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Legumes

Corn and pumpkin

Dairy products Cereals


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MOLECULES OF LIFEHOUR SUBTOPIC

1 1.1 WATER1 1.2 CARBOHYDRATES

1 1.3 LIPIDS

2 1.4 PROTEINS

1 1.5 NUCLEIC ACIDS


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LEARNING OUTCOMES

1.1 WATEROBJECTIVES

a) describe various forms and classes of carbohydrates :monosaccharides, disaccharides andpolysaccharides

b) describe the formation and breakdown of maltose

c) describe the structures and functions of starch, glycogen and cellulose


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used for energy production andto build necessary cell components


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1.1 CARBOHYDRATEOBJECTIVESa) describe various forms and classes of carbohydrates : monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides

Source of energy ~ glucose

Energy storage Starch glycogen


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Energy storage

Glycogen in animals Starch in plants

1 1 CA O A


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COMPOSED OFCARBON, HYDROGEN AND OXYGEN ATOMS

1 1 CARBOHYDRATE


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1 1 CARBOHYDRATE


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COMPOSED OFCARBON, HYDROGEN AND OXYGEN ATOMS

CLASSES

MONOSACCHARIDE Single/simple sugars

DISACCHARIDESConsists of twomonosaccharides joined bya condensation reaction ieglycosidic bond

POLYSACCHARIDES Polymers of many sugars joined by more than twocondensation reactions ie

glycosidic bonds

1 1 CARBOHYDRATE


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1 1 CARBOHYDRATE


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MONOSACCHARIDES Simple sugar units (monomers) which make up all

other carbohydrates; cannot be further hydrolysedinto smaller units.

Monosaccharides contains :

a carbonyl group (C=O)either at 1C atom or at the 2C atom multiple hydroxyl groups (-OH)

1.1 CARBOHYDRATEOBJECTIVES

a) describe various forms and classes of carbohydrates : monosaccharides

1.1 CARBOHYDRATE


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MONOSACCHARIDES

General formula

. C OOBJECTIVES


n = 3 Trioses glyceraldehyde

n = 5 Pentoses ribose and deoxyribosen = 6 Hexoses fructose, glucose and galactose

1.1 CARBOHYDRATE


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MONOSACCHARIDES

OBJECTIVES


Glyceraldehyde

1.1 CARBOHYDRATE


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MONOSACCHARIDES

OBJECTIVES


1.1 CARBOHYDRATE


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MONOSACCHARIDES

OBJECTIVES

a) describe various forms and classes of carbohydrates : monosaccharide


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MONOSACCHARIDES

OBJECTIVES




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MONOSACCHARIDES

Characteristics:1. Small molecule2. Sweet tasting3. Readily soluble in water

a result of the hydroxyl groups attached to thecarbon chains are polar and readily form hydrogenbonds with water molecules

4. Reducing sugar

glucose acts as the reducing agent can react withBenedicts solution when heated and reduce thecopper compound in the solution to yield a redprecipitate

OBJECTIVES




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CLASSIFICATION OF CARBOHYDRATES

OBJECTIVES




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It can be classified based on functional group

OBJECTIVES


Both functional group have reducing properties~ reducing sugars

ALDOSES KETOSES

carbonyl group (C=O) at 1Cis the aldehyde group

carbonyl group (C=O) at 2Cis the ketone group

sugar is known as aldose(aldehyde sugar)

sugar is known as ketose(ketone sugar)

glucose fructose

1

2

1

2



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It can be classified based on the number of carbon


TRIOSES PENTOSES HEXOSES

contains 3 carbon atoms contains 5 carbon atoms contains 6 carbon atoms

C3H6O3 C5H10O5 C6H12O6

glyceraldehydesdihydroxyacetone

ribosedeoxyribose

glucoseimmediate source of

energy for cellular respiration

building blocks to formlarger molecules

components of nucleicacids

galactosesugar found in

milk and yogurt

fructosesugar found in honey



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TRIOSES

contains 3 carbon atoms

C3H6O3

glyceraldehydesdihydroxyacetone

building blocks to formlarger molecules



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PENTOSES


C5H10O5

ribosedeoxyribose

components of nucleicacids



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HEXOSES


C6H12O6

glucoseimmediate source of

energy for cellular respiration

galactosesugar found in

milk and yogurt

fructosesugar found in honey



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GLUCOSE

1.primary source of energy

2.provide energy1. basic building units for disaccharides andpolysaccharides1. glucose ~ respiratory substrate2. hexose ~ transported in blood stream3. create high osmotic pressure in plant cells


h id


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GLUCOSEprimary source of energy

- glucose - glucose

hydroxyl (-OH) group of

the 1C projectsbelow

the plane of thering

hydroxyl (-OH) group of the 1C projectsupward

the plane of the ring


h id


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di h id


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DISSACCHARIDES

Characteristics:1. Small molecule (two monomers)2. Sweet tasting3. Water soluble

4. Non-reducing sugar

a) describe various forms and classes of carbohydrates : dissaccharide


dissaccharide


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DISSACCHARIDES

Reaction between two molecules of monosaccharides.Formed by the condensation reaction between thereducing group on one monosaccharide and the hydroxylgroup on another .

The bond between two molecules of monosaccharides iscalled a glycosidic bond.The binding between the two sugars results in the loss of a hydrogen atom from one molecule and a hydroxylgroup from the other.~ release water

All condensation reactions can be reversed by addingwater to the glycosidic bond a.k.a. hydrolysis.



dissaccharide


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Condensation

Hydrolysi

s



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) d ib i f d l f b h d t polysaccharide


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POLYSACCHARIDES

Characteristics:1. Large molecule2. Not sweet3. Insoluble in water

(form colloidal solutions when added towater)

a) describe various forms and classes of carbohydrates : polysaccharide




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POLYSACCHARIDES





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POLYSACCHARIDES


Complex carbohydrate molecules containing three or

more monosaccharide joined by glycosidic bonds. Polymers that :

formed from the polymerisation of many units of

glucose through condensation processbreakdown by hydrolysis into monomers

STARCH GLYCOGEN CELLULOSE




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Learning Outcomes :(c)describe the structures and functions of starch, glycogen and cellulose

Used by plants to store energy.Excess glucose is converted

into starch within chloroplast andother organelles.

Insoluble in water





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Consists entirely of glucose molecules linkedtogether in both linear and branched forms.

) y polysaccharide




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A mixture of amylose and amylopectin

) y p y




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A mixture of amylose and amylopectin

p y




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AMYLOSE AMYLOPECTIN -glucose molecules

-1,4 glycosidicbond

1C of one glucosemolecule to 4C of

another

-1,4 glycosidicbond


another

-1,6 glycosidicbonds


another

Forming linear Unbranched

200-1500 units

Branched helical chains Branches occur every 30 units

2000 to 200,000 -glucose

Chain coils into helix by hydrogen bondsfor storage

Insoluble andeasily digested by enzymes

~ little effect on water potential

p y




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GLYCOGEN

A storage polysaccharide in animalsFound mainly in liver and muscle cellsStructure is similar to amylopectin but more branches~ macromolecule made from -glucoseInsoluble ~ no effect on water potential




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CELLULOSE

Structural polysaccharide in cell wall of plants ~stable structureMonomer is -glucose

Linked by -1,4 glycosidic bonds

1 4 1 4 1 4

14

3 2

5

6




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CELLULOSE

Straight chain (no branch)Long chains of 2000-3000 units of -glucose unitswhich are arranged in a straight parallel strands andlinked by hydrogen bonds.




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CELLULOSE

Each -glucose related to the next by a rotation of 180




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CELLULOSE

Its hydroxyl groups are free to form hydrogen-bondwith hydroxyl groups ( between O and H of differentmonomer) of other cellulose chains parallel to it




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CELLULOSE




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POLYSACCHARIDES

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