

*0

8

5"2)-6'(-.6)*)+)":)*1,2+."'25"2)"2

!

3

"

?L.6)*50=)5-0*)

&

LBMO

%

.6)L*)H

#

'2B*0"5M.*,+.,*)O',230*

8

-)

4

0*0."2

#

.6)2'*.6023+)2.*05-,=

4

*':"2+)-1*'/.6)M',.6)*2;++*).)3B)**02)-

!

M;B

"

?

Page 9: 0#.1 ’$’1$%2$3 -4 &50!’*&&$13,-1$*/#$&5-’05!seismo.berkeley.edu/~yuan/papers/20100310.yuan.ESF.2010.pdf · 2014. 8. 22. · e) *.0< (#&) /*(@!!!#$!!

FG(.

7

GHG(0

$

M/00/*+9NOG/>/)

'

!"#$

!

'()*+,-./0-/1)20*./)3

"

$%!%

#

!"

!

#

"

!!

!#&

!!

1.

<

N"

!

H/@@2R3*20/

S

@GJ/

!

(

"

#O)/0L/).0

<

28*+/H/@@2R3*20/=IR(6/*2J2

<

)(

S

+.-)/3G@*3

(

#P

)

AV/L.3*+/.32I3G)8(-/28*+/@2R6/@2-.*

7

-20I

*2G)(*%NEa

$

R+.-+/X*/0L3*2(*@/(3*&%%>JA:/0/(*+O.@@20

$

C20*(0(

$

R+/)/*+/

S

@GJ/

S

/0/*)(*/3*+/D!%

>JL.3-20*.0G.*

7

$

*+/)/-/.6/)8G0-*.203*GL

7

(

D%

)

)/6/(@3(L/

S

)/33.2028*+/*2

S

2

<

)(

S

+

7

28*+.3L.3-20*.0G.*

7

!

K

"

A

!

-

"

Y2

S

2

<

)(

S

+

7

28*+/QQ%>JL.3-20*.0G.*

7

AB2-2))/3

S

20L.0

<

G

S

@.8*.0

<

28*+/*2

S

2

<

)(

S

+

7

.32K3/)6/LA

!

L

"

Y+/

*)(03.*.20W20/*+.->0/33A1.

<

G)/3.0

!

K

"

*2

!

L

"

()/8)2J1//(0LOG/>/)

(

D%

)

AY+/AI(0L

&

I(X/3.0

!

K

"!

L

"

()/)/@I

(*.6/L.3*(0-/

!

.0>J

"

8)2J*+/H/@@2R3*20/4(@L/)(

!

@(K/@/L(3H

"

A

!%>J*+.->J(

<

J(*.-.0

;

/-*.20*2*+/-)G3*

(

#&

)

$

R+.-++(3*).

<<

/)/L3.

<

0.8.-(0*2G*R()L8@2R28*+/

'(3*/)0,0(>/V.6/)=@(.0@2R/)-)G3*

(

#DI#&

)

AY+/2I

6/)(@@

S

@GJ/[email protected](@@

$

+2R/6/)

$

K(3/L202KI

3/)6(*.20328*+/3J(@@

S

@GJ/-20LG.*.J(

<

/L8)2J

*2J2

<

)(

S

+

7

(

#P

$

D#

$

&%

)

(0L0/()@

7

G0.82)JL.3*).KG*.20

28*+/(0.32*)2

S7

8(3*3

7

JJ/*)

7

(X.38)2J3+/()

R(6/3

S

@.**.0

<

J/(3G)/J/0*3

(

&!I&$

)

A

]0*+/3.L/328*+/+2*3

S

2**)(->

$

*+/

S

@GJ/

J(

7

+(6/(@)/(L

7

*).

<<

/)/L@2R/)@.*+23

S

+/)/L/I

@(J.0(*.20

$

(33G

<<

/3*/L K

7

*2J2

<

)(

S

+.-.J(I

<

/3

(

#P

$

D&

)

.03+(@@2RG

SS

/)J(0*@/.0R/3*I-/0*)(@

U

7

2J.0

<

!

1.

<

N"(

"

AT)/-/0*@.*+23

S

+/).-*+.->I

0/33J(

S

K(3/L203G)8(-/R(6/3

(

&#

)

$

L/).6/L8)2J

)(

S

.L-+(0

<

/328(W.JG*+(@(0.32*)2

S7

L.)/-*.203

R.*+)/3

S

/-**2L/

S

*+

$

3+2R3(JG-+*+.00/L@.*+2I

3

S

+/)/.0*+/R/3*/)0 U

7

2J.0

<S

)26.0-/

$

R+.-+

R2G@LK/-203.3*/0*R.*+*+/L/@(J.0(*/L@.*+2I

3

S

+/)/

S

)2

S

23(@A

D

!

,GJJ()

7

=(33.6/32G)-/3/.3J.-())(

7

L/

S

@2

7

J/0*3+(6/

S

)26.L/LG0.

^

G/2

SS

2)*G0.*./3*2.J(

<

/*+/8.0/

3-(@/3*)G-*G)/28*+/U

7

2J.0

<

-)(*20-)G3*(0L

G

SS

/)J(0*@/A4203.3*/0-./3K/*R//0*+/

S

(33.6/

(0L(-*.6/32G)-/.J(

<

/33G

<<

/3**+(**+/

S

(33.6/

32G)-/3/.3J.-.J(

<

.0

<

.3-(

S

(K@/28)/6/(@.0

<

8.0/

3-(@/3*)G-*G)/

$

(0L-(0K/@(*/)(@@

7

/X*/03.6/(0L

)/J(.03@2R-23*AV/3G@*38)2J6().2G3J/*+2L328

3/.3J.-

S

)2-/33.0

<

)/6/(@-2+/)/0*.J(

<

/328*+/

)/@.-*-)G3*(@(0L@.*+23

S

+/).-3*)G-*G)/3.0*+/-)(I

*20AY+/-2.0-.L/0-/28*+/3/.3J.-3*)G-*G)/3R.*+

*+/3G)8(-/

<

/2@2

<

.-(@3*)G-*G)/33G

<<

/3*3*+23/()/

8233.@3*)G-*G)/3

$

R+.-+J(

7

K/8)2W/0I.0LG).0

<

Page 10: 0#.1 ’$’1$%2$3 -4 &50!’*&&$13,-1$*/#$&5-’05!seismo.berkeley.edu/~yuan/papers/20100310.yuan.ESF.2010.pdf · 2014. 8. 22. · e) *.0< (#&) /*(@!!!#$!!

!#Q

!! !!

FG(.

7

GHG(0

$

M/00/*+9NOG/>/)

'

!"#$

!

'()*+,-./0-/1)20*./)3

"

$%!%

#

!"

!

#

"

*+//()@

7

-)(*2082)J(*.20

S

)2-/33/3AY+/.08/))/L

R/L

<

/*/-*20.-3(0L)/@.-*3@(K(@20

<

*+/-)(*20

J()

<

.0(@32.0L.-(*/*+(*3@(K(--)/*.20J(

7

+(6/

S

@(

7

/L.J

S

2)*(0*)2@/3.0/()@

7

-)(*20.-82)J(*.20A

H2G0

<

J(0*@/G

S

R/@@.0

<

$

.A/A*+/H/@@2R3*20/

S

@GJ/3//J3*2/)2L/*+/-)(*20.-@.*+23

S

+/)/K

7

-(G3.0

<

*+.00.0

<

(0LL/@(J.0(*.20

$

R+.@/20*+/

2*+/) +(0L +(3 -20*).KG*/L *2 -)G3*

<

)2R*+

*+)2G

<

+.0

;

/-*.0

<

J(

<

J(3.0*2*+/-)(*20@.*+2I

3

S

+/)/AZ(3*@

7

*+/3/.3J.-.J(

<

/3.0

<

/0/)(@)/8@/-*

20@

7

*+/-G))/0*3*(*/28*+/-)(*20G

SS

/)J(0*@/

#

.0*/

<

)(*.203/.3J2@2

<7

R.*+3G)8(-/

<

/2@2

<7

$

<

/2I

L

7

0(J.-3(0L

<

/2-+/J.3*)

7

.3/33/0*.(@*28G)*+/)

.J

S

)26/2G)G0L/)3*(0L.0

<

28*+/-)(*20/62@G*.20A

(A<8FK@;E

G

I;8BC

?"9=.3$9="BCB'(3)9#D*"39-"39"#

$

9="BE

CB'7.9.1.3.

,

"*"392"39"#

$

.3<*.3

&

9"*

8

+E

#.#

&

.##.

&

<"

8

%+

&

*"399".*)9=.9*.<"9=")"()E

*(-#")".#-=")

8

#")"39"<="#"

8

+))(0%"FG(

,

D#")

-+D#9")

&

+

:

4F!".<%"

!

3+H.92=">#+3I+#9=6E

*"#(-. JA

8

%+#.9(+3.3< K#+<D-9(+3 2+*

8

.3

&

"

.3<'F>.3<"#/"".9I+#9=H")9"#353(>"#)(9

&

$

LFL.)0(3)"$.92.%K+%

&

53(>"#)(9

&

$

LF'9.-=3($

.3<'F4.3)"3.953(>"#)(9

&

+

:

?

&

+*(3

,

FM="

.D9=+#).#"

,

#.9"

:

D%9+7#F'=.+

:

"3

,

/(D

:

+#=()

$(3<(3>(9.9(+3F2+3)9#D-9(>")D

,,

")9(+3)

:

#+*.3

.3+3

&

*+D)#">("H"#(*

8

#+>"<9=()*.3D)-#(

8

9F

!;L;=;8A;C

(

!

)

!

:@//>/)UAY+/@(*/T)-+/(0)/-2)L

&

T

S

GWW@/.0-(A#&

S

./-/3

(

b

)

AZ.*+23

$

$%%#

$

"!

&

PPI!#D

$

L2.

&

!%N!%!Q

'

;

A@.*+23A

$%%#N%"N%%#A

(

$

)

!

M.0

<

,OAT)-+/(0-)(*203(0LJ(0*@/L

7

0(J.-3

(

b

)

A'()*+

(0L=@(0/*()

7

,-./0-/Z/**/)3

$

$%%&

$

$#D

&

!I!DA

(

#

)

!

b2)L(0YFA42J

S

23.*.20(0LL/6/@2

S

J/0*28*+/-20*.0/0*(@

*/-*23

S

+/)/

(

b

)

AB(*G)/

$

!P"E

$

$"D

&

&DDI&DEA

(

D

)

!

Z//4YA9/2-+/J.-(@

'

S

/*)2@2

<

.--203*)(.0*320*+/2).

<

.028

-)(*20.-J(0*@/

(

C

)

#

M:/00

$

C()/3-+(@b4

$

420L./M4A

T)-+/(09/2L

7

0(J.-3(0L'06.)20J/0*3ATJ/).-(0 9/2I

S

+

7

3.-(@50.20C202

<

)(

S

+

$

$%%Q

&

EPI!!DA

(

&

)

!

T)0L*BY

$

42@*.-/B

$

F/@J3*(/L*F

$

/*(@A]).

<

.028T)I

-+/(03GK-20*.0/0*(@@.*+23

S

+/).-J(0*@/

&

,2J/

S

/*)2@2

<

.-(@

-203*)(.0*3

(

b

)

AZ.*+23

$

$%%P

$

!%P

&

Q!I"!A

(

Q

)

!

CG/@@/)=T

$

1)23*4OAY+/U

7

2J.0

<

=)26.0-/

&

TL.3*.0-I

*.6/T)-+/(0-)(*20.0Z(G)/0*.(0B2)*+TJ/).-(

(

b

)

A4(0(L.I

(0b2G)0(@28'()*+,-./0-/3

$

$%%Q

$

D#

&

!#P!I!#P"A

(

"

)

!

F288J(0=1A=)/-(JK).(0

<

/2@2

<7

(0L*/-*20.-+.3*2)

7

28

B2)*+TJ/).-(

(

C

)

#

:(@@

7

TU

$

=(@J/)TVAY+/9/2@2

<7

28B2)*+TJ/).-(

&

T0]6/)6./RA?2@ATA:2G@L/)

$

4]

&

9/I

2@2

<7

,2-./*

7

28TJ/).-(

$

!PEP

&

DD"I&!$A

(

E

)

!

4+(JK/)@(.0MV

$

1)23*4O

$

1)23*:VA'()@

7

T)-+/(0*2

C/32

S

)2*/)2W2.-/62@G*.2028*+/U

7

2J.0

<

=)26.0-/

&

T)-+/I

(02).

<

.03*2J2L/)0@.*+23

S

+/).-()-+.*/-*G)/

(

b

)

A4(0(L.(0

b2G)0(@28'()*+,-./0-/3

$

$%%#

$

D%

&

!#&"I!#"DA

(

P

)

!

M()@3*)2JM'

$

:2R).0

<

,TA'()@

7

=)2*/)2W2.-(33/JK@

7

28

*/-*2023*)(*.

<

)(

S

+.-*/))(0/3.032G*+R/3*/)0B2)*+TJ/).-(

(

b

)

Ab2G)0(@289/2@2

<7

$

!PEE

$

PQ

&

&Q!I&"QA

(

!%

)

!

123*/)OT

$

CG/@@/)=T

$

C2

<

>OU

$

/*(@A=)2*/)2W2.-/I

62@G*.2028*+/R/3*/)0J()

<

.028*+/U

7

2J.0

<

-)(*20

&

_J

S

@.I

-(*.20382)*+/*/-*20.-(0LJ(

<

J(*.-/62@G*.2028*+/02)*+I

/)0V2->

7

C2G0*(.03

(

b

)

A4(0(L.(0b2G)0(@28'()*+,-.I

/0-/3

$

$%%Q

$

D#

&

!Q%!I!Q!PA

(

!!

)

!

1)23*4OABL.32*2

S

.-/6.L/0-/82)*+/(0*.

^

G.*

7

28*+/U

7

2I

J.0

<

=)26.0-/

(

b

)

A9/2@2

<7

$

!PP#

$

$!

&

#&!I#&D

$

L2.

&

!%N!!#%

'

%%P!I"Q!#

!

!PP#

"

%$!

,

%#&!

&

0./8*(

-

$N#A-2

#

$A

(

!$

)

!

1)23*4O

$

1)G-+/

7

:Z

$

4+(JK/)@(.0MV

$

/*(@AT)-+/(0

-)G3*(@

<

)2R*+K

7

@(*/)(@(--)/*.2028

;

G6/0.@/3G

S

)(-)G3*(@

K/@*3.0*+/32G*+I-/0*)(@U

7

2J.0

<

=)26.0-/

(

b

)

A4(0(L.(0

b2G)0(@28'()*+,-./0-/3

$

$%%Q

$

D#

&

!&##I!&&&A

(

!#

)

!

F()@(0,,

$

F/(J(0Z

$

Z/4+/J.0(0*TB

$

/*(@A9G0K())/@

J(8.-J(

<

J(*.-/6/0*

&

T>/

7

"E%C(*.J/J()>/)82)V2L.0.(

S

@(*/)/-203*)G-*.203

(

b

)

A9/2@2

<7

$

$%%#

$

#!

&

!%&#I!%&QA

(

!D

)

!

M()@3*)2JM'

$

F2G3*20V,AY+/4+/

7

/00/K/@*

&

T0(@

7

3.3

28(=)2*/)2W2.-3G*G)/.032G*+/)0U

7

2J.0

<

(

b

)

A=)/-(JK).I

(0V/3/()-+

$

!PED

$

$&

&

D!&IDDQA

(

!&

)

!

HG(0F

$

OG/>/)MA5

SS

/)J(0*@/*2J2

<

)(

S

+.->

S

(0L>

3

.JI

(

<

/328*+/V2->

7

C2G0*(.03.0U

7

2J.0

<

$

42@2)(L2(0LB/R

C/X.-2

&

'6.L/0-/82)*+.->

$

@(*/)(@@

7

+/*/)2

<

/0/2G3@.*+2I

3

S

+/)/

(

C

)

#

V(0L

7

9

$

M()@3*)2JM'AY+/V2->

7

C2G0*(.0

V/

<

.20

&

T0'[email protected]

<

Z.*+23

S

+/)/

&

Y/-*20.-3

$

9/2-+/J.3*)

7

$

(0L9/2

S

+

7

3.-3A?2@A9/2

S

+

7

3.-(@C202

<

)(

S

+!&DAU(3+I

.0

<

*20

$

O4

&

TJ/).-(09/2

S

+

7

3.-(@50.20

$

$%%&

&

#$PI#D&A

(

!Q

)

!

Y

7

320TV

$

,J.*+320,:

$

OG/>/)M9

$

/*(@A=)2*/)2W2.-

1()R/@@C2G0*(.0 Z/3*/)C2G0*(.03G*G)/W20/

$

02)*+/)0

42@2)(L2

&

,GKLG-*.208@.

S

(0L

S

)2

<

)/33.6/(33/JK@

7

28()-3

(

b

)

A9/2@2

<7

$

$%%$

$

#%

&

PD#IPDQA

(

!"

)

!

OG/>/)M9

$

HG(0FA5

SS

/)J(0*@/=IR(6/6/@2-.*

7

3*)G-I

*G)/8)2J=T,,4TZ*/@/3/.3J.-*)(03/-*3(-)233_L(+2

$

U

7

2I

J.0

<

(0L42@2)(L2

(

b

)

A9/2

S

+

7

3.-(@V/3/()-+Z/**/)3

$

$%%D

$

#D

$

L2.

&

!%N!%$P

'

$%%D9Z%!PD"QA

(

!E

)

!

:/L@/F

$

6(0L/)Z//,A=)2

<

)/3320(0/R)/

<

.20(@J2L/@28

*+/G

SS

/)J(0*@/,I6/@2-.*

7

3*)G-*G)/K/0/(*+*+/B2)*+TI

J/).-(0-20*.0/0*

(

4

)

A'()*+,-2

S

/B(*.20(@C//*.0

<

TKI

3*)(-*A$%%"

&

=23*/)&EA

(

!P

)

!

9).88.0UZ

$

][V/.@@

7

,H

$

O2

7

@/:b

$

/*(@AZ.*+23

S

+/)/

J(

SS

.0

<

K/0/(*+*+/B2)*+ TJ/).-(0

S

@(*/

(

b

)

AZ.*+23

$

$%%D

$

""

&

E"#IP$$A

(

$%

)

!

12X]

$

,+//+(0 T 1A,+/()R(6/3

S

@.**.0

<

K/0/(*+*+/

4OV]C*)(03/-*3

(

C

)

#

V(0L

7

9

$

M()@3*)2J M 'AY+/

V2->

7

C2G0*(.0V/

<

.20

&

T0'[email protected]

<

Z.*+23

S

+/)/

&

Y/-*20I

.-3

$

9/2-+/J.3*)

7

$

(0L9/2

S

+

7

3.-3A?2@A9/2

S

+

7

3.-(@C202I

<

)(

S

+!&DAU(3+.0

<

*20O4

&

TJ/).-(09/2

S

+

7

3.-(@50.20

$

$%%&A

(

$!

)

!

cG)/>:

$

OG/>/)MAZ.*+23

S

+/).-@(

7

/).0

<

K/0/(*+*+/32G*+I

/)0V2->

7

C2G0*(.038)2J*+/4OIV]C/X

S

/).J/0*

(

C

)

#

V(0L

7

9

$

M()@3*)2JM'AY+/V2->

7

C2G0*(.0V/

<

.20

&

T0

'[email protected]

<

Z.*+23

S

+/)/

&

Y/-*20.-3

$

9/2-+/J.3*)

7

$

(0L9/2I

Page 11: 0#.1 ’$’1$%2$3 -4 &50!’*&&$13,-1$*/#$&5-’05!seismo.berkeley.edu/~yuan/papers/20100310.yuan.ESF.2010.pdf · 2014. 8. 22. · e) *.0< (#&) /*(@!!!#$!!

FG(.

7

GHG(0

$

M/00/*+9NOG/>/)

'

!"#$

!

'()*+,-./0-/1)20*./)3

"

$%!%

#

!"

!

#

"

!!

!#"

!!

S

+

7

3.-3A?2@A9/2

S

+

7

3.-(@ C202

<

)(

S

+!&DAU(3+.0

<

*20

$

O4

&

TJ/).-(09/2

S

+

7

3.-(@50.20

$

$%%&

&

#!"I#$EA

(

$$

)

!

:23*2->C9AC(0*@/3*)(*.

<

)(

S

+

7

(0L/62@G*.2028*+/,@(6/

=)26.0-/

(

b

)

Ab2G)0(@289/2

S

+

7

3.-(@V/3/()-+

$

!PPE

$

!%#

&

$!!E#I!$!$%%A

(

$#

)

!

=/L/)3/0FT

$

1.3+R.->,

$

,0

7

L/)O:AT-2J

S

().32028

-)(*20.-)22*3*+)2G

<

+-203.3*/0*(0(@

7

3.3283/.3J.-3G)8(-/

R(6/3

(

b

)

AZ.*+23

$

$%%P

$

!%P

&

E!IP&

$

L2.

&

!%N!%!Q

'

;

A@.*+23A

$%%EN%PN%!QA

(

$D

)

!

4+/04U

$

V20L/0(

7

,

$

'6(03VZ

$

/*(@A9/2

S

+

7

3.-(@L/I

*/-*.2028)/@.-*J/*(32J(*.3J8)2J(0T)-+/(0

!

"

#N&9(

"

,GKLG-*.20c20/

(

b

)

A,-./0-/

$

$%%P

$

#$Q

&

!%EPI!%P!

$

L2.

&

!%N!!$Q

'

3-./0-/A!!"ED""A

(

$&

)

!

,0

7

L/)O:A,*(->/LG

SS

/)J23*J(0*@/@(

7

/)3R.*+.0*+/

,@(6/-)(*2028BU4(0(L((3L/8.0/LK

7

(0.32*)2

S

.-3/.3J.-

L.3-20*.0G.*./3

(

b

)

AY/-*20.-3

$

$%%E

$

$"

$

L2.

&

!%A!%$P

'

$%%"Y4%%$!#$A

(

$Q

)

!

92)J(0TV

$

4@2R/3VC

$

'@@.3VC

$

/*(@AO//

S

=)2K/

&

_J(

<

.0

<

*+/)22*328R/3*/)0B2)*+TJ/).-(

(

C

)

#

9/)(@LC

VAY+/Z.*+2

S

)2K/T@K/)*(:(3/J/0*Y)(03/-*

&

Z/*)(03/-*

Z.*+2

S

)2K/LG,2-@/T@K/)*(.0A]**(R(

$

]B

$

4(0(L(

&

B(I

*.20(@V/3/()-+42G0-.@284(0(L(

$

$%%$A

(

$"

)

!

6(0L/)?/@L/0Tb

$

422>1TAV/@.-*3GKLG-*.20W20/3.0

4(0(L(

(

b

)

Ab2G)0(@289/2

S

+

7

3.-(@V/3/()-+

$

$%%&

$

!!%

$

L2.

&

!%N!%$P

'

$%%D

;

K%%####A

(

$E

)

!

,0

7

L/)O:AZ.*+23

S

+/).-

<

)2R*+(*J()

<

.0328-)(*203

(

b

)

A

Y/-*202

S

+

7

3.-3

$

$%%$

$

#&&

&

"I$$A

(

$P

)

!

F(03/0,

$

OG/>/)MA=I(0L,IU(6/)/-/.6/)8G0-*.20.J(I

<

/328-)G3*(@.JK).-(*.20K/0/(*+*+/4+/

7

/00/:/@*.0

,2G*+/(3*U

7

2J.0

<

(

b

)

A:G@@/*.028*+/,/.3J2@2

<

.-(@,2-./*

7

28 TJ/).-(

$

$%%P

$

PP

&

!P&#I!PQ!

$

L2.

&

!%N!"E&

'

%!$%%E%!QEA

(

#%

)

!

4)233R+.*/bT

$

FGJ

S

+)/

7

3'OA_J(

<

.0

<

*+/J2G0*(.0@/33

)22*28*+/!NE9(4+/

7

/00/K/@*3G*G)/(0L-@G/3*2.*3*/-I

*20.-3*(K.@.*

7

(

b

)

A9/2@2

<7

$

$%%#

$

#!

&

QQPIQ"$A

(

#!

)

!

=2

SS

/@./)34

$

=([email protected] ZAY+)//IL.J/03.20(@

$

S

)/3*(->

$

S

@(0/R(6/J.

<

)(*.2028*/@/3/.3J.-=I*2I,-206/)*/L

S

+(3/3

&

$A,*(->.0

<

JG@*.

S

@//6/0*3

(

b

)

Ab2G)0(@289/2

S

+

7

3.-(@V/I

3/()-+

$

$%%#

$

!%E

$

L2.

&

!%N!%$P

'

$%%!b:%%!&E#A

(

#$

)

!

Z/6(0L/)T

$

B.G1

$

Z//4YT

$

/*(@A_J(

<

.0

<

*+/-20*.0/0I

*(@@.*+23

S

+/)/

(

b

)

AY/-*202

S

+

7

3.-3

$

$%%Q

$

D!Q

&

!Q"I!E&

$

L2.

&

!%N!%!Q

'

;

A*/-*2A$%%&N!!N%!EA

(

##

)

!

,0/@3204C

$

F/03*2->Yb

$

M/@@/)9V

$

/*(@A4)G3*(@(0L

G

SS

/)J23*J(0*@/3*)G-*G)/(@20

<

*+/O//

S

=)2K/3/.3J.-

S

)28.@/

(

b

)

AV2->

7

C2G0*(.09/2@2

<7

$

!PPE

$

##

&

!E!I!PEA

(

#D

)

!

HG(0F

$

OG/>/)M

$

,*(-+0.>b4A4)G3*(@3*)G-*G)/(0L

*+.->0/33(@20

<

*+/H/@@2R3*20/F2*3

S

2*Y)(->

&

'6.L/0-/82)

@2R/)-)G3*(@2G*8@2R8)2JK/0/(*+*+//(3*/)0,0(>/V.6/)

=@(.0

(

b

)

A9/2-+/J.3*)

7

$

9/2

S

+

7

3.-3

$

9/23

7

3*/J3

$

$%%P

$

L2.

&

!%N!%$P

'

$%%P94%%$"E"A

(

#&

)

!

,*(-+0.>b4

$

OG/>/)M

$

,-+G**O

$

/*(@A_J(

<

.0

<

H/@@2RI

3*20/

S

@GJ/I@.*+23

S

+/)/.0*/)(-*.2038)2J.06/)3.2028K(@@.3I

*.-(0LL.88G3.6/V(

7

@/.

<

+R(6/L.3

S

/)3.20(0L-)G3*(@*+.->I

0/33L(*(

(

b

)

A9/2-+/J.3*)

7

$

9/2

S

+

7

3.-3

$

9/23

7

3*/J3

$

$%%E

$

L2.

&

!%N!%$P

'

$%%"94%%!P%!A

(

#Q

)

!

C2)

<

(0UbA=@(*/J2*.203(0LL//

S

J(0*@/-206/-*.20

(

C

)

#

,*GL./3.0'()*+(0L,

S

(-/,-./0-/3A9/2@2

<

.-(@,2-./*

7

28

TJ/).-(9/2@2

<

.-(@,2-./*

7

28TJ/).-(

!

9,T

"$

!P"$

$

!#$

&

"I$$A

(

#"

)

!

=./)-/MZ

$

C2)

<

(0ZTA_3*+/*)(->28*+/H/@@2R3*20/

+2*3

S

2*L).6/0K

7

(L//

S

J(0*@/

S

@GJ/

.

V/6./R2862@-(0.3J

$

8(G@*.0

<

$

(0LG

S

@.8*.0@.

<

+*280/RL(*(

(

b

)

Ab2G)0(@28?2@I

-(02@2

<7

(0L9/2*+/)J(@V/3/()-+

$

$%%P

$

!EE

&

!I$&

$

L2.

&

!%N!%!Q

'

;

A

;

62@

<

/2)/3A$%%PN%"N%%PA

(

#E

)

!

,J.*+V:

$

b2)L(0C

$

,*/.0K/)

<

/):

$

/*(@A9/2L

7

0(J.-328

*+/H/@@2R3*20/+2*3

S

2*(0LJ(0*@/

S

@GJ/

&

,/.3J.-(0L9=,

.J(

<

.0

<

$

>.0/J(*.-3

$

(0LJ(0*@/8@2R

(

b

)

Ab2G)0(@28?2@-(0I

2@2

<7

(0L9/2*+/)J(@V/3/()-+

$

$%%P

$

!EE

&

$QI&Q

$

L2.

&

!%N!%!Q

'

;

A

;

62@

<

/2)/3A$%%PN%EN%$%A

(

#P

)

!

HG(0F

$

OG/>/)MAY/@/3/.3J.-=IR(6/*2J2

<

)(J28*+/

H/@@2R3*20/

S

@GJ/

(

b

)

A9/2

S

+

7

3.-(@V/3/()-+Z/**/)3

$

$%%&

$

#$

$

L2.

&

!%N!%$P

'

$%%D9Z%$$%&QA

(

D%

)

!

1//O

$

OG/>/)MAC(0*@/*)(03.*.20W20/*2

S

2

<

)(

S

+

7

(0L

3*)G-*G)/K/0/(*+*+/H/@@2R3*20/+2*3

S

2*

(

b

)

A9/2

S

+

7

3.-(@

V/3/()-+Z/**/)3

$

$%%D

$

#!

$

L2.

&

!%N!%$P

'

$%%D9Z%$%Q#QA

(

D!

)

!

:.0(4V

$

F/@88).-+9A=+(3/*)(03.*.204@(

S

/

7

)203@2

S

/3(0L

*)(03.*.20W20/3/.3J.-L.3-20*.0G.*

7

*2

S

2

<

)(

S

+

7

(

b

)

Ab2G)0(@

289/2

S

+

7

3.-(@V/3/()-+

$

!PPD

$

PP

&

!&E&#IE!&EQ%A

(

D$

)

!

Y.(0H

$

,.

<

@2-+M

$

B2@/*9ACG@*.

S

@/I8)/

^

G/0-

7

,FIR(6/

*2J2

<

)(

S

+

7

28*+/R/3*/)05,G

SS

/)J(0*@/

(

b

)

A9/2

S

+

7

3.-(@

b2G)0(@_0*/)0(*.20(@

$

$%%P

$

!"E

&

!#EDI!D%$

(

D#

)

!

C20*/@@.V

$

B2@/*9

$

O(+@/01T

$

/*(@A1.0.*/I8)/

^

G/0-

7

*2J2

<

)(

S

+

7

)/6/(@3(6()./*

7

28

S

@GJ/3.0*+/J(0*@/

(

b

)

A,-.I

/0-/

$

$%%D

$

#%#

&

##EI#D#A

(

DD

)

!

:G)L.->,

$

Z.9

$

C()*

7

026?

$

/*(@A5

SS

/)C(0*@/F/*/)2I

<

/0/.*

7

K/0/(*+B2)*+TJ/).-(8)2J Y)(6/@Y.J/Y2J2I

<

)(

S

+

7

R.*+9@2K(@(0L5,T))(

7

Y)(03

S

2)*(K@/T))(

7

O(*(

(

b

)

A,/.3J2@2

<

.-(@V/3/()-+Z/**/)3

$

$%%E

$

"P

&

#EDI#P$

$

L2.

&

!%N!"E&

'

<

33)@A"PN#N#EDA

(

D&

)

!

U(.*/9

$

,J.*+V:

$

T@@/0VCA>

S

(0L>

3

3*)G-*G)/28*+/

H/@@2R3*20/F2*3

S

2*G

SS

/)J(0*@/8)2J*/@/3/.3J.-*2J2I

<

)(

S

+

7

&

'6.L/0-/82)(0G

SS

/)J(0*@/

S

@GJ/

(

b

)

Ab2G)0(@28

9/2

S

+

7

3.-(@V/3/()-+

$

$%%Q

$

!!!

!

:%D%#

"$

L2.

&

!%N!%$P

'

$%%&b:%%#EQ"A

(

DQ

)

!

]K)/K3>.Cb

$

T@@/0V C

$

FG0

<

, F

$

/*(@A4/02W2.-

S

@GJ/I3@(K.0*/)(-*.20K/0/(*+*+/=(-.8.-B2)*+R/3*

(

b

)

A'23

Y)(03

$

T95

$

P%

!

&$

"$

1(@@C//*,G

SS

@

$

$%%P

$

TK3*)(-*

?D!:I$!"EA

(

D"

)

!

dG/C

$

T@@/0VCAC(0*@/3*)G-*G)/K/0/(*+*+/U/3*/)0

5,(0L.*3.J

S

@.-(*.20382)-206/-*.20

S

)2-/33/3

(

b

)

Ab2G)0(@

289/2

S

+

7

3.-(@V/3/()-+

$

L2.

&

!%

&

!%$P

'

$%%Eb:%%Q%"P

!

.0

S

)/33

"

A

(

DE

)

!

:)(.@/ZU

$

,J.*+V:

$

T032)

<

/b

$

/*(@AY+/H/@@2R3*20/I

,0(>/V.6/)

S

@(.03/.3J.-

S

)[email protected]

<

/X

S

/).J/0*

&

4)G3*(@3*)G-I

*G)/28*+//(3*/)0,0(>/V.6/)

S

@(.0

(

b

)

Ab2G)0(@289/2

S

+

7

3I

.-(@V/3/()-+

$

!PE$

$

E"

&

$&P"I$Q%PA

(

DP

)

!

4+).3*.(03/0'F

$

C-4G))

7

CA420*)(3*.0

<

2).

<

.03284/02I

[email protected]@-(0.-)2->38)2J*+/R/3*/)042)L.@@/)(28*+/

50.*/L,*(*/3

(

b

)

A:G@@/*.028?2@-(02@2

<7

$

$%%E

$

"%

&

$&!I

$Q"A

(

&%

)

!

,-+G**OZ

$

OG/>/)M

$

HG(0FA4)G3*(0LG

SS

/)J(0*@/6/I

@2-.*

7

3*)G-*G)/28*+/H/@@2R3*20/+2*3

S

2*(0L3G))2G0L.0

<

3

Page 12: 0#.1 ’$’1$%2$3 -4 &50!’*&&$13,-1$*/#$&5-’05!seismo.berkeley.edu/~yuan/papers/20100310.yuan.ESF.2010.pdf · 2014. 8. 22. · e) *.0< (#&) /*(@!!!#$!!

!#E

!! !!

FG(.

7

GHG(0

$

M/00/*+9NOG/>/)

'

!"#$

!

'()*+,-./0-/1)20*./)3

"

$%!%

#

!"

!

#

"

(

b

)

Ab2G)0(@289/2

S

+

7

3.-(@V/3/()-+

$

$%%E

$

!!#

$

L2.

&

!%N!%$P

'

$%%"b:%%&!%PA

(

&!

)

!

U(.*/9

$

,-+G**OZ

$

,J.*+V:AC2L/@328@.*+23

S

+/)/(0L

(3*+/023

S

+/)/(0.32*)2

S

.-3*)G-*G)/28*+/H/@@2R3*20/+2*3I

S

2*8)2J3+/()R(6/3

S

@.**.0

<

(

b

)

Ab2G)0(@289/2

S

+

7

3.-(@V/I

3/()-+

$

$%%&

$

!!%

$

L2.

&

!%N!%$P

'

$%%Db:%%#&%!A

(

&$

)

!

,-+G**O

$

FGJ

S

+)/

7

3'O

$

OG/>/)MAT0.32*)2

S7

28*+/

H/@@2R3*20/F2*,

S

2*R(>/

$

/(3*/)0,0(>/V.6/)

S

@(.0

$

_L(I

+2

(

C

)

#

=@2J/)26(b

$

Z./K/)J(00V4

$

:(KG3>(?A9/2L

7

I

0(J.-328Z.*+23

S

+/)/(0L'()*+[3C(0*@/

&

,/.3J.-T0.32*)2I

S7

(3(V/-2)L28*+/=(3*(0L=)/3/0*O

7

0(J.-=)2-/33/3A

9/2

S

+

7

3:.)>+(/G3/)?/)@(

<

$

!PPE

&

!&!

&

DD#IDQ$A

(

&#

)

!

HG(0F

$

V2J(02R.-W:AZ.*+23

S

+/).-@(

7

/).0

<

.0*+/B2)*+

TJ/).-(04)(*20

(

b

)

AB(*G)/

$

$%!%

!

.0)/6.3.20

"

A

(

&D

)

!

=/*/)J(0c'

$

F.@L)/*+VTAV/-200(.33(0-/

<

/2@2

<7

(0L

<

/2-+)202@2

<7

28*+/=)/-(JK).(028*+/9)(0.*/C2G0*(.03

$

U

7

2J.0

<

(

b

)

A5,9/2@2

<

.-(@,G)6/

7

$

=)28/33.20(@=(

S

/)

$

!P"E

$

!%&&

&

$$A

0 " 1 2

Ê˺ÌÍÎÏÐÑ

!

ÒÊËÓÌÍÐÑ

!!

/

&'()

0

hi%Hjk#l

$

mnoFpHjqr

$

smntHjqr

$

uvlwx

*

tHjyrz

{

+%

"

P

#

NOPO

34

W

$

X

$

%

56789:

&

;<

!

!! !

|}Fp~h

*

&<P��[\

+$*

������

+%

"

N

#

NOPP

34

P

$

N

$

%

56=>9:

&

;<

!

!! !

|}Fp~h

*

��MYu

+$*

�,��������

+%

"

R

#

NOPP

34

R

$

Y

$

%

56?@

'

@ABCD:

&

;<

!

!! !

|}Fp~h

*

-�&,�-�X�

+%

"

Y

#

NOPP

34

W

$EFGH

%

IJKLMNBO6PQ

&(

!! !!

4

X

$EFGH

%

RSTUCD:

&(

"

W

#

NOPN

34

P

$

N

$EFGH

%

VWXY5>

&(