*RE1334 KONVERSI TENAGA LISTRIK IVita Lystianingrum

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RE1334Konversi Tenaga Listrik IElectrical Power Conversion ISemester III2SKSTujuan:Memahami masalah energi, dasar-dasar mesin listrik arus searah dan transformator.

Prasyarat:Rangkaian Listrik I dan Fisika II

Daftar Pustaka:Prof.Dr. Zuhal, "Dasar Teknik Tenaga Listrik"BL. Theraja, "A Text Book of Electrical Technology

*RE1334 KONVERSI TENAGA LISTRIK I 1:Energi dan permasalahannya2:Konsep konversi energi3: Pembangkitan energi listrik konvensional & non konvensional4:Dasar elektromagnetik, pengenalan bahan magnetik dan elektromekanik 5:Mesin arus searah (DC)6:Generator DC: cara kerja, klasifikasi dan persamaan tegangan7:Generator DC: rugi-rugi daya dan efisiensi, efisiensi maksimum serta karakteristik 8:9-10:Ujian Tengah Semester

**Motivasi, Tujuan:Menambah wawasan?

MAteri kuliah bisa didownload di: www.oc.its.ac.id

Komposisi NilaiTugas35 % -> updated 21 Sept 10UTS30 %UAS35 %

Peraturan KelasKelas dimulai jam 15.30 (toleransi 20 menit)

Updated Sept 20th 2010http://ww.its.ac.id/akademik.peraturan.php

Beban StudiBeban studi mahasiswa dinyatakan dalam Satuan Kredit Semester (SKS). Makna SKS dalam hal ini adalah:

Makna Kuliah 1 SKS: Beban mengikuti tiga kegiatan per minggu: 50 menit tatap muka dengan dosen, 50-100 menit kegiatan terstuktur, 50-100 menit kegiatan akademik mandiri

Beban mahasiswa per semester rata-rata 18 SKS per semester, berarti 18 x 3 jam per minggu, atau 52 jam per minggu atau rata-rata 10 jam per hari. Untuk belajar, rincian per harinya rata-rata:3 jam untuk kuliah 3 jam untuk responsi/tugas 4 jam untuk belajar mandiri

*IntroductionVita Lystianingrum

*GradingAssignment & Quiz: 30%Exam: 70%

*EnergyVita Lystianingrum

*Prof. Abdul Kadir, Energi.

Petry, L. Renewable Energies, Lecture Notes, Darmstadt University of Applied Science, 2007.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Energytiki.oneworld.net/energy/energy.html

*Energy**

SI units: joules (J): amounts of energy, work, heat quantitywatts (W): power, energy rate/energy flow, heat flow

1 Joule = 1 Watt second1 watt = 1 joule per second**

*World energy consumptionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy:_world_resources_and_consumption#_note-EIAWorld power usage in terawatts (TW), 1965-2005. [1]

*World energy resourcesWorldwide energy supply in TW[4]

*Fossil FuelFossil fuels or mineral fuels are fossil source fuels, this is, hydrocarbons found within the top layer of the earths crust.There are three major forms of fossil fuels: coal, oil and natural gas.

*Fossil FuelIt is generally accepted that they formed from the fossilized remains of dead plants and animals[1] by exposure to heat and pressure in the Earth's crust over hundreds of millions of years. Fossil fuels are non-renewable resources because they take millions of years to form and reserves are being depleted much faster than new ones are being formed.

*Fossil FuelIt was estimated by the Energy Information Administration that in 2005 86% of primary energy production in the world came from burning fossil fuels. Worldwide energy supply in TW[4]

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*Energy Problems: Environmental ProblemsProblems caused by the burning of fossil fuels:Emissions build up during the output, processing, transport and burning of the sources of energy. Sulphur dioxide, soot, carbon monoxide (CO).-> toxic for the people & environment.

*Energy Problems: Environmental Problems: Green house effect (1)By the action of different natural trace gases in the atmosphere, like steam or CO2, the arriving sunlight is held back as in a hothouse.The greenhouse effect is the process in which the emission of infrared radiation by the atmosphere warms a planet's surface.

*Energy Problems: Environmental Problems: Green house effect (2)Burning fossil fuel produces large amount of greenhouse gases, especially CO2.

Global warming, a recent warming of the Earth's lower atmosphere, is believed to be the result of an enhanced greenhouse effect due to increased concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.

*Energy Problems: Energy CrisisNatural reserves of fossil energy sources will only last for a few more generations.The shortage of fossil fuels will cause rising prices.

*In response to energy crisis and environmental issue, the principles of green energy and sustainable living movements gain popularity.

This has led to increasing interest in alternate power/fuel research such as fuel cell technology, liquid nitrogen economy, hydrogen fuel, biomethanol, biodiesel, Karrick process, solar energy, geothermal energy, tidal energy, wave power, and wind energy, and fusion power.

*World renewable energy in 2005 (except 2004 data for items marked* or **).[3] Worldwide energy supply in TW[4]

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Available renewable energy.

The volume of the cubes represent the amount of available wind and solar energy. The small red cube shows the proportional global energy consumption.

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*Energy ConversionTab. 1-4

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*Electricity Generation (next topic)Electricity generation is the process of converting some form of energy into electricity.

*Methods of generating electricityTurbines

Rotating turbines attached to electrical generators produce most commercially available electricity. Turbines are driven by a fluid which acts as an intermediate energy carrier.

Steam: the burning of fossil fuelsnuclear fission solar parabolic troughs and solar power towersGeothermal power. Water (hydroelectric): Wind Hot gas (gas turbine)

*Methods of generating electricityReciprocating enginesA reciprocating engine, also often known as a piston engine, is a heat engine that uses one or more pistons to convert pressure into a rotating motion.

*Methods of generating electricity

Photovoltaic panels

OthersElectrochemical (Fuel cell)

*Assignment: presentation of 1 electricity generation method can be based on Abdul Kadirs book.

How it worksEfficiency, Cost, Positive & negative effectsCurrent trends & energy policy regarding this method (world & Indonesia)

State the reference!

Tugas 1 Sem Genap 0809Cari artikel dari media cetak/internet, min thn 2005, mengenai berbagai tipe pembangkit listrik (lihat slide selanjutnya).Tuliskan referensi / linknya.Tuliskan poin-poin kesimpulan/ide dari artikel tersebut.Tugas dkumpulkan sebelum kuliah tg 2 Maret 2009, atau dikirim (kalau cukup) ke vita@ee.its.ac.id.Tugas dikumpulkan dlm bentuk, 1. file html atau mht.2. file ppt : 1. anggota kelompok, judul, poin2 kesimpulan/ide, 3. link/referensi

*Rotating TurbineSteam: (1..5) 2. nuclear fission -> nuclear power station (6..10) 3. solar parabolic troughs and solar power towers (11..15)Geothermal power. Water (hydroelectric):4. (16..20) tidal forces & wave force5. (21..25) Wind6. (26..31) biomass(32..37) 1. Photovoltaic panels7. (38..43)Fuel cell

Contoh: File ContohPLTAngin.mht, Kompas Sept 2006 *

*Contoh: File bioenergiedorf.pdf, Gatra April 2006

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*Thank You!

*Primary energy is energy that has not been subjected to any conversion or transformation process.Examples of primary energy resources include coal, crude oil, sunlight, wind, running rivers, vegetation, and uranium. Primary energy includes non-renewable energy and renewable energy.

*Primary energies are transformed in energy conversion processes to more convenient forms of energy, such as electrical energy and cleaner fuels. In energy statistics these forms are called secondary energy.

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*Nuclear Power

*Nuclear Energy is energy that is directly released from the atomic nucleus. Nuclear energy is released by three exoenergetic (or exothermic) processes:Radioactive decay, where a neutron or proton in the radioactive nucleus decays spontaneously by emitting either particles, electromagnetic radiation (gamma rays), neutrinos (or all of them) Fusion, two atomic nuclei fuse together to form a heavier nucleus Fission, the breaking of an heavy nucleus into two (more rarely three) lighter nuclei.

*Nuclear power is a type of nuclear technology involving the controlled use of nuclear fission to release energy for work including propulsion, heat, and the generation of electricity. Nuclear energy is produced by a controlled nuclear chain reaction and creates heatwhich is used to boil water, produce steam, and drive a steam turbine. The turbine can be used for mechanical work and also to generate electricity.

*Renewable Energy: HydropowerWorldwide hydroelectricity consumption reached 816GW in 2005, consisting of 750GW of large plants, and 66GW of small hydro installations. Large hydro capacity totaling 10.9GW was added by China, Brazil and India during the year, but there was a much faster growth (8%) in small hydro, with 5GW added, mostly in China where some 58% of the world's small hydro plants are now located.[3]In the Western world, although Canada is the largest producer of hydroelectricity in the world, the construction of large hydro plants has stagnated due to environmental concerns.[24]

*Renewable Energy: Biomass & biofuelUntil the end of the nineteenth century biomass was the predominant fuel, today it has only a small share of the overall energy supply. Electricity produced from biomass sources was estimated at 44GW for 2005. Biomass electricity generation increased by over 100% in Germany, Hungary, the Netherlands, Poland and Spain. A further 220GW was used for heating (in 2004), bringing the total energy consumed from biomass to around 264GW. The use of biomass fires for cooking is excluded.[3]World production of bioethanol increased by 8% in 2005 to reach 33 billion litres (8.72 billion US gallons), with most of the increase in the United States, bringing it level to the levels of consumption in Brazil.[3] Biodiesel increased by 85% to 3.9 billion litres (1.03 billion US gallons), making it the fastest growing renewable energy source in 2005. Over 50% is produced in Germany.[3]

*Renewable Energy: Wind powerAccording to the Global Wind Energy Council, the installed capacity of wind power increased by 25.6% in from the end of 2005 to end of 2006 to total 74GW with over half the increase in the United States, Germany, India and Spain.[25] Doubling of capacity took about three and half years. The total installed capacity is approximately three times that of the actual average power produced as the nominal capacity represents peak output; actual capacity is generally from 25-40% of the nominal capacity.[citation needed]

*Renewable Energy: Solar powerSolar energy used during 2005 was approximately 93.4GW; however, the available resources are 3.8 YJ/yr (120,000TW). Only a small fraction of available resources are sufficient to entirely replace fossil fuels and nuclear power as an energy source. Assuming that our current rate of usage remains constant, we will run out of conventional oil in 35 years, coal in 200 yrs. In practice neither will actually run out, as natural constraints will force production to decline as the remaining reserves dwindle.[26][27]In 2005 grid-connected photovoltaic electricity was the fastest growing renewable energy after biodiesel. During the year consumption increased by 55% on 2004 to bring the installed capacity to 3.1GW. Over half of the increase was in Germany, now the world's largest consumer of photovoltaic electricity (followed by Japan). It was estimated that there was a further 2.3GW of off-grid electricity produced, bringing the total to 5.4GW.[3]Portugal has opened the world's most powerful photovoltaic solar power plant. The 11 megawatt solar power plant, comprising 52,000 photovoltaic modules is based in southern Portugal which is one of the sunniest places in Europe. It produces sufficient energy to power 8000 homes (see Renewable energy in Portugal).[28]The consumption of solar hot water and solar space heating was estimated at 88GWt (gigawatts of thermal power) in 2004. The heating of water for unglazed swimming pools is excluded.[3]

*Renewable Energy: GeothermalGeothermal energy is used commercially in over 70 countries.[29] By the end of 2005 worldwide use for electricity had reached 9.3GW, with an additional 28GW used directly for heating.[3] If heat recovered by ground source heat pumps is included, the non-electric use of geothermal energy is estimated at more than 100GW.[29]

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*Environmental effect of fossil fuel burning -> global warming

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