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338 (1989-2010 .) , ................................ 377 : ,
(1989-2010 .)
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? ......................................................... 439 ( ,
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CONTENTS...........................................................................
629
5
6
. . : 1891 . 1944 ., 1944 . 1989 . - 1989 ., . ( , , 2011 .) , ,
, . , , , , , , , . , . .7
- 10 1989 . , , . , , . . . , , , , , , . , . , , 22 -, , , , .
, .. - - , - . , - , -, - 20 .8
, . , . , , - - , - - . , - , . . , , , , , , , , . , . , . , ,
, , . , , , - 9
. , , , , . , . , , - , , - . , - . , . - , , , , . , . , , , .
, . , 10
. , , , . , , . . - , : , , , ; , . , , , . , . , . , , . , , .
- , - .11
, , . , , , . , , . , , . , , - . - - , , . , , . - . , . -
12
, . , , , , . , - , , , - . . , , . , , - . , . , - . , . , ,
13
. , . - , , . , -, . , - . , . , . - . , . . , . - . , . .
.14
, , . , , , , . , - . . , . . , , . - , . , , . , . , . , , , .
. 15
* - Peter-Emil Mitev. THE TRANSITION PERIOD AND THE LESSONS FOR
THE BULGARIAN LEFT WING The paper examines the development of the
country as well as the transformation of the Bulgarian Communist
Party into Bulgarian Socialist Party. The rst crossroad dates from
the November 89 Plenum of the BCP till the elections for the Grand
National Assembly in 1990. The Zhivkovism is rejected. The key
alternatives are: change of the regime or change of the system;
nationalistic or European orientation. The party adopts a policy
for de-bolshivisation. On the second crossroad (July 1990 -
December 1991) the Party faces the alternative of being eclectic
modern left or (left) social democratic party; bipolar political
model of stable political centrism. At the third crossroad
(1992-1996) the main dilemma shifts in the sphere of the economy:
modern or wild (neoliberal or paternalistic) capitalism;
nomenclature or revenge (paternalistic) orientated capitalism. The
fourth crossroad reproduces previous challenges with different
solutions: eclectic post-communist or (left) social democratic
party; dependant allies (Fatherland Front type coalition) or (and)
real political partner with liberal-centrist orientation; European
or European and Atlantic integration. The answers provide a
political perspective of the Party within the post transition
period stage. The summarized conclusion is:
* / (1989 1997 .) . . , .. , . , . , . , . , . , . , . , . , . ,
. .
16
-
Bulgarian Socialist Party succeeded to transform itself from one
single ruling party during the State Socialism into one of the
legitimate parties of the transition period able to govern the
country. The Bulgarian Socialist Party is faced with the next
challenge of transformation from party of the transition into a
party of the post transition period of Bulgaria as a member of the
EU.
20 . , . , . . : , , . . , , . ; . , : . : ; . , .1 , ., , . ?
1989 2004. ., 2004; , . . . 1989? ., 2008.1
17
-
?2 : , -? , . . , , . , , - . . 1945 1989 . . , . 1914 1989 . .
. 1917 1989/91 . . , . 1789 1989 . . . , .John Bell (ed). Bulgaria
in Tranzition. Westview press, 1998; , ., , . 1939 2002. ., 2002; ,
. 1989 1991. .1. ., 2009; , . . ., 2005; , . (.). . ., 2002; , .
(1990 2002). . ., 2007; , . - (1989 2006). . ., 2011 .2
18
-
1878 1989 . . () ( ) . 1450 1989 . ( ). , - . , 1989-. . . , .
1968-. . 3 1968 . . . . . - . ( . ). . , . (19
-
) . (.. ) . : . . - . , . , , . . 10 - . , , 3. , .4 , . 10 18 .
- 10 , . , , , , . ( 10 1989. , . 315, 11 1989.) 4 , , - , . , , ,
. , , - , , , , . ( 7 1996 .)3
20
-
, !5 . , . 1980-. . - () , . , . . . . , , . . 1981 . 1968- , .
. . 1980- . , , , . . , , . , . 1989- . 99, ., 18 , : 10 1989 .
.5
21
-
, , 1980-. . 1956- , , . 1970- . , -. , , . : . , - , . , 1989-
: . .6 .6 - . , ... ( . : . . (, .-. .) ., 1999, . 156.) : , . ( ,
. 338.) - , , , : , , , . ( . . ., 2010, . 344.)
22
-
, , , . , . , . . ( .) . , , , ; , ... . 1968- , 1989- . , ( )
56 + 1. . . . . . . , (. , . ). , . , , 23
-
. 1789 1871 . (: 1789 1848 ., : 1848 1871 .).7 , : 1770 1880 .,
, .8 , . , . - : 1848-, 1870-, 1918-, 1933-, 1949-, 1950-, 1990 . .
, . , . . - , , . , 1943 . . . . . , , , . - , . - 7 .: , . . . . .
, 1976. 8 Furet, F. Revolutionary France. 1770 1880. Oxford U.P.,
1995.
24
-
1945 . , , . : , - . , 45 , . 1956 . , , , . ? , . . . , 1956- .
. 90- . , , : , , , , . : 1992 . 1943 . . . .
25
-
, . , . , , , , . ... 18 1989 . . . . . . : !, !, ?!, !, , ! !,
!, !, !. , : 1186, 1878, 10 1989!9 . , . . . . . 45 . . : = + !.10
: . , , . : . , . : .: , . 34 1990 . 10 , , Vive Napoleon! Vivent
saucissons! ( ! !) , .9
26
-
- , , - -. . . , , . , . . . , . , . , , . 20 , , . - - : ? . 10
. 18 . . . , , . : . , : , .27
-
. . , . . ( ). . , -. - , . . , . , , , .11 ( 1989 .) . . : - (
, !) . .: , . . ., 1991, . 215.11
28
-
: , , () . , . . . . , - .12 , . , , . : . . , . , , 10- 18-, .
. . . . 1990 . ( ) : . , , , , , , . (. 23 1990 .)12
29
-
. . . . , - . - , ( ) - . . . , , . . , - , . , , ; , .13 , : ,
. 18 . , , . . . - . - . - : . 80- . ( . 29 1996 .)13
30
-
.14 . . V .15 , , . , ,16 . , . , , . .. , , 80- , , . , -, , ,
, . , . . 1990 . . , . . 15 . , . , . . . , . . - 9 1944 . 16 (1989
.) . . .14
31
-
. : , , . . , . , .17 - . ; , , , . . , . .17 () , - , . (!) . :
- , . : . () . - .
32
-
1990 . . . , , , , . , , . . : !(. ); - , (. ). , , , , , . . (
39-) - . - . On sengage et puis on voit?18 1990 . : 18
: - , . , , ..
33
-
, .19 , , .20 , . . . , . ( , .) - : . () , . , , . . 1. . 1 , .
, , .21 . . , - . (7 1990 .) . , .- . 20 - , , . . 21 (13 18 1989
.) . . , .19
34
-
, . .22 .23 , , , . - , 24 , , . : . , : , . : . ; . . . 1989-.
(. 1). , . . . ... . (, . . 40- ; . , . , . , . , . , . . , 17 1991
.) 23 , . . (. 23 1991 .) 24 .. , , , (), .22
35
-
1990-. . 1990-. . 1990-. . .25 89- 90-, . . , , . , : , - . : .
. .26 , .27 . , . . (5 1989 .). , 3/2005, . 335. 26 . , . . : . .
27 . - , . ( . 29 1996 .) , . , , . , , , . . , , .25
36
-
(2,8 . !) () . , ( 28) . : . - , , , , . . () , ( ), , , . , .29
, .30 , . 28 - . , . ( . 29 1996 .) 29 , . , , , , , , , . ( , 40-
.) 30 . , , , , . (. , , 15-16 1991 .)
37
-
, .31 , .32 , , , .33 39- , 40-. . . . . .34 - , . . . , -! :
1990 . : ... : , 40- , , . ( . , 8 1992 .) 32 , , . , , . (. 23
1991 .) : , . 33 , , . . ( . . .) 34 . , ... . , , . , , . (. . , ,
6 1991 . , 3/2005, . 364.) , , , .31
38
-
, .35 . . : . , . , , .36 : . , ( !) , 35 -, - . 40-50 ; , - .
(, . 40- . , 16 1991 .). , - . , 40-50 . , , , . . . (. 40- .) 36 ,
, . (. , 23 1991 .) - , , . 1990 2010 . 12 , . , , .
39
-
. , , . , . : ! . ( , ) ( , ). , , . . . , , , ; , , . : , , ;
40
-
, , . .37 . . . : - . .38 (), . 1990 . - - . . , . - . , , . . .
, . , , . . (. 40- . , 16 1991 .) 38 . . (1996 .) , . : . . ( . 25
1996 .)37
41
-
-, - . . - , , . . .39 . , . : - -.40 . , . , .4139 , , . , . -
- , ! ... . 40 . . . , , , ... , . . -, . -. (. 15-16 1991 .) 41 ,
, ... , , . , . (. , 8-9 1990 .) , , , , , , , . (. .)
42
-
`91 . 40- , , .42 , . .43 . ( ) . 1991 . () , . , . `94 . . ( )
, . . . , . On sengage et puis on voit. 1996/1997 . `90 `97, . . ?
. , , , . . ( 23 1990 .) 43 () ..42
43
-
: , , . , . , , . 1. : ? 2. : ? . . : . ? . , / , . . : . . , .
, 44
-
, . , . . . . -; : , ; - . , , . , - , . , .44 : . .45 . 1990-
20 . , , . , - . - , , . 1994- , . . . , 11-17 2004 . - .44 45
45
-
, : . 1989- . : .46 -. , , 1995/1996 . , . . . . , , . 90- . - .
(. , ) . .47 , . , - , . , ( . (, . . , 30 1989 .) 47 .: Eyel, G.,
Szelenyi, I. and Townsley, E. Making Capitalism Without
Capitalists. Class Formation and Elite Struggles in Post-Communist
Central Europe. London and New York:Verso, 1996.46
46
-
), . , . : , , , , . : , . . 1100 ( - ) , (85%!) .48 . : , . . .
: , . . , (. ) . . : , . . , , . - .49 , , . - , - ; 90% , 15%! 49
.: , . (.). . ., 2002.48
47
-
. , - , - . , . *** 1997 . . , , . : , , . , , . 2001 .: . 1989
. - , . , . , , 50, , . . , . . . . 1984-1985 . , : ? ? ( . 5 2009
.) . . . ( . , , 12 2009 .)50
48
-
10 - , , . , , . , . , 29 1989 ., - . , , . , . . . , - . , . .
.. . , , . , . 2011 . . 1989 . 49
-
. 2011 . , . 1989- . 2011- , , . , , () , . / . . , () . , .51 .
1990- . . , .5251 - , . , , , , . ( . 29 1996 .) 52 . . , , - . . :
. , . , , , , . . (. , .)
50
-
, , , ( ) . / . . .53 , . . . 40- .54 .55 , . , . . : , , . ( ,
14 1991 .) 54 , (.: , . 40- . , 16 1991 .). 19 .. . . , , . (, . .
40- .) 55 . . , (22 1990 .)53
51
-
, . , . , : , .. , , . 90- : ( ). , , . . : () , . . , , , . , ,
. . , . - , . - . , , .52
-
: . , , 15 1992 . . . . . , - . , . . : , . - . . . , , . ( `89
`90). . : . 53
-
: , . : ( ). : 10 ; 18 . ( ) ( ). : 29 . ( ). : . 1, . ( ). : ,
V , , , . ( 1990 . 1991 .). - , . . ? : () . . (1992 . 1996 .).
.54
-
( ) . () . . (1997 . 2001 .) , . () . ( ) () - . . . - . , , . ,
. . , , - , . - : - . 55
-
: . , , - , , . , - : . 10 18 , . , . , 1989-, . , , . -, . , ,
- . : 10 1989-, 29 1989-, 1990-, 1990-, 1991-. . , 56
-
, . . . . , . . , . 90- . , . . - . , . . , . . . . .57
-
. 1991-, 1994-, 2009- , . , . . . ( ) . , , , . : . , . . 2009-
. , 1990-, . - , .58
-
, , . : , , . . . -. : . . , : , !
59
Nora Ananieva: CONSTITUTIONALISM AND TRANSITION The paper
examines the origin and the development of the new bulgarian
constitutionalism, the Round table exchange of ideas and the debate
in the Great National Assembly on the principles, values and
solutions for the radical change of the economic and political
system trough a new constitution. The study is devided into two
parts. The rst one deals with the cleavages and contradictions, but
also with the ways of nding and elaborating the nessesary common
constitutional grounds and the important role of the Bulgarian Left
in this process. The second part of the study presents an attempt
to follow and analize the development of the so called real
constitution in the course of 20 years of implementation. The
conclusion summerizes the challenges for the constitutional
development of the country, connected rst of all with the level of
political and constitutional culture of the political
establishment.
12 1991 . , 13 , . 313 267 2/3. 20 . . , . , - . , , 60
( 49 , 169 13 ) . , .. , - . 20 , . 20 . , . . , , , . , . , , ,
. , .61
, , , : , , , ; , , , , ? , , . , , , , . , , , . . , . , , , ,
, , 62
, - . , , , , , . , . .5 , , , , , , . . 18- , , . , . : , 1971
. , , . , . , , , 63
. , , . 35- , , . , , - . , . , . , , . , , . , . , , . , , , .
, 64
, . , , , . , , , . - . . , , , , . , , , . - , ( 27- 1987 . 61-
2008 .), , . , . . 1. 1989 . , . 65
, . , . : 80- , - . , . , , , , 56 . , , , , .. 1987 . . 40- . .
, , . , 1971 ., 66
. . 1989 . , 10 1989 . -, , , , ( ), . . , , , . . , , . , , , -
. , . - , ? ? ?67
35- . , , 35- . . , , . , , . - , , , , . ?, , . . 16 1990 . ,
54% , 27% 68
, 10% 3,5% .1 . , , , , , , , , . , , ? , ? , - , , - , : , .2 ,
, , , , , , , . , ; 1 2
, . 47, 16 1990 . . . 3 15 1990 . - ,. ., 117-118.
69
, 45 . , . , , 45 , , , .3 , , V . , . .4 , , , . , . , . , ; ,
, ....5 , .135. , .129. 5 , 134-135.3 4
70
, , , , . 45- , , . , , () , .6 . , , , .. , - , , , 1:7 1:30 ?
7 1991 . , 32,6%, 6 7
.: , . . ., 1992. , . 1879-2009. . . . ., 2010, .117.
71
3,6%. , . .8 . , .. . V , , , , . - , . - , . , - , . , , , , .
, 8
..., .205.
72
, , . . , , , . , , . -, , , . : , , , . , - , , , . , - . ,
73
. 8 1990 . , , , . , . 35- , . , . : , , , . , . , . , , , , , .
, , . : , 74
, , , , , , (.. ..) , .9 : , 35- , , , 50 , . , , , , . , , , ,
....10 , : , , . , ....11 , .167. , .131. 11 , .170.9 10
75
12 1990 . , . ( ) ( ), 26 . , , ( , , ), . , . , , . 143 1971 .
, , 47 . : , , , - , , . ( , , ), , , , 76
, . , - , , , , . 1947 . , (). - . , . . , . , - . . . , , , , .
, , , - , -, - .12 12
, .5.
77
- - : 3 15 1990 ., , 45 . -, - , . - , , , , , , , , , . , , . ,
, . 2. ( 200 200 ) 60 ( 10 17 1990 .). 78
, .. , , . , 1934 ., , , . , , , ... , , , , .13 15 . . : 30 , ,
19 , . , 7 -, 20 . V : 211 , 114 , 114 , 69 , 13
, . V . . ., 1993, .21.
79
16 , 23 , 11 , , . 2/3 , .. 267 . . 313 . V 10 1990 . (), () ().
, , , , , , , , .... : . , . , , , .14 , , , : , , 14
. . 1990-1991 . .1, 1-2.
80
, , , , , . , , .15 ... .16 17 1990 . . ( ) 10 - . , , , , , . ,
, . , -, ( !) . : , , - , , . , , . , 15 16
, .7. , .9.
81
, , , , , , , . , , , . , . , . , , . 17, , , . , .17
.: , . . ., 1995, 105-108.
82
, . . , , . (90,6%) , 20 . 11 , 1990 ., , - .18 , ., , , , .19 ,
. . , - , , , .. . , , , , , , 18 19
. : , . .., .99. , 100-101.
83
. , , . , . - . - , - . , - . , , - , , , , - , . , . , , 84
. . , . , . , , .20 , , , . , , , , , .21 . , , , , . , . , , .
. ., 2002, .55. 21 , 54-55.20
85
, , , , , . - . , , . , , . . . . . - . , , . , , , . . , . , ,
, . 86
, . , . , , -. , - . , - , . . , . , , , . , , . 39 , . . , . ,
, , . , , 87
. , , .. . 22, - , . . . . . , . , 30% 23, , - - . . , , . , . ,
. , , 22 23
.: 39-. ., 2000. .: , ., , . ? ., 2008, 104-108.
88
, . , . , 1990 ., , . , . , : . : , - , . (53% ) . . , . 3. , .
, . , .24 , , . , 24
.: , . . . , 2002.
89
39- : , , , , . , , 1991 ., , , . 1990 . , , ( ) , . , , , , , .
, , , , , - , , , . , - , . , 90
; . , , . : , , , , , . , , . , . , .. , . , 1991 ., ( 18 ), , .
, 30 1990 . . , , , ( ) 1991 . , ( , 1990 .). , , . 91
, . - ? . . , - (18791946 .) , , . (???) , , . - : , , , V 5 .25
. . ( , , ) . , - . 25
.: . ., 2003.
92
.26 , , . .27 . - ( ), .. . , . . . : , , , . (-!) , ( ) , .. (
. ). . . , . : , , .: -, . . ., 2009. 27 .: , . . ., 2010.26
93
- . . . : ( ) . , . . . . . . , . . (- , ), . . . , . , . -, -.
94
( , .), - , . 1991 . . . , , . : . . , , , . . 1991 . , , . .
.95
, , , . .28 , ... - . : , , , ...29 : -, , .30 4. , . , . 14 ,
16 . 120 . 140- 29 276 , 1 4 .31 , .29. , .37, 90-91. 30 , .31. 31
, .45, .189.28 29
96
, , - , . , , , . , - , , , . , ? , . , , , , , . , . .32 , , ,
32
, .39, .97.
97
.33 .34 - , ( )35, (. )36, , , .37 , 38, , 39, - , , (. ) , ( ).
, , . , . - , . , . , . , . . . , , , . , .38, .142. , .156. 35 ,
.43, .143. 36 , .103. 37 , . 44, 92-94. 38 , .31. 39 , .157.33
34
98
- . - , , . , , , , . - .40 , , , .41 , , . , , , - . . , . , ,
, 40 41
, .38, .153. , .39, 99-100.
99
. . , .42 .43, .44 1947 ., .45 .46 , - ... .47 . , . , , , .. .
. 28 . -, , 10 . . , ( , .44, . 17. , 74-75. 44 , .45, 116-117. 45
, . 155. 46 , 10-11. 47 , .46, 212-214.42 43
100
, ) , . . 30 , , , .. . , , , . , 9 . 12 309 . 4 . 313. 13 1991
. . , , , , , , , . . . , . 29 , , , 13 . . 1,22% , . , , ! ,
.101
. 20 - ( ) 1. - - - - . . . . - : (.11, .3). , , , . 20- . : , ,
, . , ....48 -: , , 48
, ., , . .., .66.
102
. .49 , , , , . , . , : 1989 . 10% - 10% - 1 3, , 2009 . 1 6,9,
2010 . 10% 41,5% , 10- - 1,8%, .. 23 . .. - -? 63% - 18% -. , , , ,
, . . , , .. .49
, .72.
103
, , . , ( 90% ), - . , , : 1990 . 41,3%, 1991 . 28,1%, 1994 .
32,3%, 1997 . 32,6%, 2001 . 33,5%, 2005 . 34,5%, 2009 . 24,4%.50 (
), 24% 34% .51 , -, , , . ( ). , , . , , , , - , , , 50 51
, . .., .448. , .449.
104
, . , . , , : , . , , . - .. , . , , , . , . . , - . - 105
, - . , , - . . . -, , .20, : , . , . . , , : , 16- , , (.53), ,
(.52, .1), , , (.47, .3), , (.47, .2), . , . 106
, - . , , , . , , : , . , . , . , , , 25% , , , . , - , ...
(.54, .1). , , : 25% 16- , , , , , (.51, .3).107
, , , , , , , 100 , . , , . , , : , , , , . , , . , .5252
.: , 246-248; 357-358.
108
, , , , . , - . . , , : , , . , , , ; . , , , .53 , , , , 53 .:
Hesse, . Grundzuege des Verfassungsrechts der Bundesrepublik
Deutschland. Karlsruhe, 1973, S.8.
109
. - . , , . . , . 2. , . - . , , . , , , , - ...54 : , 55. : , !
, , , ,54 55
, ., , . ..3, ., 1957, .27. , .42, 23-24.
110
. , . , 56. , , . . , , , , ( ), , - . , , . , . , . , . , . .
56
, .2, .100.
111
, , . . , . , , .. , , . . , , , . , , , , , . . , , , , . 1707
., . .112
. , , , , . , . , , - . , . . , , . , . . , , , . . . , , . , ..
, . 113
, , , , , , . . . , , , , . , , , , , - , . , , , . . , , , . .
. - , 114
. , - , , . . ; ; ; , . , . , -, , . , . , . , , . . . , , . - .
. 115
, , 60 . , , . . - ( .101 ) , - , , . , . 57 , (, , ) 52 , .. .
, , . , . . , .
57
.: , . . , 2010.
116
3. , , , , . , . . . , . . - 1918/1919 . , . . , 20 , , . , , .
. , 117
, . ? . . , . . , . , , . . . , , - : - , , . 20 . -. . ,
118
- , . - , , ( ) , , . . - , . ( ) - . , , . - - . , , . , - ( )
.119
. . , , , . , . , - . . , , , . , , , . , , , 52 . , . . , , . -
, , , , , . - , . 120
, ( ), - ( - ), , , . . . : , , , . . . , ; . , - , , , - : - ,
- , , , , . - , - 121
. . , . . - : , , . , - , . . . . - , . : (.6, .1 2), , (.11,
.4), , , , , , , , 122
, (.44, .2), (.20) . , , , 120- , , , , , - . . . , . . , , . ,
, . , - . , , - , 123
. , , , , , . , , , , . ( ) 20 , - , . . , , , , , . , 124
. , , , , , . , . . , , . , , , . . , , , , , . . . . . . , , ,
, . 125
-, , . . , , . , - , ? - . , , , . . - . . , . . 1990 ., , , , ,
. , 126
. . . , , , . . 60- , , - , , , . 120- . , , , . , . 120- , , .
, , , . , .127
Maria Pirgova. PARLIAMENTARISM AND THE LEFT IN THE BULGARIAN
TRANSITION The paper treats some issues of Bulgarian parliamentary
development since the democratic changes in 1989. The emphasis
falls on the role and inuence of the Bulgarian Left represented by
the Bulgarian Socialist Party (BSP) in tracing the main
characteristics of political change as well as the outcomes of the
legislative decisions. It is shown that BSPs vision of reforms from
above dominates the whole process. It means a strategy of gradual
consecutive actions consistent with the constitutional order and
political continuity. A consciously chosen course like this enabled
the modernization and Europeanization of the party itself and also
the peaceful character of the Bulgarian Transition. Parliamentarism
turns out to be the leading cause of Bulgarian socialists. At the
same time, several general faults of the BSP parliamentary policies
should be mentioned including undervaluation of the constitutional
framework, the unconvincing coalition behaviour, and the compromise
ideological line.
, , . 1991 . , . .1, .1 , . . , 128
, . , , .1 , , , , , . , , . , , , . , 20 , , . , , . , 1989 . .
, . - - 1
.: , . . . ., 2009, 62-64.
129
, , , . , , , .. . . , - , , . ( ) .2 .3 , . ( V V ) . . 1989 .
, 2 .: , . . ., 2002, .59 . 3 .: , . . : . ., 2010, . 105.
130
. , , . , . , , - . , . , , - . . . . 1989 . , . . , , , , . ,
131
, . . ( 1990 .) , - . , , , , . , . - 1990 . . , . ( - 1990 .
1996 .), ( , 37- ).132
, . . , , , , , . , , , . . , . , , , , . . 120- - , , , , , , .
,133
1971-1990 ., , , . 1989 . , , , . . , - . ( 211 400 , 37- 125
240), , ( 40- 82 ). ( 36- 106 , 38- 58 , 41- 40 ) , ( 39- 48 ). , .
- , , . . 134
39 . , (1991-1992 .), , , , , . , , .4 1996-1997 . , , , , , , .
, , , , , . . , , , . , 4
.: , ., , . . 1939-2005. ., 2006, .283.
135
, . , , ( , 1995-1997 .) ( 90- ), , . . , , , , . , , , , . ( )
. 90- , . ( ) , , 136
, , .5 . ( ), , (2005-2009 .), , . , . , , 1989 . . , .. , , , .
, . , 6: , .: , . 2020: ? : . 2020: . ., 2010, 77-80. 6 . -: , . .
, 2010, 1-2.5
137
, , . , , , . , . - . , , - . (1995-1997 .) (2005-2009 .). , , ,
. , , . , , , - . . 138
, , , . , , , , , , . , , , . , , . . () (). ( , , ), - 139
. , , . . , , . , . . , , , . , , , - , , , .7 . 12 1991 . , , .
, , . 7
. .: , ., , . . ., 276-277.
140
. . , 1991 . , , . . . - 36- , , , , . , . . ( ), , , , ( ) - ,
. . , . , , . , , 141
. 1991 . , . , , , : , . . , , , , , . , , 40- --. , , , 3-5-8,
, ; ; , ; ; .. , , ..142
, . . , . ( ), . . . . , , , , , . , , , ., . , . 1996 ., 1997 .
. 143
, , . . . , . , , .. . . , . - , - 2009 . , , . . , , . 144
, . , . . . . .
145
1991 .: Boris Popivanov. THE BULGARIAN CITIZENSHIP IN THE 1991
CONSTITUTIONAL MODEL: ACHIEVMENTS AND OPPORTUNITIES This paper
deals with the constitutional and political foundations of
citizenship policies in post-socialist democratic Bulgaria. The
1991 constitutional model has several signicant achievements making
Bulgarian citizenship join the most developed democratic patterns
in Europe: continuity in statehood, central place for citizens
rights, individual status, state rather than national scope,
ability for complementing the EU citizenship, options for
integration of ethnic Bulgarians living abroad, rights for
non-native residents, existence of dual citizenship. But it is also
clear that these dimensions are just premises for building a
democratic, social and lawful state and not results of their own.
They should be credited to the will of the socialist-dominated
Grand National Assembly.
1. , , , . . , . , . , 146
. , . 1989 . , . , , . . , 12 1991 ., . 25 , : , . , (1) (2) , .
(3) . - . 2. 2.1.
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, . 1989- , , , . , , , . . ? , ? , 2000 . ? , , , (.1). (.3). ,
, , . 1990-1991 . . - , 15 . 148
, . .. . , . . 8 1991 . , .1 , . , 1989- , , . , . , , 2, . . ,
, , , . . , , , . , . - . ., 2009, 15-16. 2 , . . . ., 2009,
114-115.1
149
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Sustained Efforts to Give Force of Law to the Universal Declaration
of Human Rights. In: UNESCO Courier, 1997, 30, .11.)
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152
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Young, I.M. Polity and Group Difference: A Critique of the Ideal of
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? 155
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160
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, . . : . , 1998.13
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. (.4, .3), , . , . , , , .14 , . 2.6. 2.6.1. . , . : , . . ,
2005, 1. . (Tanchev, E., Peteva, J. Bulgaria. In: Kellermann, A.E.
et al. (eds.). The Impact of EU Accession on the Legal Orders of
New EU Member-States and (Pre-) Candidate Countries: Hopes and
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: , , .. . , , . ? , , -, , . .15, .1, , , , , , . ? , : ? (2,
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, . , 1989 . , . , 1955-1956 . .. , , - . - : -. , . , 1989-, ,
. , , , , , . , 164
.15 , . , , 16. : , (1) ; (2) , ( ); (3) ; (4) - (.3). , , , ,
.17 , - , , . - , - Smilov, D., Jileva, . The Politics of Bulgarian
Citizenship: National Identity, Democracy and Other Uses. In:
Baubck, R. t al. (eds.). Citizenship Policies in the New Europe.
Amsterdam, 2009, pp. 226-239. 16 : , , , - , . (, . . . ., 2009,
.171.) 17 Smilov, D., Jileva, E. Op.cit., p.225.15
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, . , , , , , , . , , , - .18 , . . , , .. 1984-1989 ., . , . ,
. . , ,18
Ibidem, .238.
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, ( ) . , . , 29 1989 ., , . , , , , . , . . 2.6.2. . , . : , .
, . , , , , .. 167
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Faist, T. Dual Citizenship in Europe: From Nationhood to Societal
Integration. Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing, 2007, . 3-4.19
168
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, . , .169
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20 , , : Smilov, D., Jileva, E. Op.cit., 227-230.
170
, . , : (.93, .2 , ), (.65), (.110). , , - (.4, .5 ). . , , , ,
. , 1991 . , ( ) . - 2011 . , 1996 ., ( ) - . 171
2001 ., , . , . (2001-2009 .) , . - - , (1992 .). , - , ( ) , ,
(1994-2009 .) . , , - . , , . , , , , , 172
. - , - , - . , , , (.3, .1): , , , . 3. , , , . , - , , , , -
20 . - , , , . , .173
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174
* Georgi Karasimeonov. FROM THE FIRST TO THE SECOND PARTY SYSTEM
IN BULGARIA The study examines the development of the Party system
in Bulgaria during the Transition period. A special attention is
given to the process of the Party system transformation. There were
three clearly formed periods in this process: the rst one spans the
years after the rst free elections till 2001; the second one covers
the period between 2001 and 2009 and the last stage continues till
nowadays. The paper reveals such characteristics of the so called
Second party system as its transformation into a multiparty one;
the attempts of formation of centric liberal political block as
well as the process of the regrouping of the Right wing in
Bulgaria. Against this background the author analyses the
consolidation of the Bulgarian Socialist Party, the spread of its
inuence and its recognition as a main political force in Bulgarian
Left. The author makes a conclusion that this process has a
stabilizing effect on the Bulgarian political system in general.
The Second party system in Bulgaria turns out to be more diverse
from an ideological and value point of view and in the same time it
is more unstable as well. After the elections in 2005 there are
clearly visible dynamic processes within the main political
divisions The Right wing, the Centrum and the Left wing. This
dynamic development brings to the new transformation in the
political system after the elections in 2009, when on the political
stage already dominates GERB. The Bulgarian political history after
1989 to a great extent could be described as a history of the
origin and the evolution of the political parties. More than 20
years after the beginning of the Transition the as - The Party
System in Bulgaria 2001-2009. , .*
175
sessment of these Parties is still controversial. The new
Bulgarian political parties and the so called political elite
experience the difculties of the government as well as the problems
of their own organizational development. Despite the imperfection
of the new party system it became a very important component and
factor of the consolidating Democracy in the years of the
Transition.
, 1989 ., . , , , , . , , . , , , . . , - -. . . 176
1990 . . 1989 . . , . . . , , . . . , , , , . , . , . , , . ,
177
, . , .. . . , . . . , , , . , . . . , . 1989 . 2001 . 2001
.178
2001 . , 1989 . . , 1989 2001 ., , , , . 2001 . , , 2005 . 2009
. . 1. - 2001 , , . , , , , 120 . , , , . . - 179
, , . , , 2001 ., . . , , . , , . , . , . , . , , . , . 180
, . , 1989 . . , 2001 . , . , , 90- . . , . .1 , 13 % . .: , ,
2002. .1
181
. , .. . , , , .2 , 2004 ., 2005 . , , .3 , ( ), 4- , . , , . ,
. 4- . , 2 3
. : 2004 . .: , - 2005 .
182
. , . , , .4 . - . , . (, , ., .), , . , , , . . , , . . 4
, , , .
183
, . , . , 120 97. - 2004 ., 11 .. , . ( 10 2004 .). 2005 . , . ,
2005 . , . 2002 . . 184
, , . , , , . ( ), 2003 . , . , . , , , , . , , , - - . , , . ,
. , 185
. , 1947 ., 1989 . . , . 2001 . 2003 . , , , - . 6 , 2 - , 344
6,51% .5 , 8-10%, 2001 . , . . , - . , , . 5
, 4 2003 ., .3.
186
. 1989 . , , , , , , , . - . , . 2005 . 1989 ., . . , 2003 . ,
13,6% 695 , , . 187
, , . - . , . , , , 2005 ., . 2005 ., - , . , - , . 2. 2001 . ,
, , . , . , , 188
- . , . 2001 . . , , . , , , , . , , . 2000-2001 . * . . , , , ,
. , . .*
189
, , , , . . , 1989 . , , , , . . 2001 . . 2001 ., , , 1997-2001
. 2001 . , . , 2001 ., 190
2005 . 2002 . , .6 , . - , , 2001 . , . . , 2003 . , , , , 2005
. 4- . , .6 2002 . 10,4%. .: . , 20 2002 .
191
- ( ) . , . , . , (), 2004 . (1997-2001 .) . , . , , . , . , . ,
. , , . , . ,192
, 2005 . - . - 61 .7 , . 2005 ., . . , , . , 1990 . , , , . 1
2005 . , . , . ( ), ( ), ( ), ( ). , . 7
, 10 2005 .
193
, 2005 . - . 2005 . . , . . (). , - . , , . 2005 .
194
3. 2001 ., , . 2001 ., . , , . , . 45- 195
2002 ., , , . , 2003 . 2006 ., , . , . . , , . . , . , , . , ,
2001 . .. , , .196
, , . , , 2003 . 2005 . . - , . . . ( ) -, 60 . , , . 2001 .,
2005 ., . . . , , . 2005 . 197
. - , , -. 2005 .
4. 2005 . , , - 1989 . . -, 2001 . 2001-2005 . , - .
198
25 2005 . 55.76% ( ) (, ) %
1 129 196 725 314 467 400 296 848 280 323 234 788 189 268
30.95 19.88 12.81 8.14 7.68 6.44 5.19
82 53 34 21 20 17 13
: .
107758 45637 47410
% 2.95 1.25 1.30
-
199
. . , . , , . . , , , , , - , . , - . - 30% , 20%. - , ( ), . -
- , , .
200
, , , . 2003 . . . 45% , . , . 8%, , . , , . (45% + 8% = 53%) 4-
( 8%), 60% , , . , . , , . , .201
, . , , 2009 . , , - . , - 1989 ., . , , . ( ), - , , . , , ,
202
. , , . . , . , . , . , . , , . , . , . . , - 203
. , , . , , 5 8%. - , . . , , , . - , . () , . , . , , . , , . ,
.204
. , 2001-2005 ., . 2005 . , . , , , , . , . . , , . , , , , , ,
. , . , , 205
, , , - . , . 2005 . - 1989 . . , , , . , , . , , , , . , - . ,
, , . , , . , , , . , . 206
. , , , . , 8 - 1996-1997 . , . . . , , , . , . - - , . . , .
207
-. , . . , 1989 . , , . . , - , . , , , . . 5. 2009 1989 . 2009
. . , , , . , 208
. , , , , , , . , , , , . , 2007 . , . , , , - . 2009 . - : 42%,
33,6%, 22%. , . 209
(), 2007 . , , . , , 2008 ., . 2007 . 2009 . , . 2009 . , 40%
114 , 6 - . , , , , 7% . , 2009 . , . , . . , , , . .. .210
, -. , ( , ). 1989 . , , , , . , , , , . , . . , . ( 1994-1996
., 1997-2001 ., 2001-2005 . 2005-2009 .) . . , - , .211
2001-2009 . , . 2001 ., 2005 . . 1989 . , , , . , . , , - . . ,
, 4% 2009 . , , . , 2007 . . , 2009 . , . 212
, - . - . . , , - 1989 . . . , . 1989 . , , . - , , - . , , 10%
, . , . , , , . . 213
, , , . . , , , . , , . . . . , . - , , , , , . , - .214
1989 ., 2001 ., , . . , . - , . 2011 . . ( , , ) ( , ) .
215
5 2009 60,20% % 26 0 5 0 0 0 0 0
1 677 870 747 849 610 831 395 656 285 418 174 582 127 340 137
684
39,71 17, 70 14,46 9,36 6,76 4,13 3,01 3,26
116 40 38 21 15 10 0 0
2009
216
Dobrin Kanev. THE DIFICULT WAY OF TRANSFORMATION OF THE BULGARIA
SOCIALIST PARTY The paper examines the process of transformation of
the Bulgarian Socialist Party from communist party-state into a
democratic socialist party acting in the situation of political
pluralism. In contrast to other postcommunist parties in Central
Europe, which have been disbanded and started their new life from
the beginning, the transformation of BCP/BSP is running under a
formal continuity and unity of the party, which leads to a very
specic process of change. Despite the fact that the transformation
is an integral and complex process it could be analyzed in two
levels. The rst one treats the transformation as a process of
democratization of the party and the change of the BCP/BSP from
solid party-state into a democratic party, able to function
successfully and to be competitive within the framework of
political pluralism. The second level refers to the issue of the
programmatic and political vision of the party as well as its self
identication and also its international legitimation. The
admittance of BSP as a full member of the Socialist International
in 2003 gives a formal and actual recognition of the completion of
the transformation of the Party and its incorporation in the
political family of the European socialists and social
democrats.
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( 2006 .) , - 1 Agh, A. Party Formation Process and the 1998
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.). 2001 . 1990 . .
227
/ 1990 2000 . %
14 ( 1990 .) 39 ( 1990 .) 40 ( 1991 .) 41 ( 1994 .) 42 ( 1996 .)
43 ( 1998 .) 44 ( 2000 .) 17
13
3 -
10 11
23 0
11
18
9
9
50
17 17 16
6 8 8
9 9 8
35 47 50
, . . - 228
. . , 1994 ., - . . , 1996-1997 . . . . , . - .14 - , , . , , ,
.. , , .14
.: Kitschelt, H. et al. Op. cit., p. 239.
229
, 1999 . - 2001 . . . - - . , , . 2002 . 210 000 , 6700 . 151992
. 365 567 1994 . 370 333 1996 . 320 437 1998 . 253 802 2002 . 210
000
, - , , , - . , , , . 15
.
230
60- , 35 5 . - , 60 , . . , - , .16 , - , - - . , , 1997 . 2001
. ( %)171994 . : 18 25 26 35 36 45 46 55 56 + 20 20 20 36 45 1997 .
8 9 16 26 41 2001 . 5 6 9 15 30
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22 26 43 42
22 19 29 35
17 14 17 14
25 11 29 44
18 7 14 41
11 7 8 29
22 27 39 39
15 17 25 30
14 13 16 17
14 51
6 17
2 10
. : , . ( )232
. , , . . . , 10 15 .18 , . , , , ? . , / , . , , , . , . .: , .
. : 2001. ., 2000, 29-30.18
233
. . . - , . . , . - , , ? ?, . : , - .19 , , , : ; 19
Dauderstaedt, M. Op. cit., p. 7.
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; .20 : , ; , , , ( ), . , , - . , . ( 1990 .), , , . , , / - ,
. - , , . 20
Ibid., p. 8.
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, 21. , . , , 20- . , , 22. . , , , . 23 . - , . , 21 . . : .
(1990-2005). ., 2008, . 18. 22 .: , . : . . ,1997, 32-33. 23 , .
22.
236
, , , . , . . . , , , , . , , , , . , (1990 .)24 . 24 - . : ,
31-67.
237
. - ( ). , : - , : , , , , 25. . : -, , . (.. . .)26. , , : . ,
27. , , . 39. , . 42. 27 , . 44.25 26
238
1990 ., . , , . , 1990 ., , . , -, , . , , 28, , 1994 . - , , ,
. : , ; , - , , ; ; 29. , , . : , 104-241. 29 , . 129.28
239
, - , . : , : , .30 , , . , , , 90- . , , . . 31, , .30 31
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, , , . *** . 246
. , . - -. , , - , . , , ,
