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The Clear Syntax in the Arabic Language Grammar
For Primary Education
Authored by
Translated by Tarek Merabtene
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On the Name of Allah the Most Gracious the most Merciful
Forward of the English Translation Translation ApproachThis
translation work is the fruit of the Neemat (bounty) of Allah upon
me as it refelect the results of my Arabic Class at the Masjid of
Tsukuba in Japan. My students S. Mirza, I. Mahdi, Aris, Fakhrudin,
Areef, A. Naba, from Indonesia along two brothers from Pakistan
Sultan and Asadulrahaman, Allah Reward theme with best, were at the
origin of my decision to take upon mysholder this translation work,
while Allah knows best that I am not eligibal to lead such a noble
work. During my class I had to use English as an intermdiate
language to explain the rules and vocabularies. My students an I
have haredly try to find approriate references through an intensive
search in the internet that could help speed our learning and more
important to minimize the use of English in our class, but in vien
all the good sites that we could find at this time were not free of
charge. In other words the day I started this translation, I have
reached the conclusion that there are still very few Muslims who
care to spread the Arabic language free of charge over the internet
with the Niyah to encourage over one billion non native Arabic
Muslims to learn the Langauge that Allah have choosen for the
revelation of His Holy book, The Quran. I adopted throughout the
text a word by word translation in the same order as it appear in
the Arabic text. Each lesson is devided into four major parts,
namely, Examples, Discussion and Grammar or Grammatical rule, and
Exercises. For each part of the lesson, I have adopted different
styles of translation with the aim to increase the students
vocabulary learning, while learnig the grammar and the basics of
the lesson without big need for external refrence or dictionary.
Examples Part: the examples brought at the beginning of each lesson
are translated word by word. Note, that the verbs are translated
using the infinitive form. For example we read (see e.g. 5, lesson
1) , the verb means lives in the present tense. In the text it is
translated as to live , for it is the duty of the student to
understand the correcte tense of the verb by looking at its
structure (see lessons 3, 4 and 5). Discussion and Grammar parts:
the discussion and grammar parts are translated in full using plain
English. Basically all the Arabic words composing the sentence are
kept within the English text as well, despite that more formal
English structure could be seen more
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appropriate. By doing so I believe that the students will have a
comparative reference to check new Arabic vocubulary as they are
introduced by each topic within the discussion. Exercices part: the
exercices part is of two element, the question and the sentences.
The question is literally translated and can be found following the
numbered footenote. However, similarly to the example part, the
sentences within each exrcice are wordly translated. In order to
test your vocabulary improvement, word that have been translated in
any previous sections (example or exrcices) are left without
duplicate translation using the sign ~ instead .
Words that are basically not needed to fully comprenhend the
english sentence, butappear in the Arabic text, are written between
hyphens-.
Words that are added for purpose of clarification, but not
included in the Arabic text arewritten between [brackets].
Tarek Merabtene September 01, 2006 / Ramadan Masjid Tsukuba,
Tsukuba City, Japan
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Anotations oo: replacing a word by the sign oo in a sentence
(within the Examples or Exercices) means that the word had been
used and translated three times in earlier sentences. Thus, the
student is supposed to have already memorized the word in question.
Pn: Proper nouns, Arabic names for persons in particular, are
neither translated nor written in roman alphabets, they are
referred to using the abbreviation Pn. verb tense: For the first
two chapters the tense of the verb is put between bracket for
readability time to learn the verbe tenses in chapter 3.
List of Abbreviations (Abv.)Abv. n. Pn. pron. subj. obj. adj.
adv. masc. fem. sing. pl. c. neut. interrog. exclam. demons. imper.
impers. refl. ptc.Grammatical Form noun Proper Noun pronoun subject
object adjective adverb masculine feminine singular plural common
gender neuter gender interrogative exclamation demonstrative
imperative impersonal reflexive particle
Abbreviation v. infin. past present part. irreg. tr. intr. incl.
aux. conj. contr. int. sl. postp. voc. poss. Subj. Nom. Obv.
Grammatical Form verb infinitive past tense present or future
tense participle irregular transitive intransitive inclusive
auxiliary conjunction contraction interjection slang postposition
vocative possessive subjective nominative objective
How to read the translationWithin the Arabic text you read
followed by the corresponding footnote number (1) followed by the
Arabic examples.1
:
. .
. .
Look in the footnote to the Examples corresponding the same
footnumber above you will read: 1 Examples:1. (m.) garden/(m. adj.)
beautiful 4. to pick, (v. past. m.)/Pn. / [a] flower / = word
separator. Words appear in the same order as in the Arabic text,
they are separated by the sign /
( =m.) garden , reads is masculine noun (m.) and means garden.
It is a noun because it definite by ( = m. adj.) masculine
adjective (noun) and means beautiful.
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( =v. past. m.) masculine verb in past tense and means to pick (
=Pn.) means the Propoer Noun . ( = f.) feminine noun and means [a]
rose flower (as indefinite noun). Note: Similar translation
procedure is followed for the Examples
Basic Grammatical Notes:1. 2. 3. 4. Note 1: : is the definite
article =the, : a sentence, :pl. of , the sentences. Note 2: :is
the feminine of ,add to make feminine of a masculine word (mainly
adjective for exp: m. , f. ) but never with a verb. Note 3: add to
make the feminine of a masculine verb. Note 4: a Noun - is any word
that start with the definite article or ends with Tanween (two
dhamat , or two Fatha or two Kasurah ) or attached to one of Huruf
Al-Jar ()
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Annex 1: Glossary of Grammatical Terms Annex 3: Index Annex 2:
Personel PronounGrammatical Subj. & Form Nom. first person
singular second person singular Arabic add Poss. Article to noun
Example =a Book
Abv. 1s 2s
Obv.
Arabic
Poss.
I You
me you
(m.) (f.)
Mine
--
---
Yours
He 3sthird person singular
Him Her it us you
-- (m.)
His Her Its Ours yours
She It
1p 2p
first person plural second person plural
We You
(f.) (m.)
3p
third person plural
They
them (f.)
thiers
Tarek Merabtene
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1. 2. 3. 4. 1.4. 2.4. 3.4.
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9
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01
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. (1) . (2) . (3) . (4) . (5) . (6) . . (7) .
. .
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. (1) . (2) . (3) . (4) . (5) . (6) .
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1
2
:
. . .. ..
. . . . ..
_____Discussion:If you examine the structure of the first
sentence you will find it made of two words, one is " "the 2nd is "
."From the first word " " you understand only a singular and
similarly if you take the 2nd word " meaning that is not enough for
a conversation, " alone. However if we bring the two words
together, as shown in the example and we say " ," we acquire a full
understanding, and we fully comprehend the meaning, that is a
description of the garden as beautiful.
Therefore, such a sentence is called =meaningful and complete
sentence.Each of the words is considered part of the sentence.
Similarly one can say about the remaining examples. From the above
we conclude that one word is1 2
"" "" : "" : "" " " .
:
Meaningfull and complete sentence. Examples
1. garden / (m.) beautiful 4. to pick/pull-off, (past) / Pn. /
[a] flower 2. Sun / (f.) rising 5. to live / fish / in / water 3.
to smell, (past) / Pn. / [a] rose flower 6. to increase / palm / in
/ province / Egypt
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not enough to make a conversation. We must have two words and
above in order (human) to fully figure out the meaning. Words such
as
. . that is
Which looks like one word,
that is enough for a conservation, are in fact compound of two
words, one is pronounced
" for example, and an other (word) that is not spoken "=you,
that the listnerwould undersand from the talk even when not
spoken.
. : . . " " " " .
: .. . . Grammar: 1. The structure that is complete and
meaningfull is called ,it is also called ( conversation). 2. is
made up of at least two words and may be made of more. Each word
(in it) is considered part of the senstence.
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3
.4- :5- .. .. .. .. .. .. . . .. .. .. .. ..
:4 - .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
3 4
Exercices or Practices:Read the above examples, and find how
many words are in each example. Read the following sentences and
identify the words in each one of theme (Herein all verbs are in
present tense).
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1. the sky / rainy 7. the bird / on / the tree 2. the garden /
(f.) beautiful8. to pick up / Pn. / flowers3. to stop or cease /
rain 9. to play / youth / with ball4. to move / cloud10. to fall /
~ / from / sky5. to rise / sun to seal / boat / in / (pl.) sea5. to
dry / land or ground11. to intensify / cold(ness) / on top of /
(pl.) mountains4.
Identify among the following structures.
1. (v.) not (it is not) / weather 5. I wish -or- if only / sick
-or- ill person 2. (past) to eat / Pn.6. the cloth / clean3. the
train / fast 7. the book / that4. if / to strive (you)8. girl / the
educated
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6
: .......... ........ .. ....... .. ..... .. ........ ..
........
7.
:. . . .
. 8
:. . . .
.
9
10
-
.-
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6
Make each of the following example by completing the blanks by
an appropriate word. Put each word of the words hereafter in
composed of two-words. Put each word of the words hereafter in
composed of more then two words.
1. bird / / cage4. child / educated / 2. boy / / fruits5. the
shoes / tight / 3. the bull / / ~6. moon / / ~7
1. (f.) garden2. tree3. (pl. f.) flowers4. (f.) sun8
1. (s.) water2. (s. pl.) fruits3. (v. present) to play4. (v.
present) to ride9
Bring three sentences each one of theme composed of two words
and three [sentences] in each one of theme three words. 11 and
three [sentences] in each one of theme four words.10
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12
:13.. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .
_____Discussion:We have learned earlier that parts that are
( sg. =a word), in this
consist of
lesson we want to know the type of these words, so we say: if we
research the sentences we have, we will find that and and
are words used to name persons; And and and are words used to
name kind of animals; And and and are words used to name kind of
plants; And and and are words used to name kind of inanimated
bodies; And and and are words used to name other kind of
things.Thus each word of these words is called ,and similarly any
word that are used to name pesons, animals, plants, inanimated
bodies, or any thing else.12
: : : . . . .
of a sentence 13 Examples
.Parts
4. (present) to eatto/ ride sheep / /beans / and / barley8. do
you / / (present) to like / traveling? / Pn. / cat6. (present) to
1. (past) (f.) / Pn. horse5. (past, fem.) to listen advise 2.
(present) to tease shine / light / in / room 3. (present) to
harvest / farmer / weat7. (present) to run (to seal) / ship / on /
water
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Back to the sentences once again, we will find that each (word)
of the words: , , and ,indicates that an action occurred on a
specific time, for example the word
indicates the action of riding in the past tense, the word
indicates the action of teasing\ in the
present or future tense; and so on. Thus each of
the words of this type are called .Also when exploring the last
three sentences we will find that the words and and have no
complete meaning when pronounced alone; but when spoken within the
context of the sentence, its meaning becomes fully clear. Each word
of
these three words, are called , andsimilarly all the words of
this type.
: : . . : .
. : ( ) : . .() : .() : Grammar:3. word is of three types: ( )
is any word used to name persons, animals, plants or inanimated
objects or any thing else. ( ) is any word that indicates the
occurance of an action at a specific time. ( ) is any word that its
meaning is only fully clear with other (words).
:
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- 14 : .. .. .. .. .. .. 15
.. .. .. .. .. ..
- .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. ..
Read the following sentences (see -- table below) and identify
that names =people, and those that names = animal, and those that
names =plant, and those that name =inanimated thing. 15 Read the
following sentences (see -- table below) and identify the and and
14
- - except for 4, all verbs are in present tense - - All verbs
are in present/future tense.1. Pn. /
to run / in / street7. to climb / ~ / ~1. to open / Pn. / door6.
date fruits / to fall / on / the ground2. Pn. / to ride / donkey8.
to swim / children / in / sea~2. to buy / merchant / cotton7. the
bull / to plow / earth3. dog / to sleep / dog / ~ 9. fox / to eat /
hens3. to plant / farmer / canes 8. to make / choes / from /
leather4. (past) to prey & kill / wolf / male sheep10. iron /
to melt / ~ / fire4. (pr.) to read / Pn. / 9. bird / to sing / ~ /
~5. to like / ~ / orange 11. gardner / to collect / ~5. to like / ~
/ orange 10. to go / (pl.) workers / to / factory6. to burn /
wood12. ink / in / inkwell-or-inkpot
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16
.. .. .. .. 17
--
-.. . " " " " " . " . " . ." ."
18
--
.. .. ." " " " " " " " .
16
Q. -. Bring five sentences that start with that designate
persons. Q. -. Bring five sentences that end with that designate
animals. Q. -. Bring five sentences that start with that designate
animals. Q. -. Bring five sentences that end with that designate
plants. 17 Q. -. Bring five sentences that start with . Q. -. And 5
sentences with in the middle. Q. -. And 5 sentences starting with .
Q. -. And 5 sentences with in the middle. 18 Q. -. Bring five
sentences composed of ( two )only. Q. -. Bring five sentences
composed of one and one only. Q. -. Bring five sentences composed
of , and .
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91
-. ..... . ............... . ............. . .........
- : . ................ . ........... . . ..... . . ......
- : . ..... . . ...... . . ....... . .......... . . ...........
......... . . ...... . - : . ....... . ......... . . ........ . . .
.... . . .... .
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. , so fill the blank with an appropriate - . Each of the
following sentences need-
~ / / 1. bird / / cage4. child / educated / 2. boy / / fruits5.
the shoes / tight / 3. the bull / / ~6. moon
. , so fill the blank with an appropriate -. Each of the
following sentences need-~ / / 1. bird / / cage4. child / educated
/ 2. boy / / fruits5. the shoes / tight / 3. the bull / / ~6.
moon
. , so fill the blank with an appropriate -. Each of the
following sentences need-
~ / / 1. bird / / cage4. child / educated / 2. boy / / fruits5.
the shoes / tight / 3. the bull / / ~6. moon
12
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-. . . " " " " " " " " . " " . . " "
22
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. to ring
.. .. .. Hen to lay eggs Girl to come Clock/Alarm clock
.. .. .. book To lose man to stand dog to run
:
Discussion:Examine the first word in the examples above. They
are all verbs, because each word indicates that an action is taking
place at a specific time. Also, if you examine the tense of the
time you find that is the Past Tense.
: " " " " " " . :Grammar :
The word
in the first example indicates
the action of running in the past, and the word
implies the action of standing in the
past, and so on. Thus each of these words as well as any word of
this type is called
.. . . is every verb that indicates the occurrence of an action
in a past time
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Clock/Alarm clock
. .to ring
. .My hand
:
. . . . . .Hen to lay eggs Hen to lay eggs Girl to come
. .man to stand book To lose
to wash
. . . .book in To wak
. " " " " " ". " ".:
:
.
42
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.
. . . . . . . . . . . . : :
" " " " " " .
. .
:
52
" "
62
" "
- : - . . . . . . . . . . . .
- : :
- : . ........ . ......... .......... . ......... . ....... .
.......... : ......... . ....... 72
" "
. . .
--
--
: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
--
.
:
:
: . .82
--
.
" "
. . . . . .
: . . . . . . :
. . . . .
. : .
:
92
" "
.
- :
- :
- :
- :
03
" "
- :
- ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
- : . .
: . . . .
13
" "
. . . . . . : . . . . . . :
: () : . . . ( ) . .
. .
:
23
" "
- : . . . . . . . .
- :
- : . . . . . . . . . . . .
- : 33
" "
- ( . ) ( . ) ( . ) ( . ) ( . ) ( . )
- .
- ( ) . ( ) .
- - : . . . . . . - : . . . 43
" "
. . . . . . : . . . : :
. . . . . . . . . .
53
" "
: . . . . . . . . . . . . :
. (). . . . : . . . ( ). .
. . . .
:
63
" "
- : . . . . . . . . .
- :
- :
- :
73
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- : . . . . . .
- .
-. . . .
- - : . - - - : . . . .
83
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. . . . . . : . . . . . . :
: . .
.
:
-_ _ _
: _ _ _ _ _ _
93
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- : _ _ _ _ _ _
- : _ _ _ _ _ _
- :
- .
- .
04
" "
. . . . . .
: . . . . . . :
.
. .
:
-() :
() : 14
" "
- :
- .
- : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : . . . . .
. . . . . . .
--
24
" "
- : . . . . . . . . . . . .
--
. . .
: . . .
34
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20
21
:
. . .. . .
.. . . ..
****** ). ( ). ( ). ( ****** .. .. .. Discussion:Each of the
examples above contains preceded by on of the four particles : , ,
, 20 21
: :
The Subjunctive Form of the Present Tense (of verbs) Examples:
(herein all verbs after the Accusative/Subjuntive Particle are in
the present tense and are ).
:to, that (the/a), if :not, never :thus, then, hence, therefore,
in that case :so that, in order that, to, for1. to want. / to / to
master / swiming4. never / to lie 7. in that case/ to stay / with
or beside us ( as an answer to someone who says :I will visit your
city)10. (v. past) to come / in order to / to learn2. to wish. /
that the / to be mild / the weather5. never / to win / the lazy
person8. then / to gain or to win / trade or commerce. ( as an
answer to someone who says :I will be faithful or trustworthy (in
my trading))11. (v. past) to go out / to / to take a walk or to
promenade.3. to please + (me) / if , that / to visit + (us)6. never
/ to hit or to beat / the cat9. consequently or then / to become
spoil or to deteriorate (as an answer to someone who says :I will
close the windows.)12. (v. present) to study / in order to / to
serve / the country
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, and if you to look attentively to the end of that is preceded
by one of )each (verb , but if you these particales you will find
it omit this particale you will find the verb
. . . :
Therefore, it is understood that these particales put (verb
) that come after theme in
.)( the subjunctive form
. : if it is preceded by one of the " becomes " four
accusative/subjunctive particales
(called" " ( or
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- 22
:
.. .. .. . ( : ) ..
.. .. .. .. . ( : )
23
: - ............ ......... .......................
...................
......... ............... ............. .............. 22
Read the following sentences and identify the verbs that are ,
and name or refere to the reason of of each verb. 1. never / to
sell / father (my) / horse (his)2. to shake (I) / the tree / so
that / to fall / (f.) fruits (its)3. not / to be permitted / for
human or man / to / to sit / in the / current / of air .4. to open
(I) / windows / [of the] room / in order to / to renew / the air .
5. to be (you) / polite or wellmannered / so that / will be (you) /
be beloved [by people]6. to work / human / during / the day / and /
to sleep / during / the night.7. to be necessary [must] / upon you
(causative) / that / to clean / (pl.) theeth / every / day.8. so
then / to be or become healthier / body (your) / (as an answer to :
I will / to accustom oneself to / early / (n.) sleep [ = to go to
bed early ] )9. then / to weakenor to become weak / vision (his)
(as an answer to : to study / Pn. / in / the small or weak or
feeble / light )10. to work hard [to be tired] / human / in / young
age (his) / so that / to rest or to relax / at / old age
(his)23
Complete the following sentences by adding an appropriate
1. to please (will ~ me) / that or if / ..8. to wish or to
desire / (n. m.) trader / at / to / .2. to eat / human / .9. to
hurt / (n. m.) the eye / that or to / .3. (n. m.) envier / never /
.10. student / (adj.) leazy / (will) never / .4. it is the duty of
/ (n. m.) traveller / to / .11. to be honest / the trader / so that
/ .
and vowelize/signs the end each (verb).
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24
....)-- (
............... .............. .........
......... ........... .........
:- . . . .. . . . . .. .. .. .. ..
:- : .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. ....
24
5. (v. past) to buy (I) / (n. m.) house / so that / .12. (to be)
constructed / (n. pl. f.) hotels / so that / .6. if / to return /
to / (n.) sin / then (will) never / .13. (to be) constructed / (n.
pl. f.) jails / so that / . 7. to plow or to cultivate / the farmer
/ earth / so that / .14. not / can or to be able to / (n. neut.)
blind / to / .
- 2.- Continue
- 3.- Answer each of the following questions with a sentence
starting with
1. to offer ( I will) / to you / a book6. not / to sleep / this
/ child / only / a little2. to plant ( I will) / palm tree / many
(in number)7. not / to save / this / man / from / (his) money /
little3. to stop ( Iwill) / from / (n.) joking or making fun 8. to
rain (will) / the sky / after / a while 4. to eat / Pn. / a lot 9.
to become clear (to me) / that / this / trader / (adj.) liar 5. to
play (will) / team (our) / tomorrow10. to know / that / friend
(our) / (n.) seek
precede by
- 4.- Complete the blank by on of the particales , and vowelize
the end of the after theme.
1. to like / / to travel 4. to rush / / to cacth / (n. m.) train
2. to come / / to greet / you 5. to heart (it ~ me) / / to torture
(you) / (n. m.) animal 3. to please / / to succeed or to win 6. to
obey / / to love (him) / father (his)
47
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: 52-- -- .. .. .. . . .. ..
:- - : : . . : . . . .
- . . . .- .- 25
:- . . ( ) .- .
5- Insert the particle on each verb of the following sentences
and vowelize the end of each verb. 1. to return / the absent
[person who went for a trip] 4. the sinner / to return / to / (its)
sin2. Pn. / to trade / in / the morning5. brother (your) / to be
exposed to / the cold [weather]3. to travel / alone 6. to be slow
(I) / in / (n.) walk by one the particles of 6- Make 8 sentences
with a verb
preceded
, and satisfy (use) all the particales.
7- Essay exercice: answer each of the following questions by a
sentence that includes
.
1. what [do] / (you) to fear / if / (you) play / with / fire? 4.
why [did] / to enter (you) / school ?2. do ? / (you) to disobey /
the orders / (of your) teacher ?5. what / (present) to say (do you
~) / to whom / (past) to say / to choose ( I will ~) / (n. m. pl.)
friends?3. what [do] / to like / to eat (you) / from / fruits ?6.
why (do) / to water or to sprinkle / (n. f. pl.) streets / with /
water? 8- Exercices of Syntax () torture / Pn. / animal. -Analyse
the syntax of the following sentences: 1. to seat / the child / so
that / to (take) rest; then / to go / (n.) fatigue .
-Pattern: 1. to want / that / to be present or to come / (n. m.)
(domestic) servant, 2. never / to2.
48
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: . . . .
94
" "
62
:
.
. . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . :
. : . " " .62
: .
05
" "
.
. .
:
- " " : . - : .
15
" "
-" " " : . . . . . . --
. . . . . .
"
: . . . . . . -. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25
" "
72
.
: . . . . . . . . * * * . . . . . . . . :
: . 72
: .
35
" "
" " . " " . " " . : : . : ..
: : . : .
: . : . : ..
:
45
" "
. .
:
: . . . . . . . . . . . .
--
: . . . . . . 55
--
" "
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